Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Oligodendroglioma: Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21191-oligodendroglioma

  Oligodendrogliomas happen because of two specific DNA changes: […] Oligodendrogliomas always have deletions on the short (p) arm of chromosome 1 and the long (q) arm of chromosome 19. Experts often refer to this as a 1p/19q co-deletion. […] Two IDH mutations, IDH1 or IDH2, can cause oligodendrogliomas. […] Researchers havent confirmed any risk factors for oligodendroglioma. But theres research that could mean past radiation therapy (like the type used to treat other cancers) is a possible factor for developing similar tumors called gliomas. More research is necessary to confirm if that could be a cause or contributing factor.

• #1 Oligodendroglioma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559184/

  OGs are primary brain tumors originating from oligodendrocytes, the glial cells responsible for myelination in the CNS. […] The etiology of OGs is multifactorial, involving genetic, environmental, epigenetic, and cellular factors. […] The hypothesis that OGs arise either from mature oligodendrocytes or neuroprogenitor cells with glial precursors, which differentiate into oligodendroglial-type cells lacking myelinating capabilities, is supported by shared driver mutations, particularly isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations, which are common across various diffuse glioma subtypes and serve as early events in tumorigenesis. […] While specific environmental exposures, such as ionizing radiation or chemicals in certain industries, may play a role, definitive links remain unproven. […] Combining these factors transforms normal oligodendrocytes or their precursors into malignant cells, giving rise to OGs.

• #1 Oligodendroglioma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/oligodendroglioma?lang=us

  Oligodendrogliomas are intracranial tumors that account for 5-25% of all gliomas and 5-10% of all primary intracranial neoplasms. […] They are characterized by IDH mutation and 1p19q codeletion and can be WHO CNS grade 2 or 3. […] Oligodendroglioma is considered the third most common glioma accounting for 25% of primary brain tumors and 518% of all glial neoplasms. […] Oligodendrogliomas are usually tumors of middle-aged adults, occurring most commonly in the 4th and 5th decades of life, somewhat older for grade 3 tumors. […] By definition oligodendrogliomas should demonstrate IDH mutation (either IDH1 or IDH2) and 1p19q codeletion. […] Additionally, a number of other mutations are commonly encountered in oligodendrogliomas: TERT promoter mutation, CIC mutation, FUBP1 mutation, NOTCH1 mutations. […] As mentioned earlier response to radiochemotherapy and hence prognosis depends significantly on the presence or absence of 1p19q gene deletion.

• #1 Oligodendroglioma: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment Strategies, and 2025 Breakthroughs – OncoDaily

  https://oncodaily.com/oncolibrary/cancer-types/oligodendroglioma

  Oligodendroglioma is a rare type of primary brain tumor, and its underlying causes are not fully understood. However, several factors both molecular and demographic have been associated with its development. At the cellular level, virtually all oligodendrogliomas harbor mutations in the IDH1 or IDH2 genes, along with a combined deletion of chromosome arms 1p and 19q. These alterations are not inherited in most patients but occur spontaneously during early tumorigenesis. They are not only diagnostic hallmarks but also contribute to the tumors behavior and responsiveness to treatment. […] In rare cases, genetic cancer predisposition syndromes such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome or Turcot syndrome may increase the risk of gliomas, including oligodendroglioma. However, these inherited conditions are more frequently associated with astrocytic or embryonal tumors and account for only a minority of oligodendroglioma cases. Exposure to ionizing radiation, particularly in childhood, is one of the few environmental risk factors with consistent evidence. Individuals treated with cranial radiation for prior malignancies or benign conditions (such as tinea capitis) may have an increased risk of developing gliomas later in life, including oligodendrogliomas. […] In summary, while molecular alterations define the tumor itself, the risk factors for developing oligodendroglioma are largely non-modifiable and not fully elucidated. Current research continues to explore potential genetic, epigenetic, and environmental contributors to its pathogenesis.

• #1 Oligodendroglioma | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/oligodendroglioma

  The cause of oligodendroglioma often isn’t known. This tumor starts as a growth of cells in the brain or spinal cord. It forms in cells called oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocytes help protect nerve cells and help with the flow of electrical signals in the brain. […] Oligodendroglioma happens when oligodendrocytes develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In tumor cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the tumor cells to grow and multiply quickly. Tumor cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. […] The tumor cells form a growth that may press on nearby parts of the brain or spinal cord as the growth gets bigger. Sometimes the DNA changes turn the tumor cells into cancer cells. Cancer cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue.

• #1 Oligodendroglioma and Other IDH-Mutated Tumors: Diagnosis and Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/rare-brain-spine-tumor/tumors/oligodendroglioma

  Oligodendrogliomas are commonly found in the white matter and the outer layer of the brain called the cortex. However, they can also form anywhere in the CNS. They are called oligodendrogliomas because their cells resemble oligodendrocytes, a type of brain cell that supports and insulates nerve fibers in the CNS. […] The cause of most oligodendrogliomas is not known. However, exposure to radiation and certain gene changes that can be passed down through families have been linked to a higher chance of developing oligodendrogliomas.

• #1 Oligodendroglioma | Brain Tumor Center | Stanford Medicine

  https://med.stanford.edu/brain-tumor/conditions/glioma/oligodendroglioma.html

  Oligodendrogliomas are tumors that arise within the central nervous system. […] Most oligodendrogliomas occur in people without risk factors. […] People who have had radiation therapy (ionizing radiation) to treat cancer have an increased risk of developing glioma, especially those who received radiation treatment to their head and neck during childhood. […] Oligodendroglioma rarely runs in families, but some diagnosed cases may have a genetic component. […] Some inherited gene variants have been associated with a small increased risk of oligodendroglioma. Inheriting one of these „risk variants” does not necessarily mean the person will develop glioma. Additional mutations are still required to lead to tumor formation. […] The presence of specific genetic markers (mutations) has been shown to be a reliable predictor of tumor behavior and treatment response.

• #1 „Oligodendroglioma: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment Options, and Prevention Strategies”

  https://www.doctorshubnepal.com/diseases-conditions/oligodendroglioma

  Oligodendroglioma is a rare and complex brain tumor that originates from the oligodendrocytes, cells that produce myelin, a fatty substance that protects nerve cells and facilitates the transmission of electrical signals in the brain and spinal cord. […] The exact cause of oligodendroglioma is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Some possible risk factors include: […] Genetic mutations in genes such as NF2 and SMARCB1 have been linked to an increased risk of developing oligodendroglioma. […] Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as pesticides and heavy metals, may increase the risk of developing oligodendroglioma. […] Having a family history of brain tumors or other types of cancer may increase the risk of developing oligodendroglioma.

• #1 Oligodendroglioma – Conditions – Neurooncology – Specialties – UR Neurosurgery – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/cancer-institute/cancers/brain-spine/multidisciplinary-care/neurosurgery/tumor-types/oligodendroglioma

  Oligodendrogliomas are brain tumors that come from a type of brain cell known as an oligodendrocyte. […] No one knows for sure what causes oligodendrogliomas, although exposure to radiation may increase the likelihood of developing a brain tumor. […] While scientists have looked at other possible causes such as aspartame (Nutrasweet), cell phones, and power lines, no one has been able to show that any of these clearly cause oligodendrogliomas.

• #1 Oligodendroglioma – Symptoms, Diagnosis, TreatmentSecond Opinion IconGroup 9Second Opinion IconGroup 49

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/oligodendroglioma/

  Most oligodendrogliomas are not inherited, but a family history of brain tumors or gliomas can slightly increase the overall risk. The risk is still low, as oligodendrogliomas usually occur sporadically without a strong familial link. […] Currently, there is no known way to prevent oligodendrogliomas from developing. They are sporadic tumors, meaning they tend to occur without clear, preventable risk factors. […] Some cases are linked to rare genetic conditions, like neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) and Li-Fraumeni Syndrome, which increases the risk of some brain tumors, including oligodendrogliomas.

• #1 Risk factors for oligodendroglial tumors: A pooled international study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3064625/

  Oligodendroglial tumors are rare subtypes of brain tumors and are often combined with other glial tumors in epidemiological analyses. However, different demographic associations and clinical characteristics suggest potentially different risk factors. […] The purpose of this study was to investigate possible risk factors for oligodendroglial tumors (including oligodendroglioma, anaplastic oligodendroglioma, and mixed glioma). […] A family history of brain tumors was associated with an increased risk of anaplastic oligodendroglioma (OR = 2.2; 95% CI: 1.14.5). […] Although there is some overlap in risk factors between oligodendroglial tumors and gliomas as a group, it is likely that additional factors specific to oligodendroglial tumors have yet to be identified. […] Factors previously found to be associated with the larger category of glioma (which includes oligodendroglial tumors), such as ionizing radiation, family history of brain tumors, and allergic disease, may also be specifically associated with oligodendroglial tumors.

• #1 Understanding Oligodendroglioma: A Comprehensive Guide – BeatCancer

  https://beatcancer.eu/oligodendroglioma/

  Oligodendrogliomas are brain tumors that originate from oligodendrocytes, which are a type of glial cell that forms the myelin sheath around nerve fibers. […] Although the exact cause of oligodendrogliomas remains unknown, research has identified certain genetic abnormalities that frequently manifest in these tumors, suggesting a genetic predisposition. […] Studies to determine the influence of environmental factors on oligodendroglioma continue, yet no definitive correlations have been confirmed. This ongoing research considers potential influences including exposure to radiation and organic solvents. […] Oligodendrogliomas are more common among adults aged between 40 and 50. While the incidence is slightly higher in males than females, this gender disparity is less pronounced compared to other types of primary brain tumors.

• #1 Risk factors for oligodendroglial tumors: A pooled international study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3064625/

  The risk of anaplastic oligodendroglioma was increased in those with a family history of any brain tumor (OR = 2.2; 95% CI: 1.14.5). […] Asthma and/or allergies were associated with a decreased risk of anaplastic oligodendroglioma (OR = 0.6; 95% CI: 0.40.9) and with a borderline significantly reduced risk for mixed glioma (OR = 0.6; 95% CI: 0.31.0) but were not statistically significantly associated with oligodendroglioma (OR = 0.9; 95% CI: 0.61.2). […] Having had chicken pox was associated with a decreased risk of oligodendroglioma (OR = 0.6; 95% CI: 0.40.9) and anaplastic oligodendroglioma (OR = 0.5; 95% CI: 0.30.9). […] It is likely, however, that there are other risk factors yet to be identified specific to oligodendroglial tumors.

• #1 Oligodendroglioma causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Oligodendroglioma_causes

  The most common etiology of oligodendroglioma includes genetic mutations such as t(1;19)(q10;p10), NJDS, IDH1, IDH2, CIC, FUBP1, p53, Leu-7, TCF-12, MGMT, TP73, EGFR and PTEN. It may be associated with some viral cause or irradiation of pituitary adenoma. […] The most common etiology of oligodendroglioma includes mutations in the following genes: t(1;19)(q10;p10), NJDS (A 2009 Oxford Neurosymposium study illustrated that there’s a 69% correlation between NJDS gene mutation and tumor initiation), IDH1, IDH2, CIC, FUBP1, p53, Leu-7, TCF-12, MGMT, TP73, EGFR, PTEN. […] It may be associated with some viral cause. […] A single case report linked oligodendroglioma to the irradiation of pituitary adenoma.

• #1 Oligodendroglioma | Brain Tumor Center | Stanford Medicine

  https://med.stanford.edu/brain-tumor/conditions/glioma/oligodendroglioma.html

  Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation In general, oligodendromas have this mutation. When this biomarker is present (IDH-mutant), the tumor is not as aggressive, and patients tend to live longer. […] Codeletion (loss) of chromosomal arms 1p and 19q All oligodendrogliomas have this mutation. This biomarker mutation causes the tumor to have better prognosis than other glioma types. […] Grading is a prediction of how the cancer would behave without treatment. Grade 2 oligodendrogliomas grow more slowly while grade 3 tumors grow more rapidly and can spread within the brain and spinal cord.

• #1 Oligodendrogliomas Diagnosis & Treatment – NYC | Columbia Neurosurgery in New York City

  https://www.neurosurgery.columbia.edu/patient-care/conditions/oligodendrogliomas

  Oligodendrogliomas are tumors that develop from a certain type of cell called oligodendroglial progenitor cells. […] As is the case with most brain tumors, the cause of oligodendroglioma is unknown. […] However, some oligodendrogliomas have recognizable chromosomal abnormalities that seem to play a role in the disease progression. […] Deletion of the p arm on chromosome 1 (1p deletion) and/or deletion of the q arm on chromosome 19 (19q deletion) may indicate that the response to treatment will be better than for tumors without these characteristics. […] Oligodendrogliomas can also have a mutation in the gene IDH1, in which case they have a more favorable prognosis. […] In general, oligodendrogliomas have a better prognosis and better response to therapies than other infiltrative gliomas.

• #1 Oligodendroglioma – American Brain Tumor Association | Learn More

  https://www.abta.org/tumor_types/oligodendroglioma/

  Oligodendrogliomas come from oligodendrocytes, one of the types of cells that make up the supportive, or glial, tissue of the brain. […] Although all tumors (including oligodendroglioma) are caused by genetic changes, the exact cause of most oligodendrogliomas is not known. Exposure to radiation and certain gene changes that can be passed down through families have been linked to a higher chance of developing oligodendrogliomas. […] Oligodendrogliomas are a type of glioma that have mutations in one of two genes called IDH1 and IDH2 and are missing the two chromosomal arms, 1p and 19q. These tumors are thus named Oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant, and 1p/19q-codeleted.

• #1 Oligodendroglioma – Symptoms, Diagnosis, TreatmentSecond Opinion IconGroup 9Second Opinion IconGroup 49

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/oligodendroglioma/

  Oligodendrogliomas are a type of glioma and tend to grow slowly, often over many years. […] Like many other types of tumors, the exact cause of oligodendrogliomas is unknown. Most appear to develop sporadically, meaning they happen by chance, without an inherited or environmental cause. […] That said, there is a combination of genetic changes and, in some cases, environmental factors that can play a role in their development. […] Many oligodendrogliomas have mutations in the IDH1 or IDH2 gene. Another hallmark is a genetic change called the 1p/19q codeletion, where certain sections of chromosomes 1 and 19 are missing. […] Although rare, high-dose ionizing radiation—for example, from radiation therapy for another cancer—has been linked to an increased risk of brain tumors, but this typically occurs only in those who have received radiation to the head.

• #1 Oligodendroglioma in Children and Teens – Together by St. Jude™

  https://together.stjude.org/en-us/conditions/cancers/oligodendroglioma.html

  The cause of oligodendroglioma is unknown. But certain genetic changes in cells are linked to these tumors. […] Doctors are learning more about molecular changes and gene mutations (DNA changes) that occur in the cells of the tumor. Most oligodendrogliomas have a molecular marker that helps in the diagnosis. But oligodendrogliomas in young children may not have these molecular features. In these cases, doctors use imaging tests, pathology, and clinical features to make a diagnosis. Understanding changes in tumor cells can help doctors plan treatments and develop better therapies in the future.

• #1 Oligodendroglioma: Life Expectancy, Survival Rates, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/oligodendroglioma

  There are no known causes of oligodendroglioma. Research that is focused around genetics is currently underway, but this has not been completed. Unfortunately, there are fewer clinical trials for rare forms of cancer because they are harder to organize. […] When a research trial is too small, the results arent strong enough to prove that one type of treatment is better than another. So, getting enough people to participate is crucial to the success of a trial.

• #1 Oligodendroglioma | The Brain Tumour Charity

  https://www.thebraintumourcharity.org/brain-tumour-diagnosis-treatment/types-of-brain-tumour-adult/oligodendroglioma/

  Oligodendrogliomas account for roughly 3% of all primary brain tumours. […] As with most tumours, the exact cause of oligodendrogliomas is not known, although we do understand some of the risk factors. […] The Brain Tumour Charity is contributing to the funding of research into the possible causes of brain tumour development as we accelerate towards a cure.

• #2 Oligodendroglioma | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/oligodendroglioma

  The cause of oligodendroglioma often isn’t known. This tumor starts as a growth of cells in the brain or spinal cord. It forms in cells called oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocytes help protect nerve cells and help with the flow of electrical signals in the brain. […] Oligodendroglioma happens when oligodendrocytes develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In tumor cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the tumor cells to grow and multiply quickly. Tumor cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. […] The tumor cells form a growth that may press on nearby parts of the brain or spinal cord as the growth gets bigger. Sometimes the DNA changes turn the tumor cells into cancer cells. Cancer cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue.

• #2 Oligodendroglioma: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment Strategies, and 2025 Breakthroughs – OncoDaily

  https://oncodaily.com/oncolibrary/cancer-types/oligodendroglioma

  Oligodendroglioma is a rare type of primary brain tumor, and its underlying causes are not fully understood. However, several factors both molecular and demographic have been associated with its development. At the cellular level, virtually all oligodendrogliomas harbor mutations in the IDH1 or IDH2 genes, along with a combined deletion of chromosome arms 1p and 19q. These alterations are not inherited in most patients but occur spontaneously during early tumorigenesis. They are not only diagnostic hallmarks but also contribute to the tumors behavior and responsiveness to treatment. […] In rare cases, genetic cancer predisposition syndromes such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome or Turcot syndrome may increase the risk of gliomas, including oligodendroglioma. However, these inherited conditions are more frequently associated with astrocytic or embryonal tumors and account for only a minority of oligodendroglioma cases. Exposure to ionizing radiation, particularly in childhood, is one of the few environmental risk factors with consistent evidence. Individuals treated with cranial radiation for prior malignancies or benign conditions (such as tinea capitis) may have an increased risk of developing gliomas later in life, including oligodendrogliomas. […] In summary, while molecular alterations define the tumor itself, the risk factors for developing oligodendroglioma are largely non-modifiable and not fully elucidated. Current research continues to explore potential genetic, epigenetic, and environmental contributors to its pathogenesis.

• #2 Oligodendrogliomas Diagnosis & Treatment – NYC | Columbia Neurosurgery in New York City

  https://www.neurosurgery.columbia.edu/patient-care/conditions/oligodendrogliomas

  Oligodendrogliomas are tumors that develop from a certain type of cell called oligodendroglial progenitor cells. […] As is the case with most brain tumors, the cause of oligodendroglioma is unknown. […] However, some oligodendrogliomas have recognizable chromosomal abnormalities that seem to play a role in the disease progression. […] Deletion of the p arm on chromosome 1 (1p deletion) and/or deletion of the q arm on chromosome 19 (19q deletion) may indicate that the response to treatment will be better than for tumors without these characteristics. […] Oligodendrogliomas can also have a mutation in the gene IDH1, in which case they have a more favorable prognosis. […] In general, oligodendrogliomas have a better prognosis and better response to therapies than other infiltrative gliomas.

• #2 Oligodendroglioma | Brain Tumor Center | Stanford Medicine

  https://med.stanford.edu/brain-tumor/conditions/glioma/oligodendroglioma.html

  Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation In general, oligodendromas have this mutation. When this biomarker is present (IDH-mutant), the tumor is not as aggressive, and patients tend to live longer. […] Codeletion (loss) of chromosomal arms 1p and 19q All oligodendrogliomas have this mutation. This biomarker mutation causes the tumor to have better prognosis than other glioma types. […] Grading is a prediction of how the cancer would behave without treatment. Grade 2 oligodendrogliomas grow more slowly while grade 3 tumors grow more rapidly and can spread within the brain and spinal cord.

• #2 Oligodendroglioma causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Oligodendroglioma_causes

  The most common etiology of oligodendroglioma includes genetic mutations such as t(1;19)(q10;p10), NJDS, IDH1, IDH2, CIC, FUBP1, p53, Leu-7, TCF-12, MGMT, TP73, EGFR and PTEN. It may be associated with some viral cause or irradiation of pituitary adenoma. […] The most common etiology of oligodendroglioma includes mutations in the following genes: t(1;19)(q10;p10), NJDS (A 2009 Oxford Neurosymposium study illustrated that there’s a 69% correlation between NJDS gene mutation and tumor initiation), IDH1, IDH2, CIC, FUBP1, p53, Leu-7, TCF-12, MGMT, TP73, EGFR, PTEN. […] It may be associated with some viral cause. […] A single case report linked oligodendroglioma to the irradiation of pituitary adenoma.

• #2

  https://braintumourresearch.org/pages/types-of-brain-tumours-oligodendroglioma?srsltid=AfmBOopJTxTuX_1XvGXygYGYr2aYD4_msPewo4AKpZDPDpef9ZEvtkNc

  Oligodendroglioma, sometimes referred to as an oligodendroglial tumour, is a rare, usually slow-growing tumour that forms from oligodendrocytes, which are a form of glial cell. […] A glioma brain tumour develops from cells that begin as neural stem cells. From this state they become progenitor cells, and then glial cells. When glial cells form a glioma tumour, damage can be seen in the DNA and they no longer undergo apoptosis, which means programmed or purposeful cell death. Apoptosis is an important process that enables our bodies to destroy cells that are faulty or at the end of their natural life cycle. When this process fails to happen, cells grow in an uncontrolled way and build up to form a tumour.

• #2 Oligodendroglioma – Symptoms, Diagnosis, TreatmentSecond Opinion IconGroup 9Second Opinion IconGroup 49

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/oligodendroglioma/

  Oligodendrogliomas are a type of glioma and tend to grow slowly, often over many years. […] Like many other types of tumors, the exact cause of oligodendrogliomas is unknown. Most appear to develop sporadically, meaning they happen by chance, without an inherited or environmental cause. […] That said, there is a combination of genetic changes and, in some cases, environmental factors that can play a role in their development. […] Many oligodendrogliomas have mutations in the IDH1 or IDH2 gene. Another hallmark is a genetic change called the 1p/19q codeletion, where certain sections of chromosomes 1 and 19 are missing. […] Although rare, high-dose ionizing radiation—for example, from radiation therapy for another cancer—has been linked to an increased risk of brain tumors, but this typically occurs only in those who have received radiation to the head.

• #2 Oligodendroglioma – Symptoms, Types, Causes & Diagnosis

  https://www.ganeshdiagnostic.com/blog/oligodendroglioma-symptoms-types-causes-and-diagnosis

  Oligodendrocytes are the source of oligodendrogliomas. […] There are a few risk factors for oligodendroglioma, yet the reason is still unknown: […] Although brain tumours can develop at any age, the danger increases with ageing. […] Nuclear weapons exposure and radiation therapy used to treat cancer are two examples of ionising radiation. […] Although a genetic component is uncommon, a family history of glioma might increase a person’s risk by twofold. […] Gene alterations that affect how cells function can result in cancer. […] Normal genes may become cancer-causing genes as a result of mutations. […] Certain environmental and lifestyle factors, such as exposure to chemicals, smoking, and food, can result in mutations. […] Oligodendroglioma is uncommon. […] Although it is rare, oligodendrogliomas can spread to other parts of the CNS through the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

• #2 Glioblastoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/283252-overview

  The etiology of glioblastoma remains unknown in most cases. Suggested causes include the following: […] The only established non-genetic risk factor for glioblastoma is ionizing radiation to the head or neck. […] Although concerns have been raised regarding cell phone use as a potential risk factor for development of gliomas, study results have been inconsistent, and this possibility remains controversial. […] Studies of association with head injury, N-nitroso compounds, occupational hazards, and electromagnetic field exposure have been inconclusive. […] There is a growing consensus that atopic conditions, including asthma, hay fever, eczema, and food allergies, are protective, reducing the risk of various forms of glioma including glioblastoma by nearly 40%.

• #2 Oligodendroglioma Treatment -New Jersey – Centers for Neurosurgery, Spine & Orthopedics

  https://www.cnsomd.com/surgery-conditions/brain-tumors/oligodendroglioma/

  Scientists have yet to determine what causes an oligodendroglioma to form and exactly what genetic mutation increases the likelihood. […] Some of the risk factors identified in the development of an oligodendroglioma include: Age: The risk of developing the tumor increases with age. An oligodendroglioma is more common in adults aged 40 to 60 years old. However, it can occur in any age. […] Exposure to radiation: People exposed to ionizing radiation have an increased risk of tumors. Nearly 1% of brain tumors are thought to be caused by ionizing radiation. […] Family history: Although it is rare for the oligodendroglioma to run in families, having a family history of the tumor may double the risk for family members.

• #2 Oligodendroglioma | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/oligodendroglioma

  Oligodendrogliomas are low-grade gliomas, a type of brain tumor, that arise from a type of cell called an oligodendrocyte. […] Certain genetic syndromes, such as neurofibromatosis 1 and tuberous sclerosis, increase the risk for developing brain tumors, including oligodendrogliomas. However, most of these tumors develop spontaneously for no known reason. […] The vast majority of children with oligodendrogliomas develop them spontaneously, and there is no identifiable cause. However, if your child has certain genetic syndromes, including neurofibromatosis type I and tuberous sclerosis, he may be at a higher risk of developing certain kinds of tumors, including oligodendrogliomas.

• #2 Oligodendroglioma | Brain Tumor Center | Stanford Medicine

  https://med.stanford.edu/brain-tumor/conditions/glioma/oligodendroglioma.html

  Oligodendrogliomas are tumors that arise within the central nervous system. […] Most oligodendrogliomas occur in people without risk factors. […] People who have had radiation therapy (ionizing radiation) to treat cancer have an increased risk of developing glioma, especially those who received radiation treatment to their head and neck during childhood. […] Oligodendroglioma rarely runs in families, but some diagnosed cases may have a genetic component. […] Some inherited gene variants have been associated with a small increased risk of oligodendroglioma. Inheriting one of these „risk variants” does not necessarily mean the person will develop glioma. Additional mutations are still required to lead to tumor formation. […] The presence of specific genetic markers (mutations) has been shown to be a reliable predictor of tumor behavior and treatment response.

• #2 Oligodendroglioma: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/oligodendroglioma

  Oligodendroglioma may arise in cells in the brain known as oligodendrocytes. These cells produce the protective sheath that surrounds nerves in the brain and spinal cord. […] The exact cause of oligodendroglioma is uncertain, but several factors may increase the risk, including: […] Changes in specific genes, such as the IDH1 or IDH2 genes, have links to oligodendrogliomas. […] People with family members with brain tumors or certain genetic syndromes may have an increased risk of oligodendroglioma. […] Previous exposure to ionizing radiation, especially to the head, may elevate the risk of developing brain tumors. […] Doctors diagnose oligodendrogliomas more commonly in adults ages between 30 and 40 years. There is also a smaller peak of occurrences in children ages 6 to 12 years.

• #2 Oligodendroglioma – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/cancer/oligodendroglioma/

  Oligodendroglioma (OG) is a kind of brain tumor that makes up about 5% of all primary brain tumors. […] It is not entirely clear how Oligodendrogliomas (OGs) are formed, but current thinking suggests that they may come from early nerve cells (neuroprogenitor cells) with markers of glial cells. These early nerve cells then change into OGs, but they do not have the ability to produce myelin like oligodendrocytes. […] Supporting this idea, a common genetic mutation called isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) has been found in various types of brain tumors including OGs. This hints that similar processes underlie these different tumor types.

• #2 Oligodendroglioma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodendroglioma

  Oligodendrogliomas are a type of glioma that are believed to originate from the oligodendrocytes of the brain or from a glial precursor cell. […] The cause of oligodendrogliomas is unknown. Some studies have linked oligodendroglioma with a viral cause. A 2009 Oxford Neurosymposium study illustrated a 69% correlation between NJDS gene mutation and the tumor initiation. […] A single case report has linked oligodendroglioma to irradiation of pituitary adenoma.

• #2 Oligodendroghoma | North Bristol NHS Trust

  https://www.nbt.nhs.uk/bnog/bnog-treatments/oligodendroghoma

  No causes or risk factors are known. […] Occasional clustering occurs in some families, although the mode of inheritance is unknown. […] Patients with anaplastic oligodendrogliomas (WHO grade 3) who have loss of heterozygosity on 1p or combined loss of heterozygosity on 1p and 19q survive substantially longer than patients whose tumours lack these genetic changes.

• #2 Oligodendroglioma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/oligodendroglioma?lang=us

  Oligodendrogliomas are intracranial tumors that account for 5-25% of all gliomas and 5-10% of all primary intracranial neoplasms. […] They are characterized by IDH mutation and 1p19q codeletion and can be WHO CNS grade 2 or 3. […] Oligodendroglioma is considered the third most common glioma accounting for 25% of primary brain tumors and 518% of all glial neoplasms. […] Oligodendrogliomas are usually tumors of middle-aged adults, occurring most commonly in the 4th and 5th decades of life, somewhat older for grade 3 tumors. […] By definition oligodendrogliomas should demonstrate IDH mutation (either IDH1 or IDH2) and 1p19q codeletion. […] Additionally, a number of other mutations are commonly encountered in oligodendrogliomas: TERT promoter mutation, CIC mutation, FUBP1 mutation, NOTCH1 mutations. […] As mentioned earlier response to radiochemotherapy and hence prognosis depends significantly on the presence or absence of 1p19q gene deletion.

• #2 Oligodendroglioma Signs & Treatment | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/oligodenroglioma

  The cause of oligodendrogliomas is unknown. […] There is no known way to prevent oligodendrogliomas.

• #2 Glioma: Astrocytoma, Glioblastoma, Oligodendroglioma, and Other Types of Gliomas | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/glioma/types-glioma

  Oligodendroglioma starts in the glial cells called oligodendrocytes. These cells cover and protect nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. This is kind of glioma grows slowly and is less common. […] Oligodendrogliomas have an IDH mutation. MSK is studying new treatments for tumors, including oligodendrogliomas, that have this mutation.

• #2 Oligodendroglioma in Children and Teens – Together by St. Jude™

  https://together.stjude.org/en-us/conditions/cancers/oligodendroglioma.html

  The cause of oligodendroglioma is unknown. But certain genetic changes in cells are linked to these tumors. […] Doctors are learning more about molecular changes and gene mutations (DNA changes) that occur in the cells of the tumor. Most oligodendrogliomas have a molecular marker that helps in the diagnosis. But oligodendrogliomas in young children may not have these molecular features. In these cases, doctors use imaging tests, pathology, and clinical features to make a diagnosis. Understanding changes in tumor cells can help doctors plan treatments and develop better therapies in the future.

• #3 Oligodendroglioma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559184/

  OGs are primary brain tumors originating from oligodendrocytes, the glial cells responsible for myelination in the CNS. […] The etiology of OGs is multifactorial, involving genetic, environmental, epigenetic, and cellular factors. […] The hypothesis that OGs arise either from mature oligodendrocytes or neuroprogenitor cells with glial precursors, which differentiate into oligodendroglial-type cells lacking myelinating capabilities, is supported by shared driver mutations, particularly isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations, which are common across various diffuse glioma subtypes and serve as early events in tumorigenesis. […] While specific environmental exposures, such as ionizing radiation or chemicals in certain industries, may play a role, definitive links remain unproven. […] Combining these factors transforms normal oligodendrocytes or their precursors into malignant cells, giving rise to OGs.

• #3 Oligodendroglioma – American Brain Tumor Association | Learn More

  https://www.abta.org/tumor_types/oligodendroglioma/

  Oligodendrogliomas come from oligodendrocytes, one of the types of cells that make up the supportive, or glial, tissue of the brain. […] Although all tumors (including oligodendroglioma) are caused by genetic changes, the exact cause of most oligodendrogliomas is not known. Exposure to radiation and certain gene changes that can be passed down through families have been linked to a higher chance of developing oligodendrogliomas. […] Oligodendrogliomas are a type of glioma that have mutations in one of two genes called IDH1 and IDH2 and are missing the two chromosomal arms, 1p and 19q. These tumors are thus named Oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant, and 1p/19q-codeleted.

• #3 Risk factors for oligodendroglial tumors: A pooled international study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3064625/

  Oligodendroglial tumors are rare subtypes of brain tumors and are often combined with other glial tumors in epidemiological analyses. However, different demographic associations and clinical characteristics suggest potentially different risk factors. […] The purpose of this study was to investigate possible risk factors for oligodendroglial tumors (including oligodendroglioma, anaplastic oligodendroglioma, and mixed glioma). […] A family history of brain tumors was associated with an increased risk of anaplastic oligodendroglioma (OR = 2.2; 95% CI: 1.14.5). […] Although there is some overlap in risk factors between oligodendroglial tumors and gliomas as a group, it is likely that additional factors specific to oligodendroglial tumors have yet to be identified. […] Factors previously found to be associated with the larger category of glioma (which includes oligodendroglial tumors), such as ionizing radiation, family history of brain tumors, and allergic disease, may also be specifically associated with oligodendroglial tumors.

• #3 Oligodendroglioma | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/glioma/types/oligodendroglioma

  Oligodendroglioma is believed to be caused by abnormal genes within the tumor cells. […] It is not clear how these abnormalities arise, although ionizing radiation has been implicated. […] A family history of oligodendroglioma can double the risk of a diagnosis.

• #3 Oligodendroglioma: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment Strategies, and 2025 Breakthroughs – OncoDaily

  https://oncodaily.com/oncolibrary/cancer-types/oligodendroglioma

  Oligodendroglioma is a rare type of primary brain tumor, and its underlying causes are not fully understood. However, several factors both molecular and demographic have been associated with its development. At the cellular level, virtually all oligodendrogliomas harbor mutations in the IDH1 or IDH2 genes, along with a combined deletion of chromosome arms 1p and 19q. These alterations are not inherited in most patients but occur spontaneously during early tumorigenesis. They are not only diagnostic hallmarks but also contribute to the tumors behavior and responsiveness to treatment. […] In rare cases, genetic cancer predisposition syndromes such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome or Turcot syndrome may increase the risk of gliomas, including oligodendroglioma. However, these inherited conditions are more frequently associated with astrocytic or embryonal tumors and account for only a minority of oligodendroglioma cases. Exposure to ionizing radiation, particularly in childhood, is one of the few environmental risk factors with consistent evidence. Individuals treated with cranial radiation for prior malignancies or benign conditions (such as tinea capitis) may have an increased risk of developing gliomas later in life, including oligodendrogliomas. […] In summary, while molecular alterations define the tumor itself, the risk factors for developing oligodendroglioma are largely non-modifiable and not fully elucidated. Current research continues to explore potential genetic, epigenetic, and environmental contributors to its pathogenesis.

• #3 Oligodendroglioma | UTHealth Neurosciences

  https://med.uth.edu/neurosciences/oligodendroglioma/

  The cause of these tumors is unknown. Radiation exposure and certain genetic changes have been linked to higher occurrences of oligodendrogliomas. […] People with family members with glioma have a higher chance of developing oligodendroglioma. […] Patients are typically diagnosed after age 45.

• #3 Oligodendroglioma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/oligodendroglioma?lang=us

  Oligodendrogliomas are intracranial tumors that account for 5-25% of all gliomas and 5-10% of all primary intracranial neoplasms. […] They are characterized by IDH mutation and 1p19q codeletion and can be WHO CNS grade 2 or 3. […] Oligodendroglioma is considered the third most common glioma accounting for 25% of primary brain tumors and 518% of all glial neoplasms. […] Oligodendrogliomas are usually tumors of middle-aged adults, occurring most commonly in the 4th and 5th decades of life, somewhat older for grade 3 tumors. […] By definition oligodendrogliomas should demonstrate IDH mutation (either IDH1 or IDH2) and 1p19q codeletion. […] Additionally, a number of other mutations are commonly encountered in oligodendrogliomas: TERT promoter mutation, CIC mutation, FUBP1 mutation, NOTCH1 mutations. […] As mentioned earlier response to radiochemotherapy and hence prognosis depends significantly on the presence or absence of 1p19q gene deletion.

• #4 Oligodendroglioma: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment Strategies, and 2025 Breakthroughs – OncoDaily

  https://oncodaily.com/oncolibrary/cancer-types/oligodendroglioma

  Oligodendroglioma is a rare type of primary brain tumor, and its underlying causes are not fully understood. However, several factors both molecular and demographic have been associated with its development. At the cellular level, virtually all oligodendrogliomas harbor mutations in the IDH1 or IDH2 genes, along with a combined deletion of chromosome arms 1p and 19q. These alterations are not inherited in most patients but occur spontaneously during early tumorigenesis. They are not only diagnostic hallmarks but also contribute to the tumors behavior and responsiveness to treatment. […] In rare cases, genetic cancer predisposition syndromes such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome or Turcot syndrome may increase the risk of gliomas, including oligodendroglioma. However, these inherited conditions are more frequently associated with astrocytic or embryonal tumors and account for only a minority of oligodendroglioma cases. Exposure to ionizing radiation, particularly in childhood, is one of the few environmental risk factors with consistent evidence. Individuals treated with cranial radiation for prior malignancies or benign conditions (such as tinea capitis) may have an increased risk of developing gliomas later in life, including oligodendrogliomas. […] In summary, while molecular alterations define the tumor itself, the risk factors for developing oligodendroglioma are largely non-modifiable and not fully elucidated. Current research continues to explore potential genetic, epigenetic, and environmental contributors to its pathogenesis.

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