Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Diaper Dermatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559067/

  Diaper dermatitis can affect any individual using diapers without any gender preference. Newborns and infants are at an increased risk due to skin immaturity. Peak incidence is around 9 to 12 months of age. Diaper dermatitis occurs in about 50% of infants, and it accounts for about 25% of visits to primary care physicians related to dermatologic complaints in the first year of life. […] There are risk factors associated with the development of diaper dermatitis, such as: Age: newborn and infant skin are more immature and show increased susceptibility. Diet: changes in diet as the infant grows are related to changes in intestinal microbiota and stool pH. Breastfeeding has been proven to be a protective factor. Frequency of diaper changes: prolonged contact with irritants such as urine and feces increases the risk of skin inflammation. Newborns and young infants whose diapers are changed more frequently tend to be less affected than older infants.

• #2 British Journal Of Midwifery – Nappy rash: current evidence for the prevention and management

  https://www.britishjournalofmidwifery.com/content/clinical-practice/nappy-rash-current-evidence-for-the-prevention-and-management/

  Nappy rash affects up to 25% of nappy wearing infants and can be distressing for the infant, their family and carers. […] Nappy rash, also known as diaper rash, nappy dermatitis, diaper dermatitis or irritant diaper dermatitis, is one of the most common skin conditions found in infants and is an acute inflammatory reaction of the skin in the nappy area most commonly caused by an irritant contact dermatitis. […] There are no differences between boys, girls or ethnic groups (Merrill, 2015) and prevalence varies geographically, depending on cultural differences in the use of nappies, toilet training and skincare practices (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence [NICE] CKS, 2018). […] It affects up to 25% of nappy wearing infants within the first four weeks of life to as much as 100% at some point in infancy (Ravanfar et al 2012, Burdall et al 2019) with the highest prevalence between 9-12 months of age (Cohen, 2017).

• #3

  https://journals.lww.com/ajpd/fulltext/2023/01010/diaper_dermatitis___a_narrative_review.7.aspx

  The reported incidence of diaper dermatitis varies worldwide, as there is difference in practices such as diaper use, toilet training and hygiene, in different countries. […] In infants, the estimated prevalence of diaper dermatitis ranges from 7 to over 40 percent. […] Diaper dermatitis peak incidence is between 9-12 months of age but can develop as early as one week of age.

• #4 Diaper Rash | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617277/all/Diaper_Rash?q=sucralfate

  The reported incidence varies worldwide due to differences in diaper use, toilet training, hygiene, and child-rearing practices. […] Can develop in the 1st week of life but unlikely once the child is no longer in diapers. […] Estimated prevalence ranges from 7% to 35%.

• #5 Diaper Rash: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801222-overview

  Diaper rash is the most common dermatitis found in infancy. Prevalence has been variably reported from 4-35% in the first 2 years of life. Incidence triples in babies with diarrhea. It is not unusual for every child to have at least 1 episode of diaper rash by the time he or she is toilet-trained. […] Because fewer than 10% of all diaper rashes are reported by the family, the actual incidence of this condition is likely underestimated if office visits are used as the screening site. […] The incidence is lower among breastfed infants perhaps due to the less acidic nature of their urine and stool. […] Babies wearing superabsorbent disposable diapers with a central gelling material have fewer episodes of diaper dermatitis compared with their counterparts wearing cloth diapers. […] Few investigations have been reported regarding prevalence outside of the United States. However, one study performed in Italy showed a prevalence of 15.2%, and a peak incidence of 19.4% in those aged 3-6 months.

• #6 Diaper Rash: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801222-overview

  One large British study reported diaper dermatitis in 25% of children aged 1 month. […] A Nigerian study conducted in 1995-1996 identified diaper dermatitis in 7% of children. […] A study in Kuwait noted that diaper dermatitis occurs in 4% of pediatric dermatology cases. […] Atopic dermatitis and related diaper dermatitis are more common among African American patients. […] Diaper rashes can start in the neonatal period as soon as the child begins to wear diapers. The incidence peaks in those aged 7-12 months, then decreases with age. Diaper rash stops being a problem once the child is toilet trained, usually around age 2 years.

• #7 How to avoid and get rid of Nappy Rash | La Roche Posay Africa

  https://africa.laroche-posay.com/en-za/damaged-skin/nappy-rash

  Nappy rash (aka diaper dermatitis) is a common illness in babies that appears in the 3rd week of life. It affects 50% of babies and is characterised by redness over the nappy area and tight, papery skin. […] The good news is that you can find some help in the pharmacy. With the right advice, routine and products, you can quickly get nappy rash under control: […] Ideally you want to prevent nappy rash in the first place. That requires applying a barrier cream to the whole of the nappy area every time the nappy is changed. This will protect the skin from the wet nappy. It’s also advisable to use these super absorbent nappies, which need to be changed frequently. […] If the nappy rash is a significant problem, then you may even want to consider changing it at night, especially if the baby is waking.

• #8 Diaper Dermatitis (Diaper Rash): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology of Diaper Dermatitis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/911985-overview

  Diaper dermatitis commonly affects infants, with peak incidence occurring when the individual is aged 9-12 months. One study determined that at any given time, diaper dermatitis is prevalent in 7-35% of the infant population. […] Diaper dermatitis can affect persons of any age who wear diapers, in particular, elderly people. […] No racial difference is observed. […] No sexual difference is noted.

• #9 Diaper dermatitis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/diaper-dermatitis/

  Typically seen in infants […] Peak incidence: 912 months of age […] Epidemiological data refers to the US, unless otherwise specified.

• #10 Nappy rash | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/nappy-rash

  Up to a third of babies and toddlers wearing nappies can have nappy rash at any one time. […] Nappy rash usually clears up after about 3 days if you follow these hygiene tips. […] If the rash doesn’t go away or your baby develops a persistent bright red, moist rash with white or red pimples that spreads into the folds of their skin, they may have an infection.

• #11 Infants – Nappy Rash | Choose Well

  https://www.choosewellmanchester.org.uk/self-care/self-care-information-about-children/infants-nappy-rash/

  Nappy rash is thought to affect up to a third of nappy-wearing babies at any given time. […] Most nappy rashes are mild and can be avoided or treated with the right skin care routine. […] A severe rash is painful and distressing for your baby and may need treatment with medication. […] To lower the risk of your baby getting nappy rash, change your babys nappy as soon as they wet or soil it. […] If your baby has severe nappy rash, they usually need medication to treat the condition. […] Your GP will first check that you have been carrying out the skin care routines advised for a mild nappy rash. […] Choose your pharmacist, health visitor or GP if your baby has symptoms of severe nappy rash.

• #12 How to Treat and Prevent Diaper Rash – Scripps Health

  https://www.scripps.org/news_items/4474-what-are-common-causes-and-treatments-for-diaper-rash

  At least half of all babies will get a diaper rash at some point, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics. […] Diaper rash is most common in babies 9 to 12 months but can happen any time the child wears a diaper. It is more common when the child is having frequent bowel movements or diarrhea. […] Doctors recommend against using over-the-counter antibiotic ointment for diaper rashes as ingredients in these products can worsen skin irritation. […] It is essential to see a doctor if the rash doesn’t improve after a few days of home treatment. […] Despite all your best efforts, some diaper rashes need medical attention. If the rash stays, there are sores or your baby hurts, go see your doctor, says Dr. Piggott.

• #13 Napkin dermatitis. Diaper rash. Nappy rash

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/napkin-dermatitis

  Napkin dermatitis most often affects babies aged 3 to 15 months of age, especially those wearing traditional cloth nappies (50%). It is much less prevalent in babies wearing modern breathable and multilayered disposable nappies. […] Napkin dermatitis may predispose the infant to urinary tract infection and, in females, to vaginal infection. […] Napkin dermatitis is much less common with modern disposable napkins than with cloth nappies.

• #14 Beware of diaper rash in children due to diarrhea | Vinmec

  https://www.vinmec.com/eng/blog/be-wary-of-children-with-skin-rashes-caused-by-diarrhea-en

  Diaper rash caused by diarrhea is one of the complications that parents often neglect. […] According to many statistics, diaper rash is more common in children under 3 years old and boys are more susceptible than girls. […] Diarrhea-induced diaper rash is more likely in children who have more than 10 diarrhea episodes within 24 hours. […] Diarrhea diaper rash is a condition that occurs after the child has diarrhea. […] Diarrhea-induced diaper rash is a condition that occurs after a child has diarrhea. If not treated promptly, it can cause infection and other dangerous systemic complications.

• #15 Understanding & Preventing Diaper Rash – National Diaper Bank Network

  https://nationaldiaperbanknetwork.org/understanding-preventing-diaper-rash/

  Because diaper rash is often caused by leaving a baby in a soiled diaper for too long, there is a direct correlation between occurrences of diaper rash and families experiencing diaper need. […] In a recent study on the social and economic impacts of the Diaper Bank of Connecticut, it was found that incidences of diaper rash declined 33 percent (from 627 to 420) among children whose families received supplies of clean diapers, plus babies experienced 77 percent fewer days of diaper rash. […] Additionally, the study discovered that providing diapers to families eliminated $4.3 million in medical costs due to reductions in both incidences and days of diaper rash.

• #16 What to consider with severe or persistent diaper rash

  https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/view/what-to-consider-with-severe-or-persistent-diaper-rash

  Moderate to severe diaper dermatitis affects nearly 9% of infants in the first year of their life. Commonly known as diaper rash, these reactions are typically caused by some type of contact irritant, but there are a number of differential diagnoses that could also increase the severity of these rashes. […] Contact dermatitis is the most common cause of diaper rash. […] When fever develops alongside dermatitis in the diaper area, treatment may have to be stepped up. […] Fever is a key symptom when it comes to uncovering the cause of severe diaper rash. […] Other considerations for atypical rash causes may include nutritional deficiencies like cystic fibrosis. […] Although antibiotics are the treatment of choice for infectious causes of severe diaper rash, treatments for skin conditions that can lead to severe diaper rash vary, especially when it comes to broader dermatologic issues like psoriasis.

• #17 Patient education: Diaper rash in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diaper-rash-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Diaper rash, or diaper dermatitis, is the term used to describe an irritating condition that develops on the skin that is covered by a diaper. It is one of the most common skin problems in infants and children, affecting between 7 and 35 percent of infants at some point. […] Diaper rash occurs most commonly in infants between ages 9 and 12 months but can occur at any time the child wears a diaper. […] In most cases, it is possible to begin treatment for diaper rash at home without seeing a health care provider. […] If you are concerned that your child’s rash is severe, worsening, or is associated with other signs or symptoms (eg, significant discomfort, bloody stool, fever, skin that appears infected), you should contact your child’s health care provider immediately. […] Lab testing is not usually required.

• #18 Does your baby have severe diaper rash? | HealthPartners Blog

  https://www.healthpartners.com/blog/can-diaper-rash-be-serious/

  If you notice one or more symptoms of a severe diaper rash, you should call a nurse line or your babys doctor for recommendations on what to do next. […] If your little one has a bacterial infection, your doctor will want to start treatment as soon as possible to prevent it from getting worse. […] If you dont see improvement within three days of consistent at-home treatment, or you notice what could be signs of severe diaper rash, call your babys doctor or a nurse line right away.

• #19 Nappy rash – causes, treatment and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/nappy-rash

  Nappy rash is a common, irritant dermatitis occurring in the nappy area, mostly in children under the age of two years. It is not primarily an infection or the result of poor hygiene. […] Nappy rash is common in babies and toddlers. It can be mild or severe, depending on the cause and how it’s managed. […] If left untreated, nappy rash can develop into blisters or open sores. […] If you are worried about your baby’s nappy rash, you can show your maternal, child and family health nurse or doctor at your next visit. They can look for signs of infection, and advise you on how to care for your baby’s nappy rash. […] Visit your doctor if your baby’s nappy rash does not improve after treating it at home. You can also visit if: […] Your doctor can examine the rash, rule out other conditions and give you treatment advice. […] Complications of nappy rash include thrush or another infection.

• #20 Diaper rashes can indicate systemic conditions other than diaper dermatitis | BMC Dermatology | Full Text

  https://bmcdermatol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12895-020-00104-z

  Rashes around the diaper area are common in the pediatric population, especially among those who are diaper dependent. […] Although IDD is the most common diagnosis in cases of inflammation in the diaper area, there are some less common but sometimes serious cutaneous eruptions associated with systemic diseases that should not be discounted. […] Our finding suggests that when diagnosing rashes that occur in the diaper area, general pediatricians should consider, in addition to IDD, the possibility of less-common conditions. The simultaneous presence of cutaneous lesions at other sites was linked to diagnoses of systemic diseases other than IDD, (P0.001). […] The present study pointed out that many systemic conditions initially presented as rashes in the diaper area and may be misdiagnosed as IDD. Our study found out that the simultaneous presence of cutaneous lesions at other sites was a clue that indicated systemic diseases other than IDD, (P0.001). Thus, when the patients chief complaint is a rash in the diaper area, complete physical examination for such lesions at other sites should be conducted to avoid misdiagnosis.

• #21

  https://www.healio.com/news/pediatrics/20200622/2yearold-girl-presents-with-chronic-diaper-rash

  A 2-year-old girl with a history of maple syrup urine disease presented to the dermatology clinic with an ongoing diaper rash. […] The differential diagnosis of a diaper rash is broad. Most commonly, diaper dermatitis is secondary to friction, irritation from contact with stool and urine and/or candidiasis. Given that a diaper rash is often a prominent finding in both AE and AD, these entities should be considered in the differential diagnosis of diaper dermatitis, especially when associated with poor growth, chronic diarrhea, irritability or not responding to conventional therapy for more common etiologies. The presence of a psoriasiform rash in the diaper area should prompt the practitioner to inquire about feeding, growth and gastrointestinal disturbance. […] The diagnosis of AE is usually based on clinical presentation and is confirmed by measurement of low serum zinc levels. […] In AE, treatment with zinc supplementation results in rapid improvement of the rash and associated symptoms. Similarly, dietary modifications based upon the underlying disorder cause dramatic improvement in AD.

• #22 Product Assessment Against Criteria: Diaper Rash Products – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/consumer-product-safety/reports-publications/industry-professionals/product-assessment-against-criteria-diaper-rash-products.html

  Diaper rash is recognized as an abnormal state of the skin requiring therapeutic intervention. […] In the United States, New Zealand, and Australia diaper rash products are classified as drugs. […] The primary purpose of diaper rash products is to treat and prevent an abnormal skin condition which can result in infection and scarring if not treated properly.

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