Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Patient education: Diaper rash in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diaper-rash-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Diaper rash, or diaper dermatitis, is the term used to describe an irritating condition that develops on the skin that is covered by a diaper. It is one of the most common skin problems in infants and children, affecting between 7 and 35 percent of infants at some point. Diaper rash occurs most commonly in infants between ages 9 and 12 months but can occur at any time the child wears a diaper. […] Diaper-related rashes can be caused by irritation, a yeast infection, or an allergic reaction. Diaper-related rashes may occur more frequently if a child has an episode of diarrhea or has recently taken antibiotics. […] Irritant dermatitis is the medical term for red and inflamed skin that is caused by any irritant (usually urine or feces with diaper rash). Irritant dermatitis is the most common cause of diaper rash.

• #2 Diaper Dermatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559067/

  Diaper dermatitis is an inflammatory reaction of the skin around the diaper area. It results due to a combination of multiple factors such as increased moisture, prolonged contact with urine or feces, and other irritants like detergents. […] The second most common cause of diaper dermatitis is infection. Fungal infection, especially by Candida albicans, is the most common infectious cause. Candida infection can be a primary cause of diaper dermatitis and can also result as a superimposed infection to chronic irritation. Other mycoses that can be associated with diaper dermatitis include dermatophytosis, exacerbation of seborrheic dermatitis by Malassezia, and other pseudomycotic conditions like erythrasma. […] Bacterial infections follow fungal as the second most common cause of infectious diaper dermatitis. Staphylococcus aureus infection can occur in newborns, secondary to colonization from the umbilical cord. Streptococcus pyogenes is also seen as an etiologic agent causing the condition.

• #3 Diaper Rash: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801222-overview

  Diaper rash, or diaper dermatitis, is a general term describing any of a number of inflammatory skin conditions that can occur in the diaper area. Rashes that are directly or indirectly caused by the wearing of diapers: This category includes dermatoses, such as irritant contact dermatitis, miliaria, intertrigo, candidal diaper dermatitis, and granuloma gluteale infantum. […] The precise etiology of most diaper rashes is not clearly defined. They likely result from a combination of factors that includes wetness, friction, urine and feces, and the presence of microorganisms. […] A precise etiology of common diaper rashes has not been determined. Rashes have been associated with the following: Infrequent diaper changes, Improper cleansing and drying of the diaper area, Failure to apply topical preparations to protect the skin, Diarrhea. […] Candida is a common cause of secondary infection. Other possible sources of secondary infection include species of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and enteric anaerobes (Bacteroides and Peptostreptococcus species).

• #4 Diaper Rash: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11037-diaper-rash-diaper-dermatitis

  Diaper rash, or diaper dermatitis, is the most common skin condition seen in young infants. […] Many different things can cause diaper rash, including: […] Too much moisture in your babys diaper area. […] Chafing or rubbing (intertrigo) in their diaper area. […] When pee or poop touch your babys skin for long periods of time. […] Yeast infection. […] Bacterial infection. […] Allergic reaction to diaper material. […] Reaction to food (food allergies). […] When skin stays wet for too long, it starts to break down. Rubbing wet skin damages it more easily. Moisture from a soiled diaper can harm your babys skin and make it more prone to chafing. When this happens, a diaper rash may develop. […] Diaper rash occurs more often when your baby: […] Doesnt stay clean and dry. […] Poops frequently, especially when their poop stays in their diaper overnight. […] Has diarrhea. […] Begins to eat solid foods. […] Is taking antibiotics or youre nursing your baby and taking antibiotics.

• #5 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-diaper-rash-(nappy-rash).aspx

  Diaper rash (also known as nappy rash occurs when your baby’s skin comes into contact with urine and faeces usually for prolonged periods of time. There are many factors in addition that play a role in causation of diaper rash (also called diaper dermatitis in medical parlance). […] The causes and aetiology of diaper rash include wetness, friction and so forth. […] Wetness is the commonest culprit behind diaper rash. […] The wetness leads to destruction of the skin barrier and its penetration by irritants present in urine and faeces becomes easier. […] Friction plays another important role in diaper rash. […] The faeces contain enzymes like proteases and lipases. These enzymes act on the urine to release irritant chemical called ammonia. This raises the pH of the area within the nappy and skin irritation occurs.

• #6 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-diaper-rash-(nappy-rash).aspx

  Diaper rash (also known as nappy rash occurs when your baby’s skin comes into contact with urine and faeces usually for prolonged periods of time. There are many factors in addition that play a role in causation of diaper rash (also called diaper dermatitis in medical parlance). […] The causes and aetiology of diaper rash include wetness, friction and so forth. […] Wetness is the commonest culprit behind diaper rash. […] The wetness leads to destruction of the skin barrier and its penetration by irritants present in urine and faeces becomes easier. […] Friction plays another important role in diaper rash. […] The faeces contain enzymes like proteases and lipases. These enzymes act on the urine to release irritant chemical called ammonia. This raises the pH of the area within the nappy and skin irritation occurs.

• #7 Nappy rash – causes, treatment and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/nappy-rash

  Nappy rash can develop when your baby’s skin is: […] The most common cause of nappy rash is when your baby’s nappy isn’t changed often enough. Wee and poo contain ammonia and other chemicals which can irritate the skin. Moisture can also break down the top layer of your baby’s skin and cause damage. […] Thrush can also cause nappy rash. Candida albicans, the type of yeast that causes thrush, likes warm, moist places such as the nappy area. […] Some foods, especially acidic fruits and vegetables, also cause nappy rash for some babies. […] Conditions that may make your baby more likely to develop nappy rash include: skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis, infections such as impetigo and erythema, allergies, malnutrition.

• #8 Baby Diaper Rash: Causes, Types, and Treatments | Pampers

  https://www.pampers.com/en-us/baby/diapering/article/diaper-rash-treatment-and-remedies

  Most babies will have diaper rash (often also known as diaper dermatitis) at least once, even with superabsorbent diaper technology and frequent diaper changes. […] Diaper rash is extremely common in infants, though it is not caused by diapers. Diaper rash can be caused by a variety of factors like an increase in skin pH, friction excess skin hydration, among others. […] Diapers themselves do not cause diaper rash, but even with frequent changes, diaper rash can still occur. The four main causes of rash are poo on the skin, overhydration, friction, and an imbalance in skin pH. Overhydration commonly occurs when prolonged wetness from urine weakens the skin, and friction tends to occur from tight-fitting diapers or clothing, which may lead to chafing and irritation. […] Imbalanced skin pH, often affected by enzymes in stool, may weaken the skins protective barrier. Prolonged contact with stool or from diarrhea, particularly during extended diaper use, could further aggravate and irritate the skin causing a rash.

• #9 What Causes Diaper Rash? | DESITIN®

  https://www.desitin.com/identifying-diaper-rash/what-causes-diaper-rash

  Diaper Rash Cause: Friction […] Diaper Rash Cause: Urine […] Diaper Rash Causes Diaper Rash Cause: Feces […] Diaper Rash Cause: Irritation […] The primary cause of diaper rash is prolonged and increased exposure to wetness/moisture against the skin. […] The closed environment created by the diaper. Diapers are usually snug fitting. This results in little air reaching babys diaper area. This causes babys skin to become warmer and moister and therefore have a higher pH (which is a measure of acidity vs. alkalinity) than elsewhere in the body. Excessive moisture in the skin makes it more easily penetrated by irritants and more vulnerable to swelling. […] Chafing from friction or rubbing. Friction can weaken the protective barrier of the skin. Moist skin is more vulnerable to friction than dry skin, so the diaper area is particularly prone to this problem. Friction between the diaper and the skin, two areas of skin (such as in skin creases and folds), and constant wiping and cleaning in the diaper area can facilitate the penetration of irritating substances into the skin.

• #10 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-diaper-rash-(nappy-rash).aspx

  Diaper rash (also known as nappy rash occurs when your baby’s skin comes into contact with urine and faeces usually for prolonged periods of time. There are many factors in addition that play a role in causation of diaper rash (also called diaper dermatitis in medical parlance). […] The causes and aetiology of diaper rash include wetness, friction and so forth. […] Wetness is the commonest culprit behind diaper rash. […] The wetness leads to destruction of the skin barrier and its penetration by irritants present in urine and faeces becomes easier. […] Friction plays another important role in diaper rash. […] The faeces contain enzymes like proteases and lipases. These enzymes act on the urine to release irritant chemical called ammonia. This raises the pH of the area within the nappy and skin irritation occurs.

• #11 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-diaper-rash-(nappy-rash).aspx

  Diaper rash (also known as nappy rash occurs when your baby’s skin comes into contact with urine and faeces usually for prolonged periods of time. There are many factors in addition that play a role in causation of diaper rash (also called diaper dermatitis in medical parlance). […] The causes and aetiology of diaper rash include wetness, friction and so forth. […] Wetness is the commonest culprit behind diaper rash. […] The wetness leads to destruction of the skin barrier and its penetration by irritants present in urine and faeces becomes easier. […] Friction plays another important role in diaper rash. […] The faeces contain enzymes like proteases and lipases. These enzymes act on the urine to release irritant chemical called ammonia. This raises the pH of the area within the nappy and skin irritation occurs.

• #12 Napkin dermatitis. Diaper rash. Nappy rash

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/napkin-dermatitis

  Napkin dermatitis follows damage to the normal skin barrier and is primarily a form of irritant contact dermatitis. […] Urine and occlusion lead to overhydration and skin maceration. […] Faecal bile salts and enzymes break down stratum corneum lipids and proteins. […] A mixture of urine and faeces creates ammonium hydroxide, raising pH. […] The wet skin is colonised by micro-organisms, particularly candida. […] Pre-existing skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis or seborrheic dermatitis predispose a baby to napkin dermatitis. […] Other causes of napkin rashes include: Candida albicans, Impetigo, Infantile seborrhoeic dermatitis, Atopic eczema, Psoriasis, Miliaria, Acrodermatitis enteropathica, Acrodermatitis enteropathica-like conditions, Biotin responsive dermatosis, Rare disorders. […] Napkin dermatitis is not due to: Allergy to the napkins, Toxins in the napkins, Washing powders (unless these are not thoroughly removed by rinsing), Dermatophyte fungal infections (tinea).

• #13 Napkin dermatitis. Diaper rash. Nappy rash

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/napkin-dermatitis

  Napkin dermatitis follows damage to the normal skin barrier and is primarily a form of irritant contact dermatitis. […] Urine and occlusion lead to overhydration and skin maceration. […] Faecal bile salts and enzymes break down stratum corneum lipids and proteins. […] A mixture of urine and faeces creates ammonium hydroxide, raising pH. […] The wet skin is colonised by micro-organisms, particularly candida. […] Pre-existing skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis or seborrheic dermatitis predispose a baby to napkin dermatitis. […] Other causes of napkin rashes include: Candida albicans, Impetigo, Infantile seborrhoeic dermatitis, Atopic eczema, Psoriasis, Miliaria, Acrodermatitis enteropathica, Acrodermatitis enteropathica-like conditions, Biotin responsive dermatosis, Rare disorders. […] Napkin dermatitis is not due to: Allergy to the napkins, Toxins in the napkins, Washing powders (unless these are not thoroughly removed by rinsing), Dermatophyte fungal infections (tinea).

• #14 Diaper Rash: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11037-diaper-rash-diaper-dermatitis

  Diaper rash, or diaper dermatitis, is the most common skin condition seen in young infants. […] Many different things can cause diaper rash, including: […] Too much moisture in your babys diaper area. […] Chafing or rubbing (intertrigo) in their diaper area. […] When pee or poop touch your babys skin for long periods of time. […] Yeast infection. […] Bacterial infection. […] Allergic reaction to diaper material. […] Reaction to food (food allergies). […] When skin stays wet for too long, it starts to break down. Rubbing wet skin damages it more easily. Moisture from a soiled diaper can harm your babys skin and make it more prone to chafing. When this happens, a diaper rash may develop. […] Diaper rash occurs more often when your baby: […] Doesnt stay clean and dry. […] Poops frequently, especially when their poop stays in their diaper overnight. […] Has diarrhea. […] Begins to eat solid foods. […] Is taking antibiotics or youre nursing your baby and taking antibiotics.

• #15 Diaper Dermatitis (Diaper Rash): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology of Diaper Dermatitis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/911985-overview

  Diaper dermatitis is caused by overhydration of the skin, maceration, prolonged contact with urine and feces, retained diaper soaps, and topical preparations and is a prototypical example of irritant contact dermatitis. […] The following causes have been noted: Overhydration of the skin, Maceration, Prolonged contact with urine and feces, Retained diaper soaps, Topical preparations, More than 3 diarrheal stools per day, Adverse effects of oral antibiotics, Early sign of biotin deficiency. […] Candida albicans has been identified as another contributing factor to diaper dermatitis; infection often occurs after 48-72 hours of active eruption. It is isolated from the perineal area in as many as 92% of children with diaper dermatitis. Other microbial agents have been isolated less frequently, perhaps more as a result of secondary infections.

• #16 Diaper rash – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diaper-rash/symptoms-causes/syc-20371636

  Diaper rash may be caused by: […] Leaving on wet or soiled diapers too long. Skin can develop a rash if wet or soiled diapers are left on too long. Babies may be more prone to diaper rash if they’re having many stools or diarrhea. […] Chafing or rubbing. Tightfitting diapers or clothing that rubs against the skin can lead to a rash. […] Using a new product. Your baby’s skin may react to a new brand of baby wipes, diapers or a detergent, bleach or fabric softener used to wash cloth diapers. Ingredients in lotions, powders and oils might add to the problem. […] Developing a bacterial or yeast infection. What begins as a simple infection may spread to the surrounding skin. The area covered by a diaper is at risk because it’s warm and moist, making a perfect breeding ground for bacteria and yeast. These rashes can be found within the creases of the skin.

• #17 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-diaper-rash-(nappy-rash).aspx

  Diaper rash (also known as nappy rash occurs when your baby’s skin comes into contact with urine and faeces usually for prolonged periods of time. There are many factors in addition that play a role in causation of diaper rash (also called diaper dermatitis in medical parlance). […] The causes and aetiology of diaper rash include wetness, friction and so forth. […] Wetness is the commonest culprit behind diaper rash. […] The wetness leads to destruction of the skin barrier and its penetration by irritants present in urine and faeces becomes easier. […] Friction plays another important role in diaper rash. […] The faeces contain enzymes like proteases and lipases. These enzymes act on the urine to release irritant chemical called ammonia. This raises the pH of the area within the nappy and skin irritation occurs.

• #18 What Causes Diaper Rash? | DESITIN®

  https://www.desitin.com/identifying-diaper-rash/what-causes-diaper-rash

  Diaper Rash Cause: Friction […] Diaper Rash Cause: Urine […] Diaper Rash Causes Diaper Rash Cause: Feces […] Diaper Rash Cause: Irritation […] The primary cause of diaper rash is prolonged and increased exposure to wetness/moisture against the skin. […] The closed environment created by the diaper. Diapers are usually snug fitting. This results in little air reaching babys diaper area. This causes babys skin to become warmer and moister and therefore have a higher pH (which is a measure of acidity vs. alkalinity) than elsewhere in the body. Excessive moisture in the skin makes it more easily penetrated by irritants and more vulnerable to swelling. […] Chafing from friction or rubbing. Friction can weaken the protective barrier of the skin. Moist skin is more vulnerable to friction than dry skin, so the diaper area is particularly prone to this problem. Friction between the diaper and the skin, two areas of skin (such as in skin creases and folds), and constant wiping and cleaning in the diaper area can facilitate the penetration of irritating substances into the skin.

• #19 What Causes Diaper Rash? | DESITIN®

  https://www.desitin.com/identifying-diaper-rash/what-causes-diaper-rash

  Diaper Rash Cause: Friction […] Diaper Rash Cause: Urine […] Diaper Rash Causes Diaper Rash Cause: Feces […] Diaper Rash Cause: Irritation […] The primary cause of diaper rash is prolonged and increased exposure to wetness/moisture against the skin. […] The closed environment created by the diaper. Diapers are usually snug fitting. This results in little air reaching babys diaper area. This causes babys skin to become warmer and moister and therefore have a higher pH (which is a measure of acidity vs. alkalinity) than elsewhere in the body. Excessive moisture in the skin makes it more easily penetrated by irritants and more vulnerable to swelling. […] Chafing from friction or rubbing. Friction can weaken the protective barrier of the skin. Moist skin is more vulnerable to friction than dry skin, so the diaper area is particularly prone to this problem. Friction between the diaper and the skin, two areas of skin (such as in skin creases and folds), and constant wiping and cleaning in the diaper area can facilitate the penetration of irritating substances into the skin.

• #20 Diaper rash – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diaper-rash/symptoms-causes/syc-20371636

  Diaper rash may be caused by: […] Leaving on wet or soiled diapers too long. Skin can develop a rash if wet or soiled diapers are left on too long. Babies may be more prone to diaper rash if they’re having many stools or diarrhea. […] Chafing or rubbing. Tightfitting diapers or clothing that rubs against the skin can lead to a rash. […] Using a new product. Your baby’s skin may react to a new brand of baby wipes, diapers or a detergent, bleach or fabric softener used to wash cloth diapers. Ingredients in lotions, powders and oils might add to the problem. […] Developing a bacterial or yeast infection. What begins as a simple infection may spread to the surrounding skin. The area covered by a diaper is at risk because it’s warm and moist, making a perfect breeding ground for bacteria and yeast. These rashes can be found within the creases of the skin.

• #21 Diaper Rash: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments | CeraVe

  https://www.cerave.com/skin-smarts/skin-concerns/itchy-skin/diaper-rash-causes-types-symptoms-and-treatments

  Diaper rash is often caused by prolonged exposure to wet, dirty diapers and infrequent diaper changes, but it can also develop due to chafing or rubbing caused by tight diapers as well as irritation from new or existing skincare products. […] The warm, moist environment of skin covered with a diaper makes this area prone to bacterial and fungal infections as well. […] Many parents are unaware that there are several types of diaper rash with different root causes and unique symptoms. […] Irritant contact dermatitis: Caused by wet skin coming into contact with the diaper itself, this form of diaper rash appears as redness and swelling on the baby’s buttocks and along the diaper’s borders. […] Diaper candidiasis: This overgrowth of yeast is primarily due to the warm, moist diaper environment.

• #22 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-diaper-rash-(nappy-rash).aspx

  Fungal infections like Candida albicans is seen in up to 80% of infants with skin irritation around the nappy area. […] In babies who are already on antibiotics there is a risk of destruction of healthy good bacteria living in the nappy areas. This leads to increased likelihood of fungal infections. […] Babies with diabetes, suppressed immunities with conditions like HIV/AIDS infection and other disease also have an increased risk of fungal infections around the diaper areas. […] Bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus or group A streptococci can also lead to eruptions in the diaper area. […] These infections often go on to affect the vulva, vagina and surrounding tissues (vulvovaginitis) in female babies. […] Other disease conditions like psoriasis, Granuloma gluteale infantum, Letterer-Siwe disease, Cystic fibrosis and Kawasakis disease may all lead to rash around the diaper area.

• #23 Diaper Dermatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559067/

  Diaper dermatitis is an inflammatory reaction of the skin around the diaper area. It results due to a combination of multiple factors such as increased moisture, prolonged contact with urine or feces, and other irritants like detergents. […] The second most common cause of diaper dermatitis is infection. Fungal infection, especially by Candida albicans, is the most common infectious cause. Candida infection can be a primary cause of diaper dermatitis and can also result as a superimposed infection to chronic irritation. Other mycoses that can be associated with diaper dermatitis include dermatophytosis, exacerbation of seborrheic dermatitis by Malassezia, and other pseudomycotic conditions like erythrasma. […] Bacterial infections follow fungal as the second most common cause of infectious diaper dermatitis. Staphylococcus aureus infection can occur in newborns, secondary to colonization from the umbilical cord. Streptococcus pyogenes is also seen as an etiologic agent causing the condition.

• #24 Diaper Rash Causes & Prevention (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/diaper-rash.html

  Diaper rash that lasts for more than a few days, even with changes to the diapering routine, might be caused by a yeast called Candida albicans. This rash is usually red, slightly raised, and has small red dots spreading beyond the main part of the rash. It often starts in the deep creases of skin and can spread to skin on the front and back of the baby. Antibiotics given to a baby or a breastfeeding mom can cause this, as they kill the „good” bacteria that keep Candida from growing.

• #25 Diaper Rash: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments | CeraVe

  https://www.cerave.com/skin-smarts/skin-concerns/itchy-skin/diaper-rash-causes-types-symptoms-and-treatments

  Diaper rash is often caused by prolonged exposure to wet, dirty diapers and infrequent diaper changes, but it can also develop due to chafing or rubbing caused by tight diapers as well as irritation from new or existing skincare products. […] The warm, moist environment of skin covered with a diaper makes this area prone to bacterial and fungal infections as well. […] Many parents are unaware that there are several types of diaper rash with different root causes and unique symptoms. […] Irritant contact dermatitis: Caused by wet skin coming into contact with the diaper itself, this form of diaper rash appears as redness and swelling on the baby’s buttocks and along the diaper’s borders. […] Diaper candidiasis: This overgrowth of yeast is primarily due to the warm, moist diaper environment.

• #26 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-diaper-rash-(nappy-rash).aspx

  Fungal infections like Candida albicans is seen in up to 80% of infants with skin irritation around the nappy area. […] In babies who are already on antibiotics there is a risk of destruction of healthy good bacteria living in the nappy areas. This leads to increased likelihood of fungal infections. […] Babies with diabetes, suppressed immunities with conditions like HIV/AIDS infection and other disease also have an increased risk of fungal infections around the diaper areas. […] Bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus or group A streptococci can also lead to eruptions in the diaper area. […] These infections often go on to affect the vulva, vagina and surrounding tissues (vulvovaginitis) in female babies. […] Other disease conditions like psoriasis, Granuloma gluteale infantum, Letterer-Siwe disease, Cystic fibrosis and Kawasakis disease may all lead to rash around the diaper area.

• #27 Diaper Rash – familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/diaper-rash/

  Diaper rash can be caused by a number of factors, including: […] Irritation from stool or urine. Babies left in a wet or dirty diaper for too long can get diaper rash. Frequent stools or diarrhea can also irritate the skin. […] Friction. Diapers that rub against the skin or fit too tightly can cause irritation. […] Candida infection. Candida is a fungus that grows in warm, moist places. The rash it causes, also called a yeast infection, is usually bright red with smaller red spots around the edges. […] Allergic reaction. Soap, laundry detergent, fabric softener, disposable diapers, baby wipes, or lotions can irritate your baby’s skin. Watch your baby’s skin carefully for reactions. Stop using products that appear to cause a rash. […] New foods. Changes in your baby’s diet can change the content and frequency of their stools. This can make diaper rash more likely. A breastfed baby could develop a rash in reaction to something the mother has eaten. […] Antibiotics. Yeast infections are common after a baby has been taking antibiotics, or if the mother is on antibiotics while breastfeeding.

• #28 Diaper Dermatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559067/

  Diaper dermatitis is an inflammatory reaction of the skin around the diaper area. It results due to a combination of multiple factors such as increased moisture, prolonged contact with urine or feces, and other irritants like detergents. […] The second most common cause of diaper dermatitis is infection. Fungal infection, especially by Candida albicans, is the most common infectious cause. Candida infection can be a primary cause of diaper dermatitis and can also result as a superimposed infection to chronic irritation. Other mycoses that can be associated with diaper dermatitis include dermatophytosis, exacerbation of seborrheic dermatitis by Malassezia, and other pseudomycotic conditions like erythrasma. […] Bacterial infections follow fungal as the second most common cause of infectious diaper dermatitis. Staphylococcus aureus infection can occur in newborns, secondary to colonization from the umbilical cord. Streptococcus pyogenes is also seen as an etiologic agent causing the condition.

• #29 Diaper Rash: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801222-overview

  Diaper rash, or diaper dermatitis, is a general term describing any of a number of inflammatory skin conditions that can occur in the diaper area. Rashes that are directly or indirectly caused by the wearing of diapers: This category includes dermatoses, such as irritant contact dermatitis, miliaria, intertrigo, candidal diaper dermatitis, and granuloma gluteale infantum. […] The precise etiology of most diaper rashes is not clearly defined. They likely result from a combination of factors that includes wetness, friction, urine and feces, and the presence of microorganisms. […] A precise etiology of common diaper rashes has not been determined. Rashes have been associated with the following: Infrequent diaper changes, Improper cleansing and drying of the diaper area, Failure to apply topical preparations to protect the skin, Diarrhea. […] Candida is a common cause of secondary infection. Other possible sources of secondary infection include species of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and enteric anaerobes (Bacteroides and Peptostreptococcus species).

• #30 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-diaper-rash-(nappy-rash).aspx

  Fungal infections like Candida albicans is seen in up to 80% of infants with skin irritation around the nappy area. […] In babies who are already on antibiotics there is a risk of destruction of healthy good bacteria living in the nappy areas. This leads to increased likelihood of fungal infections. […] Babies with diabetes, suppressed immunities with conditions like HIV/AIDS infection and other disease also have an increased risk of fungal infections around the diaper areas. […] Bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus or group A streptococci can also lead to eruptions in the diaper area. […] These infections often go on to affect the vulva, vagina and surrounding tissues (vulvovaginitis) in female babies. […] Other disease conditions like psoriasis, Granuloma gluteale infantum, Letterer-Siwe disease, Cystic fibrosis and Kawasakis disease may all lead to rash around the diaper area.

• #31 Diaper Rash: Causes and Treatment

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/family-resources-education/700childrens/2022/01/diaper-rash-causes-treatment

  A common yeast is called Candida albicans. This is the same organism that causes thrush in the mouth and cradle cap on the scalp. In the diaper region, this typically appears as redness in the skin folds, surrounded by little red dots called satellite lesions. […] However, babies have a smaller amount of these microbes. That leaves room for other things to grow, like yeast (or fungus). […] But when the skin is disrupted by a contact dermatitis or a yeasty diaper rash, the bacteria may travel into the skin, causing bacterial infections, such as impetigo, cellulitis and abscess. These require topical and/or oral antibiotics to treat.

• #32 Diaper Rash

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/a-z/diaper-rash/

  Irritant Diaper Rash. Mild rashes can be caused by the drying effect of soaps. […] Stool Diaper Rash. Stool left on the skin can be very irritating because it contains bacteria. […] Ammonia Diaper Rash. Stool and urine left in diaper too long can combine to make ammonia. It can cause a mild chemical burn. […] Diarrhea Diaper Rash. Rashes just found around the anus are common during bouts of diarrhea. […] Yeast Diaper Rash. Rashes from irritants can get a secondary infection with yeast. […] Bacterial Diaper Rash. Bacteria can also cause a secondary infection of irritated skin. […] Cellulitis (Serious). The bacterial infection spreads into the skin. […] Staph Scalded Skin Syndrome (Serious). SSSS is caused by a Staph bacteria. The main finding is widespread large blisters. […] Diaper rashes are very common in babies. […] Often caused by not cleaning stool off the skin soon enough. […] Stool is a strong irritant to the skin.

• #33 Nappy rash – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/baby/caring-for-a-newborn/nappy-rash/

  Nappy rash can be caused by: […] your baby’s skin being in contact with pee or poo for a long time […] not cleaning the nappy area or changing the nappy often enough […] the nappy rubbing against your baby’s skin […] an allergic reaction to soap, detergent or bubble bath […] irritation from fragranced baby wipes or wipes containing alcohol […] some types of medicines, such as antibiotics or laxatives (used to make a baby poo more often) […] thrush (a fungal infection).

• #34 Diaper Rash: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments | CeraVe

  https://www.cerave.com/skin-smarts/skin-concerns/itchy-skin/diaper-rash-causes-types-symptoms-and-treatments

  Allergic contact dermatitis: A specific ingredient or chemical in a diaper, wipe, skincare product or detergent can cause this type of diaper rash. […] Bacterial infections: Bacterial infections like staph and strep may lead to this less common form of diaper rash, and it requires treatment with antibiotic creams or ointments.

• #35 Different Types of Diaper Rash: Pictures, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/baby/types-of-diaper-rash

  Diaper rash can be caused by an allergy, irritation, bacteria, or fungus. Other skin conditions like eczema or psoriasis may also trigger it. […] Rashes caused by irritants urine and feces are the most common type doctors see on the exam table. […] Diaper rashes may increase when your baby starts eating solid foods. […] Candida more commonly referred to as yeast rashes have a deep red color. […] If you suspect yeast, take a look if your babys mouth as well. […] Though not common, your baby could be allergic to something in their diaper or wipes. […] Diaper rashes caused by allergic reaction are red, shiny, and can show up on large areas on the genitals, buttocks, abdomen, thighs, and in the creases. […] Maybe baby has a skin infection down there. […] The most common culprits are group A Streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. […] This type of rash cant be treated with OTC creams. […] Infections may also be more likely if there is persistent irritation, like small cuts or scratches, in and around the diaper area.

• #36 Nappy rash: the different types & causes – BabyYumYum

  https://babyyumyum.com/nappy-rash-the-different-types-causes/

  This is the most common type of diaper rash. It is caused when wet skin (from pee or poop) comes into contact with the nappy. […] These are often caused by a yeast infection. This baby fungal rash lives on your babys skin and in the intestines. It can grow rapidly in moist environments, making a diaper the ideal place for it to thrive. […] This type of nappy rash tends to arise as a result of an allergic reaction to something such as shampoos, detergents, diapers, wipes, creams, lotions, soaps and even foods that a baby may have eaten. It is harder to identify because it looks like a contact rash, but it doesnt clear up with traditional treatment. […] This is caused when bacteria such as staph (Staphylococcus aureus) and strep (Streptococcus) enter already open skin. […] This is a skin condition that can be heredity or it may be triggered by a food allergy and it can appear in the nappy area, so be mistaken for nappy rash.

• #37 Diaper rash – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diaper-rash/symptoms-causes/syc-20371636

  Introducing new foods. As babies start to eat solid foods, the content of their stool changes. This increases the likelihood of diaper rash. Changes in your baby’s diet can also increase the frequency of stools, which can lead to diaper rash. Breastfed babies might develop diaper rash in response to something the mother has eaten. […] Having sensitive skin. Babies with atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis or other skin conditions may be more likely to develop diaper rash. The irritated skin of atopic dermatitis also tends to be in areas not covered by a diaper. […] Using antibiotics. Antibiotics can contribute to a rash by killing bacteria that keep yeast growth in check. Antibiotic use also increases the risk of diarrhea. Breastfed babies whose mothers take antibiotics also are at increased risk of diaper rash.

• #38 Diaper Rash: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11037-diaper-rash-diaper-dermatitis

  Diaper rash, or diaper dermatitis, is the most common skin condition seen in young infants. […] Many different things can cause diaper rash, including: […] Too much moisture in your babys diaper area. […] Chafing or rubbing (intertrigo) in their diaper area. […] When pee or poop touch your babys skin for long periods of time. […] Yeast infection. […] Bacterial infection. […] Allergic reaction to diaper material. […] Reaction to food (food allergies). […] When skin stays wet for too long, it starts to break down. Rubbing wet skin damages it more easily. Moisture from a soiled diaper can harm your babys skin and make it more prone to chafing. When this happens, a diaper rash may develop. […] Diaper rash occurs more often when your baby: […] Doesnt stay clean and dry. […] Poops frequently, especially when their poop stays in their diaper overnight. […] Has diarrhea. […] Begins to eat solid foods. […] Is taking antibiotics or youre nursing your baby and taking antibiotics.

• #39 Irritant diaper dermatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritant_diaper_dermatitis

  Diaper rash is also most likely to be diagnosed in infants 8-12 months old, perhaps in response to an increase in eating solid foods and dietary changes around that age that affect fecal composition. […] The link between feces and IDD is also apparent in the observation that infants are more susceptible to developing diaper rash after treating with antibiotics, which affect the intestinal microflora. […] There seems to be no link between presence or absence of IDD and microbial counts. […] However, there does seem to be a positive correlation between the severity of the diaper rash noted and the likelihood of secondary involvement.

• #40 Diaper rash – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diaper-rash/symptoms-causes/syc-20371636

  Introducing new foods. As babies start to eat solid foods, the content of their stool changes. This increases the likelihood of diaper rash. Changes in your baby’s diet can also increase the frequency of stools, which can lead to diaper rash. Breastfed babies might develop diaper rash in response to something the mother has eaten. […] Having sensitive skin. Babies with atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis or other skin conditions may be more likely to develop diaper rash. The irritated skin of atopic dermatitis also tends to be in areas not covered by a diaper. […] Using antibiotics. Antibiotics can contribute to a rash by killing bacteria that keep yeast growth in check. Antibiotic use also increases the risk of diarrhea. Breastfed babies whose mothers take antibiotics also are at increased risk of diaper rash.

• #41 4 Foods That Cause Acidic Diaper Rash

  https://www.parents.com/baby/care/skin/food-allergies-and-your-babys-skin/

  Did you know that certain foods can cause diaper rash? […] Most parents attribute diaper rash to environmental factors, such as sensitivity to dyes or perfumes, prolonged exposure to urine or feces, or even chafing. But did you know that this skin irritation can also be affected by your little one’s diet? […] Certain foods can cause a type of diaper rash called irritant dermatitis or irritant diaper rash, or what some call „acidic diaper rash.” […] „Acidic diaper rash” is what some call the type of diaper rash that is caused by skin having contact with stools that have high pH levels or are more acidic. One thing that can make a baby’s stool more acidic is the food they eat. […] An irritant diaper rash can also be caused by the changes in stool that are associated with certain food allergies and sensitivities, such as sensitivity to cow’s milk protein, which can cause looser, mushier stool that’s especially irritating to the skin.

• #42 4 Foods That Cause Acidic Diaper Rash

  https://www.parents.com/baby/care/skin/food-allergies-and-your-babys-skin/

  Acidic foods such as citrus and tomato-based sauces are often to blame for irritating baby’s skin and creating an inflamed, sore ring around the anus and sometimes around the mouth as well. […] When babies start eating solid foods, the frequency and content of their bowel movements change. […] If your baby is prone to diaper rash caused by acidic stools, food to avoid include oranges, lemons, limes, grapefruits, and juices made from any type of citrus. […] Tomatoes are another highly acidic ingredient that can exaggerate symptoms of diaper rash, specifically irritant dermatitis. […] Even though strawberries have a pleasing flavor, the acidity of the fruit can irritate your baby’s digestive system, and ultimately, the skin in the diaper area. […] If your baby is experiencing a diaper rash that you believe is being caused (or aggravated) by acidic stools, it might be time to take a closer look at what they are eating. […] If your baby does develop diaper rash from acidic poop, try feeding them starchy foods that digest easily. […] „Acidic diaper rash” is a type of diaper rash that can be caused by certain foods in your baby’s diet.

• #43 Diaper rash – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diaper-rash/symptoms-causes/syc-20371636

  Introducing new foods. As babies start to eat solid foods, the content of their stool changes. This increases the likelihood of diaper rash. Changes in your baby’s diet can also increase the frequency of stools, which can lead to diaper rash. Breastfed babies might develop diaper rash in response to something the mother has eaten. […] Having sensitive skin. Babies with atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis or other skin conditions may be more likely to develop diaper rash. The irritated skin of atopic dermatitis also tends to be in areas not covered by a diaper. […] Using antibiotics. Antibiotics can contribute to a rash by killing bacteria that keep yeast growth in check. Antibiotic use also increases the risk of diarrhea. Breastfed babies whose mothers take antibiotics also are at increased risk of diaper rash.

• #44

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/tips-tools/ask-the-pediatrician/Pages/Why-is-my-baby-always-getting-diaper-rashes.aspx

  Diaper rash, though usually not medically serious, can be uncomfortable for the little ones who suffer from it and stressful for their parents and other caregivers. […] Here are 5 possible reasons why your baby may still be getting diaper rashes despite your best efforts to keep their bottom clean and dry: […] If your baby was prescribed an antibiotic, the medicine can increase the risk of two different types of diaper rash. […] Diarrhea rash. As they fight bacteria that causes illness, antibiotics may also kill some „good” bacteria that live in the gut. This can trigger diarrhea and, in turn, diaper rash. […] Yeast rash. Antibiotics that kill off some of the beneficial bacteria can also lead to an overgrowth of a type of fungus called candida, leading to a yeast diaper rash. […] Some babies start to get diaper rash after they begin eating solid foods. This milestone in a baby’s diet can lead to changes in the digestive process and in the frequency and content of bowel movements, which can cause diaper rash.

• #45 Nappy rash – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/baby/caring-for-a-newborn/nappy-rash/

  Nappy rash can be caused by: […] your baby’s skin being in contact with pee or poo for a long time […] not cleaning the nappy area or changing the nappy often enough […] the nappy rubbing against your baby’s skin […] an allergic reaction to soap, detergent or bubble bath […] irritation from fragranced baby wipes or wipes containing alcohol […] some types of medicines, such as antibiotics or laxatives (used to make a baby poo more often) […] thrush (a fungal infection).

• #46 Diaper Rash: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11037-diaper-rash-diaper-dermatitis

  Diaper rash, or diaper dermatitis, is the most common skin condition seen in young infants. […] Many different things can cause diaper rash, including: […] Too much moisture in your babys diaper area. […] Chafing or rubbing (intertrigo) in their diaper area. […] When pee or poop touch your babys skin for long periods of time. […] Yeast infection. […] Bacterial infection. […] Allergic reaction to diaper material. […] Reaction to food (food allergies). […] When skin stays wet for too long, it starts to break down. Rubbing wet skin damages it more easily. Moisture from a soiled diaper can harm your babys skin and make it more prone to chafing. When this happens, a diaper rash may develop. […] Diaper rash occurs more often when your baby: […] Doesnt stay clean and dry. […] Poops frequently, especially when their poop stays in their diaper overnight. […] Has diarrhea. […] Begins to eat solid foods. […] Is taking antibiotics or youre nursing your baby and taking antibiotics.

• #47 Diaper rash – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diaper-rash/symptoms-causes/syc-20371636

  Introducing new foods. As babies start to eat solid foods, the content of their stool changes. This increases the likelihood of diaper rash. Changes in your baby’s diet can also increase the frequency of stools, which can lead to diaper rash. Breastfed babies might develop diaper rash in response to something the mother has eaten. […] Having sensitive skin. Babies with atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis or other skin conditions may be more likely to develop diaper rash. The irritated skin of atopic dermatitis also tends to be in areas not covered by a diaper. […] Using antibiotics. Antibiotics can contribute to a rash by killing bacteria that keep yeast growth in check. Antibiotic use also increases the risk of diarrhea. Breastfed babies whose mothers take antibiotics also are at increased risk of diaper rash.

• #48 Patient education: Diaper rash in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diaper-rash-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Yeast infections can develop if irritant dermatitis is not treated for more than a few days. […] Allergic reactions or skin sensitivity to the diaper itself is a less common cause of diaper rash. […] Skin conditions that can affect the diaper area but are not caused by the diaper include seborrhea, atopic dermatitis, bacterial infections, psoriasis, scabies, and others. […] Seborrheic dermatitis is a skin condition that causes patches of redness and greasy yellow scaly skin in infants. […] Atopic dermatitis (also called eczema) is not usually found in the diaper area because moisture is trapped there by the diaper. […] Impetigo is a bacterial infection that can develop in the diaper area, as well as other areas of the body. […] Psoriasis is a skin condition that causes reddened and silver scaly patches of skin. […] Scabies is an intensely itchy skin condition caused by mites that have burrowed under the skin.

• #49 Diaper Rash Causes & Prevention (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/diaper-rash.html

  Diaper rash is a common condition that can make a baby’s skin sore, red, scaly, and tender. Most cases will clear up with simple changes in diapering. […] Usually, diaper rash is the result of an irritation, infection, or allergy. […] A baby’s skin can get irritated when a diaper is left on for too long and poop (or the diaper itself) rubs against the skin repeatedly. […] Urine (pee) changes the skin’s pH levels, and that lets bacteria and fungi grow more easily. The substances that stop diapers from leaking also prevent air circulation, creating a warm, moist environment where bacteria and fungi can thrive, causing a rash. […] Babies with sensitive skin also can develop rashes. Some types of detergent, soaps, diapers (or dyes from diapers), or baby wipes can affect sensitive skin, causing a rash.

• #50 Patient education: Diaper rash in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diaper-rash-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Yeast infections can develop if irritant dermatitis is not treated for more than a few days. […] Allergic reactions or skin sensitivity to the diaper itself is a less common cause of diaper rash. […] Skin conditions that can affect the diaper area but are not caused by the diaper include seborrhea, atopic dermatitis, bacterial infections, psoriasis, scabies, and others. […] Seborrheic dermatitis is a skin condition that causes patches of redness and greasy yellow scaly skin in infants. […] Atopic dermatitis (also called eczema) is not usually found in the diaper area because moisture is trapped there by the diaper. […] Impetigo is a bacterial infection that can develop in the diaper area, as well as other areas of the body. […] Psoriasis is a skin condition that causes reddened and silver scaly patches of skin. […] Scabies is an intensely itchy skin condition caused by mites that have burrowed under the skin.

• #51 Nappy rash

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/nappy_rash/

  Nappy rash is a term used to describe a group of skin conditions affecting the skin covered by nappies. It is an irritant contact dermatitis and affects more than half of infants by twelve months. […] Factors contributing to the loss of skin barrier function: Exposure to urine and faecal enzymes leads to skin overhydration and maceration. This can be exacerbated by infrequent nappy changes, cloth nappies and the use of plastic pants. […] If nappy rash doesn’t heal with simple treatment measures, other causes should be considered. […] Consider other causes when nappy rash is severe, unusual in appearance or not responding to appropriate treatment. More than one condition may occur together. […] Malabsorption from any cause (eg lactose overload, cow milk protein intolerance, cystic fibrosis, inflammatory bowel disease) can present with diarrhoea, erosive dermatitis and poor growth. Diarrhoea and secondary nutritional deficiencies may contribute to further progressive intractable nappy rash. […] Severe nappy rash may result in pain, unsettledness and poor sleep.

• #52 What to consider with severe or persistent diaper rash

  https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/view/what-to-consider-with-severe-or-persistent-diaper-rash

  Other considerations for atypical rash causes may include nutritional deficiencies like cystic fibrosis. Diseases that result in malabsorption or malnutritionespecially of nutrients like zinc can cause erosions in the skin creases of the diaper area, Cohen said. Other diseases that could lead to skin blistering include rare immunobullous diseases like epidermolysis bullosa. Clinicians should also rule out structural malformations in the genitourinary tract that could cause chronic urine leakage, Cohen said.

• #53 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-diaper-rash-(nappy-rash).aspx

  Fungal infections like Candida albicans is seen in up to 80% of infants with skin irritation around the nappy area. […] In babies who are already on antibiotics there is a risk of destruction of healthy good bacteria living in the nappy areas. This leads to increased likelihood of fungal infections. […] Babies with diabetes, suppressed immunities with conditions like HIV/AIDS infection and other disease also have an increased risk of fungal infections around the diaper areas. […] Bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus or group A streptococci can also lead to eruptions in the diaper area. […] These infections often go on to affect the vulva, vagina and surrounding tissues (vulvovaginitis) in female babies. […] Other disease conditions like psoriasis, Granuloma gluteale infantum, Letterer-Siwe disease, Cystic fibrosis and Kawasakis disease may all lead to rash around the diaper area.

• #54 Nappy rash | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/nappy-rash

  Nappy rash is a common result of exposure to wet or dirty nappies. […] Babies who have sensitive skin, with rashes on other parts of their bodies such as cradle cap or eczema (on the face or under the chin), may be more likely to develop nappy rash. Some things can trigger nappy rash, including: […] Ammonia chemicals in urine irritate the skin. […] Thrush (candida) thrush can occur spontaneously. It is more common after a baby has been given antibiotics for another infection. Thrush can aggravate nappy rash. […] Chemical exposure some baby wipes may cause irritation or allergy. Scented soaps or baby lotions can also irritate the skin of some babies. […] Plastic pants these keep the babys clothes clean and dry, but prevent airflow. Because the clothes do not get wet, a baby may be left in a wet or dirty nappy for a longer and this may aggravate nappy rash.

• #55 Nappy rash factsheet | The Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network

  https://www.schn.health.nsw.gov.au/nappy-rash-factsheet

  Nappy rash is a common condition in babies where the skin becomes red, painful, and inflamed after contact long with urine and poo. […] Nappy rash usually causes redness and irritation on the skin of the bottom, penis and vulva. This happens when a dirty nappy has been in contact with your child’s skin for too long. […] Moisture and chemicals from your child’s urine and poo will start to break down the top layer of the skin. This lets the urine and poo get through to more sensitive skin layers, causing pain, irritation and redness. […] Some medications, foods, developmental stages, and illnesses can increase the likelihood of nappy rash.

• #56 Nappy rash

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/nappy-rash/

  Nappy rash can happen when: […] your baby is left too long in a dirty or wet nappy […] a rough nappy rubs against your baby […] your baby has a thrush infection […] their skin is sensitive to a soap, bath product or detergent like washing powder […] you use baby wipes that contain alcohol […] your baby is teething […] your baby or toddler has recently been on antibiotics.

• #57 Nappy rash treatment and prevention | Raising Children Network

  https://raisingchildren.net.au/newborns/health-daily-care/poos-wees-nappies/nappy-rash

  Nappy rash is a very common skin condition. It happens when the skin on your childs bottom is damaged and irritated. The main cause of nappy rash is wearing a wet or dirty nappy for too long. This is because your childs skin can be irritated by a chemical called ammonia, which is in wee and poo. The dampness of wee and poo can be irritating too. […] Other things that can cause nappy rash or make it worse include: friction between the nappy and the skin, plastic pants they stop air circulating normally and keep the nappy area damp, soaps, detergents, fragrance and plant or food products left on the skin from bathing or left on cloth nappies from washing, a chemical called methylisothiazolinone, which is in some disposable baby wipes, conditions like eczema, psoriasis, thrush or impetigo. […] Nappy rash is less common in babies who are breastfed, because their poo is less irritating. And its more common in babies who wear cloth nappies, because cloth nappies are less breathable and absorb less moisture than disposable nappies.

• #58 Etiology and pathophysiology of diaper dermatitis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3152829/

  Common diaper dermatitis is a group of skin disorders that result from attack of the skin by physical, chemical, enzymatic, and microbial factors in the diaper environment. […] Skin in this weakened state is susceptible to a variety of biological, chemical, and physical insults that can cause or aggravate diaper dermatitis. […] These include attack of the skin by fecal enzymes and other irritants in urine and feces, mechanical abrasion, and infection by C. albicans. […] Diaper dermatitis, by definition, cannot exist in the absence of diapers.

• #59 British Journal Of Midwifery – Nappy rash: current evidence for the prevention and management

  https://www.britishjournalofmidwifery.com/content/clinical-practice/nappy-rash-current-evidence-for-the-prevention-and-management/

  Midwives need to be aware of the causes of nappy rash in order to better advise on treatment methods […] Nappy rash, also known as diaper rash, nappy dermatitis, diaper dermatitis or irritant diaper dermatitis, is one of the most common skin conditions found in infants and is an acute inflammatory reaction of the skin in the nappy area most commonly caused by an irritant contact dermatitis. […] The aim is to shed light on assessment, diagnosis, self-management and therapeutic options to prevent, manage and treat nappy rash. […] Thus, the paper will highlight further potential causes of nappy rash and when to seek further advice and guidance.

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