Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Diaper dermatitis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diaper-dermatitis

  Diaper dermatitis, also called diaper rash, napkin dermatitis, and nappy rash, is the most common skin eruption in infants and toddlers. It typically occurs on convex skin surfaces that are in direct contact with the diaper, including the buttocks, lower abdomen, genitalia, and upper thighs. […] Although diaper dermatitis is a form of irritant contact dermatitis in most cases, eruptions in the diaper area may represent exacerbations of more diffuse skin diseases, such as seborrheic dermatitis or atopic dermatitis, or may be the manifestation of unrelated skin conditions that coincidently manifest in the diaper area. […] The clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of irritant diaper dermatitis will be reviewed here.

• #2 Diaper Dermatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559067/

  Diaper dermatitis is an inflammatory reaction of the skin of the perineal and perianal areas (diaper area). It is the most common skin disorder seen in young infants. […] Diaper dermatitis is usually a mild and self-limited condition that requires minimal intervention. Some of the management approaches include skincare, adequate hygiene, and avoidance of any irritant substance. […] Diaper dermatitis is a clinical diagnosis based on history and physical examination findings. Overall, there is no need to perform any laboratory testing. […] Management of diaper dermatitis has two main goals: healing of damaged skin and prevention of rash recurrence. […] Diaper dermatitis has an excellent prognosis with appropriate diagnosis and with timely adequate management. It is usually a mild, self-limiting disease.

• #3 Nappy rash

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/nappy_rash/

  Nappy rash is a term used to describe a group of skin conditions affecting the skin covered by nappies. It is an irritant contact dermatitis and affects more than half of infants by twelve months. […] If nappy rash doesn’t heal with simple treatment measures, other causes should be considered. […] Consider other causes when nappy rash is severe, unusual in appearance or not responding to appropriate treatment. More than one condition may occur together. […] Generally, no investigations are required. […] Rash is not improving with above treatment measures. […] Concern that nappy rash is due to a cause other than irritant contact dermatitis.

• #4 Diaper Dermatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559067/

  Diaper dermatitis is an inflammatory reaction of the skin of the perineal and perianal areas (diaper area). It is the most common skin disorder seen in young infants. […] Diaper dermatitis is usually a mild and self-limited condition that requires minimal intervention. Some of the management approaches include skincare, adequate hygiene, and avoidance of any irritant substance. […] Diaper dermatitis is a clinical diagnosis based on history and physical examination findings. Overall, there is no need to perform any laboratory testing. […] Management of diaper dermatitis has two main goals: healing of damaged skin and prevention of rash recurrence. […] Diaper dermatitis has an excellent prognosis with appropriate diagnosis and with timely adequate management. It is usually a mild, self-limiting disease.

• #5 Diaper Rash: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11037-diaper-rash-diaper-dermatitis

  Diaper rash is the most common skin condition in young infants. […] More severe diaper rash may need medical treatment from your babys healthcare provider. […] Your babys healthcare provider can diagnose diaper rash by looking at it. […] However, you may not need to seek medical treatment for a diaper rash. You can usually treat the condition at home. […] Mild diaper rashes typically go away with home treatment within three to four days. More severe cases may require treatment with antibiotics or antifungals. With these medications, your babys diaper rash may take a week or longer to clear up.

• #6 Diaper Dermatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559067/

  Diaper dermatitis is an inflammatory reaction of the skin of the perineal and perianal areas (diaper area). It is the most common skin disorder seen in young infants. […] Diaper dermatitis is usually a mild and self-limited condition that requires minimal intervention. Some of the management approaches include skincare, adequate hygiene, and avoidance of any irritant substance. […] Diaper dermatitis is a clinical diagnosis based on history and physical examination findings. Overall, there is no need to perform any laboratory testing. […] Management of diaper dermatitis has two main goals: healing of damaged skin and prevention of rash recurrence. […] Diaper dermatitis has an excellent prognosis with appropriate diagnosis and with timely adequate management. It is usually a mild, self-limiting disease.

• #7 Patient education: Diaper rash in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diaper-rash-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  DIAPER RASH DIAGNOSIS […] In most cases, it is possible to begin treatment for diaper rash at home without seeing a health care provider. However, if you are concerned that your child’s rash is severe, worsening, or is associated with other signs or symptoms (eg, significant discomfort, bloody stool, fever, skin that appears infected), you should contact your child’s health care provider immediately. […] Lab testing is not usually required. If you have been using a diaper rash treatment at home, bring this product to the appointment.

• #8 Diaper Rash Workup: Laboratory Studies, Other Tests, Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801222-workup

  The primary forms of diaper rash generally can be diagnosed clinically. Laboratory studies have few indications and limited utility. A complete blood cell count may be helpful, especially if a fever is present and a secondary bacterial infection is suspected. […] The finding of anemia in association with hepatosplenomegaly and the appropriate rash may suggest a diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis or congenital syphilis. […] When suspecting congenital syphilis, relevant serology should be sent. Dark field microscopic examination for spirochetes from any bullous lesion scrapings can be performed. […] Serum zinc level of less than 50 mcg/dL can confirm acrodermatitis enteropathica. […] Gram stain or culture of the characteristic bullae of impetigo for S aureus can confirm this diagnosis.

• #9 Diaper rash – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/676

  Diaper rash is primarily an irritant contact dermatitis. […] Diagnosis is made by characteristic skin findings in the area of the body covered by a diaper; erythema of the convex surfaces of the buttocks is the classic finding. […] Key diagnostic factors include acute onset of rash in diaper area, erythema of convex surfaces in diaper area, and sparing of skin folds. […] Other diagnostic factors include features of candidiasis, features of Staphylococcus aureus infection, and features of group A Streptococcus infection. […] Diagnostic tests to consider include potassium hydroxide test of skin scraping, bacterial culture of skin, and fungal culture of skin.

• #10 Nappy rash – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/676

  Nappy rash is primarily an irritant contact dermatitis. […] Diagnosis is made by characteristic skin findings in the area of the body covered by a nappy; erythema of the convex surfaces of the buttocks is the classic finding. […] Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, acute onset of rash in nappy area, erythema of convex surfaces in nappy area, and sparing of skin folds. […] Investigations to consider include potassium hydroxide test of skin scraping, bacterial culture of skin, fungal culture of skin, FBC, and serum zinc level.

• #11 Nappy rash – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/baby/caring-for-a-newborn/nappy-rash/

  Nappy rash is common in babies and can usually be treated at home. […] Symptoms of nappy rash can include: red or raw patches on your baby’s bottom or the whole nappy area, skin that looks sore and feels hot to touch, scaly and dry skin, an itchy or painful bottom, your baby seeming uncomfortable or distressed, spots, pimples, or blisters on bottom (spots can appear red or brown, but may be less noticeable on brown and black skin). […] If the rash is causing your baby discomfort, a pharmacist can recommend a nappy rash cream or medicine to treat it at home. […] A GP may prescribe treatment if your baby is in a lot of discomfort or they think your baby might have an infection. […] They may prescribe a steroid cream or ointment to help with redness and soreness, an antifungal cream, if they think your baby has a thrush infection, antibiotics, if they think your baby has a bacterial infection.

• #12

  https://journals.lww.com/ajpd/fulltext/2023/01010/diaper_dermatitis___a_narrative_review.7.aspx

  Diaper rash (diaper rash, napkin dermatitis or nappy rash) is a common skin eruption in infants and toddlers. […] The difference in management makes it imperative to correctly diagnose the cause of diaper rash. […] History and thorough physical examination is sufficient to ascertain the cause of diaper rash in most cases. If the rash involves the area in contact with the diaper and spares the folds it indicates ICD. This is commonly accompanied with candidal infection which should be suspected when there are typical erythematous satellite lesions. Yellow greasy scales with involvement of other seborrheic sites indicate seborrheic dermatitis. Such a rash will present with greasy scales, most commonly in the skin folds.

• #13 What to consider with severe or persistent diaper rash

  https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/view/what-to-consider-with-severe-or-persistent-diaper-rash

  Most diaper rash requires strict hygiene and over-the-counter barrier creams. When dealing with more severe cases, there are a number of diagnoses and treatments to consider. […] Moderate to severe diaper dermatitis affects nearly 9% of infants in the first year of their life. Commonly known as diaper rash, these reactions are typically caused by some type of contact irritant, but there are a number of differential diagnoses that could also increase the severity of these rashes. […] Although many cases of diaper rash can be treated simply with strict hygiene and over-the-counter barrier creams, there are some red flags that pediatricians should consider that may signal a more severe problem. […] First, pediatricians need to determine the type of diaper rash. Contact dermatitis tends to appear mostly on skin prominences, whereas irritations caused by bacteria or yeasts tend to settle into the folds of the groin, Cohen said. The development of blisters or pustules are a sign that you probably aren’t seeing a simple case of contact dermatitis. These symptoms usually point to infections like herpes simplex or enterovirus.

• #14 Diaper Dermatitis (Diaper Rash) | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/diaper-dermatitis-diaper-rash

  Diaper rash is usually diagnosed based on the location and appearance of the rash during physical examination of your child. In addition, your child’s primary care provider may do skin scraping to aid in the diagnosis. […] The symptoms of diaper dermatitis may resemble other skin conditions. Always consult your child’s primary care provider for a diagnosis.

• #15 Yeast Diaper Rash (Candida Diaper Dermatitis): Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22307-yeast-diaper-rash

  A yeast diaper rash affects anyone who wears a diaper, but it’s most common in babies and infants. Rashes most often affect babies between nine months and one year. […] Your baby’s healthcare provider will visually examine the affected area to begin the diagnosis. They will ask questions about your baby’s symptoms, including duration and severity, along with questions about any medications that you or your baby might be taking that could disrupt the balance of yeast in your baby’s body. Occasionally they will swab the rash with sterile cotton to examine the type of yeast under a microscope. […] Since yeast is a fungus, your healthcare provider will recommend an antifungal medication (cream, ointment or pill) to stop the yeast overgrowth and treat the rash. For severe yeast diaper rash, your healthcare provider might recommend a steroid ointment (hydrocortisone) to combat the issue.

• #16 Differential diagnoses of diaper dermatitis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29596730/

  Diaper dermatitis is the most common contact eczema present in early childhood. The main cause is an irritant reaction to urine and feces, which is facilitated by the occlusive conditions under the diaper, leading to hyperhydration of the stratum corneum (diaper dermatitis). […] Making the correct diagnosis requires a thorough examination of the skin in its entirety and a detailed report of the patient’s medical and family history. Once a specific pattern is identified, a precise diagnosis, and an appropriate therapy, can be determined.

• #17 Diaper rashes can indicate systemic conditions other than diaper dermatitis | BMC Dermatology | Full Text

  https://bmcdermatol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12895-020-00104-z

  Although the majority of rashes in the diaper area are caused by irritation from urine and feces, irritant diaper dermatitis; IDD, there are some less common but potentially serious cutaneous eruptions associated with systemic diseases that should not be discounted. […] Our finding suggests that when diagnosing rashes that occur in the diaper area, general pediatricians should consider, in addition to IDD, the possibility of less-common conditions. The simultaneous presence of cutaneous lesions at other sites was linked to diagnoses of systemic diseases other than IDD, (P0.001). […] The present study pointed out that many systemic conditions initially presented as rashes in the diaper area and may be misdiagnosed as IDD. Our study found out that the simultaneous presence of cutaneous lesions at other sites was a clue that indicated systemic diseases other than IDD, (P0.001). Thus, when the patients chief complaint is a rash in the diaper area, complete physical examination for such lesions at other sites should be conducted to avoid misdiagnosis.

• #18 Diaper dermatitis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diaper-dermatitis

  Diaper dermatitis, also called diaper rash, napkin dermatitis, and nappy rash, is the most common skin eruption in infants and toddlers. It typically occurs on convex skin surfaces that are in direct contact with the diaper, including the buttocks, lower abdomen, genitalia, and upper thighs. […] Although diaper dermatitis is a form of irritant contact dermatitis in most cases, eruptions in the diaper area may represent exacerbations of more diffuse skin diseases, such as seborrheic dermatitis or atopic dermatitis, or may be the manifestation of unrelated skin conditions that coincidently manifest in the diaper area. […] The clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of irritant diaper dermatitis will be reviewed here.

• #19 Diaper Rash (Diaper Dermatitis) differential diagnosis | Time of Care

  https://www.timeofcare.com/diaper-rash-differential-diagnosis/

  Irritant contact dermatitis is the most common skin eruption seen in the diaper area and is caused by skin rubbing against a wet, soiled diaper or another part of the skin. This process can lead to chafing, or well-defined red scaly patches that appear on the anterior thighs, scrotum, vulvae, suprapubic area, or buttocks with sparing of the skin creases. Commonly seen when child is having diarrhea. […] Differential Diagnosis of Diaper Dermatitis.

• #20 Diaper rash – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diaper-rash/symptoms-causes/syc-20371636

  Diaper rash may be caused by: […] If the diaper rash hasn’t improved after a few days of home treatment, talk with your doctor or other health care professional. You may need prescription medicine to treat diaper rash. Or the rash may have another cause, such as seborrheic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis or nutritional deficiency. […] Take your child to a doctor or other health care professional for:

• #21 What to consider with severe or persistent diaper rash

  https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/view/what-to-consider-with-severe-or-persistent-diaper-rash

  Pediatricians must also consider whether other dermatological conditions are playing a role. Psoriasis and lichen sclerosus are 2 conditions that can affect the skin of infants in the diaper area. Psoriasis in particular may be considered if there a child is experiencing diaper dermatitis that just doesn’t seem to clear with the usual remedies. […] When weeping or blistering papules appear, a culture may be helpful, Cohen added. Skin biopsies are also a good diagnostic tool when it comes to conditions like psoriasis and lichen sclerosus, according to Cohen. […] When fever develops alongside dermatitis in the diaper area, treatment may have to be stepped up. […] If a child presents with fever, especially under 2 months of age and it looks like the source is in the diaper area, we’re looking at sepsis, Cohen warned.

• #22 Diaper rashes can indicate systemic conditions other than diaper dermatitis | BMC Dermatology | Full Text

  https://bmcdermatol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12895-020-00104-z

  Although the majority of rashes in the diaper area are caused by irritation from urine and feces, irritant diaper dermatitis; IDD, there are some less common but potentially serious cutaneous eruptions associated with systemic diseases that should not be discounted. […] Our finding suggests that when diagnosing rashes that occur in the diaper area, general pediatricians should consider, in addition to IDD, the possibility of less-common conditions. The simultaneous presence of cutaneous lesions at other sites was linked to diagnoses of systemic diseases other than IDD, (P0.001). […] The present study pointed out that many systemic conditions initially presented as rashes in the diaper area and may be misdiagnosed as IDD. Our study found out that the simultaneous presence of cutaneous lesions at other sites was a clue that indicated systemic diseases other than IDD, (P0.001). Thus, when the patients chief complaint is a rash in the diaper area, complete physical examination for such lesions at other sites should be conducted to avoid misdiagnosis.

• #23 Diaper Rash Workup: Laboratory Studies, Other Tests, Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801222-workup

  The primary forms of diaper rash generally can be diagnosed clinically. Laboratory studies have few indications and limited utility. A complete blood cell count may be helpful, especially if a fever is present and a secondary bacterial infection is suspected. […] The finding of anemia in association with hepatosplenomegaly and the appropriate rash may suggest a diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis or congenital syphilis. […] When suspecting congenital syphilis, relevant serology should be sent. Dark field microscopic examination for spirochetes from any bullous lesion scrapings can be performed. […] Serum zinc level of less than 50 mcg/dL can confirm acrodermatitis enteropathica. […] Gram stain or culture of the characteristic bullae of impetigo for S aureus can confirm this diagnosis.

• #24 Diaper Rash Workup: Laboratory Studies, Other Tests, Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801222-workup

  Routine cultures demonstrate polymicrobial infections (eg, streptococci, Enterobacteriaceae, and anaerobes) in nearly one half of cases. […] Potassium hydroxide (KOH) scrapings from a fresh papular or pustular lesion may demonstrate pseudohyphae in suspected cases of candidiasis. However, these may be absent in long-standing cases. […] Finding mites, ova, or feces on a mineral oil preparation of a burrow scraping can confirm the diagnosis of scabies. […] Skin biopsy can be performed to help differentiate granuloma gluteale infantum from granulomatous and neoplastic processes. […] Skin biopsy also is used to confirm the diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis.

• #25 Nappy rash – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/676

  Nappy rash is primarily an irritant contact dermatitis. […] Diagnosis is made by characteristic skin findings in the area of the body covered by a nappy; erythema of the convex surfaces of the buttocks is the classic finding. […] Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, acute onset of rash in nappy area, erythema of convex surfaces in nappy area, and sparing of skin folds. […] Investigations to consider include potassium hydroxide test of skin scraping, bacterial culture of skin, fungal culture of skin, FBC, and serum zinc level.

• #26 Diaper rash: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000964.htm

  Diaper rashes are common in babies from 4 to 15 months old. […] Your health care provider can often diagnose a yeast diaper rash by looking at your baby’s skin. A KOH test can confirm if it is candida. […] The rash usually responds well to treatment.

• #27 Diaper rash – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/676

  Diaper rash is primarily an irritant contact dermatitis. […] Diagnosis is made by characteristic skin findings in the area of the body covered by a diaper; erythema of the convex surfaces of the buttocks is the classic finding. […] Key diagnostic factors include acute onset of rash in diaper area, erythema of convex surfaces in diaper area, and sparing of skin folds. […] Other diagnostic factors include features of candidiasis, features of Staphylococcus aureus infection, and features of group A Streptococcus infection. […] Diagnostic tests to consider include potassium hydroxide test of skin scraping, bacterial culture of skin, and fungal culture of skin.

• #28 Determine Diaper Rash Dx, Tests, With These Codes : Reader Question

  https://www.aapc.com/codes/coding-newsletters/my-pediatric-coding-alert/reader-question-determine-diaper-rash-dx-tests-with-these-codes-158062-article?srsltid=AfmBOopEyqTeTUcP0Necrkq6XyV51AgHaYO6qgJUpoI99NVwVpIIGjcq

  How do I code for candidiasis diaper rash? I get mixed answers from physicians on this, with some saying L22, some saying B37.2, and some saying both. […] Diagnosis coding for the condition would certainly include L22 (Diaper dermatitis). And, as B37.2 (Candidiasis of skin and nail) lists L22 as an Excludes2 code, meaning that both conditions can occur at the same time, then you can go ahead and code both together. In terms of sequencing, as the etiology of the diaper rash is known, and as the infectious agent is the subject of the treatment, B37.2 would be the primary diagnosis. […] The KOH test is so called because potassium hydroxide, known by its chemical formula KOH, is added to the skin sample to dissolve it and determine if the Candida albicans fungus is present. What is confusing from a coding perspective is that CPT lists two KOH tests: 87210 (Smear, primary source with interpretation; wet mount for infectious agents (eg, saline, India ink, KOH preps)) and 87220 (Tissue examination by KOH slide of samples from skin, hair, or nails for fungi or ectoparasite ova or mites (eg, scabies)). […] As your provider would, presumably, be testing a skin sample in this encounter, both the wording of the descriptor for 87220 and the note accompanying 87210, which states For KOH examination of skin, hair, or nails, see 87220, would indicate that 87220 would be the correct KOH test to bill.

• #29 Diaper Rash Workup: Laboratory Studies, Other Tests, Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801222-workup

  Routine cultures demonstrate polymicrobial infections (eg, streptococci, Enterobacteriaceae, and anaerobes) in nearly one half of cases. […] Potassium hydroxide (KOH) scrapings from a fresh papular or pustular lesion may demonstrate pseudohyphae in suspected cases of candidiasis. However, these may be absent in long-standing cases. […] Finding mites, ova, or feces on a mineral oil preparation of a burrow scraping can confirm the diagnosis of scabies. […] Skin biopsy can be performed to help differentiate granuloma gluteale infantum from granulomatous and neoplastic processes. […] Skin biopsy also is used to confirm the diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis.

• #30 Diaper rash – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/676

  Diaper rash is primarily an irritant contact dermatitis. […] Diagnosis is made by characteristic skin findings in the area of the body covered by a diaper; erythema of the convex surfaces of the buttocks is the classic finding. […] Key diagnostic factors include acute onset of rash in diaper area, erythema of convex surfaces in diaper area, and sparing of skin folds. […] Other diagnostic factors include features of candidiasis, features of Staphylococcus aureus infection, and features of group A Streptococcus infection. […] Diagnostic tests to consider include potassium hydroxide test of skin scraping, bacterial culture of skin, and fungal culture of skin.

• #31 Diaper rash – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/676

  Diaper rash is primarily an irritant contact dermatitis. […] Diagnosis is made by characteristic skin findings in the area of the body covered by a diaper; erythema of the convex surfaces of the buttocks is the classic finding. […] Key diagnostic factors include acute onset of rash in diaper area, erythema of convex surfaces in diaper area, and sparing of skin folds. […] Other diagnostic factors include features of candidiasis, features of Staphylococcus aureus infection, and features of group A Streptococcus infection. […] Diagnostic tests to consider include potassium hydroxide test of skin scraping, bacterial culture of skin, and fungal culture of skin.

• #32 Nappy rash – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/676

  Nappy rash is primarily an irritant contact dermatitis. […] Diagnosis is made by characteristic skin findings in the area of the body covered by a nappy; erythema of the convex surfaces of the buttocks is the classic finding. […] Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, acute onset of rash in nappy area, erythema of convex surfaces in nappy area, and sparing of skin folds. […] Investigations to consider include potassium hydroxide test of skin scraping, bacterial culture of skin, fungal culture of skin, FBC, and serum zinc level.

• #33 Diaper Rash Workup: Laboratory Studies, Other Tests, Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801222-workup

  Routine cultures demonstrate polymicrobial infections (eg, streptococci, Enterobacteriaceae, and anaerobes) in nearly one half of cases. […] Potassium hydroxide (KOH) scrapings from a fresh papular or pustular lesion may demonstrate pseudohyphae in suspected cases of candidiasis. However, these may be absent in long-standing cases. […] Finding mites, ova, or feces on a mineral oil preparation of a burrow scraping can confirm the diagnosis of scabies. […] Skin biopsy can be performed to help differentiate granuloma gluteale infantum from granulomatous and neoplastic processes. […] Skin biopsy also is used to confirm the diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis.

• #34 Diaper Rash Workup: Laboratory Studies, Other Tests, Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801222-workup

  The primary forms of diaper rash generally can be diagnosed clinically. Laboratory studies have few indications and limited utility. A complete blood cell count may be helpful, especially if a fever is present and a secondary bacterial infection is suspected. […] The finding of anemia in association with hepatosplenomegaly and the appropriate rash may suggest a diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis or congenital syphilis. […] When suspecting congenital syphilis, relevant serology should be sent. Dark field microscopic examination for spirochetes from any bullous lesion scrapings can be performed. […] Serum zinc level of less than 50 mcg/dL can confirm acrodermatitis enteropathica. […] Gram stain or culture of the characteristic bullae of impetigo for S aureus can confirm this diagnosis.

• #35 Nappy rash – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/676

  Nappy rash is primarily an irritant contact dermatitis. […] Diagnosis is made by characteristic skin findings in the area of the body covered by a nappy; erythema of the convex surfaces of the buttocks is the classic finding. […] Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, acute onset of rash in nappy area, erythema of convex surfaces in nappy area, and sparing of skin folds. […] Investigations to consider include potassium hydroxide test of skin scraping, bacterial culture of skin, fungal culture of skin, FBC, and serum zinc level.

• #36 What to consider with severe or persistent diaper rash

  https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/view/what-to-consider-with-severe-or-persistent-diaper-rash

  Pediatricians must also consider whether other dermatological conditions are playing a role. Psoriasis and lichen sclerosus are 2 conditions that can affect the skin of infants in the diaper area. Psoriasis in particular may be considered if there a child is experiencing diaper dermatitis that just doesn’t seem to clear with the usual remedies. […] When weeping or blistering papules appear, a culture may be helpful, Cohen added. Skin biopsies are also a good diagnostic tool when it comes to conditions like psoriasis and lichen sclerosus, according to Cohen. […] When fever develops alongside dermatitis in the diaper area, treatment may have to be stepped up. […] If a child presents with fever, especially under 2 months of age and it looks like the source is in the diaper area, we’re looking at sepsis, Cohen warned.

• #37 Nappy rash

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/nappy_rash/

  Nappy rash is a term used to describe a group of skin conditions affecting the skin covered by nappies. It is an irritant contact dermatitis and affects more than half of infants by twelve months. […] If nappy rash doesn’t heal with simple treatment measures, other causes should be considered. […] Consider other causes when nappy rash is severe, unusual in appearance or not responding to appropriate treatment. More than one condition may occur together. […] Generally, no investigations are required. […] Rash is not improving with above treatment measures. […] Concern that nappy rash is due to a cause other than irritant contact dermatitis.

• #38 What to consider with severe or persistent diaper rash

  https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/view/what-to-consider-with-severe-or-persistent-diaper-rash

  Cultures should be taken, and intravenous antibiotics are usually started to help keep the infection from getting out of control. Severe infections and irritations can lead to the formation of abscesses and other problems that could require surgical intervention like debridement or other therapies. However, early recognition is key because these treatments usually can’t begin until sepsis is resolved or the infection is brought under some sort of control, he said. […] Fever is a key symptom when it comes to uncovering the cause of severe diaper rash, Cohen continued. Infants whose severe irritation develops from an underlying dermatological condition wouldn’t usually have a fever. Fever is more common in viral infections, and Cohen warned that pediatricians need to keep viral diseases like herpes simplex in mind when looking at infectious causes.

• #39 What to consider with severe or persistent diaper rash

  https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/view/what-to-consider-with-severe-or-persistent-diaper-rash

  Herpes simplex is important to recognize and treat early to prevent more severe illness, Cohen added. […] Other considerations for atypical rash causes may include nutritional deficiencies like cystic fibrosis. Diseases that result in malabsorption or malnutritionespecially of nutrients like zinc can cause erosions in the skin creases of the diaper area, Cohen said. Other diseases that could lead to skin blistering include rare immunobullous diseases like epidermolysis bullosa. Clinicians should also rule out structural malformations in the genitourinary tract that could cause chronic urine leakage, Cohen said. […] Although antibiotics are the treatment of choice for infectious causes of severe diaper rash, treatments for skin conditions that can lead to severe diaper rash vary, especially when it comes to broader dermatologic issues like psoriasis, Cohen explained.

• #40 Nappy rash factsheet | The Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network

  https://www.schn.health.nsw.gov.au/nappy-rash-factsheet

  Nappy rash is a common condition in babies where the skin becomes red, painful, and inflamed after contact long with urine and poo. […] Nappy rash usually causes redness and irritation on the skin of the bottom, penis and vulva. This happens when a dirty nappy has been in contact with your childs skin for too long. […] Nappy rash affects the skin around the bottom, penis, and vulva. […] You can see nappy rash; it does not need to be diagnosed by a doctor. […] Severe or infected nappy rash will need to be seen by a doctor, especially if your child: develops a fever, has a nappy rash that has not cleared up after a week, develops scabs, blisters, or bleeding, is otherwise distressed and in pain that cannot be managed.

• #41 Diaper Dermatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559067/

  Diaper dermatitis is a condition that can be safely managed by a general practitioner. However, a consult to dermatology may be warranted in cases of an extensive disease that does not respond to treatment. […] Education on proper diaper skincare must be provided as part of the anticipatory guidance of each well-care visit, including frequency of diaper change, guidance on the types of diapers and wipes to use, and application of the barrier emollients with diaper changes. […] Diaper dermatitis is one of the most common dermatologic conditions in the newborn period and early infancy. It is of great importance that all healthcare professionals at any level be familiar with the characteristics of the disease and how to manage it, and to be able to provide appropriate guidance to the parents and caregivers.

• #42 Nappy rash – diagnosis, treatment and prevention

  https://www.mymed.com/diseases-conditions/nappy-rash/nappy-rash–diagnosis-treatment-and-prevention

  If the nappy rash is bright red, lasts for more than 48 hours or is accompanied by a strong urine odour (which can indicate dehydration), it is recommended to see your doctor. […] If the rash forms blisters (which contain clear fluid) or becomes weepy (leaking of clear fluid which can dry out and form a thick crust), a fever develops, you notice a bright red ring around the anus, skin falling off in big flakes, or you notice any bleeding, it is best to see your doctor as soon as possible. […] Most who care for young children or the elderly can recognise and identify nappy rash when they see it, and treat accordingly. Where the rash is more severe, a doctor will offer their expert opinion, as well as offer any necessary prescriptions and other baby item suggestions (such as other nappy alternatives cloth or disposable). These kinds of rashes tend not to clear up without physician-prescribed ointments and lotions. […] Nappy rash usually clears up in a matter of days if you practice good hygiene and take precautionary measures to minimise the occurrence of infection.

• #43 Yeast Diaper Rash (Candida Diaper Dermatitis): Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22307-yeast-diaper-rash

  A yeast diaper rash affects anyone who wears a diaper, but it’s most common in babies and infants. Rashes most often affect babies between nine months and one year. […] Your baby’s healthcare provider will visually examine the affected area to begin the diagnosis. They will ask questions about your baby’s symptoms, including duration and severity, along with questions about any medications that you or your baby might be taking that could disrupt the balance of yeast in your baby’s body. Occasionally they will swab the rash with sterile cotton to examine the type of yeast under a microscope. […] Since yeast is a fungus, your healthcare provider will recommend an antifungal medication (cream, ointment or pill) to stop the yeast overgrowth and treat the rash. For severe yeast diaper rash, your healthcare provider might recommend a steroid ointment (hydrocortisone) to combat the issue.

• #44 Yeast diaper rash: Pictures, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/yeast-diaper-rash

  When an overgrowth of Candida fungus is responsible for diaper rash, it is a yeast diaper rash. A yeast diaper rash tends to be worse in the folds around the groin and may occur with a yeast infection in the mouth. […] A yeast infection occurs when there is an overgrowth of Candida, a type of fungus commonly found in the digestive tract. […] Receiving treatment for a contact dermatitis rash early on can help prevent a yeast infection from developing. […] Because it can be difficult to identify the cause of a rash, a doctor should advise about any diaper rash that persists for longer than 3 days. […] Only a doctor can diagnose a yeast infection or any other cause of a diaper rash. […] Often, a doctor can identify the cause of a diaper rash with a visual examination. […] If yeast is causing a diaper rash, the doctor will likely prescribe or recommend an antifungal cream.

• #45

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/diapers-clothing/Pages/Diaper-Rash.aspx

  At least half of all babies get a diaper rash at some point. In fact, reddened, inflamed skin in the diaper area is one of the most common reasons parents seek medical care from their child’s doctor. […] The most common type of diaper rash is „irritant dermatitis.” […] Another fairly common cause of diaper rash is yeast infection, caused by overgrowth of a type of fungus found naturally in the digestive tract. […] A yeast diaper rash may develop after your baby has taken antibiotics. […] Rarely, diaper rash can be caused by a bacterial infection. […] Do not use over-the-counter antibiotic ointment for diaper rashes; sometimes ingredients in these products can worsen skin irritation. […] Occasionally, babies with sensitive skin may have an allergic reaction to a specific ingredient in diapers, wipes and/or creams.

• #46 Diaper Rash Causes & Prevention (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/diaper-rash.html

  Diaper rash that lasts for more than a few days, even with changes to the diapering routine, might be caused by a yeast called Candida albicans. This rash is usually red, slightly raised, and has small red dots spreading beyond the main part of the rash. […] If the rash doesn’t go away, gets worse, or if sores appear on your baby’s skin, talk to your doctor. […] Depending on what type of rash your baby has, the doctor may choose to use an antifungal cream or an antibiotic cream, or may recommend other changes to your diapering routine.

• #47 7 Different Types Of Diaper Rash: Causes And Treatment – Mustela USA

  https://www.mustelausa.com/blogs/mustela-mag/different-types-of-diaper-rash

  A doctor or allergist can perform tests to determine if your baby is allergic to any of these or anything else. […] Because yeast is a fungus, your baby will need an antifungal cream to treat the rash. You can purchase an over-the-counter cream, but if the area doesnt clear up or if your baby is also running a fever, talk to their doctor about other treatment options. […] This type of diaper rash is caused by staph bacteria, generally Staphylococcus aureus. The bacteria produce a toxin that reddens and damages skin. […] If you know what type of food caused the rash, limit or eliminate it from your babys diet for a while to prevent a recurrence. […] This type of diaper rash is caused by an infection from yeast overgrowth. Is your baby or a breastfeeding parent taking antibiotics? Antibiotics can throw off the balance of good bacteria in your babys body, making it easier for yeast to grow.

• #48 Diaper rash: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000964.htm

  Diaper rashes are common in babies from 4 to 15 months old. […] Your health care provider can often diagnose a yeast diaper rash by looking at your baby’s skin. A KOH test can confirm if it is candida. […] The rash usually responds well to treatment.

• #49 Yeast Diaper Rash (Candida Diaper Dermatitis): Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22307-yeast-diaper-rash

  A yeast diaper rash affects anyone who wears a diaper, but it’s most common in babies and infants. Rashes most often affect babies between nine months and one year. […] Your baby’s healthcare provider will visually examine the affected area to begin the diagnosis. They will ask questions about your baby’s symptoms, including duration and severity, along with questions about any medications that you or your baby might be taking that could disrupt the balance of yeast in your baby’s body. Occasionally they will swab the rash with sterile cotton to examine the type of yeast under a microscope. […] Since yeast is a fungus, your healthcare provider will recommend an antifungal medication (cream, ointment or pill) to stop the yeast overgrowth and treat the rash. For severe yeast diaper rash, your healthcare provider might recommend a steroid ointment (hydrocortisone) to combat the issue.

• #50 Diaper Rash Workup: Laboratory Studies, Other Tests, Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801222-workup

  Routine cultures demonstrate polymicrobial infections (eg, streptococci, Enterobacteriaceae, and anaerobes) in nearly one half of cases. […] Potassium hydroxide (KOH) scrapings from a fresh papular or pustular lesion may demonstrate pseudohyphae in suspected cases of candidiasis. However, these may be absent in long-standing cases. […] Finding mites, ova, or feces on a mineral oil preparation of a burrow scraping can confirm the diagnosis of scabies. […] Skin biopsy can be performed to help differentiate granuloma gluteale infantum from granulomatous and neoplastic processes. […] Skin biopsy also is used to confirm the diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis.

• #51 7 Different Types Of Diaper Rash: Causes And Treatment – Mustela USA

  https://www.mustelausa.com/blogs/mustela-mag/different-types-of-diaper-rash

  A doctor or allergist can perform tests to determine if your baby is allergic to any of these or anything else. […] Because yeast is a fungus, your baby will need an antifungal cream to treat the rash. You can purchase an over-the-counter cream, but if the area doesnt clear up or if your baby is also running a fever, talk to their doctor about other treatment options. […] This type of diaper rash is caused by staph bacteria, generally Staphylococcus aureus. The bacteria produce a toxin that reddens and damages skin. […] If you know what type of food caused the rash, limit or eliminate it from your babys diet for a while to prevent a recurrence. […] This type of diaper rash is caused by an infection from yeast overgrowth. Is your baby or a breastfeeding parent taking antibiotics? Antibiotics can throw off the balance of good bacteria in your babys body, making it easier for yeast to grow.

• #52 Diaper rash – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/676

  Diaper rash is primarily an irritant contact dermatitis. […] Diagnosis is made by characteristic skin findings in the area of the body covered by a diaper; erythema of the convex surfaces of the buttocks is the classic finding. […] Key diagnostic factors include acute onset of rash in diaper area, erythema of convex surfaces in diaper area, and sparing of skin folds. […] Other diagnostic factors include features of candidiasis, features of Staphylococcus aureus infection, and features of group A Streptococcus infection. […] Diagnostic tests to consider include potassium hydroxide test of skin scraping, bacterial culture of skin, and fungal culture of skin.

• #53 What to consider with severe or persistent diaper rash

  https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/view/what-to-consider-with-severe-or-persistent-diaper-rash

  Cultures should be taken, and intravenous antibiotics are usually started to help keep the infection from getting out of control. Severe infections and irritations can lead to the formation of abscesses and other problems that could require surgical intervention like debridement or other therapies. However, early recognition is key because these treatments usually can’t begin until sepsis is resolved or the infection is brought under some sort of control, he said. […] Fever is a key symptom when it comes to uncovering the cause of severe diaper rash, Cohen continued. Infants whose severe irritation develops from an underlying dermatological condition wouldn’t usually have a fever. Fever is more common in viral infections, and Cohen warned that pediatricians need to keep viral diseases like herpes simplex in mind when looking at infectious causes.

• #54 7 Different Types Of Diaper Rash: Causes And Treatment – Mustela USA

  https://www.mustelausa.com/blogs/mustela-mag/different-types-of-diaper-rash

  Diaper rash is a general term for red and tender skin in the diaper area. Diaper rash is most common under the age of one year. Its estimated that about 50% of babies suffer from diaper rash at one time or another. […] Although, normally, diaper rash is more uncomfortable than dangerous, if accompanied by a fever or other symptoms, it could indicate a more serious condition. If thats the case, take a trip to your doctors office as soon as you can. […] If you notice any of the following, its worth getting them checked out: Prolonged rash: The rash should start improving within a couple of days of you starting treatment. […] If you suspect a strep diaper rash, contact your pediatrician promptly. A rapid strep test can confirm the diagnosis. A doctor will prescribe antibiotics to fight the infection.

• #55 What to consider with severe or persistent diaper rash

  https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/view/what-to-consider-with-severe-or-persistent-diaper-rash

  Cultures should be taken, and intravenous antibiotics are usually started to help keep the infection from getting out of control. Severe infections and irritations can lead to the formation of abscesses and other problems that could require surgical intervention like debridement or other therapies. However, early recognition is key because these treatments usually can’t begin until sepsis is resolved or the infection is brought under some sort of control, he said. […] Fever is a key symptom when it comes to uncovering the cause of severe diaper rash, Cohen continued. Infants whose severe irritation develops from an underlying dermatological condition wouldn’t usually have a fever. Fever is more common in viral infections, and Cohen warned that pediatricians need to keep viral diseases like herpes simplex in mind when looking at infectious causes.

• #56 Adult Diaper Rash: Treatment, Prevention, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/adult-diaper-rash

  Diaper rash can affect anyone wearing diapers or incontinence briefs, including adults, babies, and toddlers. […] Symptoms in adults are the same as symptoms seen in babies and toddlers, and may include a pink-to-red colored rash, or peeling or irritated looking skin. […] Diaper rash is commonly caused by infrequent diaper changes, which can lead to irritation from chemicals found in urine and stool. […] It may also be caused by an allergic reaction, or a yeast or fungal infection. […] Common causes of adult diaper rash include: Skin irritation. This can be a result of friction from wet skin rubbing against the diaper, or prolonged contact to the chemicals in urine or stool. […] Allergic reaction. Elderly adults wearing incontinence briefs may be allergic to the perfumes in the diaper material.

• #57

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/diapers-clothing/Pages/Diaper-Rash.aspx

  At least half of all babies get a diaper rash at some point. In fact, reddened, inflamed skin in the diaper area is one of the most common reasons parents seek medical care from their child’s doctor. […] The most common type of diaper rash is „irritant dermatitis.” […] Another fairly common cause of diaper rash is yeast infection, caused by overgrowth of a type of fungus found naturally in the digestive tract. […] A yeast diaper rash may develop after your baby has taken antibiotics. […] Rarely, diaper rash can be caused by a bacterial infection. […] Do not use over-the-counter antibiotic ointment for diaper rashes; sometimes ingredients in these products can worsen skin irritation. […] Occasionally, babies with sensitive skin may have an allergic reaction to a specific ingredient in diapers, wipes and/or creams.

• #58 Diaper Rash: Causes, Symptoms & Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/diaper-rash

  How Is Diaper Rash Diagnosed? […] Diaper rash is common. Most people who care for children know it when they see it. Sometimes, its still a good idea to call a doctor, who will offer an expert opinion based on prescriptions and other baby items. […] Diaper rashes caused by yeast infections sometimes occur when an infant takes antibiotics. Those kinds of rashes will not get better without physician-prescribed ointment. […] When you speak to your doctor, be prepared to discuss brands of diapers, lotions, detergents, and other household items your baby comes into contact with.

• #59 Diaper Rash: Symptoms, Causes, Prevention & Treatment | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/diaper-rash/

  Doctors usually diagnose diaper rashes by taking a history and conducting a physical examination. Unless they suspect an allergy or rare deficiency, they are unlikely to perform laboratory tests. […] A medical practitioner will be able to differentiate diaper rash from other skin conditions such as eczema and seborrheic dermatitis, and advise on the best course of action. In the case of mild diaper rash, a home diagnosis is usually made by caregivers, based on the symptoms presented by the infant.

• #60 Nappy Rash: Symptoms, Causes, Self-Care & Treatment | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/nappy-rash/

  The diagnosis is usually based on the history and examination of the skin rash. […] If the cause of the rash seems to be due to an allergic response, your physician may perform a skin test to determine the definitive allergy-causing agent.

• #61 7 Different Types Of Diaper Rash: Causes And Treatment – Mustela USA

  https://www.mustelausa.com/blogs/mustela-mag/different-types-of-diaper-rash

  A doctor or allergist can perform tests to determine if your baby is allergic to any of these or anything else. […] Because yeast is a fungus, your baby will need an antifungal cream to treat the rash. You can purchase an over-the-counter cream, but if the area doesnt clear up or if your baby is also running a fever, talk to their doctor about other treatment options. […] This type of diaper rash is caused by staph bacteria, generally Staphylococcus aureus. The bacteria produce a toxin that reddens and damages skin. […] If you know what type of food caused the rash, limit or eliminate it from your babys diet for a while to prevent a recurrence. […] This type of diaper rash is caused by an infection from yeast overgrowth. Is your baby or a breastfeeding parent taking antibiotics? Antibiotics can throw off the balance of good bacteria in your babys body, making it easier for yeast to grow.

• #62 Diaper dermatitis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diaper-dermatitis

  Diaper dermatitis, also called diaper rash, napkin dermatitis, and nappy rash, is the most common skin eruption in infants and toddlers. It typically occurs on convex skin surfaces that are in direct contact with the diaper, including the buttocks, lower abdomen, genitalia, and upper thighs. […] Although diaper dermatitis is a form of irritant contact dermatitis in most cases, eruptions in the diaper area may represent exacerbations of more diffuse skin diseases, such as seborrheic dermatitis or atopic dermatitis, or may be the manifestation of unrelated skin conditions that coincidently manifest in the diaper area. […] The clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of irritant diaper dermatitis will be reviewed here.

• #63 Adult Diaper Rash: Treatment, Prevention, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/adult-diaper-rash

  Candida. Yeast infections are another common type of adult diaper rash. […] If the rash is a result of a yeast or fungal infection, your doctor may recommend topical antifungals, including nystatin or ciclopirox (CNL8, Penlac), be applied to the affected area. […] Most cases of diaper rash will clear up after a few days of home treatment. […] However, its important to remember that elderly adults are more likely to experience infections. […] Any serious symptoms should be reported to a doctor. […] In some adults, diaper rash may occur with other skin conditions including psoriasis, eczema, or seborrhea. […] If you or your loved one gets frequent diaper rashes, be sure to notify your doctor. […] The best way to prevent adult diaper rash is to clean and change dirty diapers as soon as possible. […] Treating diaper rash at the first signs of irritation can also help prevent the rash from becoming more serious. […] A warm, moist environment or skin friction can lead to irritation or an infection in the skin folds around the genital area.

• #64 Diaper rashes can indicate systemic conditions other than diaper dermatitis | BMC Dermatology | Full Text

  https://bmcdermatol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12895-020-00104-z

  Although the majority of rashes in the diaper area are caused by irritation from urine and feces, irritant diaper dermatitis; IDD, there are some less common but potentially serious cutaneous eruptions associated with systemic diseases that should not be discounted. […] Our finding suggests that when diagnosing rashes that occur in the diaper area, general pediatricians should consider, in addition to IDD, the possibility of less-common conditions. The simultaneous presence of cutaneous lesions at other sites was linked to diagnoses of systemic diseases other than IDD, (P0.001). […] The present study pointed out that many systemic conditions initially presented as rashes in the diaper area and may be misdiagnosed as IDD. Our study found out that the simultaneous presence of cutaneous lesions at other sites was a clue that indicated systemic diseases other than IDD, (P0.001). Thus, when the patients chief complaint is a rash in the diaper area, complete physical examination for such lesions at other sites should be conducted to avoid misdiagnosis.

• #65 Diaper rash – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diaper-rash/symptoms-causes/syc-20371636

  Diaper rash may be caused by: […] If the diaper rash hasn’t improved after a few days of home treatment, talk with your doctor or other health care professional. You may need prescription medicine to treat diaper rash. Or the rash may have another cause, such as seborrheic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis or nutritional deficiency. […] Take your child to a doctor or other health care professional for:

• #66 Diaper rash | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/diaper-rash?content_id=CON-20371622

  Diaper rash often can be diagnosed simply by looking at the affected skin. Testing may be needed to rule out other conditions, such as allergic contact dermatitis. […] If the diaper rash hasn’t improved after a few days of home treatment, talk with your doctor or other health care professional. You may need prescription medicine to treat diaper rash. Or the rash may have another cause, such as seborrheic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis or nutritional deficiency.

• #67 What to consider with severe or persistent diaper rash

  https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/view/what-to-consider-with-severe-or-persistent-diaper-rash

  Pediatricians must also consider whether other dermatological conditions are playing a role. Psoriasis and lichen sclerosus are 2 conditions that can affect the skin of infants in the diaper area. Psoriasis in particular may be considered if there a child is experiencing diaper dermatitis that just doesn’t seem to clear with the usual remedies. […] When weeping or blistering papules appear, a culture may be helpful, Cohen added. Skin biopsies are also a good diagnostic tool when it comes to conditions like psoriasis and lichen sclerosus, according to Cohen. […] When fever develops alongside dermatitis in the diaper area, treatment may have to be stepped up. […] If a child presents with fever, especially under 2 months of age and it looks like the source is in the diaper area, we’re looking at sepsis, Cohen warned.

• #68 What to consider with severe or persistent diaper rash

  https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/view/what-to-consider-with-severe-or-persistent-diaper-rash

  Herpes simplex is important to recognize and treat early to prevent more severe illness, Cohen added. […] Other considerations for atypical rash causes may include nutritional deficiencies like cystic fibrosis. Diseases that result in malabsorption or malnutritionespecially of nutrients like zinc can cause erosions in the skin creases of the diaper area, Cohen said. Other diseases that could lead to skin blistering include rare immunobullous diseases like epidermolysis bullosa. Clinicians should also rule out structural malformations in the genitourinary tract that could cause chronic urine leakage, Cohen said. […] Although antibiotics are the treatment of choice for infectious causes of severe diaper rash, treatments for skin conditions that can lead to severe diaper rash vary, especially when it comes to broader dermatologic issues like psoriasis, Cohen explained.

• #69 Diaper Rash Workup: Laboratory Studies, Other Tests, Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801222-workup

  The primary forms of diaper rash generally can be diagnosed clinically. Laboratory studies have few indications and limited utility. A complete blood cell count may be helpful, especially if a fever is present and a secondary bacterial infection is suspected. […] The finding of anemia in association with hepatosplenomegaly and the appropriate rash may suggest a diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis or congenital syphilis. […] When suspecting congenital syphilis, relevant serology should be sent. Dark field microscopic examination for spirochetes from any bullous lesion scrapings can be performed. […] Serum zinc level of less than 50 mcg/dL can confirm acrodermatitis enteropathica. […] Gram stain or culture of the characteristic bullae of impetigo for S aureus can confirm this diagnosis.

• #70 Diaper dermatitis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/diaper-dermatitis/

  The diagnosis of diaper dermatitis is based on clinical evaluation. […] In most patients, the rash is caused by irritant contact dermatitis resulting from the moist environment in the diaper area, and treatment can be initiated without further diagnostics. […] If symptoms persist or worsen despite initial treatment, or if the patient has symptoms that suggest a different condition, further diagnostics guided by history and physical examination findings are appropriate. […] Chronic candidal diaper dermatitis in children should raise suspicion for diabetes mellitus type 1. In the absence of diabetes mellitus type 1, chronic and/or severe diaper dermatitis should raise suspicion for child neglect or abuse.

• #71 Diaper rash – Symptoms, Causes, Images, and Treatment Options

  https://www.epocrates.com/online/diseases/676/diaper-rash

  Diagnosis is made by characteristic skin findings in the area of the body covered by a diaper; erythema of the convex surfaces of the buttocks is the classic finding. […] Recalcitrant diaper rash may signal secondary infection or underlying systemic or dermatologic disorders, and requires further evaluation.

• #72 Adult Diaper Rash: Treatment, Prevention, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/adult-diaper-rash

  Diaper rash can affect anyone wearing diapers or incontinence briefs, including adults, babies, and toddlers. […] Symptoms in adults are the same as symptoms seen in babies and toddlers, and may include a pink-to-red colored rash, or peeling or irritated looking skin. […] Diaper rash is commonly caused by infrequent diaper changes, which can lead to irritation from chemicals found in urine and stool. […] It may also be caused by an allergic reaction, or a yeast or fungal infection. […] Common causes of adult diaper rash include: Skin irritation. This can be a result of friction from wet skin rubbing against the diaper, or prolonged contact to the chemicals in urine or stool. […] Allergic reaction. Elderly adults wearing incontinence briefs may be allergic to the perfumes in the diaper material.

• #73 Adult Diaper Rash: Treatment, Prevention, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/adult-diaper-rash

  Candida. Yeast infections are another common type of adult diaper rash. […] If the rash is a result of a yeast or fungal infection, your doctor may recommend topical antifungals, including nystatin or ciclopirox (CNL8, Penlac), be applied to the affected area. […] Most cases of diaper rash will clear up after a few days of home treatment. […] However, its important to remember that elderly adults are more likely to experience infections. […] Any serious symptoms should be reported to a doctor. […] In some adults, diaper rash may occur with other skin conditions including psoriasis, eczema, or seborrhea. […] If you or your loved one gets frequent diaper rashes, be sure to notify your doctor. […] The best way to prevent adult diaper rash is to clean and change dirty diapers as soon as possible. […] Treating diaper rash at the first signs of irritation can also help prevent the rash from becoming more serious. […] A warm, moist environment or skin friction can lead to irritation or an infection in the skin folds around the genital area.

• #74 Adult Diaper Rash: Treatment, Prevention, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/adult-diaper-rash

  Diaper rash can affect anyone wearing diapers or incontinence briefs, including adults, babies, and toddlers. […] Symptoms in adults are the same as symptoms seen in babies and toddlers, and may include a pink-to-red colored rash, or peeling or irritated looking skin. […] Diaper rash is commonly caused by infrequent diaper changes, which can lead to irritation from chemicals found in urine and stool. […] It may also be caused by an allergic reaction, or a yeast or fungal infection. […] Common causes of adult diaper rash include: Skin irritation. This can be a result of friction from wet skin rubbing against the diaper, or prolonged contact to the chemicals in urine or stool. […] Allergic reaction. Elderly adults wearing incontinence briefs may be allergic to the perfumes in the diaper material.

• #75 Adult Diaper Rash: Treatment, Prevention, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/adult-diaper-rash

  Candida. Yeast infections are another common type of adult diaper rash. […] If the rash is a result of a yeast or fungal infection, your doctor may recommend topical antifungals, including nystatin or ciclopirox (CNL8, Penlac), be applied to the affected area. […] Most cases of diaper rash will clear up after a few days of home treatment. […] However, its important to remember that elderly adults are more likely to experience infections. […] Any serious symptoms should be reported to a doctor. […] In some adults, diaper rash may occur with other skin conditions including psoriasis, eczema, or seborrhea. […] If you or your loved one gets frequent diaper rashes, be sure to notify your doctor. […] The best way to prevent adult diaper rash is to clean and change dirty diapers as soon as possible. […] Treating diaper rash at the first signs of irritation can also help prevent the rash from becoming more serious. […] A warm, moist environment or skin friction can lead to irritation or an infection in the skin folds around the genital area.

• #76 Adult Diaper Rash: Treatment, Prevention, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/adult-diaper-rash

  Candida. Yeast infections are another common type of adult diaper rash. […] If the rash is a result of a yeast or fungal infection, your doctor may recommend topical antifungals, including nystatin or ciclopirox (CNL8, Penlac), be applied to the affected area. […] Most cases of diaper rash will clear up after a few days of home treatment. […] However, its important to remember that elderly adults are more likely to experience infections. […] Any serious symptoms should be reported to a doctor. […] In some adults, diaper rash may occur with other skin conditions including psoriasis, eczema, or seborrhea. […] If you or your loved one gets frequent diaper rashes, be sure to notify your doctor. […] The best way to prevent adult diaper rash is to clean and change dirty diapers as soon as possible. […] Treating diaper rash at the first signs of irritation can also help prevent the rash from becoming more serious. […] A warm, moist environment or skin friction can lead to irritation or an infection in the skin folds around the genital area.

• #77 Diaper Rash: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11037-diaper-rash-diaper-dermatitis

  Diaper rash is the most common skin condition in young infants. […] More severe diaper rash may need medical treatment from your babys healthcare provider. […] Your babys healthcare provider can diagnose diaper rash by looking at it. […] However, you may not need to seek medical treatment for a diaper rash. You can usually treat the condition at home. […] Mild diaper rashes typically go away with home treatment within three to four days. More severe cases may require treatment with antibiotics or antifungals. With these medications, your babys diaper rash may take a week or longer to clear up.

• #78 Patient education: Diaper rash in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diaper-rash-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  DIAPER RASH DIAGNOSIS […] In most cases, it is possible to begin treatment for diaper rash at home without seeing a health care provider. However, if you are concerned that your child’s rash is severe, worsening, or is associated with other signs or symptoms (eg, significant discomfort, bloody stool, fever, skin that appears infected), you should contact your child’s health care provider immediately. […] Lab testing is not usually required. If you have been using a diaper rash treatment at home, bring this product to the appointment.

• #79 Nappy rash – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/baby/caring-for-a-newborn/nappy-rash/

  Nappy rash is common in babies and can usually be treated at home. […] Symptoms of nappy rash can include: red or raw patches on your baby’s bottom or the whole nappy area, skin that looks sore and feels hot to touch, scaly and dry skin, an itchy or painful bottom, your baby seeming uncomfortable or distressed, spots, pimples, or blisters on bottom (spots can appear red or brown, but may be less noticeable on brown and black skin). […] If the rash is causing your baby discomfort, a pharmacist can recommend a nappy rash cream or medicine to treat it at home. […] A GP may prescribe treatment if your baby is in a lot of discomfort or they think your baby might have an infection. […] They may prescribe a steroid cream or ointment to help with redness and soreness, an antifungal cream, if they think your baby has a thrush infection, antibiotics, if they think your baby has a bacterial infection.

• #80 Nappy rash – diagnosis, treatment and prevention

  https://www.mymed.com/diseases-conditions/nappy-rash/nappy-rash–diagnosis-treatment-and-prevention

  If the nappy rash is bright red, lasts for more than 48 hours or is accompanied by a strong urine odour (which can indicate dehydration), it is recommended to see your doctor. […] If the rash forms blisters (which contain clear fluid) or becomes weepy (leaking of clear fluid which can dry out and form a thick crust), a fever develops, you notice a bright red ring around the anus, skin falling off in big flakes, or you notice any bleeding, it is best to see your doctor as soon as possible. […] Most who care for young children or the elderly can recognise and identify nappy rash when they see it, and treat accordingly. Where the rash is more severe, a doctor will offer their expert opinion, as well as offer any necessary prescriptions and other baby item suggestions (such as other nappy alternatives cloth or disposable). These kinds of rashes tend not to clear up without physician-prescribed ointments and lotions. […] Nappy rash usually clears up in a matter of days if you practice good hygiene and take precautionary measures to minimise the occurrence of infection.

• #81 Yeast Diaper Rash (Candida Diaper Dermatitis): Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22307-yeast-diaper-rash

  Yes, you can use over-the-counter antifungal creams such as clotrimazole to treat a yeast diaper rash. This treatment option may be effective but it is not certain that it will clear the rash or treat the overgrowth of yeast completely without a diagnosis from your healthcare provider to target the specific type of yeast that caused the rash. […] After treating the yeast diaper rash with antifungal medication, symptoms will start to fade and may disappear after three days. The overgrowth of yeast may still be present after symptoms go away, so it is important to follow treatment guidelines from your healthcare provider from start to finish to make sure the rash does not return. It may take between two to three weeks for a yeast diaper rash to completely clear up. […] If you notice signs of a diaper rash and traditional diaper creams or ointments don’t clear the rash, it increases in size and causes extreme discomfort for your baby, you should visit your healthcare provider. If your baby’s rash turns into an open sore, bleeds frequently or starts to ooze yellow or clear fluid, those are symptoms of an infection and you should visit your healthcare provider immediately.

• #82 Nappy rash factsheet | The Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network

  https://www.schn.health.nsw.gov.au/nappy-rash-factsheet

  Nappy rash is a common condition in babies where the skin becomes red, painful, and inflamed after contact long with urine and poo. […] Nappy rash usually causes redness and irritation on the skin of the bottom, penis and vulva. This happens when a dirty nappy has been in contact with your childs skin for too long. […] Nappy rash affects the skin around the bottom, penis, and vulva. […] You can see nappy rash; it does not need to be diagnosed by a doctor. […] Severe or infected nappy rash will need to be seen by a doctor, especially if your child: develops a fever, has a nappy rash that has not cleared up after a week, develops scabs, blisters, or bleeding, is otherwise distressed and in pain that cannot be managed.

• #83 Nappy Rash | KidsHealth New Zealand’s Trusted Voice On Children’s Health

  https://www.kidshealth.org.nz/nappy-rash

  the main cause of nappy rash is wearing a wet or dirty nappy for too long […] change your baby’s nappies as soon as possible after they become wet or dirty […] speak with your Well Child nurse, pharmacist or health professional if the rash continues or changes in appearance […] See your nurse, pharmacist or health professional if the rash lasts for more than a few days. It may mean that there is a skin infection such as a thrush infection […] If your baby’s nappy rash doesn’t get better with simple measures, your healthcare provider may suggest a mild steroid cream or ointment, or an antifungal cream. Occasionally, antibiotics are needed to treat infected nappy rash.

• #84 Nappy rash – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/baby/caring-for-a-newborn/nappy-rash/

  Nappy rash is common in babies and can usually be treated at home. […] Symptoms of nappy rash can include: red or raw patches on your baby’s bottom or the whole nappy area, skin that looks sore and feels hot to touch, scaly and dry skin, an itchy or painful bottom, your baby seeming uncomfortable or distressed, spots, pimples, or blisters on bottom (spots can appear red or brown, but may be less noticeable on brown and black skin). […] If the rash is causing your baby discomfort, a pharmacist can recommend a nappy rash cream or medicine to treat it at home. […] A GP may prescribe treatment if your baby is in a lot of discomfort or they think your baby might have an infection. […] They may prescribe a steroid cream or ointment to help with redness and soreness, an antifungal cream, if they think your baby has a thrush infection, antibiotics, if they think your baby has a bacterial infection.

• #85 Nappy rash – causes, treatment and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/nappy-rash

  Nappy rash can happen when your baby’s skin stays damp or dirty. […] If your baby’s nappy rash doesn’t go away, a doctor can prescribe medicine to treat it. […] How is the cause of nappy rash diagnosed? […] If you are worried about your baby’s nappy rash, you can show your maternal, child and family health nurse or doctor at your next visit. They can look for signs of infection, and advise you on how to care for your baby’s nappy rash. […] Visit your doctor if your baby’s nappy rash does not improve after treating it at home. You can also visit if: […] Your doctor can examine the rash, rule out other conditions and give you treatment advice. […] Complications of nappy rash include thrush or another infection. Medicated creams such as hydrocortisone may be prescribed for a red, inflamed rash. If your baby’s nappy rash is infected, your doctor may prescribe an antifungal or antibiotic cream.

• #86 Diaper Dermatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559067/

  Diaper dermatitis is an inflammatory reaction of the skin of the perineal and perianal areas (diaper area). It is the most common skin disorder seen in young infants. […] Diaper dermatitis is usually a mild and self-limited condition that requires minimal intervention. Some of the management approaches include skincare, adequate hygiene, and avoidance of any irritant substance. […] Diaper dermatitis is a clinical diagnosis based on history and physical examination findings. Overall, there is no need to perform any laboratory testing. […] Management of diaper dermatitis has two main goals: healing of damaged skin and prevention of rash recurrence. […] Diaper dermatitis has an excellent prognosis with appropriate diagnosis and with timely adequate management. It is usually a mild, self-limiting disease.

• #87 Diaper rash – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/676

  Diaper rash is primarily an irritant contact dermatitis. […] Diagnosis is made by characteristic skin findings in the area of the body covered by a diaper; erythema of the convex surfaces of the buttocks is the classic finding. […] Key diagnostic factors include acute onset of rash in diaper area, erythema of convex surfaces in diaper area, and sparing of skin folds. […] Other diagnostic factors include features of candidiasis, features of Staphylococcus aureus infection, and features of group A Streptococcus infection. […] Diagnostic tests to consider include potassium hydroxide test of skin scraping, bacterial culture of skin, and fungal culture of skin.

• #88 Differential diagnoses of diaper dermatitis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29596730/

  Diaper dermatitis is the most common contact eczema present in early childhood. The main cause is an irritant reaction to urine and feces, which is facilitated by the occlusive conditions under the diaper, leading to hyperhydration of the stratum corneum (diaper dermatitis). […] Making the correct diagnosis requires a thorough examination of the skin in its entirety and a detailed report of the patient’s medical and family history. Once a specific pattern is identified, a precise diagnosis, and an appropriate therapy, can be determined.

• #89 Diaper Dermatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559067/

  Diaper dermatitis is an inflammatory reaction of the skin of the perineal and perianal areas (diaper area). It is the most common skin disorder seen in young infants. […] Diaper dermatitis is usually a mild and self-limited condition that requires minimal intervention. Some of the management approaches include skincare, adequate hygiene, and avoidance of any irritant substance. […] Diaper dermatitis is a clinical diagnosis based on history and physical examination findings. Overall, there is no need to perform any laboratory testing. […] Management of diaper dermatitis has two main goals: healing of damaged skin and prevention of rash recurrence. […] Diaper dermatitis has an excellent prognosis with appropriate diagnosis and with timely adequate management. It is usually a mild, self-limiting disease.

• #90 Diaper Rash: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11037-diaper-rash-diaper-dermatitis

  Diaper rash is the most common skin condition in young infants. […] More severe diaper rash may need medical treatment from your babys healthcare provider. […] Your babys healthcare provider can diagnose diaper rash by looking at it. […] However, you may not need to seek medical treatment for a diaper rash. You can usually treat the condition at home. […] Mild diaper rashes typically go away with home treatment within three to four days. More severe cases may require treatment with antibiotics or antifungals. With these medications, your babys diaper rash may take a week or longer to clear up.

• #91 Diaper Dermatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559067/

  Diaper dermatitis is a condition that can be safely managed by a general practitioner. However, a consult to dermatology may be warranted in cases of an extensive disease that does not respond to treatment. […] Education on proper diaper skincare must be provided as part of the anticipatory guidance of each well-care visit, including frequency of diaper change, guidance on the types of diapers and wipes to use, and application of the barrier emollients with diaper changes. […] Diaper dermatitis is one of the most common dermatologic conditions in the newborn period and early infancy. It is of great importance that all healthcare professionals at any level be familiar with the characteristics of the disease and how to manage it, and to be able to provide appropriate guidance to the parents and caregivers.

• #92 Diaper rashes can indicate systemic conditions other than diaper dermatitis | BMC Dermatology | Full Text

  https://bmcdermatol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12895-020-00104-z

  Although the majority of rashes in the diaper area are caused by irritation from urine and feces, irritant diaper dermatitis; IDD, there are some less common but potentially serious cutaneous eruptions associated with systemic diseases that should not be discounted. […] Our finding suggests that when diagnosing rashes that occur in the diaper area, general pediatricians should consider, in addition to IDD, the possibility of less-common conditions. The simultaneous presence of cutaneous lesions at other sites was linked to diagnoses of systemic diseases other than IDD, (P0.001). […] The present study pointed out that many systemic conditions initially presented as rashes in the diaper area and may be misdiagnosed as IDD. Our study found out that the simultaneous presence of cutaneous lesions at other sites was a clue that indicated systemic diseases other than IDD, (P0.001). Thus, when the patients chief complaint is a rash in the diaper area, complete physical examination for such lesions at other sites should be conducted to avoid misdiagnosis.

• #93 What to consider with severe or persistent diaper rash

  https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/view/what-to-consider-with-severe-or-persistent-diaper-rash

  Herpes simplex is important to recognize and treat early to prevent more severe illness, Cohen added. […] Other considerations for atypical rash causes may include nutritional deficiencies like cystic fibrosis. Diseases that result in malabsorption or malnutritionespecially of nutrients like zinc can cause erosions in the skin creases of the diaper area, Cohen said. Other diseases that could lead to skin blistering include rare immunobullous diseases like epidermolysis bullosa. Clinicians should also rule out structural malformations in the genitourinary tract that could cause chronic urine leakage, Cohen said. […] Although antibiotics are the treatment of choice for infectious causes of severe diaper rash, treatments for skin conditions that can lead to severe diaper rash vary, especially when it comes to broader dermatologic issues like psoriasis, Cohen explained.

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