Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Diaper Dermatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559067/

  Diaper dermatitis is an inflammatory reaction of the skin of the perineal and perianal areas (diaper area). It can be caused by chemical irritation, infection, or atopy. […] Diaper dermatitis is an inflammatory reaction of the skin around the diaper area. It results due to a combination of multiple factors such as increased moisture, prolonged contact with urine or feces, and other irritants like detergents. […] The most important predisposing factor for diaper dermatitis is the increased moist that results from wearing diapers, which leads to increased friction and maceration, which makes the skin more susceptible to damage and penetration by skin microorganisms and other irritants. […] Changes in skin pH also play an essential role; an increase in pH around the diaper area from the breakdown of urinary urea can, in turn, increase fecal enzyme activity that can further damage the skin. The combination of these processes results in colonization and infection from organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Candida albicans.

• #2 Diaper Rash: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801222-overview

  The precise etiology of most diaper rashes is not clearly defined. They likely result from a combination of factors that includes wetness, friction, urine and feces, and the presence of microorganisms. Anatomically, this skin region features numerous folds and creases, which present a problem with regard to both efficient cleansing and control of the microenvironment. […] The main irritants in this situation are fecal proteases and lipases, whose activity is increased greatly by elevated pH. An acidic skin surface is also essential for the maintenance of the normal microflora, which provides innate antimicrobial protection against invasion by pathogenic bacteria and yeasts. Fecal lipase and protease activity is also greatly increased by acceleration of gastrointestinal transit; this is the reason for the high incidence of irritant diaper dermatitis observed in babies who have had diarrhea in the previous 48 hours.

• #2 Diaper Rash: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801222-overview

  The wearing of diapers causes a significant increase in skin wetness and pH. Prolonged wetness leads to maceration (softening) of the stratum corneum, the outer, protective layer of the skin, which is associated with extensive disruption of intercellular lipid lamellae. […] The normal pH of the skin is between 4.5 and 5.5. When urea from the urine and stool mix, urease breaks down the urine, decreasing the hydrogen ion concentration (increasing pH). Elevated pH levels increase the hydration of the skin and make the skin more permeable. […] Previously, ammonia was believed to be the primary cause of diaper dermatitis. More recent studies have disproved this, showing that when ammonia or urine is placed on the skin for 24-48 hours, no apparent skin damage occurs. […] A series of studies has shown that the pH of cleansing products can change the microbiological spectrum of the skin.

• #2 Diaper Rash: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801222-overview

  High soap pH values encourage propionibacterial growth on skin, whereas syndets (ie, synthetic detergents) with a pH of 5.5 did not cause changes in the microflora. […] A study looked to explain the relationship between skin barrier function in 4-day-old infants and the occurrence of diaper dermatitis during the first month of life. The study concluded that early neonatal skin pH may predict the risk of diaper dermatitis during the first month of life. These results may be useful in devising strategies to prevent diaper dermatitis. […] Irritant contact dermatitis is most likely made up of some combination of intertrigo and miliaria. In addition, it has been shown to result from the irritating effects of mixing urine with feces. Urine in the presence of fecal urease becomes more alkaline due to the production of ammonia. This alkaline urine causes activation of fecal lipases, ureases, and proteases. These, in turn, irritate the skin directly and increase its permeability to other low molecular weight irritants.

• #2 Diaper Rash: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801222-overview

  Once the skin is compromised, secondary infection by Candida albicans is common. Between 40% and 75% of diaper rashes that last for more than 3 days are colonized with C albicans. […] Bacteria may play a role in diaper dermatitis through reduction of fecal pH and the resultant activation of enzymes. Additionally, fecal microorganisms probably contribute to secondary infections when they occur. This is particularly evident with bullous impetigo in the diaper area, which causes bullae that are flaccid but sometimes tense due to Staphylococcus aureus infection, or a cellulitis due to cutaneous streptococci, or even a folliculitis due to S aureus infection. […] Polymicrobial growth is documented in at least half of diaper rash cultures. Staphylococcus species are the most commonly grown organisms, followed by Streptococcus species and organisms from the family Enterobacteriaceae. Nearly 50% of isolates also contain anaerobes.

• #3 Etiology and pathophysiology of diaper dermatitis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3152829/

  Common diaper dermatitis is a group of skin disorders that result from attack of the skin by physical, chemical, enzymatic, and microbial factors in the diaper environment. […] The integrity of healthy skin is compromised by the very nature of the diaper environment, and normal intact skin therefore remains an elusive goal of current diapering practices. […] Skin hydration and an increase in skin pH result in impaired barrier function, and fecal enzymes begin to attack the skin, further degrading its normal ability to cope with its environment. […] Skin in this weakened state is susceptible to a variety of biological, chemical, and physical insults that can cause or aggravate diaper dermatitis. […] These include attack of the skin by fecal enzymes and other irritants in urine and feces, mechanical abrasion, and infection by C. albicans.

• #3 Etiology and pathophysiology of diaper dermatitis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3152829/

  However, by improving the inherently adverse relationship between diapers and diapered skin, one can have a significant effect on the incidence and severity of diaper dermatitis. […] A diaper that keeps skin drier will result in skin that is less permeable to irritants, supports less microbial growth, is less susceptible to chafing damage, and has less contact with irritants in urine and feces. […] A diaper that maintains the environment closer to the normal acidic pH of skin will promote skin that is less permeable to irritants, and reduce the irritancy of fecal enzymes. […] Finally, a diaper that limits the mixing and spreading of urine and feces will result in less potentiation of enzyme activity and less contact of the skin with fecal irritants. […] Diaper dermatitis, by definition, cannot exist in the absence of diapers. […] Moreover, diaper dermatitis will become less troublesome for the infant population to the degree that diapered skin can be provided an environment closer to that of undiapered skin.

• #4 Effects of Novel All Natural Plant Based Ointment Formulation on Diaper Rash Severity in Infants: A Clinical Trial

  https://www.gavinpublishers.com/article/view/effects-of-novel-all-natural-plant-based–ointment-formulation-on-diaper-rash-severity-in-infants-a-clinical-trial

  Diaper rash is usually caused by a combination of factors such as type of diaper used, prolonged period of wetness and urine in the diaper area, presence of bile salts and other irritants from urine and faeces, friction, mechanic abrasion, increase in the skin pH levels due to urine and faeces, and occasionally due to the presence of microorganisms. […] Maceration (excessive wetting) of the stratum corneum is likely to be the most critical predisposing factor. Excessive wetness affects the stratum corneum, as it creates a fragile surface, thus more prone to physical damage to friction, affects the protective barrier function thus allowing the irritants to permeate through and facilitating secondary microbial infection. […] Barrier function of the skin is provided by the stratum corneum and damage to the stratum corneum will result in an increase in TEWL and inward penetration of potentially harmful molecules and microbes leading to diaper dermatitis.

• #4 Effects of Novel All Natural Plant Based Ointment Formulation on Diaper Rash Severity in Infants: A Clinical Trial

  https://www.gavinpublishers.com/article/view/effects-of-novel-all-natural-plant-based–ointment-formulation-on-diaper-rash-severity-in-infants-a-clinical-trial

  Application of barrier preparations in the diaper area is the first-line therapy in the prevention and management of diaper rash. Barrier emollients reduce the severity of diaper rash by providing a lipid layer over the skin surface and/or by providing lipids that can penetrate the stratum corneum, thereby simulating the effects. […] The present study has demonstrated that application of the novel diaper rash ointment reduced the mean overall severity score of diaper rash by 80% after 14 days post-ointment application with onset of action less than 12 hrs. […] Diaper rash is an acute inflammation of the skin in the diaper area and is the most common cutaneous disease among infants and children. COX-2 is produced in response to inflammatory and other physical stimuli leading to production of prostaglandins which play a key role in pain and inflammatory response. The beneficial anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects occur through the inhibition of COX-2. […] The clinical effectiveness of diaper rash ointment may be due to the occlusive lipid layer of the oils and the anti-inflammatory activity of Boswellia.

• #5 Merries | Diaper Rash

  https://web.kao.com/sg/merries/babycare/diaperrash/01/

  Diaper rash is caused by a combination of factors. The most common is skin irritation that arises from your baby wearing a wet or soiled diaper for a prolonged period of time. Such hygiene problems may trigger diaper rash. […] The skin is endowed with layers of natural defense mechanism that work to prevent irritants from invading the skin. For babies, this defence mechanism is not fully developed. Babies’ thin and delicate skin is easily bruised and damaged as their immunity is not fully developed. Furthermore, the younger the babies are, the more frequently they pee and poo, exposing the buttocks to hygiene problems. When diapers are left unchanged over a long period, the heat and moisture in the diaper cause the skin to crease, making it more vulnerable. The skin can be damaged by merely rubbing against the surface of the diaper. If there is pee and poo in the diaper, the pH level of the baby’s skin will rise, increasing its vulnerability to irritants. In addition, if a baby is wearing diaper or pants that are too tight, the constant friction between the skin and the diaper may cause inflammation.

• #6 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-diaper-rash-(nappy-rash).aspx

  Viruses like coxsackie, herpes simplex, human immunodeficiency viruses and parasites like pinworms, scabies may also lead to rash in the diaper area. […] Harsh soaps, fragrances, preservatives, powders, oils, detergents (in which cloth nappies have been washed) and antiseptics often cause irritation of the soft skin around the nappy area and may lead to diaper rash. […] Diarrhoea in the baby leads to frequent liquid faeces. Since the food passes undigested there is a large amount of residual digestive enzymes in these loose stools. These may lead to irritation around the anus and diaper rash. […] In babies with anatomical defects of the urinary passage that leads to constant of frequent dribbling of urine also have a raised risk of diaper rash. […] Eczema is a skin condition that makes the babys skin dry and sore. This may be more widespread around the body. A family history of eczema and nappy rash despite skin care should alert for eczema as a cause for diaper rash.

• #6 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-diaper-rash-(nappy-rash).aspx

  Wetness is the commonest culprit behind diaper rash. Being soiled the nappy fails to absorb the expelled waste fluids completely. This causes the nappy to remain wet when it contact with the babys skin around the nappy area. […] The wetness leads to destruction of the skin barrier and its penetration by irritants present in urine and faeces becomes easier. […] Friction plays another important role in diaper rash. Constant rubbing and vigorous rubbing against the soft skin around the nappy area by the nappy may give rise to nappy rash. […] The faeces contain enzymes like proteases and lipases. These enzymes act on the urine to release irritant chemical called ammonia. This raises the pH of the area within the nappy and skin irritation occurs. […] Fungal infections like Candida albicans is seen in up to 80% of infants with skin irritation around the nappy area. The area is damp and wet and this leads to breakdown of the skin barriers and commonly within 48-72 hours after irritation the infection occurs.

• #6 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-diaper-rash-(nappy-rash).aspx

  In babies who are already on antibiotics there is a risk of destruction of healthy good bacteria living in the nappy areas. This leads to increased likelihood of fungal infections. […] Babies with diabetes, suppressed immunities with conditions like HIV/AIDS infection and other disease also have an increased risk of fungal infections around the diaper areas. Tinea (ring worm) is another fungal infection that may affect babies in their diaper areas. […] Bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus or group A streptococci can also lead to eruptions in the diaper area. Staph infection is more common in children who have a tendency to develop skin allergies (atopic dermatitis). […] These infections often go on to affect the vulva, vagina and surrounding tissues (vulvovaginitis) in female babies. This could lead to life threatening complications. Other bacteria include Shigella, Escherichia coli, and Yersinia enterocolitica.

• #7 What Causes Diaper Rash? | DESITIN®

  https://www.desitin.com/identifying-diaper-rash/what-causes-diaper-rash

  The primary cause of diaper rash is prolonged and increased exposure to wetness/moisture against the skin. […] The closed environment created by the diaper. Diapers are usually snug fitting. This results in little air reaching babys diaper area. This causes babys skin to become warmer and moister and therefore have a higher pH (which is a measure of acidity vs. alkalinity) than elsewhere in the body. Excessive moisture in the skin makes it more easily penetrated by irritants and more vulnerable to swelling. […] Chafing from friction or rubbing. Friction can weaken the protective barrier of the skin. Moist skin is more vulnerable to friction than dry skin, so the diaper area is particularly prone to this problem. Friction between the diaper and the skin, two areas of skin (such as in skin creases and folds), and constant wiping and cleaning in the diaper area can facilitate the penetration of irritating substances into the skin.

• #8 Diaper Dermatitis (Diaper Rash): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology of Diaper Dermatitis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/911985-overview

  Diaper rash affects the areas within the confines of the diaper. Increased wetness in the diaper area makes the skin more susceptible to damage by physical, chemical, and enzymatic mechanisms. Wet skin increases the penetration of irritant substances. Superhydration urease enzyme found in the stratum corneum liberates ammonia from cutaneous bacteria. Urease has a mild irritant effect on nonintact skin. Lipases and proteases in feces mix with urine on nonintact skin and cause an alkaline surface pH, adding to the irritation. […] Candida albicans has been identified as another contributing factor to diaper dermatitis; infection often occurs after 48-72 hours of active eruption. It is isolated from the perineal area in as many as 92% of children with diaper dermatitis. Other microbial agents have been isolated less frequently, perhaps more as a result of secondary infections.

• #9 Diaper Rash Causes & Prevention (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/diaper-rash.html

  Diaper rash is a common condition that can make a baby’s skin sore, red, scaly, and tender. […] Usually, diaper rash is the result of an irritation, infection, or allergy. […] Infection. Urine (pee) changes the skin’s pH levels, and that lets bacteria and fungi grow more easily. The substances that stop diapers from leaking also prevent air circulation, creating a warm, moist environment where bacteria and fungi can thrive, causing a rash. […] Diaper rash that lasts for more than a few days, even with changes to the diapering routine, might be caused by a yeast called Candida albicans. This rash is usually red, slightly raised, and has small red dots spreading beyond the main part of the rash. It often starts in the deep creases of skin and can spread to skin on the front and back of the baby. Antibiotics given to a baby or a breastfeeding mom can cause this, as they kill the „good” bacteria that keep Candida from growing.

• #10 Diaper rash – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diaper-rash/symptoms-causes/syc-20371636

  Diaper rash may be caused by: […] Developing a bacterial or yeast infection. What begins as a simple infection may spread to the surrounding skin. The area covered by a diaper is at risk because it’s warm and moist, making a perfect breeding ground for bacteria and yeast. These rashes can be found within the creases of the skin. […] Having sensitive skin. Babies with atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis or other skin conditions may be more likely to develop diaper rash. The irritated skin of atopic dermatitis also tends to be in areas not covered by a diaper.

• #11 Napkin dermatitis. Diaper rash. Nappy rash

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/napkin-dermatitis

  Napkin dermatitis follows damage to the normal skin barrier and is primarily a form of irritant contact dermatitis. […] Urine and occlusion lead to overhydration and skin maceration. […] Faecal bile salts and enzymes break down stratum corneum lipids and proteins. […] A mixture of urine and faeces creates ammonium hydroxide, raising pH. […] The wet skin is colonised by micro-organisms, particularly candida. […] Pre-existing skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis or seborrheic dermatitis predispose a baby to napkin dermatitis. […] Napkin dermatitis may predispose the infant to urinary tract infection and, in females, to vaginal infection.

• #12 Nappy rash

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/nappy_rash/

  Nappy rash is a term used to describe a group of skin conditions affecting the skin covered by nappies. It is an irritant contact dermatitis and affects more than half of infants by twelve months […] Factors contributing to the loss of skin barrier function: Exposure to urine and faecal enzymes leads to skin overhydration and maceration. This can be exacerbated by infrequent nappy changes, cloth nappies and the use of plastic pants […] Friction between nappy and skin […] Colonisation with micro-organisms such as Candida albicans […] Irritants such as soaps, chemicals, fragrance, plant or food products (eg vegetable or nut oils) present in some nappy wipes, powders, barrier creams and moisturisers […] Pre-existing skin conditions eg eczema […] Recent antibiotics – increased risk of diarrhoea and secondary Candida infections

• #12 Nappy rash

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/nappy_rash/

  Consider other causes when nappy rash is severe, unusual in appearance or not responding to appropriate treatment. More than one condition may occur together […] Malabsorption from any cause (eg lactose overload, cow milk protein intolerance, cystic fibrosis, inflammatory bowel disease) can present with diarrhoea, erosive dermatitis and poor growth. Diarrhoea and secondary nutritional deficiencies may contribute to further progressive intractable nappy rash […] 1% hydrocortisone ointment (1-2 times daily for 1-2 weeks) can be used in addition to barrier cream for nappy rash not responding to simple treatment […] Topical antifungal agent can be used in combination with 1% hydrocortisone.

• #13 My Baby Has A Diaper Rash. What’s That? – Roswell, Alpharetta

  https://www.omegapediatrics.com/my-baby-has-a-diaper-rash/

  The third cause of diaper rash can be linked to changing food and diarrhea. Some infants develop loose stools when a new food is introduced to their diet. With diarrhea, which is frequent loose stools, the wetness becomes even more frequent and this can also lead to the development of a diaper rash. […] There are some studies that have linked diaper rash to antibiotics in breastfeeding mothers. Some breastfed babies can develop diaper rash in response to what the mother ate especially if the mother is on antibiotics that result in diarrhea in the child. The suggested mechanism is that the child may have ingested some of the antibiotics from the maternal secretion of her antibiotics in breast milk and then the child suffers antibiotic-associated diarrhea and this leads to diaper rash.

• #14 Diaper Rash – familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/diaper-rash/

  Diaper rash can be caused by a number of factors, including: […] Irritation from stool or urine. Babies left in a wet or dirty diaper for too long can get diaper rash. Frequent stools or diarrhea can also irritate the skin. […] Friction. Diapers that rub against the skin or fit too tightly can cause irritation. […] Candida infection. Candida is a fungus that grows in warm, moist places. The rash it causes, also called a yeast infection, is usually bright red with smaller red spots around the edges. […] Allergic reaction. Soap, laundry detergent, fabric softener, disposable diapers, baby wipes, or lotions can irritate your baby’s skin. Watch your baby’s skin carefully for reactions. Stop using products that appear to cause a rash. […] New foods. Changes in your baby’s diet can change the content and frequency of their stools. This can make diaper rash more likely. A breastfed baby could develop a rash in reaction to something the mother has eaten. […] Antibiotics. Yeast infections are common after a baby has been taking antibiotics, or if the mother is on antibiotics while breastfeeding.

• #15 Irritant diaper dermatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritant_diaper_dermatitis

  Irritant diaper dermatitis (IDD, also called a diaper rash or nappy rash) is skin rash in the diaper area, caused by various skin disorders and/or irritants. […] Irritant diaper dermatitis develops when skin is exposed to prolonged wetness, increased skin pH caused by the combination, and subsequent reactions, of urine and feces, and resulting breakdown of the stratum corneum, or outermost layer of the skin. […] While studies show that ammonia alone is only a mild skin irritant, when urea breaks down in the presence of fecal urease it increases pH because ammonia is released, which in turn promotes the activity of fecal enzymes such as protease and lipase. […] The interaction between fecal enzyme activity and IDD explains the observation that infant diet and diaper rash are linked because fecal enzymes are in turn affected by diet.

• #16 Helping Parents Treat Diaper Rash

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/helping-parents-treat-diaper-rash

  Diaper rash is a multi-factorial condition that is extremely uncomfortable for the infant and can cause a great deal of anxiety for parents. […] Diaper rash generally presents as a bright red irritation on the scrotum and penis in boys and on the labia and vagina in girls. It includes a wide range of dermatoses, such as scaling, blistering, ulcers, large bumps, pimples, or purulent sores. […] If the area exhibits a beefy-red appearance, if there are small red bumps at the outer edges of the affected area, or if the child cries violently when urine touches the skin, candidal colonization is likely and a physician referral is mandatory. […] This is especially true considering that the diaper is an occlusive dressing, enhancing absorption of any topically applied, pharmacologically active ingredient. Additionally, the skin of the infant with diaper rash is often damaged or broken, further increasing the extent of absorption.

• #16 Helping Parents Treat Diaper Rash

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/helping-parents-treat-diaper-rash

  For this reason, only the safest and most thoroughly investigated ingredients have been approved as protectants. […] They provide a mechanical barrier to exclude irritants, exclude or remove wetness, and protect skin that contacts opposing skin (intertriginous skin). […] If the infants skin is broken, the parent should be advised to see a physician. However, if the irritation is limited to inflammation, protectants are safe and effective. […] Mineral oil (50%-100%) is a safe and effective emollient protectant for diaper rash. It is water-insoluble, giving it a barrier effect. […] Zinc oxide (25%-40%) pastes and ointments are safe and effective for diaper rash, but in higher concentration they are difficult to remove from the babys skin due to their thick and adherent nature. […] Petrolatum (30%-100%) is the ideal diaper rash protectant. It is virtually nonallergenic, lacks an unpleasant odor, is easily removed from the skin, and is effective as a single ingredient without the potential for folliculitis or irritation.

• #16 Helping Parents Treat Diaper Rash

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/helping-parents-treat-diaper-rash

  Another concern about cornstarch is that it may serve as a culture medium for Candida albicans. […] The National Institutes of Health (NIH) recommends against use of cornstarch at any time as it can worsen a diaper rash with candidal infection. […] Some parents may ask about the use of topical antifungals for diaper rash. It is true that broken skin under the diaper is often colonized with Candida, but a physician appointment is mandatory.

• #17 Nappy rash | Eau Thermale Avène

  https://www.eau-thermale-avene.ca/en_ca/your-skin/scar-healing-and-irritation-the-wonder-of-skin-restoration/how-to-help-your-skin-heal/nappy-rash

  Nappy rash is a skin rash on your baby’s bottom that usually occurs during the first year. […] However, your baby’s bottom is exposed day and night to moisture, heat and rubbing from nappies. Its also expose to the acidity of stool and urine, and sometimes to products that are not well tolerated. The result is that sometimes the skin becomes inflamed. […] In babies, the skin barrier is far from being a complete barrier. Therefore, you need to be very careful. […] Nappy rash appears as dry or oozing redness, patches, or small pimples on the buttocks, thighs and genitals. […] If you take the right steps, the symptoms usually disappear within a few days. […] A nappy rash may be benign, but it is still a skin lesion. To avoid any risk of infection, it is therefore essential to wash your hands well before changing and applying the cream. […] As a preventive measure, apply a protective cream after each nappy change.

• #18 Nappy rash: how does Oxyplastine work?

  https://uk.typology.com/library/oxyplastine-a-salve-recommended-for-nappy-rash

  Nappy rash is a skin inflammation that occurs when the skin is subjected to prolonged contact with moisture, persistent friction or falls victim to a bacterial or fungal infection. […] The key ingredient in this nappy rash treatment is undoubtedly zinc oxide due to its astringent and anti-inflammatory properties. This molecule works by tightening the skin tissues, which limits the absorption of moisture and thus prevents maceration, a factor that can worsen nappy rash. […] Zinc oxide is also capable of inhibiting certain pro-inflammatory cytokines responsible for irritation and redness. […] Furthermore, zinc oxide forms a protective barrier on the skin, thereby reducing friction and preventing the occurrence of new lesions. This barrier also prevents pathogens, such as bacteria and fungi, from coming into contact with damaged skin, which could complicate nappy rash by causing a secondary infection. Finally, the zinc oxide promotes healing by stimulating collagen production, a process essential for repairing damaged skin tissue.

• #19 Diaper Rash < Mustela HCP

  https://mustelamd.com/skincare-concerns/diaper-rash/

  Most diaper rashes are caused by factors that reduce the skins protective barrier mechanism. […] Anything that irritates the skin can promote diaper dermatitis. […] Excessive moisture contributes to the development of a diaper rash. […] The ammonia in urine causes a burn type of rash. […] In addition, some infants and toddlers sweat while wearing a diaper, thus creating more trapped moisture. […] Candida albicans, however, proliferates in cornstarch, so it should not be used for this type of diaper dermatitis. […] Diaper dermatitis caused by Candida albicans overgrowth responds well to topical anti-fungal creams.

• #20 Family

  https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2010122490A2/en

  chitosan medium chain grade for the present invention since it imparted the required rheologic properties to the cream without compromising the therapeutic activity of the actives Benzalkonium Chloride Cetrimide and chitosan. […] Cetrimide is effectively used in the formulations used for treating Diaper rashes. It is used in such formulations in combinations with other skin protectants and antibacterials. […] the combination of chitosan with Benzalkonium chloride Cetrimide is unique and novel since this is not available commercially across the globe. […] Therapeutic value addition by incorporation of a functional excipient in the form of a chitosan which is a biopolymer in the cream matrix. […] the value addition is an integrated sub-set of the following functional attributes of the biopolymer: formulation of a micro-film on the skin surface – accelerated blood clotting as compared to creams that do not contain film- forming biopolymers electrostatic immobilisation of surface microbes due to cationic charge of the biopolymer significant enhancement of the skin epithelisation or regeneration.

• #20 Family

  https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2010122490A2/en

  the cream of the present invention incorporates a skin-friendly biopolymer in the form of chitosan provides enhanced therapeutic outcomes. This is evident from the reduced blood clotting time, increased epithelial effect, and faster relief from infection and inflammation. […] the cream of the present invention incorporates a biopolymer without compromising the stability of the cream matrix and without adversely affecting the functioning of known active pharmaceutical ingredients. […] the cream of the present invention provides an integrated uni-dose or a single-dose therapy hitherto unavailable in prescription dermaceutical formulations.

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