Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Neuroblastoma Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/neuroblastoma/hp/neuroblastoma-treatment-pdq

  Dramatic improvements in survival have been achieved for children and adolescents with cancer. Between 1975 and 2020, the 5-year survival rate for patients with neuroblastoma increased, from 86% to 93% for children younger than 1 year and from 34% to 83% for children aged 1 to 14 years. […] For specific information about the incidence, type, and monitoring of late effects in childhood and adolescent cancer survivors, see Late Effects of Treatment for Childhood Cancer. […] Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in childhood. More than 650 cases are diagnosed each year in the United States. The overall incidence of neuroblastoma cases in the United States has remained stable. […] The prognosis for patients with neuroblastoma is related to the following: Age at diagnosis, Stage of disease, Tumor histology, Biological features, Site of primary tumor, Response to treatment, Levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and ferritin, Treatment era.

• #2 Neuroblastoma Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/neuroblastoma/hp/neuroblastoma-treatment-pdq

  Dramatic improvements in survival have been achieved for children and adolescents with cancer. Between 1975 and 2020, the 5-year survival rate for patients with neuroblastoma increased, from 86% to 93% for children younger than 1 year and from 34% to 83% for children aged 1 to 14 years. […] For specific information about the incidence, type, and monitoring of late effects in childhood and adolescent cancer survivors, see Late Effects of Treatment for Childhood Cancer. […] Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in childhood. More than 650 cases are diagnosed each year in the United States. The overall incidence of neuroblastoma cases in the United States has remained stable. […] The prognosis for patients with neuroblastoma is related to the following: Age at diagnosis, Stage of disease, Tumor histology, Biological features, Site of primary tumor, Response to treatment, Levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and ferritin, Treatment era.

• #3 Treating Neuroblastoma | Neuroblastoma Treatment | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/neuroblastoma/treating.html

  If your child has been diagnosed with neuroblastoma, the cancer care team will discuss treatment options with you. Its important to consider both the benefits of each treatment option and the possible risks and side effects. […] Several types of treatment can be used for neuroblastoma: Neuroblastoma Surgery, Chemotherapy and Related Drugs for Neuroblastoma, Radiation Therapy for Neuroblastoma, High-dose Chemotherapy and Stem Cell Transplant for Neuroblastoma, Retinoid Therapy for Neuroblastoma, Immunotherapy for Neuroblastoma. […] Treatment of neuroblastoma depends on the risk group of the cancer, the childs age, and other factors, and might include more than one type of treatment. […] Treating neuroblastoma is complex and often requires a team approach that includes many different doctors, nurses, and other health professionals.

• #4 Neuroblastoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neuroblastoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351022

  Treatments for neuroblastoma include surgery, radiation therapy, and medicines, such as chemotherapy and others. Healthcare teams consider many things when creating a treatment plan. These include the child’s age, the stage of the cancer, the kinds of cells involved in the cancer and the DNA changes inside the cancer cells. […] The healthcare team uses this information to say whether the neuroblastoma is low risk, intermediate risk or high risk. Neuroblastoma that is low risk or intermediate risk has a good chance for cure. High risk neuroblastoma can be more difficult to cure, so stronger treatments might be needed. What treatment or combination of treatments your child receives for neuroblastoma depends on the risk category. […] During surgery for neuroblastoma, surgeons use cutting tools to remove the cancer cells. In children with low-risk neuroblastoma, surgery to remove the cancer may be the only treatment needed.

• #5 Neuroblastoma Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/neuroblastoma/hp/neuroblastoma-treatment-pdq

  Generally, treatment of neuroblastoma is based on whether the tumor is classified as non-high risk (low or intermediate risk) or high risk. Because 5-year survival rates are generally 90% or higher, the goal of treatment for nonhigh-risk disease is to cure the disease with minimal toxicity. […] For high-risk patients, treatment has intensified to include chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy, myeloablative therapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT), isotretinoin, and immunotherapy, resulting in 5-year survival rates of 62%. […] For patients with low-risk tumors, the approach is either observation or resection, with chemotherapy restricted to symptomatic patients with low-risk biology. The 5-year overall survival (OS) rate was 98% for the low-risk patients among more than 5,000 patients enrolled in the Children’s Oncology Group (COG) ANBL00B1 (NCT00904241) biology study. […] For patients with intermediate-risk tumors, chemotherapy is often given before definitive resection. Multiagent chemotherapy consisting of doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, a platinum drug, and etoposide is used.

• #6 Neuroblastoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroblastoma

  People with low and intermediate risk disease have an excellent prognosis with cure rates above 90% for low risk and 70-90% for intermediate risk. […] In contrast, therapy for high-risk neuroblastoma the past two decades resulted in cures only about 30% of the time. […] The addition of antibody therapy has raised survival rates for high-risk disease significantly. […] Chemotherapy agents used in combination have been found to be effective against neuroblastoma. […] In November 2020, naxitamab was approved for medical use in the United States in combination with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to treat people one year of age and older with high-risk neuroblastoma in bone or bone marrow whose tumor did not respond to or has come back after previous treatments and has shown a partial response, minor response, or stable disease to prior therapy.

• #7 Neuroblastoma Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/neuroblastoma/hp/neuroblastoma-treatment-pdq

  Generally, treatment of neuroblastoma is based on whether the tumor is classified as non-high risk (low or intermediate risk) or high risk. Because 5-year survival rates are generally 90% or higher, the goal of treatment for nonhigh-risk disease is to cure the disease with minimal toxicity. […] For high-risk patients, treatment has intensified to include chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy, myeloablative therapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT), isotretinoin, and immunotherapy, resulting in 5-year survival rates of 62%. […] For patients with low-risk tumors, the approach is either observation or resection, with chemotherapy restricted to symptomatic patients with low-risk biology. The 5-year overall survival (OS) rate was 98% for the low-risk patients among more than 5,000 patients enrolled in the Children’s Oncology Group (COG) ANBL00B1 (NCT00904241) biology study. […] For patients with intermediate-risk tumors, chemotherapy is often given before definitive resection. Multiagent chemotherapy consisting of doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, a platinum drug, and etoposide is used.

• #8 Neuroblastoma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Therapy, Surgical Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/439263-treatment

  Spontaneous regression of neuroblastoma occurs commonly in infants with asymptomatic, small, low-stage adrenal neuroblastoma detected by screening or during prenatal or incidental ultrasonography. Observation, without surgical intervention or tissue diagnosis, may be a safe option in these patients. […] In 1988, the Pediatric Oncology Group (POG) released a prospective study showing that patients with localized neuroblastoma who were treated with surgical extirpation had a 2-year disease-free survival rate of 89%. […] Additionally, chemotherapy appeared to offer no advantage when residual disease was present in these patients. Thus, in patients with low-stage favorable disease, surgery is the mainstay of therapy. The primary goals of surgery are as follows: […] As stated above, surgery plays a major role in children with low-stage disease. It has a controversial role in children with advanced disease, especially as it applies to the extent of surgical resection. A multimodal approach is suggested for the management of children with advanced neuroblastoma. Multiple-agent chemotherapy has increased the 5-year survival rate to 75% in patients younger than 1 year. Radiation therapy has been shown to produce superior initial and long-term disease control when administered synergistically with chemotherapy.

• #9 Neuroblastoma Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/neuroblastoma/patient/neuroblastoma-treatment-pdq

  The following types of treatment may be used: Observation, Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, High-dose chemotherapy and radiation therapy with stem cell rescue, Iodine 131-MIBG therapy, Targeted therapy, Other drug therapy, Immunotherapy. […] New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials. […] Treatment for neuroblastoma causes side effects and late effects. […] Follow-up care may be needed. […] Treatment of newly diagnosed low-risk neuroblastoma may include: surgery followed by observation, observation alone for infants younger than 6 months who have small adrenal tumors or for infants who do not have signs or symptoms of neuroblastoma, observation with biopsy for infants younger than age 1 year who have favorable histology and meet other low-risk criteria, chemotherapy with or without surgery, for children with symptoms or children whose tumor has continued to grow and cannot be removed by surgery, chemotherapy, for certain patients, radiation therapy to treat tumors that are causing serious problems and do not respond quickly to chemotherapy or surgery.

• #10 Neuroblastoma Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/neuroblastoma/patient/neuroblastoma-treatment-pdq

  The following types of treatment may be used: Observation, Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, High-dose chemotherapy and radiation therapy with stem cell rescue, Iodine 131-MIBG therapy, Targeted therapy, Other drug therapy, Immunotherapy. […] New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials. […] Treatment for neuroblastoma causes side effects and late effects. […] Follow-up care may be needed. […] Treatment of newly diagnosed low-risk neuroblastoma may include: surgery followed by observation, observation alone for infants younger than 6 months who have small adrenal tumors or for infants who do not have signs or symptoms of neuroblastoma, observation with biopsy for infants younger than age 1 year who have favorable histology and meet other low-risk criteria, chemotherapy with or without surgery, for children with symptoms or children whose tumor has continued to grow and cannot be removed by surgery, chemotherapy, for certain patients, radiation therapy to treat tumors that are causing serious problems and do not respond quickly to chemotherapy or surgery.

• #11 Neuroblastoma Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/neuroblastoma/patient/neuroblastoma-treatment-pdq

  The following types of treatment may be used: Observation, Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, High-dose chemotherapy and radiation therapy with stem cell rescue, Iodine 131-MIBG therapy, Targeted therapy, Other drug therapy, Immunotherapy. […] New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials. […] Treatment for neuroblastoma causes side effects and late effects. […] Follow-up care may be needed. […] Treatment of newly diagnosed low-risk neuroblastoma may include: surgery followed by observation, observation alone for infants younger than 6 months who have small adrenal tumors or for infants who do not have signs or symptoms of neuroblastoma, observation with biopsy for infants younger than age 1 year who have favorable histology and meet other low-risk criteria, chemotherapy with or without surgery, for children with symptoms or children whose tumor has continued to grow and cannot be removed by surgery, chemotherapy, for certain patients, radiation therapy to treat tumors that are causing serious problems and do not respond quickly to chemotherapy or surgery.

• #12

• #13 Neuroblastoma Treatment | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/neuroblastoma/treating/by-risk-group.html

  If a child is low risk and the tumor can easily be removed, surgery might be the only treatment needed. Even if some neuroblastoma is left behind after surgery, the child can usually be watched carefully without further treatment because the remaining tumor will often mature or go away on its own. […] If much of the tumor cant be removed, the tumor gets bigger after surgery, or if the tumor is causing symptoms, chemotherapy (chemo) is typically given. A common chemo regimen is a combination of carboplatin, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and etoposide. But other combinations may be used. […] For those few children who have symptoms from a low-risk tumor that cant safely be treated right away with surgery, a short course of chemo might be given first. For example, if the tumor is pressing on the spinal cord or affecting breathing, chemo may be used to shrink the tumor to control the symptoms. A short course of radiation therapy might be used if the symptoms are not getting better with chemo, are life threatening, or are causing spinal cord compression.

• #14 Neuroblastoma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Therapy, Surgical Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/439263-treatment

  Spontaneous regression of neuroblastoma occurs commonly in infants with asymptomatic, small, low-stage adrenal neuroblastoma detected by screening or during prenatal or incidental ultrasonography. Observation, without surgical intervention or tissue diagnosis, may be a safe option in these patients. […] In 1988, the Pediatric Oncology Group (POG) released a prospective study showing that patients with localized neuroblastoma who were treated with surgical extirpation had a 2-year disease-free survival rate of 89%. […] Additionally, chemotherapy appeared to offer no advantage when residual disease was present in these patients. Thus, in patients with low-stage favorable disease, surgery is the mainstay of therapy. The primary goals of surgery are as follows: […] As stated above, surgery plays a major role in children with low-stage disease. It has a controversial role in children with advanced disease, especially as it applies to the extent of surgical resection. A multimodal approach is suggested for the management of children with advanced neuroblastoma. Multiple-agent chemotherapy has increased the 5-year survival rate to 75% in patients younger than 1 year. Radiation therapy has been shown to produce superior initial and long-term disease control when administered synergistically with chemotherapy.

• #15 Neuroblastoma Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/neuroblastoma/patient/neuroblastoma-treatment-pdq

  The following types of treatment may be used: Observation, Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, High-dose chemotherapy and radiation therapy with stem cell rescue, Iodine 131-MIBG therapy, Targeted therapy, Other drug therapy, Immunotherapy. […] New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials. […] Treatment for neuroblastoma causes side effects and late effects. […] Follow-up care may be needed. […] Treatment of newly diagnosed low-risk neuroblastoma may include: surgery followed by observation, observation alone for infants younger than 6 months who have small adrenal tumors or for infants who do not have signs or symptoms of neuroblastoma, observation with biopsy for infants younger than age 1 year who have favorable histology and meet other low-risk criteria, chemotherapy with or without surgery, for children with symptoms or children whose tumor has continued to grow and cannot be removed by surgery, chemotherapy, for certain patients, radiation therapy to treat tumors that are causing serious problems and do not respond quickly to chemotherapy or surgery.

• #16 Neuroblastoma Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/neuroblastoma/patient/neuroblastoma-treatment-pdq

  The following types of treatment may be used: Observation, Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, High-dose chemotherapy and radiation therapy with stem cell rescue, Iodine 131-MIBG therapy, Targeted therapy, Other drug therapy, Immunotherapy. […] New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials. […] Treatment for neuroblastoma causes side effects and late effects. […] Follow-up care may be needed. […] Treatment of newly diagnosed low-risk neuroblastoma may include: surgery followed by observation, observation alone for infants younger than 6 months who have small adrenal tumors or for infants who do not have signs or symptoms of neuroblastoma, observation with biopsy for infants younger than age 1 year who have favorable histology and meet other low-risk criteria, chemotherapy with or without surgery, for children with symptoms or children whose tumor has continued to grow and cannot be removed by surgery, chemotherapy, for certain patients, radiation therapy to treat tumors that are causing serious problems and do not respond quickly to chemotherapy or surgery.

• #17 4 Innovative Neuroblastoma Treatment Options | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/neuroblastoma/neuroblastoma-treatment.html

  Chemotherapy is sometimes given before surgery to make the tumor smaller and easier to remove. […] Chemotherapy travels all through the body, and that makes it effective in treating neuroblastoma. […] Childrens Cancer Hospital offers the most up-to-date and advanced chemotherapy options for neuroblastoma. […] Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy) uses high-energy beams to destroy cancer cells. […] Some children with neuroblastoma receive radiation therapy: […] Children with advanced neuroblastoma may sometimes benefit from MIBG radiotherapy. […] Children with treatment-resistant, advanced neuroblastoma may benefit from a stem cell transplant. […] Treatment with vitamin A or a vitamin A-like compound may be used in some patients. […] Childrens Cancer Hospital is leading into the future of neuroblastoma treatment by developing innovative targeted therapies.

• #18 Neuroblastoma Treatment | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/neuroblastoma/treating/by-risk-group.html

  If a child is low risk and the tumor can easily be removed, surgery might be the only treatment needed. Even if some neuroblastoma is left behind after surgery, the child can usually be watched carefully without further treatment because the remaining tumor will often mature or go away on its own. […] If much of the tumor cant be removed, the tumor gets bigger after surgery, or if the tumor is causing symptoms, chemotherapy (chemo) is typically given. A common chemo regimen is a combination of carboplatin, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and etoposide. But other combinations may be used. […] For those few children who have symptoms from a low-risk tumor that cant safely be treated right away with surgery, a short course of chemo might be given first. For example, if the tumor is pressing on the spinal cord or affecting breathing, chemo may be used to shrink the tumor to control the symptoms. A short course of radiation therapy might be used if the symptoms are not getting better with chemo, are life threatening, or are causing spinal cord compression.

• #19 Neuroblastoma Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/neuroblastoma/patient/neuroblastoma-treatment-pdq

  The following types of treatment may be used: Observation, Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, High-dose chemotherapy and radiation therapy with stem cell rescue, Iodine 131-MIBG therapy, Targeted therapy, Other drug therapy, Immunotherapy. […] New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials. […] Treatment for neuroblastoma causes side effects and late effects. […] Follow-up care may be needed. […] Treatment of newly diagnosed low-risk neuroblastoma may include: surgery followed by observation, observation alone for infants younger than 6 months who have small adrenal tumors or for infants who do not have signs or symptoms of neuroblastoma, observation with biopsy for infants younger than age 1 year who have favorable histology and meet other low-risk criteria, chemotherapy with or without surgery, for children with symptoms or children whose tumor has continued to grow and cannot be removed by surgery, chemotherapy, for certain patients, radiation therapy to treat tumors that are causing serious problems and do not respond quickly to chemotherapy or surgery.

• #20

  https://www.acco.org/blog/childhood-neuroblastoma-treatment/

  Childhood Neuroblastoma: Treatment Options […] Neuroblastoma is a form of childhood cancer that begins in the early development of nerve cells. Because this rare form of cancer usually begins when the sympathetic nervous system is developing in an embryo or fetus, it occurs most often in infants and very young children, and is extremely rare in children over the age of 10. […] Therefore, treatment for neuroblastoma often depends, upon other factors, on the stage and risk grouping of the cancer, as well as on the age of the child. […] Treatment for Low Risk Neuroblastoma […] Any time a child is diagnosed with cancerneuroblastoma or otherwisethe goal is to utilize the least intensive treatment to minimize short- and long-term side effects while maximizing the damage to the cancerous cells. For children with low risk neuroblastoma, treatment may be as simple as frequent and routine monitoring to determine whether the tumor may die or mature into normal cells without intervention. […] Surgery may be the only required treatment if all or most of the tumorous cells can be reached and safely removed. […] Chemotherapy may be required if the tumor cannot be safely or effectively removed with surgery or if the tumor continues to grow abnormally after surgery. […] Generally speaking, oncologists try to avoid the use of radiation therapy in young children due to the extremely high risk of negative short- and long-term side effects.

• #21 Neuroblastoma Treatment (PDQ®) – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65747/

  For patients with low-risk tumors, the approach is either observation or resection, with chemotherapy restricted to symptomatic patients with low-risk biology. The 5-year overall survival (OS) rate was 98% for the low-risk patients among more than 5,000 patients enrolled in the Children’s Oncology Group (COG) ANBL00B1 (NCT00904241) biology study. […] For patients with intermediate-risk tumors, chemotherapy is often given before definitive resection. Multiagent chemotherapy consisting of doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, a platinum drug, and etoposide is used. The number of chemotherapy cycles is based on clinical and tumor biological risk factors and response to therapy. The goal of chemotherapy is to deliver a sufficient duration of chemotherapy (with or without surgery) to achieve at least a partial response (at least 50% reduction of soft tissue masses) and resolution of metastatic disease. The 5-year OS rate was about 95% for the intermediate-risk patients among more than 5,000 patients enrolled in the COG ANBL00B1 (NCT00904241) biology study.

• #22 Neuroblastoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neuroblastoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351022

  In intermediate-risk and high-risk neuroblastoma, surgeons may try to remove as much of the cancer as possible. Other treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, may then be used to kill remaining cancer cells. […] Chemotherapy treats cancer with strong medicines. Many chemotherapy medicines exist. Most chemotherapy medicines are given through a vein. Some come in pill form. […] Children with intermediate-risk neuroblastoma often receive a combination of chemotherapy medicines before surgery. This improves the chances that the entire cancer can be removed. […] Children with high-risk neuroblastoma often receive high doses of chemotherapy medicines to shrink the cancer. Chemotherapy also helps kill any cancer cells that have spread to other parts in the body. Chemotherapy often is used before surgery and before bone marrow transplant.

• #23 Neuroblastoma Treatment (PDQ®) – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65747/

  For patients with low-risk tumors, the approach is either observation or resection, with chemotherapy restricted to symptomatic patients with low-risk biology. The 5-year overall survival (OS) rate was 98% for the low-risk patients among more than 5,000 patients enrolled in the Children’s Oncology Group (COG) ANBL00B1 (NCT00904241) biology study. […] For patients with intermediate-risk tumors, chemotherapy is often given before definitive resection. Multiagent chemotherapy consisting of doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, a platinum drug, and etoposide is used. The number of chemotherapy cycles is based on clinical and tumor biological risk factors and response to therapy. The goal of chemotherapy is to deliver a sufficient duration of chemotherapy (with or without surgery) to achieve at least a partial response (at least 50% reduction of soft tissue masses) and resolution of metastatic disease. The 5-year OS rate was about 95% for the intermediate-risk patients among more than 5,000 patients enrolled in the COG ANBL00B1 (NCT00904241) biology study.

• #24 Neuroblastoma Treatment (PDQ®) – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65747/

  For patients with low-risk tumors, the approach is either observation or resection, with chemotherapy restricted to symptomatic patients with low-risk biology. The 5-year overall survival (OS) rate was 98% for the low-risk patients among more than 5,000 patients enrolled in the Children’s Oncology Group (COG) ANBL00B1 (NCT00904241) biology study. […] For patients with intermediate-risk tumors, chemotherapy is often given before definitive resection. Multiagent chemotherapy consisting of doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, a platinum drug, and etoposide is used. The number of chemotherapy cycles is based on clinical and tumor biological risk factors and response to therapy. The goal of chemotherapy is to deliver a sufficient duration of chemotherapy (with or without surgery) to achieve at least a partial response (at least 50% reduction of soft tissue masses) and resolution of metastatic disease. The 5-year OS rate was about 95% for the intermediate-risk patients among more than 5,000 patients enrolled in the COG ANBL00B1 (NCT00904241) biology study.

• #25 Neuroblastoma: What is It, Stages, Causes, Symptoms, Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14390-neuroblastoma

  Children with intermediate-risk neuroblastoma usually have surgery to remove the tumor. Surgeons also remove any cancer cells that have spread to the lymph nodes. After surgery, children receive chemotherapy treatments. […] Healthcare providers often treat high-risk neuroblastoma with a combination of chemotherapy, surgery, high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue, radiation and immunotherapy. […] Depending on several factors, your child’s team of providers may recommend surgery, chemotherapy, radiation or other cancer treatments. Neuroblastoma treatments include: Chemotherapy stops cancer cells from multiplying. […] Surgeons remove the tumor through an incision, but it may not be possible to remove the entire tumor. […] This treatment kills cancer cells or stops them from multiplying.

• #26 Neuroblastoma Treatment (PDQ®) – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65747/

  For patients with low-risk tumors, the approach is either observation or resection, with chemotherapy restricted to symptomatic patients with low-risk biology. The 5-year overall survival (OS) rate was 98% for the low-risk patients among more than 5,000 patients enrolled in the Children’s Oncology Group (COG) ANBL00B1 (NCT00904241) biology study. […] For patients with intermediate-risk tumors, chemotherapy is often given before definitive resection. Multiagent chemotherapy consisting of doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, a platinum drug, and etoposide is used. The number of chemotherapy cycles is based on clinical and tumor biological risk factors and response to therapy. The goal of chemotherapy is to deliver a sufficient duration of chemotherapy (with or without surgery) to achieve at least a partial response (at least 50% reduction of soft tissue masses) and resolution of metastatic disease. The 5-year OS rate was about 95% for the intermediate-risk patients among more than 5,000 patients enrolled in the COG ANBL00B1 (NCT00904241) biology study.

• #27 Neuroblastoma Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/neuroblastoma/patient/neuroblastoma-treatment-pdq

  Treatment of newly diagnosed intermediate-risk neuroblastoma may include: Chemotherapy for children with symptoms or to shrink a tumor that cannot be removed by surgery. […] Treatment during maintenance may include monoclonal antibody therapy (dinutuximab), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and isotretinoin. […] Treatment for recurrent neuroblastoma that comes back in the area where the cancer first formed may include: surgery followed by observation or chemotherapy, chemotherapy that may be followed by surgery. […] Treatment for recurrent neuroblastoma that comes back in other parts of the body or that has not responded to treatment may include: observation, chemotherapy, surgery followed by chemotherapy, treatment as for newly diagnosed high-risk neuroblastoma, for children older than 18 months.

• #28 High-Risk Neuroblastoma Treatment

  https://www.neuroblastoma-info.com/treatment/high-risk-neuroblastoma/

  The intensity of neuroblastoma treatment will vary depending on the risk group assigned to your child’s disease. If your child has high-risk neuroblastoma, you can find information about their treatment in this section. […] The treatment goal for children with high-risk neuroblastoma is to prevent neuroblastoma from coming back (relapse). Survival rates are poor for high-risk neuroblastoma patients after relapse, and that’s why the treatment for high-risk neuroblastoma uses multiple intensive therapies. […] High-risk neuroblastoma can be aggressive and difficult to treat. It will require intensive treatment with multiple types of therapy. This approach has significantly improved survival rates, and research is now focused on new treatments to further improve survival rates. […] The standard treatment regimen for high-risk neuroblastoma at most hospitals is broken into 3 phases and lasts about 18 months.

• #29 Treatment of High-Risk Neuroblastoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10453838/

  High-risk neuroblastoma is a highly aggressive solid tumor that most commonly presents in early childhood. Advances in treatment through decades of clinical trials and research have led to improved outcomes. This review provides an overview of the current state of treatment for high-risk neuroblastoma. […] High-risk neuroblastoma (HRNBL) treatment is actively evolving and currently includes intensive chemotherapy, radiation therapy, autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT), and immunotherapy. Research efforts are currently focused on identifying more targeted treatments, reducing toxicity and late effects, and improving outcomes for these challenging patients through novel approaches. […] Most North American institutions and international pediatric oncology collaborative groups follow a treatment plan with induction chemotherapy, during which the primary tumor is surgical resected. This is followed by consolidation with ASCT and radiotherapy, and post-consolidation treatment with anti-GD2-based immunotherapy and isotretinoin. The total upfront treatment duration is approximately 18 months.

• #30 Treatment of High-Risk Neuroblastoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10453838/

  The goal of induction is to eliminate visible disease and achieve remission. Induction regimens typically include five to eight cycles of intensive chemotherapy including alkylators, platinum, and topoisomerase drugs. […] Surgery is an important part of up-front therapy, and surgical excision of the primary tumor typically occurs during induction after several cycles of chemotherapy. This approach allows for optimal tumor shrinkage thus potentially minimizing surgical morbidity. […] The goal of the consolidation phase is to eliminate any remaining minimal residual disease or remaining gross disease and consists of ASCT and radiation therapy. […] Ganglioside 2 (GD2) is a glycolipid found in high levels on the outer surface of neuroblastoma cells, as well as other embryonal cancers and was identified as a targetable treatment strategy. […] Therapy for children with HRNBL is actively evolving, with research driving transitions to more targeted approaches. Standard therapy includes induction with cytotoxic chemotherapy and surgical resection, consolidation with ASCT and radiotherapy, and post-consolidation anti-GD2 immunotherapy.

• #31 Treatment of High-Risk Neuroblastoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10453838/

  The goal of induction is to eliminate visible disease and achieve remission. Induction regimens typically include five to eight cycles of intensive chemotherapy including alkylators, platinum, and topoisomerase drugs. […] Surgery is an important part of up-front therapy, and surgical excision of the primary tumor typically occurs during induction after several cycles of chemotherapy. This approach allows for optimal tumor shrinkage thus potentially minimizing surgical morbidity. […] The goal of the consolidation phase is to eliminate any remaining minimal residual disease or remaining gross disease and consists of ASCT and radiation therapy. […] Ganglioside 2 (GD2) is a glycolipid found in high levels on the outer surface of neuroblastoma cells, as well as other embryonal cancers and was identified as a targetable treatment strategy. […] Therapy for children with HRNBL is actively evolving, with research driving transitions to more targeted approaches. Standard therapy includes induction with cytotoxic chemotherapy and surgical resection, consolidation with ASCT and radiotherapy, and post-consolidation anti-GD2 immunotherapy.

• #32 Neuroblastoma Treatment | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/neuroblastoma/treating/by-risk-group.html

  Surgery is an important part of treatment for children at intermediate risk, but it is rarely enough on its own. Children are typically given 4 to 8 cycles (about 12 to 24 weeks) of chemotherapy before or after surgery. The chemo drugs used usually include carboplatin, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and etoposide. […] Children at high risk require more aggressive treatment, which often includes chemotherapy, surgery, radiation, stem cell transplant, immunotherapy, and retinoid therapy. Treatment is often done in 3 phases. […] The goal of this phase is to get the cancer into remission by destroying or removing as much of it as possible. Treatment usually starts with chemotherapy, using alternating regimens of several drugs (in the United States, typically cisplatin, etoposide, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and topotecan) given at higher doses than what is used for other risk groups.

• #33 Treatment of High-Risk Neuroblastoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10453838/

  The goal of induction is to eliminate visible disease and achieve remission. Induction regimens typically include five to eight cycles of intensive chemotherapy including alkylators, platinum, and topoisomerase drugs. […] Surgery is an important part of up-front therapy, and surgical excision of the primary tumor typically occurs during induction after several cycles of chemotherapy. This approach allows for optimal tumor shrinkage thus potentially minimizing surgical morbidity. […] The goal of the consolidation phase is to eliminate any remaining minimal residual disease or remaining gross disease and consists of ASCT and radiation therapy. […] Ganglioside 2 (GD2) is a glycolipid found in high levels on the outer surface of neuroblastoma cells, as well as other embryonal cancers and was identified as a targetable treatment strategy. […] Therapy for children with HRNBL is actively evolving, with research driving transitions to more targeted approaches. Standard therapy includes induction with cytotoxic chemotherapy and surgical resection, consolidation with ASCT and radiotherapy, and post-consolidation anti-GD2 immunotherapy.

• #34 Treatment of High-Risk Neuroblastoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10453838/

  The goal of induction is to eliminate visible disease and achieve remission. Induction regimens typically include five to eight cycles of intensive chemotherapy including alkylators, platinum, and topoisomerase drugs. […] Surgery is an important part of up-front therapy, and surgical excision of the primary tumor typically occurs during induction after several cycles of chemotherapy. This approach allows for optimal tumor shrinkage thus potentially minimizing surgical morbidity. […] The goal of the consolidation phase is to eliminate any remaining minimal residual disease or remaining gross disease and consists of ASCT and radiation therapy. […] Ganglioside 2 (GD2) is a glycolipid found in high levels on the outer surface of neuroblastoma cells, as well as other embryonal cancers and was identified as a targetable treatment strategy. […] Therapy for children with HRNBL is actively evolving, with research driving transitions to more targeted approaches. Standard therapy includes induction with cytotoxic chemotherapy and surgical resection, consolidation with ASCT and radiotherapy, and post-consolidation anti-GD2 immunotherapy.

• #35 Treatment of High-Risk Neuroblastoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10453838/

  The goal of induction is to eliminate visible disease and achieve remission. Induction regimens typically include five to eight cycles of intensive chemotherapy including alkylators, platinum, and topoisomerase drugs. […] Surgery is an important part of up-front therapy, and surgical excision of the primary tumor typically occurs during induction after several cycles of chemotherapy. This approach allows for optimal tumor shrinkage thus potentially minimizing surgical morbidity. […] The goal of the consolidation phase is to eliminate any remaining minimal residual disease or remaining gross disease and consists of ASCT and radiation therapy. […] Ganglioside 2 (GD2) is a glycolipid found in high levels on the outer surface of neuroblastoma cells, as well as other embryonal cancers and was identified as a targetable treatment strategy. […] Therapy for children with HRNBL is actively evolving, with research driving transitions to more targeted approaches. Standard therapy includes induction with cytotoxic chemotherapy and surgical resection, consolidation with ASCT and radiotherapy, and post-consolidation anti-GD2 immunotherapy.

• #35 Treatment of High-Risk Neuroblastoma

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/10/8/1302

  The goal of the consolidation phase is to eliminate any remaining minimal residual disease or remaining gross disease and consists of ASCT and radiation therapy. […] Following ASCT, 21.6 Gy of external beam radiation is given to the preoperative primary tumor volume, as well as any sites of persistent metastatic disease present at the end of induction. […] The landmark phase 3 randomized COG trial ANBL0032 showed significantly improved survival in patients treated with the anti-ganglioside 2 (GD2) antibody dinutuximab in conjunction with GM-CSF and IL2, along with isotretinoin compared to isotretinoin alone, with a 2-year EFS of 66% vs. 46% and OS of 86% vs. 75%. […] Outcomes remain poor in patients with HRNBL who have progressive disease or who after front-line therapy do not respond, with 4-year PFS and OS of 6% and 20%, respectively. The main initial treatment for these patients includes I-131 MIBG therapy and chemoimmunotherapy with irinotecan, temozolomide, and dinutuximab. […] Therapy for children with HRNBL is actively evolving, with research driving transitions to more targeted approaches. Standard therapy includes induction with cytotoxic chemotherapy and surgical resection, consolidation with ASCT and radiotherapy, and post-consolidation anti-GD2 immunotherapy.

• #36 Neuroblastoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neuroblastoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351022

  Radiation therapy treats cancer with powerful energy beams. The energy can come from X-rays, protons or other sources. […] Children with high-risk neuroblastoma may receive radiation therapy after chemotherapy and surgery. The radiation can help lower the risk that the cancer will come back. […] A bone marrow transplant, also called a bone marrow stem cell transplant, involves putting healthy bone marrow stem cells into the body. These cells replace cells hurt by chemotherapy and other treatments. […] A bone marrow transplant might be an option for children with high-risk neuroblastoma. A bone marrow transplant for neuroblastoma uses the child’s own blood stem cells. This kind of transplant is called an autologous stem cell transplant. […] Immunotherapy is a treatment with medicine that helps the body’s immune system kill cancer cells. The immune system fights off diseases by attacking germs and other cells that shouldn’t be in the body. Cancer cells survive by hiding from the immune system. Immunotherapy helps the immune system cells find and kill the cancer cells. […] Immunotherapy is sometimes used with chemotherapy for high-risk neuroblastoma.

• #37 Neuroblastoma Treatment (PDQ®) – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65747/

  For high-risk patients, treatment has intensified to include chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy, myeloablative therapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT), isotretinoin, and immunotherapy, resulting in 5-year survival rates of 62%. Statistically significant improvement in event-free survival (EFS) was observed in a randomized phase III COG study (ANBL0532 [NCT00567567]) with tandem cycles of myeloablative therapy and HSCT, compared with a single cycle of myeloablative therapy and HSCT. […] The treatment of neuroblastoma is based on the risk classification system, which includes low-risk, intermediate-risk, and high-risk categories. Treatment options vary based on the risk group, with low-risk patients often receiving surgery and observation, intermediate-risk patients receiving chemotherapy and surgery, and high-risk patients undergoing intensive multimodal therapy.

• #38 Treatment of High-Risk Neuroblastoma

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/10/8/1302

  The goal of the consolidation phase is to eliminate any remaining minimal residual disease or remaining gross disease and consists of ASCT and radiation therapy. […] Following ASCT, 21.6 Gy of external beam radiation is given to the preoperative primary tumor volume, as well as any sites of persistent metastatic disease present at the end of induction. […] The landmark phase 3 randomized COG trial ANBL0032 showed significantly improved survival in patients treated with the anti-ganglioside 2 (GD2) antibody dinutuximab in conjunction with GM-CSF and IL2, along with isotretinoin compared to isotretinoin alone, with a 2-year EFS of 66% vs. 46% and OS of 86% vs. 75%. […] Outcomes remain poor in patients with HRNBL who have progressive disease or who after front-line therapy do not respond, with 4-year PFS and OS of 6% and 20%, respectively. The main initial treatment for these patients includes I-131 MIBG therapy and chemoimmunotherapy with irinotecan, temozolomide, and dinutuximab. […] Therapy for children with HRNBL is actively evolving, with research driving transitions to more targeted approaches. Standard therapy includes induction with cytotoxic chemotherapy and surgical resection, consolidation with ASCT and radiotherapy, and post-consolidation anti-GD2 immunotherapy.

• #39 High-Risk Neuroblastoma Treatment

  https://www.neuroblastoma-info.com/treatment/high-risk-neuroblastoma/

  The next phase of your child’s treatment for high-risk neuroblastoma is known as consolidation. The consolidation phase will usually include: High-dose chemotherapy (myeloablative) with autologous stem cell transplant and Radiation therapy. […] Most hospitals now use tandem stem-cell transplant (2 transplants back to back) and radiation therapy for consolidation treatment. […] The type of transplant that will be used in neuroblastoma is called an autologous stem cell transplant. This process involves giving the child high-dose chemotherapy to kill the cancer cells. […] The last phase of standard therapy for high-risk neuroblastoma is called postconsolidation or antibody therapy. This phase of treatment will be given after your child’s stem cell transplant and uses monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, and retinoic acid. […] Antibody therapy has greatly improved survival for children with high-risk neuroblastoma and is an essential component to high-risk neuroblastoma treatment.

• #40 Neuroblastoma Treatment | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/neuroblastoma/treating/by-risk-group.html

  This phase uses more intensive treatment to try to get rid of any remaining cancer cells in the body. High-dose chemotherapy is given, followed by one or two stem cell transplants. […] The goal of this phase of treatment is to try to lower the chance that the cancer will come back. Treatment is typically given for about 6 months after consolidation has been completed, and includes the retinoid drug 13-cis-retinoic acid (isotretinoin), as well as immunotherapy with a monoclonal antibody such as dinutuximab (Unituxin) and immune-activating cytokines (GM-CSF and IL-2). […] If neuroblastoma comes back after initial treatment, it is known as a recurrence or relapse. Treatment of recurrent neuroblastoma depends on many factors, including the initial risk group, where the cancer recurs, and what treatments have been used.

• #41 Neuroblastoma Treatment | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/neuroblastoma/treating/by-risk-group.html

  This phase uses more intensive treatment to try to get rid of any remaining cancer cells in the body. High-dose chemotherapy is given, followed by one or two stem cell transplants. […] The goal of this phase of treatment is to try to lower the chance that the cancer will come back. Treatment is typically given for about 6 months after consolidation has been completed, and includes the retinoid drug 13-cis-retinoic acid (isotretinoin), as well as immunotherapy with a monoclonal antibody such as dinutuximab (Unituxin) and immune-activating cytokines (GM-CSF and IL-2). […] If neuroblastoma comes back after initial treatment, it is known as a recurrence or relapse. Treatment of recurrent neuroblastoma depends on many factors, including the initial risk group, where the cancer recurs, and what treatments have been used.

• #42 Treatment of High-Risk Neuroblastoma

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/10/8/1302

  The goal of the consolidation phase is to eliminate any remaining minimal residual disease or remaining gross disease and consists of ASCT and radiation therapy. […] Following ASCT, 21.6 Gy of external beam radiation is given to the preoperative primary tumor volume, as well as any sites of persistent metastatic disease present at the end of induction. […] The landmark phase 3 randomized COG trial ANBL0032 showed significantly improved survival in patients treated with the anti-ganglioside 2 (GD2) antibody dinutuximab in conjunction with GM-CSF and IL2, along with isotretinoin compared to isotretinoin alone, with a 2-year EFS of 66% vs. 46% and OS of 86% vs. 75%. […] Outcomes remain poor in patients with HRNBL who have progressive disease or who after front-line therapy do not respond, with 4-year PFS and OS of 6% and 20%, respectively. The main initial treatment for these patients includes I-131 MIBG therapy and chemoimmunotherapy with irinotecan, temozolomide, and dinutuximab. […] Therapy for children with HRNBL is actively evolving, with research driving transitions to more targeted approaches. Standard therapy includes induction with cytotoxic chemotherapy and surgical resection, consolidation with ASCT and radiotherapy, and post-consolidation anti-GD2 immunotherapy.

• #43 MIBG Therapy for Neuroblastoma | Children’s Hospital Los Angeles

  https://www.chla.org/cancer-and-blood-disease-institute/mibg-therapy-neuroblastoma

  MIBG therapy is giving children with neuroblastoma better chances for healing. […] MIBG (metaiodobenzylguanidine) is an innovative radiation therapy option using special substances to treat multiple tumors in one session. […] MIBG therapy, or 131I MIBG therapy, is a leading-edge neuroblastoma treatment. It combines MIBG, a substance that attaches to neuroblastoma cells, and radioactive iodine, which destroys the cancer cells. […] MIBG is a substance that is attracted to neuroblastoma cells. Combining metaiodobenzylguanidine with radioactive iodine delivers radiation to multiple tumors in one treatment. […] This treatment is for children who have relapsing/refractory neuroblastoma: Children whose neuroblastoma comes back after treatment (relapses) or does not respond to other treatments.

• #44 4 Innovative Neuroblastoma Treatment Options | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/neuroblastoma/neuroblastoma-treatment.html

  Chemotherapy is sometimes given before surgery to make the tumor smaller and easier to remove. […] Chemotherapy travels all through the body, and that makes it effective in treating neuroblastoma. […] Childrens Cancer Hospital offers the most up-to-date and advanced chemotherapy options for neuroblastoma. […] Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy) uses high-energy beams to destroy cancer cells. […] Some children with neuroblastoma receive radiation therapy: […] Children with advanced neuroblastoma may sometimes benefit from MIBG radiotherapy. […] Children with treatment-resistant, advanced neuroblastoma may benefit from a stem cell transplant. […] Treatment with vitamin A or a vitamin A-like compound may be used in some patients. […] Childrens Cancer Hospital is leading into the future of neuroblastoma treatment by developing innovative targeted therapies.

• #45 Neuroblastoma Treatments | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/neuroblastoma/treatment

  MSK Kids scientists have combined naxitamab with a second antibody, HuOKT3, to create what is known as a bispecific antibody. […] Cancer vaccines are another form of immunotherapy. […] Previous studies at MSK Kids have shown that natural killer (NK) cells (white blood cells that recognize and kill abnormal cells) work well along with naxitamab to target neuroblastoma. […] At MSK, we are reluctant to use it in children unless absolutely necessary. We offer proton therapy for neuroblastoma instead. […] Although we can use radiation to treat specific parts of the body affected by neuroblastoma, we use a form of liquid radiation treatment called metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) therapy in people with widespread disease.

• #46 MIBG Therapy for Childhood Neuroblastoma | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/treatment/metaiodobenzylguanidine-mibg-therapy

  Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center was the first hospital in New England to offer MIBG therapy (metaiodobenzylguanidine) to treat high-risk neuroblastoma (including relapsed or refractory neuroblastoma), and is currently one of only about 10 hospitals in the country to provide this therapy. […] MIBG therapy is generally more effective, less painful, and requires less time in the hospital than other treatment options. […] A large study showed that 30-40 percent of children with relapsed neuroblastoma respond to MIBG therapy, which makes it one of the most active agents for relapsed disease. While it doesn’t cure neuroblastoma, I-131 MIBG allows patients to gain control of their disease and provides the possibility of prolonged disease stabilization. […] Most children don’t feel any side effects from the MIBG therapy. MIBG is usually much easier for children than chemotherapy. […] Your child will remain in the MIBG room for about five to seven days. […] The amount of radiation caregivers receive is typically less than what a person would get from a CT scan.

• #47 High-Risk Neuroblastoma Treatment Options | UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospitals

  https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/treatments/high-risk-neuroblastoma-treatment-options

  We also offer experimental procedures for children who didn’t respond to initial chemotherapy treatments or who have relapsed after an initial response. These patients aren’t candidates for the standard autologous transplant but may be eligible for targeted radiation therapy followed by an autologous BMT. […] This treatment is aimed at high-risk neuroblastomas that haven’t responded to chemotherapy or have returned after treatment. […] Most patients don’t experience significant side effects, but they are considered radioactive for four to five days and must be partially isolated in a special room outfitted with lead shields. […] One of the main side effects of MIBG treatment is low blood counts or bone marrow suppression. To manage this, your child may receive a dose of their own stem cells using an analogous BMT to help improve their blood counts after treatment. […] At times, MIBG is paired with chemotherapy or other medications to help fight the neuroblastoma cells. If your child is eligible for MIBG therapy, your doctor will decide whether your child should undergo it alone or in combination with other treatments.

• #48 Neuroblastoma Treatments | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/neuroblastoma/treatment

  MSK Kids scientists have combined naxitamab with a second antibody, HuOKT3, to create what is known as a bispecific antibody. […] Cancer vaccines are another form of immunotherapy. […] Previous studies at MSK Kids have shown that natural killer (NK) cells (white blood cells that recognize and kill abnormal cells) work well along with naxitamab to target neuroblastoma. […] At MSK, we are reluctant to use it in children unless absolutely necessary. We offer proton therapy for neuroblastoma instead. […] Although we can use radiation to treat specific parts of the body affected by neuroblastoma, we use a form of liquid radiation treatment called metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) therapy in people with widespread disease.

• #49 Neuroblastoma Treatments | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/neuroblastoma/treatment

  MSK Kids scientists have combined naxitamab with a second antibody, HuOKT3, to create what is known as a bispecific antibody. […] Cancer vaccines are another form of immunotherapy. […] Previous studies at MSK Kids have shown that natural killer (NK) cells (white blood cells that recognize and kill abnormal cells) work well along with naxitamab to target neuroblastoma. […] At MSK, we are reluctant to use it in children unless absolutely necessary. We offer proton therapy for neuroblastoma instead. […] Although we can use radiation to treat specific parts of the body affected by neuroblastoma, we use a form of liquid radiation treatment called metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) therapy in people with widespread disease.

• #50 Neuroblastoma Program

  https://www.cookchildrens.org/cc/neuroblastoma-care/

  At times, we can match therapies to specific cancer targets, represented by genetic mutations and changes in tumors. […] This promising targeted therapy for children and young adults combines natural killer (NK) cells with other immunotherapies in clinical trials. […] As an integral part of our Neuroblastoma Program, we are active participants in clinical research, the mechanism to bring the newest therapies to the patient’s bedside. […] Our Neuroblastoma Program is a specialty program within the Hematology and Oncology Center at Cook Children’s. […] From diagnosis through treatment, we work closely with patients, families and referring physicians to coordinate care. […] We provide assistance for the entire family to ease the stress of diagnosis and treatment. […] Cook Children’s Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplant Program is accredited through the Foundation for Accreditation of Cellular Therapy (FACT). […] Cook Children’s is recognized as a Top Children’s Hospital nationally by The Leapfrog Group. This award highlights our widely recognized achievements in patient safety and quality.

• #51 Neuroblastoma – Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/ddi/neuroblastoma/

  Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy for neuroblastoma is a novel treatment that entails genetically modifying a persons T-cells to express receptors specific to neuroblastoma cells. These modified T-cells are then reinfused into the patient to target and destroy cancer cells. This therapy is still in the experimental stage but holds potential for treating refractory or relapsed neuroblastoma.

• #52 A new era for treating high-risk neuroblastoma – research advances to look out for in 2024

  https://www.icr.ac.uk/research-and-discoveries/cancer-blogs/detail/science-talk/a-new-era-for-treating-high-risk-neuroblastoma-research-advances-to-look-out-for-in-2024

  CAR T-cell therapy is a revolutionary type of cancer treatment that is already being used to treat patients with blood cancer. These therapies are currently being explored in early trials of patients with high-risk neuroblastoma. […] In the trial, 63 per cent of neuroblastoma patients who had exhausted most other treatments and seen their tumours relapse responded to the treatment, meaning their tumours shrank. […] In January this year, results from an international clinical trial showed that combining drugs that prevent tumours from growing blood vessels, also called anti-angiogenic drugs, with chemotherapy helped more children respond to treatment. […] The combination treatment has already been incorporated into the UK standard of care guidelines for neuroblastoma treatment, meaning all eligible children will receive bevacizumab as part of a clinical trial.

• #53 Neuroblastoma Treatments | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/neuroblastoma/treatment

  MSK Kids scientists have combined naxitamab with a second antibody, HuOKT3, to create what is known as a bispecific antibody. […] Cancer vaccines are another form of immunotherapy. […] Previous studies at MSK Kids have shown that natural killer (NK) cells (white blood cells that recognize and kill abnormal cells) work well along with naxitamab to target neuroblastoma. […] At MSK, we are reluctant to use it in children unless absolutely necessary. We offer proton therapy for neuroblastoma instead. […] Although we can use radiation to treat specific parts of the body affected by neuroblastoma, we use a form of liquid radiation treatment called metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) therapy in people with widespread disease.

• #54 Neuroblastoma – Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/ddi/neuroblastoma/

  Radiation therapy is typically used in high-risk neuroblastoma cases, particularly when surgical resection is incomplete or when there is residual disease after chemotherapy and surgery. It can also be used to treat metastatic sites and to ease symptoms in advanced stages of the disease. […] Immunotherapy has emerged as an important component of neuroblastoma treatment. Anti-GD2 monoclonal antibodies, such as dinutuximab and naxitamab, are used to target neuroblastoma cells. This treatment is often combined with cytokines such as interleukin-2 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to enhance the immune response against cancer cells. These therapies have shown promise in improving survival rates in patients with high-risk neuroblastoma. […] Targeted therapies are designed to interfere with specific molecules involved in tumor growth and progression. For neuroblastoma, agents that target the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) mutation, such as crizotinib, lorlatinib, and ceritinib, are being investigated in clinical trials.

• #55 A new era for treating high-risk neuroblastoma – research advances to look out for in 2024

  https://www.icr.ac.uk/research-and-discoveries/cancer-blogs/detail/science-talk/a-new-era-for-treating-high-risk-neuroblastoma-research-advances-to-look-out-for-in-2024

  Clinical trials estimate that adding dinutuximab to treatment can reduce the risk of cancer recurring after 70 months (5.8 years) by 32 per cent and improve children’s chances of being alive after 70 months by 37 per cent. […] In early 2023, a major clinical trial showed that a new drug called lorlatinib originally developed to treat adult lung cancers showed great promise for treating the childhood cancer neuroblastoma in cases where it is driven by a specific mutation in a protein called ALK. […] The phase I trial looked at giving lorlatinib either alone or in combination with chemotherapy to both children and adults with ALK-positive neuroblastoma that had relapsed on standard treatments. […] Following these results, from next year, all children newly diagnosed with neuroblastoma with ALK mutations will receive lorlatinib as a first line treatment as part of a phase III clinical trial, to be conducted in both North America and Europe.

• #56 A new era for treating high-risk neuroblastoma – research advances to look out for in 2024

  https://www.icr.ac.uk/research-and-discoveries/cancer-blogs/detail/science-talk/a-new-era-for-treating-high-risk-neuroblastoma-research-advances-to-look-out-for-in-2024

  CAR T-cell therapy is a revolutionary type of cancer treatment that is already being used to treat patients with blood cancer. These therapies are currently being explored in early trials of patients with high-risk neuroblastoma. […] In the trial, 63 per cent of neuroblastoma patients who had exhausted most other treatments and seen their tumours relapse responded to the treatment, meaning their tumours shrank. […] In January this year, results from an international clinical trial showed that combining drugs that prevent tumours from growing blood vessels, also called anti-angiogenic drugs, with chemotherapy helped more children respond to treatment. […] The combination treatment has already been incorporated into the UK standard of care guidelines for neuroblastoma treatment, meaning all eligible children will receive bevacizumab as part of a clinical trial.

• #57 A new treatment for neuroblastoma | Children’s Cancer Institute

  https://www.ccia.org.au/our-impact/a-new-treatment-for-neuroblastoma

  A major breakthrough came when our research team was able to show that combining DFMO with standard chemotherapy had a much greater effect on neuroblastoma than using DFMO on its own. […] The results of this early phase clinical trial were very promising, showing that the combination treatment was well tolerated and led to tumour shrinkage and extended survival in a number of patients. […] Recently, the team found that a newly available drug called AMXT 1501 can be added to the DFMO/chemotherapy combination to block the uptake of polyamines by neuroblastoma cells. […] This new combination represents a new and potent way to target neuroblastoma, and potentially other childhood cancers as well. […] We will be taking the DFMO AMXT 1501 combination to clinical trial. […] Working with Aminex to lead the introduction of this new combination treatment into clinical trials for children is Associate Professor David Ziegler, paediatric oncologist at the Sydney Childrens Hospital and a Group Leader at Childrens Cancer Institute.

• #58 Neuroblastoma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Therapy, Surgical Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/439263-treatment

  Oral eflornithine (Iwilfin) was approved by the FDA in December 2023 to reduce the risk of relapse in adult and pediatric patients with high-risk neuroblastoma who have demonstrated at least a partial response to prior multiagent, multimodality therapy including anti-GD2 immunotherapy. […] Because neuroblastoma is often a radiation-sensitive systemic disease, interest has arisen in use of radioactive molecules that are selectively concentrated in neuroblastoma cells. […] Antiangiogenesis therapy has more than a theoretical role in the treatment of neuroblastoma. […] Other immunotherapies that have shown promising results against neuroblastoma include cytotoxic T lymphocytes, modified dendritic cells, and recombinant IC-2. […] Improved long-term results have been demonstrated in patients with neuroblastoma who develop OMS when they are treated with multimodal chemotherapy.

• #59 Neuroblastoma Treatment | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/neuroblastoma/treating/by-risk-group.html

  This phase uses more intensive treatment to try to get rid of any remaining cancer cells in the body. High-dose chemotherapy is given, followed by one or two stem cell transplants. […] The goal of this phase of treatment is to try to lower the chance that the cancer will come back. Treatment is typically given for about 6 months after consolidation has been completed, and includes the retinoid drug 13-cis-retinoic acid (isotretinoin), as well as immunotherapy with a monoclonal antibody such as dinutuximab (Unituxin) and immune-activating cytokines (GM-CSF and IL-2). […] If neuroblastoma comes back after initial treatment, it is known as a recurrence or relapse. Treatment of recurrent neuroblastoma depends on many factors, including the initial risk group, where the cancer recurs, and what treatments have been used.

• #60 Neuroblastoma Treatment | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/neuroblastoma/treating/by-risk-group.html

  For low- and intermediate-risk neuroblastomas that recur in the same area where they started, surgery with or without chemotherapy may be effective. […] For high-risk cancers or those that recur in distant parts of the body, treatment is usually more intense, and may include a combination of chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy (such as MIBG radiotherapy).

• #61 Neuroblastoma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Therapy, Surgical Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/439263-treatment

  Current trends in chemotherapy for the management of neuroblastoma include (1) more dose-intensive chemotherapy with secondary surgical extirpation, (2) myeloablative therapy using escalating chemotherapeutic combinations followed by autologous bone marrow infusion, and (3) biologic response modifiers that cause tumor differentiation and a reduction in tumor involvement of the bone marrow. […] Topotecan, a topoisomerase I inhibitor, alone or in combination with cyclophosphamide, has been shown to have activity against recurrent neuroblastoma. […] In 2015, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved dinutuximab (Unituxin), which is a monoclonal antibody against disialoganglioside (anti-GD2), for use in the treatment of pediatric patients with high-risk neuroblastoma. […] Naxitamab (Danyelza), a humanized anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody, was granted accelerated approval by the FDA for use in combination with GM-CSF for relapsed or refractory high-risk neuroblastoma in bone or bone marrow demonstrating a partial response, minor response, or stable disease with prior therapy, in adults and in pediatric patients age 1 year or older.

• #62 Neuroblastoma Treatment (PDQ®) – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65747/

  For high-risk patients, treatment has intensified to include chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy, myeloablative therapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT), isotretinoin, and immunotherapy, resulting in 5-year survival rates of 62%. Statistically significant improvement in event-free survival (EFS) was observed in a randomized phase III COG study (ANBL0532 [NCT00567567]) with tandem cycles of myeloablative therapy and HSCT, compared with a single cycle of myeloablative therapy and HSCT. […] The treatment of neuroblastoma is based on the risk classification system, which includes low-risk, intermediate-risk, and high-risk categories. Treatment options vary based on the risk group, with low-risk patients often receiving surgery and observation, intermediate-risk patients receiving chemotherapy and surgery, and high-risk patients undergoing intensive multimodal therapy.

• #63 Neuroblastoma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Therapy, Surgical Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/439263-treatment

  Current trends in chemotherapy for the management of neuroblastoma include (1) more dose-intensive chemotherapy with secondary surgical extirpation, (2) myeloablative therapy using escalating chemotherapeutic combinations followed by autologous bone marrow infusion, and (3) biologic response modifiers that cause tumor differentiation and a reduction in tumor involvement of the bone marrow. […] Topotecan, a topoisomerase I inhibitor, alone or in combination with cyclophosphamide, has been shown to have activity against recurrent neuroblastoma. […] In 2015, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved dinutuximab (Unituxin), which is a monoclonal antibody against disialoganglioside (anti-GD2), for use in the treatment of pediatric patients with high-risk neuroblastoma. […] Naxitamab (Danyelza), a humanized anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody, was granted accelerated approval by the FDA for use in combination with GM-CSF for relapsed or refractory high-risk neuroblastoma in bone or bone marrow demonstrating a partial response, minor response, or stable disease with prior therapy, in adults and in pediatric patients age 1 year or older.

• #64 Neuroblastoma Treatment (PDQ®) – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65747/

  For high-risk patients, treatment has intensified to include chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy, myeloablative therapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT), isotretinoin, and immunotherapy, resulting in 5-year survival rates of 62%. Statistically significant improvement in event-free survival (EFS) was observed in a randomized phase III COG study (ANBL0532 [NCT00567567]) with tandem cycles of myeloablative therapy and HSCT, compared with a single cycle of myeloablative therapy and HSCT. […] The treatment of neuroblastoma is based on the risk classification system, which includes low-risk, intermediate-risk, and high-risk categories. Treatment options vary based on the risk group, with low-risk patients often receiving surgery and observation, intermediate-risk patients receiving chemotherapy and surgery, and high-risk patients undergoing intensive multimodal therapy.

• #65 Relapsed or Refractory Neuroblastoma | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/relapsed-or-refractory-neuroblastoma

  Relapsed neuroblastoma refers to the return of neuroblastoma in patients who have already undergone treatment for the disease. Approximately half of children who are treated for high-risk neuroblastoma and achieve an initial remission will have the disease come back. […] The treatment approach for children with refractory neuroblastoma is similar to that for children with relapsed neuroblastoma. […] Treatment options for relapsed neuroblastoma include MIBG therapy, which uses a radioactive isotope that is readily absorbed by most neuroblastomas and can be used to detect neuroblastoma in the body or to deliver radiation in order to kill the neuroblastoma cells. It may also include chemotherapy using combinations of chemotherapy agents not used to treat newly diagnosed neuroblastoma, or immunotherapy generally given in combination with chemotherapy. […] We also offer innovative clinical trials of experimental agents (Phase 1 or 2) for children with relapsed or recurrent neuroblastoma. […] The Neuroblastoma Program treats children with neuroblastoma, and we provide innovative therapies for children with relapsed or refractory neuroblastoma.

• #66 What is Neuroblastoma – Pediatric Hematology/Oncology – Golisano Children’s Hospital – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/childrens-hospital/hemonc/neuroblastoma

  Immunotherapy. This treatment helps the body’s immune system attack cancer cells. A substance called GD2 may be present in large amounts on neuroblastoma cells. Anti-GD2 monoclonal antibodies might be used if there’s a high risk of cancer returning. […] Retinoid therapy. Retinoid medicine may be used for 6 months after stem cell transplant if there’s a high risk of cancer returning. It can help reduce the chance of the cancer coming back. […] Supportive care. Treatment can cause side effects. Medicines and other treatments can be used for pain, fever, infection, and nausea and vomiting. […] Clinical trials. Ask your child’s healthcare provider if there are any treatments being tested that may work well for your child. Clinical trials allow your child to get the best treatment available now, and maybe new treatments that are expected to be better. Most children with cancer are treated as part of a clinical trial.

• #67 Surgery for Neuroblastoma | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/neuroblastoma-in-children/treatments/surgery-for-neuroblastoma

  In these situations, parts of the tumor may be left in the body after surgery, and additional treatmentssuch as chemotherapy or, less frequently, radiationmay be necessary. Sometimes, a second surgery is performed to evaluate the success of these treatments and to remove the remaining tumor. […] During surgery, doctors also remove nearby lymph nodessmall vessels located throughout the body that filter fluid from tissue and assist in trapping viruses and bacteriawhich are then examined for cancer cells under a microscope. Lymph nodes are often the first place a cancer may spread. If cancer is found in the lymph nodes, additional therapies may be needed to eliminate neuroblastoma cells throughout the body. […] Complications of surgery for neuroblastoma depend on the tumors size, location, or aggressiveness, meaning how quickly it grows and spreadsas well as the childs age and health at diagnosis. The side effects of surgery can include damage to blood vessels or organs near the tumor. Our doctors take care to minimize any side effects of neuroblastoma surgery, and provide additional treatment when they cant be avoided. […] Your childs oncologist, surgeon, and other specialists provide support to help your family manage the physical and emotional effects of surgery for neuroblastoma.

• #68 Treatments for neuroblastoma | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/childrens-cancer/neuroblastoma/treatments

  Monoclonal antibody treatment is a type of immunotherapy. Monoclonal antibodies are manmade versions of proteins that our immune system makes. […] Your child might have dinutuximab beta if they are 12 months old and over, have had some response to chemotherapy and they have had high dose treatment and a stem cell transplant. […] There is an experimental type of immunotherapy called CAR T-cell. It uses cells from the child’s immune system. […] The treatment your child needs depends on a number of factors including where it has come back and the original risk group they were in. […] After treatment your child has regular appointments with their doctor and treating team. They continue for at least 5 years. These appointments are to check how they are recovering, their development, if they are having any problems following treatment, if there are any signs of the neuroblastoma coming back.

• #69 Pediatric Neuroblastoma – Conditions and Treatments | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/health-library/neuroblastoma

  Treatment methods may include some or all of the following: […] Specific treatment for neuroblastoma will be determined by your child’s doctor based on: […] Treatment may include (alone or in combination): […] Treatment options should be discussed with your child’s doctor. […] Prognosis greatly depends on: […] As with any cancer, prognosis and long-term survival can vary greatly from individual to individual. Prompt medical attention and aggressive therapy are important for the best prognosis. Continuous follow-up care is essential for a child diagnosed with neuroblastoma. Side effects of radiation and chemotherapy, as well as recurrence of the disease, can occur in survivors of neuroblastoma. New methods are continually being discovered to improve treatment and to decrease side effects.

• #70 Treatment of High-Risk Neuroblastoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10453838/

  High-risk neuroblastoma is a highly aggressive solid tumor that most commonly presents in early childhood. Advances in treatment through decades of clinical trials and research have led to improved outcomes. This review provides an overview of the current state of treatment for high-risk neuroblastoma. […] High-risk neuroblastoma (HRNBL) treatment is actively evolving and currently includes intensive chemotherapy, radiation therapy, autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT), and immunotherapy. Research efforts are currently focused on identifying more targeted treatments, reducing toxicity and late effects, and improving outcomes for these challenging patients through novel approaches. […] Most North American institutions and international pediatric oncology collaborative groups follow a treatment plan with induction chemotherapy, during which the primary tumor is surgical resected. This is followed by consolidation with ASCT and radiotherapy, and post-consolidation treatment with anti-GD2-based immunotherapy and isotretinoin. The total upfront treatment duration is approximately 18 months.

• #71 Treatment of High-Risk Neuroblastoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10453838/

  High-risk neuroblastoma is a highly aggressive solid tumor that most commonly presents in early childhood. Advances in treatment through decades of clinical trials and research have led to improved outcomes. This review provides an overview of the current state of treatment for high-risk neuroblastoma. […] High-risk neuroblastoma (HRNBL) treatment is actively evolving and currently includes intensive chemotherapy, radiation therapy, autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT), and immunotherapy. Research efforts are currently focused on identifying more targeted treatments, reducing toxicity and late effects, and improving outcomes for these challenging patients through novel approaches. […] Most North American institutions and international pediatric oncology collaborative groups follow a treatment plan with induction chemotherapy, during which the primary tumor is surgical resected. This is followed by consolidation with ASCT and radiotherapy, and post-consolidation treatment with anti-GD2-based immunotherapy and isotretinoin. The total upfront treatment duration is approximately 18 months.

• #72 Treatment of High-Risk Neuroblastoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10453838/

  High-risk neuroblastoma is a highly aggressive solid tumor that most commonly presents in early childhood. Advances in treatment through decades of clinical trials and research have led to improved outcomes. This review provides an overview of the current state of treatment for high-risk neuroblastoma. […] High-risk neuroblastoma (HRNBL) treatment is actively evolving and currently includes intensive chemotherapy, radiation therapy, autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT), and immunotherapy. Research efforts are currently focused on identifying more targeted treatments, reducing toxicity and late effects, and improving outcomes for these challenging patients through novel approaches. […] Most North American institutions and international pediatric oncology collaborative groups follow a treatment plan with induction chemotherapy, during which the primary tumor is surgical resected. This is followed by consolidation with ASCT and radiotherapy, and post-consolidation treatment with anti-GD2-based immunotherapy and isotretinoin. The total upfront treatment duration is approximately 18 months.

• #73 Advancing therapy for neuroblastoma | Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-022-00643-z

  Neuroblastomas are tumours of sympathetic origin, with a heterogeneous clinical course ranging from localized or spontaneously regressing to widely metastatic disease. […] Over the past few decades, improvements in the 5-year survival of patients with metastatic neuroblastomas, from 20% to 50%, have resulted from clinical trials incorporating high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation, differentiating agents and immunotherapy with anti-GD2 monoclonal antibodies. […] The next generation of trials are designed to improve the initial response rates in patients with high-risk neuroblastomas via the addition of immunotherapies, targeted therapies (such as ALK inhibitors) and radiopharmaceuticals to standard induction regimens. […] Other trials are focused on testing precision medicine strategies for patients with relapsed and/or refractory disease, enhancing the antitumour immune response and improving the effectiveness of maintenance regimens, in order to prolong disease remission.

• #74 Advancing therapy for neuroblastoma | Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-022-00643-z

  Neuroblastomas are tumours of sympathetic origin, with a heterogeneous clinical course ranging from localized or spontaneously regressing to widely metastatic disease. […] Over the past few decades, improvements in the 5-year survival of patients with metastatic neuroblastomas, from 20% to 50%, have resulted from clinical trials incorporating high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation, differentiating agents and immunotherapy with anti-GD2 monoclonal antibodies. […] The next generation of trials are designed to improve the initial response rates in patients with high-risk neuroblastomas via the addition of immunotherapies, targeted therapies (such as ALK inhibitors) and radiopharmaceuticals to standard induction regimens. […] Other trials are focused on testing precision medicine strategies for patients with relapsed and/or refractory disease, enhancing the antitumour immune response and improving the effectiveness of maintenance regimens, in order to prolong disease remission.

• #75 Advancing therapy for neuroblastoma | Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-022-00643-z

  Neuroblastomas are tumours of sympathetic origin, with a heterogeneous clinical course ranging from localized or spontaneously regressing to widely metastatic disease. […] Over the past few decades, improvements in the 5-year survival of patients with metastatic neuroblastomas, from 20% to 50%, have resulted from clinical trials incorporating high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation, differentiating agents and immunotherapy with anti-GD2 monoclonal antibodies. […] The next generation of trials are designed to improve the initial response rates in patients with high-risk neuroblastomas via the addition of immunotherapies, targeted therapies (such as ALK inhibitors) and radiopharmaceuticals to standard induction regimens. […] Other trials are focused on testing precision medicine strategies for patients with relapsed and/or refractory disease, enhancing the antitumour immune response and improving the effectiveness of maintenance regimens, in order to prolong disease remission.

• #76 Advancing therapy for neuroblastoma | Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-022-00643-z

  Neuroblastomas are tumours of sympathetic origin, with a heterogeneous clinical course ranging from localized or spontaneously regressing to widely metastatic disease. […] Over the past few decades, improvements in the 5-year survival of patients with metastatic neuroblastomas, from 20% to 50%, have resulted from clinical trials incorporating high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation, differentiating agents and immunotherapy with anti-GD2 monoclonal antibodies. […] The next generation of trials are designed to improve the initial response rates in patients with high-risk neuroblastomas via the addition of immunotherapies, targeted therapies (such as ALK inhibitors) and radiopharmaceuticals to standard induction regimens. […] Other trials are focused on testing precision medicine strategies for patients with relapsed and/or refractory disease, enhancing the antitumour immune response and improving the effectiveness of maintenance regimens, in order to prolong disease remission.

• #77 What is Neuroblastoma – Pediatric Hematology/Oncology – Golisano Children’s Hospital – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/childrens-hospital/hemonc/neuroblastoma

  Immunotherapy. This treatment helps the body’s immune system attack cancer cells. A substance called GD2 may be present in large amounts on neuroblastoma cells. Anti-GD2 monoclonal antibodies might be used if there’s a high risk of cancer returning. […] Retinoid therapy. Retinoid medicine may be used for 6 months after stem cell transplant if there’s a high risk of cancer returning. It can help reduce the chance of the cancer coming back. […] Supportive care. Treatment can cause side effects. Medicines and other treatments can be used for pain, fever, infection, and nausea and vomiting. […] Clinical trials. Ask your child’s healthcare provider if there are any treatments being tested that may work well for your child. Clinical trials allow your child to get the best treatment available now, and maybe new treatments that are expected to be better. Most children with cancer are treated as part of a clinical trial.

• #78 Neuroblastoma Treatment and Clinical Trials

  https://www.neuroblastoma-info.com/what-is-neuroblastoma/clinical-trials/

  Neuroblastoma treatment advancements through clinical trials. Over the years, many research studies (also known as clinical trials) have been conducted to understand the best ways to treat neuroblastoma. From these clinical trials, oncologists have established current standards for neuroblastoma treatment. Find more information on the current neuroblastoma treatment options. […] Clinical trials may provide your child the opportunity to receive cutting-edge treatment. Children with neuroblastoma are living longer today because of past clinical trials that showed new treatments were safe and effective. […] For example, in patients with high-risk neuroblastoma, the survival at diagnosis is reported to be about 50%. Clinical trials have shown that adding additional agents to the standard therapy improves survival in patients with treatment-responsive disease.

• #79 Treating Neuroblastoma | Neuroblastoma Treatment | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/neuroblastoma/treating.html

  If your child has been diagnosed with neuroblastoma, the cancer care team will discuss treatment options with you. Its important to consider both the benefits of each treatment option and the possible risks and side effects. […] Several types of treatment can be used for neuroblastoma: Neuroblastoma Surgery, Chemotherapy and Related Drugs for Neuroblastoma, Radiation Therapy for Neuroblastoma, High-dose Chemotherapy and Stem Cell Transplant for Neuroblastoma, Retinoid Therapy for Neuroblastoma, Immunotherapy for Neuroblastoma. […] Treatment of neuroblastoma depends on the risk group of the cancer, the childs age, and other factors, and might include more than one type of treatment. […] Treating neuroblastoma is complex and often requires a team approach that includes many different doctors, nurses, and other health professionals.

• #80 Neuroblastoma Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/neuroblastoma/patient/neuroblastoma-treatment-pdq

  Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer that forms in neuroblasts (immature nerve tissue) in the adrenal glands, neck, chest, or spinal cord. […] Genetic testing can determine whether a child has an inherited form of neuroblastoma. […] Sometimes children with certain gene mutations should be checked for signs of neuroblastoma. […] Signs and symptoms of neuroblastoma include bone pain or a lump in the abdomen, neck, or chest. […] Tests that examine many different body tissues and fluids are used to diagnose neuroblastoma. […] Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options. […] Treatment of neuroblastoma is based on risk groups. […] There are different types of treatment for children with neuroblastoma. […] Children with neuroblastoma should have their treatment planned by a team of doctors who are experts in treating childhood cancer, especially neuroblastoma.

• #81 Treating Neuroblastoma | Neuroblastoma Treatment | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/neuroblastoma/treating.html

  Your childs cancer care team will discuss the treatment options with you. Its important to discuss these options and their possible side effects with your childs doctors so you can make an informed decision. […] If time allows, getting a second opinion from another doctor experienced with treating neuroblastoma is often a good idea. […] Today, most children and teens with cancer are treated at specialized childrens cancer centers. These centers offer the most up-to-date-treatment by conducting clinical trials (studies of promising new therapies). […] Clinical trials are one way to get state-of-the art cancer treatment. […] Be sure to talk to your child’s cancer care team about any method you are thinking about using. […] Before treatment, the doctors and other members of the team will help you, as a parent, understand the tests that will need to be done. […] Your child’s cancer care team will be your first source of information and support, but there are other resources for help when you need it.

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