Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Neuroblastoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448111/

  Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most frequently-occurring extracranial childhood tumor. It is classified as an embryonal neuroendocrine tumor, originating from neural crest progenitor cells. […] Due to the high variability in its presentation, clinical signs and symptoms at presentation can range from benign palpable mass with distension to major illness from substantial tumor spread. […] Histologic confirmation is required to establish a diagnosis of neuroblastoma. Histologically, small round pale blue cells, known as Homer-Wright pseudorosettes, can be seen; these are similarly seen in Wilm’s tumor and Ewing sarcoma, leading to their common group categorization as small blue cell tumors. […] Thus, in over 90% of neuroblastoma, elevation in these catecholamine breakdown products in urine is diagnostic.

• #2 Neuroblastoma | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/neuroblastoma.html

  According to the American Cancer Society, about 700 cases of neuroblastoma are diagnosed each year in the United States. This accounts for about 7% of pediatric cancers. […] The most common cancer in infants, neuroblastoma is the fourth most common in all children. It almost always develops before age 5, and the average age of diagnosis is between 1 and 2 years. Occasionally, it can be seen in an ultrasound before a baby is born. […] From diagnosis through survivorship, each neuroblastoma patient at MD Anderson’s Children’s Cancer Hospital is cared for by a highly specialized team of experts. This team follows your child closely, communicating frequently with your family and each other to provide the best possible care. […] We are among the world’s leading authorities in neuroblastoma, and we draw upon the most advanced therapies, technology and techniques to diagnose and treat your child. […] Children’s Cancer Hospital offers clinical trials for innovative new treatments for neuroblastoma.

• #3 Neuroblastoma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/neuroblastoma?lang=us

  Neuroblastomas are tumors of neuroblastic origin. Although they may occur anywhere along the sympathetic chain, the vast majority arise from the adrenal gland. […] They represent the most common extracranial solid childhood malignancy and are the third most common childhood tumor after leukemia and brain malignancies. They account for ~15% of childhood cancer deaths. […] The tumors typically occur in infants and very young children (mean age of presentation being ~22 months) with 95% of cases diagnosed before the age of 10 years. Occasionally, they may be identified antenatally or immediately at birth (see congenital neuroblastoma). […] Typically with pain or a palpable mass and abdominal distension, although numerous other presentations may be encountered due to local mass effect. […] Neuroblastomas arise from the sympathetic nervous system, specifically from the primitive neuroectodermal cells or neural crest cells (adrenal medulla precursor).

• #4 Neuroblastoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448111/

  Diagnostic evaluation relies not only on a careful history and physical, but also on biochemical, histologic, and radiographic analyses. […] The tumor may occur anywhere along the sympathetic chain and can be mistaken for a Wilms tumor. […] Given the heterogeneity in tumor location, grade, and stage at diagnosis, treatment modalities include simple observation, surgical resection, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplantation, and immunotherapy. […] Surgery plays a vital role in the treatment of neuroblastoma. For localized disease, one can obtain a cure with surgery.

• #5 Diagnosing Neuroblastoma | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/neuroblastoma-in-children/diagnosis

  Oncologists at Hassenfeld Childrens Hospital at NYU Langone are experienced in diagnosing neuroblastoma, a rare cancer of the sympathetic nervous systemthe network of nerves that helps control the response to stress in organs and structures such as the intestines, smooth muscle, heart, and glands. […] Neuroblastoma may be diagnosed after the cancer has spread to the bones, bone marrow, liver, or a combination of these areas. Tumors that have spread require more aggressive treatment than those that havent. […] To diagnose a neuroblastoma, our oncologists ask about your childs medical history and perform a variety of tests. […] Your childs doctor examines him or her for lumps under the skin, swelling in the legs or abdomen, enlarged lymph nodes, and abnormal masses or growths. […] The doctor orders blood or urine tests for levels of catecholamines, hormones produced in the adrenal glands that are released during times of stress.

• #6 Neuroblastoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neuroblastoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351022

  A neuroblastoma diagnosis might start with a physical exam. Other tests and procedures include imaging tests and removing some tissue for testing. Your child’s healthcare team may use a variety of tests and procedures to diagnose this cancer. […] A healthcare professional may examine your child to check for signs of neuroblastoma. The healthcare professional may ask you questions about your child’s symptoms and health history. […] A healthcare professional might test your child’s urine and blood. The results can help the healthcare professional better understand your child’s condition. Urine tests might look for high levels of chemicals made by neuroblastoma cells. For example, neuroblastoma can produce chemicals called catecholamines. These might be detected by a urine test. […] Imaging tests make pictures of the body. They may help your child’s healthcare team find the location of neuroblastoma and look for signs that it may have spread.

• #7 Diagnosis of neuroblastoma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/neuroblastoma/diagnosis

  Diagnosis is the process of finding out the cause of a health problem. Diagnosing neuroblastoma usually begins with a visit to your child’s doctor. The doctor will ask about any symptoms your child has and do a physical exam. Based on this information, the doctor may refer your child to a specialist or order tests to check for neuroblastoma or other health problems. […] It’s important for the healthcare team to rule out other reasons for a health problem before making a diagnosis of neuroblastoma. If the doctor thinks your child has neuroblastoma, your child’s care will be managed by a healthcare team that specializes in caring for children with cancer. […] The following tests are commonly used to rule out or diagnose neuroblastoma. Many of the same tests used to diagnose cancer are also used to determine the stage, which is how far the cancer has spread.

• #8 Diagnosing Neuroblastoma | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/neuroblastoma-in-children/diagnosis

  Oncologists at Hassenfeld Childrens Hospital at NYU Langone are experienced in diagnosing neuroblastoma, a rare cancer of the sympathetic nervous systemthe network of nerves that helps control the response to stress in organs and structures such as the intestines, smooth muscle, heart, and glands. […] Neuroblastoma may be diagnosed after the cancer has spread to the bones, bone marrow, liver, or a combination of these areas. Tumors that have spread require more aggressive treatment than those that havent. […] To diagnose a neuroblastoma, our oncologists ask about your childs medical history and perform a variety of tests. […] Your childs doctor examines him or her for lumps under the skin, swelling in the legs or abdomen, enlarged lymph nodes, and abnormal masses or growths. […] The doctor orders blood or urine tests for levels of catecholamines, hormones produced in the adrenal glands that are released during times of stress.

• #9 Neuroblastoma – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1305

  Neuroblastoma is a rare, malignant tumor arising from the embryologic neural crest element of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system. […] Diagnosis can usually be confirmed by urine catecholamines and imaging; however, biopsy of the primary site (or bone marrow for staging purposes) is required to establish biology (i.e., cytogenetics, pathology) and to stratify risk. […] Key diagnostic factors include age 4 years, abdominal distension, abdominal mass, pain, decreased appetite, weight loss, fussiness (infants), fatigue, periorbital ecchymosis (raccoon eyes), subcutaneous skin nodules, family history of neuroblastic tumors, signs of spinal cord compression, signs of Horner syndrome, signs of superior vena cava syndrome, intractable secretory diarrhea, and opsoclonus-myoclonus ataxia (OMA).

• #10 Neuroblastoma Diagnosis

  https://tamc.co.il/en/article/neuroblastoma-diagnosis/

  Neuroblastoma is a tumor that develops from the adrenal glands or, less commonly, from the extra-adrenal sympathetic trunk, affecting the retroperitoneal space, chest, and neck. Biopsy results confirm the diagnosis. Treatment may include surgical removal, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplantation, cis-retinoic acid, and immunotherapy. […] Various types of procedures and studies used to diagnose neuroblastoma. These include: […] 1. Study medical history and physical examination to obtain information about symptoms, general health, past illnesses, family history, and other risk factors. […] 2. Laboratory tests for the study of substances in the blood and urine. These include a CBC and an assessment of kidney and liver function. […] 3. A neurological examination assesses various aspects of brain and nervous system functions, including memory, vision, hearing, muscle strength, balance, coordination, and reflexes.

• #11 Pediatric Neuroblastoma Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Other Tests

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/988284-workup

  Any child with a presumed diagnosis of neuroblastoma or any other childhood cancer should be referred to a pediatric cancer center for proper care and evaluation. Laboratory studies should include the following: […] A urinary catecholamine level is considered to be elevated if it is 3 standard deviations higher than the age-related reference range levels. […] The following studies may be indicated in patients with neuroblastomas: […] A CT scan of the primary site is essential to determine tumor extent. […] Bilateral bone marrow aspirates and biopsies should be performed to exclude metastatic disease. […] Biopsy findings are usually required to diagnose neuroblastoma. […] Even without a biopsy, the presence of elevated urinary catecholamines and a bone marrow aspirate or biopsy with unequivocal neuroblastoma cells is diagnostic.

• #12 Neuroblastoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neuroblastoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351022

  A neuroblastoma diagnosis might start with a physical exam. Other tests and procedures include imaging tests and removing some tissue for testing. Your child’s healthcare team may use a variety of tests and procedures to diagnose this cancer. […] A healthcare professional may examine your child to check for signs of neuroblastoma. The healthcare professional may ask you questions about your child’s symptoms and health history. […] A healthcare professional might test your child’s urine and blood. The results can help the healthcare professional better understand your child’s condition. Urine tests might look for high levels of chemicals made by neuroblastoma cells. For example, neuroblastoma can produce chemicals called catecholamines. These might be detected by a urine test. […] Imaging tests make pictures of the body. They may help your child’s healthcare team find the location of neuroblastoma and look for signs that it may have spread.

• #13 Neuroblastoma | Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/n/neuroblastoma

  Neuroblastoma is the most common malignant (cancerous) extracranial solid tumor of childhood. […] Although neuroblastoma often is present at birth, it generally is not detected until the tumor begins to grow and compress the surrounding organs. […] In some cases, neuroblastoma can be detected before birth by a fetal ultrasound. But usually a medical and physical examination must be done. A number of diagnostic tests and procedures must also be performed. These may include: […] Blood tests – These should include a complete blood count, blood chemistries, and kidney and liver function tests. […] Test of urine (pee) and plasma catecholamine excretion levels – These levels are usually higher than normal due to tumor production. […] Multiple imaging studies – Imaging can see the tumor and show the extent and location of any spread.

• #14 Tests for neuroblastoma | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/childrens-cancer/neuroblastoma/tests

  Your child will need a number of tests if their doctor suspects they have neuroblastoma. […] Tests to check for neuroblastoma might include one or more of the following: blood tests, ultrasound of the tummy area (abdomen), chest x-ray, MRI scan, CT scan, mIBG scan, PET-CT scan, bone scan, bone marrow biopsy, a biopsy – this means taking a sample of tumour cells to look at under a microscope, testing a sample of pee (urine). […] Doctors can use urine tests to help diagnose neuroblastoma. Neuroblastoma cells often make chemical messengers called catecholamines. […] When the body breaks down catecholamines, they normally pass out of the body in urine. Neuroblastoma tumours often produce catecholamines in large amounts. So measuring the amount of them in the urine can help your doctor diagnose neuroblastoma.

• #15 Neuroblastoma Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Diagnostic Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/439263-workup

  General laboratory studies should be routinely obtained in children suspected of having neuroblastoma. Results are as follows: A complete blood cell count (CBC) should be obtained to determine if the child has anemia, which typically does not occur until the tumor has become widely disseminated; in patients with overwhelming bone marrow involvement, thrombocytopenia may also be present. […] Elevated metabolic catecholamine by-products can be detected in the urine of patients with neuroblastoma. The presence of these by-products serves as useful inclusion criteria when the diagnosis of neuroblastoma is being considered. […] Ninety percent of neuroblastoma tumors secrete these by-products. This fact becomes clinically relevant because children with dedifferentiated tumors excrete higher levels of HVA than VMA. This occurs because dedifferentiated tumors have lost the final enzymatic pathway that converts HVA to VMA. A low VMA-to-HVA ratio is consistent with a poorly differentiated tumor and indicative of a poor prognosis.

• #16 Neuroblastoma – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1305

  1st investigations to order include FBC, serum electrolytes, serum creatinine/urea, liver function tests (LFTs), serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), urine catecholamines, ultrasound abdomen, CT scan, and MRI scan. […] Investigations to consider include tumour biopsy, bilateral bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, serum vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), 123-iodine-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy, and positron emission tomography with 18-F-deoxyglucose (18F-FDG PET).

• #17 Neuroblastoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neuroblastoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351022

  A neuroblastoma diagnosis might start with a physical exam. Other tests and procedures include imaging tests and removing some tissue for testing. Your child’s healthcare team may use a variety of tests and procedures to diagnose this cancer. […] A healthcare professional may examine your child to check for signs of neuroblastoma. The healthcare professional may ask you questions about your child’s symptoms and health history. […] A healthcare professional might test your child’s urine and blood. The results can help the healthcare professional better understand your child’s condition. Urine tests might look for high levels of chemicals made by neuroblastoma cells. For example, neuroblastoma can produce chemicals called catecholamines. These might be detected by a urine test. […] Imaging tests make pictures of the body. They may help your child’s healthcare team find the location of neuroblastoma and look for signs that it may have spread.

• #18 Tests for neuroblastoma | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/childrens-cancer/neuroblastoma/tests

  Your child will need a number of tests if their doctor suspects they have neuroblastoma. […] Tests to check for neuroblastoma might include one or more of the following: blood tests, ultrasound of the tummy area (abdomen), chest x-ray, MRI scan, CT scan, mIBG scan, PET-CT scan, bone scan, bone marrow biopsy, a biopsy – this means taking a sample of tumour cells to look at under a microscope, testing a sample of pee (urine). […] Doctors can use urine tests to help diagnose neuroblastoma. Neuroblastoma cells often make chemical messengers called catecholamines. […] When the body breaks down catecholamines, they normally pass out of the body in urine. Neuroblastoma tumours often produce catecholamines in large amounts. So measuring the amount of them in the urine can help your doctor diagnose neuroblastoma.

• #19 Tests for neuroblastoma | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/childrens-cancer/neuroblastoma/tests

  The ones that doctors test for to diagnose neuroblastoma are HMA (homovanillic acid) and VMA (vanillylmandelic acid). […] Neuroblastoma is a type of neuroendocrine tumour. […] An mIBG scan looks for this absorption in the body so it helps doctors diagnose neuroblastoma. […] A bone scan shows up changes or abnormalities in the bones. Your child might have this test to help doctors find out if the neuroblastoma has spread to the bone. […] Your child has this test to check whether there are neuroblastoma cells in the bone marrow. […] A biopsy is a safe test. Your child’s doctor goes through the risks and benefits with you.

• #20 Diagnosis of neuroblastoma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/neuroblastoma/diagnosis

  A urine test (urinalysis), is done to see if certain chemicals are in the urine. Some neuroblastoma cells make chemical substances called catecholamines. When these chemicals break down, they form homovanillic acid (HVA) and vanillylmandelic acid (VMA). Higher than normal levels of these acids in the urine may be a sign of neuroblastoma. […] Blood chemistry tests measure certain chemicals in the blood. They show how well certain organs are working and can help find abnormalities. Blood chemistry tests may also be used in staging neuroblastoma. […] A complete blood count (CBC) measures the number and quality of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets. A CBC is done to check for anemia (low red blood cell count) and the ability of blood to clot (platelet count). […] An ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to make images of parts of the body. An ultrasound can be used to examine the abdomen to look for a tumour or find out what is causing swelling.

• #21 Neuroblastoma Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Diagnostic Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/439263-workup

  General laboratory studies should be routinely obtained in children suspected of having neuroblastoma. Results are as follows: A complete blood cell count (CBC) should be obtained to determine if the child has anemia, which typically does not occur until the tumor has become widely disseminated; in patients with overwhelming bone marrow involvement, thrombocytopenia may also be present. […] Elevated metabolic catecholamine by-products can be detected in the urine of patients with neuroblastoma. The presence of these by-products serves as useful inclusion criteria when the diagnosis of neuroblastoma is being considered. […] Ninety percent of neuroblastoma tumors secrete these by-products. This fact becomes clinically relevant because children with dedifferentiated tumors excrete higher levels of HVA than VMA. This occurs because dedifferentiated tumors have lost the final enzymatic pathway that converts HVA to VMA. A low VMA-to-HVA ratio is consistent with a poorly differentiated tumor and indicative of a poor prognosis.

• #22 Pediatric Neuroblastoma Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Other Tests

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/988284-workup

  Any child with a presumed diagnosis of neuroblastoma or any other childhood cancer should be referred to a pediatric cancer center for proper care and evaluation. Laboratory studies should include the following: […] A urinary catecholamine level is considered to be elevated if it is 3 standard deviations higher than the age-related reference range levels. […] The following studies may be indicated in patients with neuroblastomas: […] A CT scan of the primary site is essential to determine tumor extent. […] Bilateral bone marrow aspirates and biopsies should be performed to exclude metastatic disease. […] Biopsy findings are usually required to diagnose neuroblastoma. […] Even without a biopsy, the presence of elevated urinary catecholamines and a bone marrow aspirate or biopsy with unequivocal neuroblastoma cells is diagnostic.

• #23 Neuroblastoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neuroblastoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351022

  A neuroblastoma diagnosis might start with a physical exam. Other tests and procedures include imaging tests and removing some tissue for testing. Your child’s healthcare team may use a variety of tests and procedures to diagnose this cancer. […] A healthcare professional may examine your child to check for signs of neuroblastoma. The healthcare professional may ask you questions about your child’s symptoms and health history. […] A healthcare professional might test your child’s urine and blood. The results can help the healthcare professional better understand your child’s condition. Urine tests might look for high levels of chemicals made by neuroblastoma cells. For example, neuroblastoma can produce chemicals called catecholamines. These might be detected by a urine test. […] Imaging tests make pictures of the body. They may help your child’s healthcare team find the location of neuroblastoma and look for signs that it may have spread.

• #24 Neuroblastoma Diagnosis & Staging | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/neuroblastoma/diagnosis

  How is neuroblastoma diagnosed? […] If your child needs tests to make or confirm a diagnosis of neuroblastoma, our team is available to you immediately. We will see your child within 24 hours of your call to MSK Kids. […] When you arrive for your childs appointment, we will perform a complete physical exam as well as do specialized tests to determine the cause of your childs symptoms. If we diagnose neuroblastoma, some of these exams can also determine the extent of its growth and spread. […] CT scanning and MRI can show where in the body the tumors are located as well as their size and shape. […] This scan is a form of nuclear medicine. […] During this test, we inject metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) into your childs vein. […] During a biopsy, we perform a minor surgical procedure to remove a tissue sample.

• #25 Diagnosing Neuroblastoma | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/neuroblastoma-in-children/diagnosis

  An ultrasound uses sound waves to create images of the abdominal organs and tissue. […] CT scans can reveal whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the neck, chest, or abdomen. […] MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create images of the soft tissues in the body. […] In this nuclear imaging test, a radioactive tracer is injected into a vein to help locate and diagnose neuroblastoma tumors. […] A bone marrow aspiration and biopsy may be performed to determine if cancer has spread to the bone marrow. […] If urine and bone marrow tests show signs of neuroblastoma, your doctor may confirm the diagnosis of neuroblastoma without further testing. […] If urine and bone marrow tests dont provide a definitive diagnosis, a surgeon performs a biopsy.

• #26 Neuroblastoma | Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/n/neuroblastoma

  Ultrasonography – This imaging technique uses high-frequency sound waves and a computer to create images of blood vessels, tissues and organs. It looks at internal organs as they function and assesses blood flow through various vessels. It is often the first test to screen for the presence of an abdominal tumor. […] Computerized tomography scan (also called CT or CAT scan) – This procedure combines X-rays and computer technology to produce cross-sectional images of the body. A CT scan shows detailed images of on any part of the body, including bones, muscles, fat and organs. CT scans are more detailed than standard X-rays. […] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – This procedure uses large magnets, radiofrequencies and a computer to produce detailed images of soft tissues to help identify and stage the tumor.

• #27 Pediatric Neuroblastoma Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Other Tests

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/988284-workup

  Any child with a presumed diagnosis of neuroblastoma or any other childhood cancer should be referred to a pediatric cancer center for proper care and evaluation. Laboratory studies should include the following: […] A urinary catecholamine level is considered to be elevated if it is 3 standard deviations higher than the age-related reference range levels. […] The following studies may be indicated in patients with neuroblastomas: […] A CT scan of the primary site is essential to determine tumor extent. […] Bilateral bone marrow aspirates and biopsies should be performed to exclude metastatic disease. […] Biopsy findings are usually required to diagnose neuroblastoma. […] Even without a biopsy, the presence of elevated urinary catecholamines and a bone marrow aspirate or biopsy with unequivocal neuroblastoma cells is diagnostic.

• #28 Diagnosis of neuroblastoma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/neuroblastoma/diagnosis

  An MRI may be used to find the tumour and determine its size. This can help doctors decide whether or not it can be removed with surgery. […] A CT scan of the primary tumour may be done to show the size of the tumour and if it is touching or next to vital structures. […] An MIBG scan is a nuclear imaging test. It involves injecting a special medicine called metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) that contains a small amount of radioactive material. […] A PET scan may be used to look for neuroblastoma that does not take up MIBG. […] A bone scan uses bone-seeking radioactive materials called radiopharmaceuticals and a computer to create a picture of the bones. It is used to see if neuroblastoma has spread to the bones (called bone metastasis). […] During a biopsy, the doctor removes tissues or cells from the body so they can be tested in a lab. A report from a pathologist will show whether or not cancer cells are found in the sample.

• #29 Diagnosis of neuroblastoma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/neuroblastoma/diagnosis

  An MRI may be used to find the tumour and determine its size. This can help doctors decide whether or not it can be removed with surgery. […] A CT scan of the primary tumour may be done to show the size of the tumour and if it is touching or next to vital structures. […] An MIBG scan is a nuclear imaging test. It involves injecting a special medicine called metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) that contains a small amount of radioactive material. […] A PET scan may be used to look for neuroblastoma that does not take up MIBG. […] A bone scan uses bone-seeking radioactive materials called radiopharmaceuticals and a computer to create a picture of the bones. It is used to see if neuroblastoma has spread to the bones (called bone metastasis). […] During a biopsy, the doctor removes tissues or cells from the body so they can be tested in a lab. A report from a pathologist will show whether or not cancer cells are found in the sample.

• #30 Neuroblastoma Diagnosis and Management – Adrenal Disorders – Pathology for Medicine

  https://www.picmonic.com/pathways/medicine/courses/standard/pathology-196/adrenal-disorders-39304/neuroblastoma-diagnosis-and-management_50267

  Neuron-blast Diagnostic-computer and Manager AnnaKreativina Neuroblastoma is the most common malignancy in infancy with a median age of presentation of 18 months. Diagnostic workup includes a 24-hour urine test for increased catecholamines, particularly homovanillic acid and vanillylmandelic acid. […] Over 90% of patients with neuroblastoma present with increased levels of HVA and VMA in serum and urine. […] Elevated levels of HVA and VMA in a 24-hour urine study, in addition to positive imaging and clinical findings, should raise concern for neuroblastoma. […] Ultrasound and plain radiographs are usually performed initially, depending on the presenting symptoms. […] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the preferred radiologic study for the evaluation of neuroblastoma. […] Image-guided needle aspiration of the tumor is required for genetic and histological evaluation.

• #31 Neuroblastoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroblastoma

  Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer that forms in certain types of nerve tissue. Symptoms may include bone pain, a lump in the abdomen, neck, or chest, or a painless bluish lump under the skin. […] Diagnosis is based on a tissue biopsy. […] The diagnosis is usually confirmed by a surgical pathologist, taking into account the clinical presentation, microscopic findings, and other laboratory tests. […] In about 90% of cases of neuroblastoma, elevated levels of catecholamines or their metabolites are found in the urine or blood. […] Another way to detect neuroblastoma is the meta-iodobenzylguanidine scan, which is taken up by 90 to 95% of all neuroblastomas, often termed „mIBG-avid”. […] A variety of immunohistochemical stains are used by pathologists to distinguish neuroblastomas from histological mimics, such as rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, lymphoma and Wilms’ tumor. […] The „International Neuroblastoma Staging System” (INSS) established in 1986 and revised in 1988 stratifies neuroblastoma according to its anatomical presence at diagnosis. […] Urine catecholamine level can be elevated in pre-clinical neuroblastoma.

• #32 Diagnosis of neuroblastoma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/neuroblastoma/diagnosis

  An MRI may be used to find the tumour and determine its size. This can help doctors decide whether or not it can be removed with surgery. […] A CT scan of the primary tumour may be done to show the size of the tumour and if it is touching or next to vital structures. […] An MIBG scan is a nuclear imaging test. It involves injecting a special medicine called metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) that contains a small amount of radioactive material. […] A PET scan may be used to look for neuroblastoma that does not take up MIBG. […] A bone scan uses bone-seeking radioactive materials called radiopharmaceuticals and a computer to create a picture of the bones. It is used to see if neuroblastoma has spread to the bones (called bone metastasis). […] During a biopsy, the doctor removes tissues or cells from the body so they can be tested in a lab. A report from a pathologist will show whether or not cancer cells are found in the sample.

• #33 How is Neuroblastoma Diagnosed | Tests and Scans

  https://www.neuroblastoma-info.com/what-is-neuroblastoma/how-is-it-diagnosed/

  If your child is thought to have neuroblastoma, the healthcare team will gather information using a series of tests and imaging scans. […] After the tests are complete and the oncologist reviews the results, your child’s neuroblastoma will be assigned to either the nonhigh-risk (low- or intermediate-risk) or the high-risk group. […] Urine and blood tests are done as part of the diagnosis process and are also monitored throughout your child’s treatment. […] To make a neuroblastoma diagnosis, your child’s oncologist may order some or all of the following scans. […] Following the MIBG scan, the doctor will review the images for bright spots (indicative of cancer cells) and provide a curie score. A curie score is a measure of the extent of neuroblastoma in your child’s body and helps predict the severity of their disease.

• #34 Neuroblastoma | Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/n/neuroblastoma

  Bone scans – These are X-rays of the bone that are taken after an injected dye is absorbed by bone tissue. Bone scans are used to detect tumors and bone abnormalities. […] PET Scan This is an imaging test to see all tissues in the body. It detects tissues with a higher metabolic rate including the cells in tumors. […] MIBG scans – This scan highlights the location of the tumors in a patients body using a special substance. […] Bone marrow biopsy and / or aspiration – Experts can look at the number, size and maturity of blood cells and / or abnormal cells. […] Biopsy of primary tumor and / or metastatic lesions.

• #35 Diagnosis of neuroblastoma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/neuroblastoma/diagnosis

  An MRI may be used to find the tumour and determine its size. This can help doctors decide whether or not it can be removed with surgery. […] A CT scan of the primary tumour may be done to show the size of the tumour and if it is touching or next to vital structures. […] An MIBG scan is a nuclear imaging test. It involves injecting a special medicine called metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) that contains a small amount of radioactive material. […] A PET scan may be used to look for neuroblastoma that does not take up MIBG. […] A bone scan uses bone-seeking radioactive materials called radiopharmaceuticals and a computer to create a picture of the bones. It is used to see if neuroblastoma has spread to the bones (called bone metastasis). […] During a biopsy, the doctor removes tissues or cells from the body so they can be tested in a lab. A report from a pathologist will show whether or not cancer cells are found in the sample.

• #36 Neuroblastoma | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/neuroblastoma

  PET (positron emission tomography) scan. Like an MIBG scan, this scan detects neuroblastoma throughout the body after the injection of a small amount of radiation tagged to a sugar-like compound. This is especially useful in the 10 to 15 percent of cases where MIBG is not a useful diagnostic tool. […] Urine VMA/HVA test. This test will determine the amount of a substance called catecholamines that is found in the urine, and is produced and secreted by the tumor. […] Tissue biopsy. This test allows us to collect a small sample of the tumor. It is done in the operating room or in the interventional radiology suite. This test can confirm the diagnosis of relapsed neuroblastoma, and can be used to perform genetic testing for specific mutations that might be targets for new drugs. The rationale for and logistics of a biopsy would be discussed with you in detail.

• #37 Neuroblastoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neuroblastoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351022

  Imaging tests for neuroblastoma may include: X-ray, Ultrasound, Computerized tomography scan, also called CT scan, Magnetic resonance imaging, also called MRI, Metaiodobenzylguanidine scan, also called MIBG scan. […] Not everyone needs each test. The healthcare team will decide which tests are needed based on your child’s condition. […] A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing in a lab. To get the sample, a healthcare professional might put a hollow needle through the skin and into the cancer. The health professional uses the needle to draw out some cells for testing. Sometimes a surgeon removes the tissue sample during surgery. […] In the lab, tests can check the tissue for signs of cancer. Other tests might look for changes in the DNA inside the cancer cells. Results from these tests may help your child’s healthcare team make a treatment plan.

• #38 Neuroblastoma Diagnosis | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/neuroblastoma/neuroblastoma-diagnosis.html

  One of several imaging methods can be used to diagnose neuroblastoma, including: CT (computed tomography) scans, MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scans, MIBG scan. A chemical called MIBG with radioactive iodine is injected into a vein. As it moves through the body, images are taken with a special camera, X-rays, Bone scans, Ultrasound, PET (positive emission tomography) scans. […] If a tumor is seen on imaging tests, a biopsy will be done to confirm it is neuroblastoma. […] In a biopsy, the doctor removes a small amount of cells to look at with a microscope. […] A biopsy for neuroblastoma is usually done one of the following ways: Surgery: An incision (cut) is made in the skin close to the tumor and cells from the tumor are removed, Needle biopsy: A thin, hollow needle is inserted into the tumor. Suction is applied to remove a small amount of tissue. […] If a tumor is difficult to reach, a CT scan may be used help guide the needle.

• #39 How is Neuroblastoma Diagnosed | Tests and Scans

  https://www.neuroblastoma-info.com/what-is-neuroblastoma/how-is-it-diagnosed/

  Biopsies are used to confirm a neuroblastoma diagnosis, the type of tumor, and if the cancer has metastasized to the bone marrow. […] All of these tests and scans will give your child’s oncologist and healthcare team a lot of helpful information about the type of neuroblastoma your child may have. They will use this information to determine your child’s neuroblastoma risk group and treatment. […] Your child’s oncologist will evaluate the tests and image scan results to determine your child’s risk group. This risk refers to the risk of relapse (the risk of the neuroblastoma returning after treatment). […] Neuroblastoma is classified as low-, intermediate-, or high-risk. The treatment your child will receive depends on their risk group. For example, a child with high-risk neuroblastoma may receive more intensive treatment because they have a higher risk of relapse.

• #40 Neuroblastoma Diagnosis & Staging | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/neuroblastoma/diagnosis

  How is neuroblastoma diagnosed? […] If your child needs tests to make or confirm a diagnosis of neuroblastoma, our team is available to you immediately. We will see your child within 24 hours of your call to MSK Kids. […] When you arrive for your childs appointment, we will perform a complete physical exam as well as do specialized tests to determine the cause of your childs symptoms. If we diagnose neuroblastoma, some of these exams can also determine the extent of its growth and spread. […] CT scanning and MRI can show where in the body the tumors are located as well as their size and shape. […] This scan is a form of nuclear medicine. […] During this test, we inject metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) into your childs vein. […] During a biopsy, we perform a minor surgical procedure to remove a tissue sample.

• #41 Neuroblastoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448111/

  Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most frequently-occurring extracranial childhood tumor. It is classified as an embryonal neuroendocrine tumor, originating from neural crest progenitor cells. […] Due to the high variability in its presentation, clinical signs and symptoms at presentation can range from benign palpable mass with distension to major illness from substantial tumor spread. […] Histologic confirmation is required to establish a diagnosis of neuroblastoma. Histologically, small round pale blue cells, known as Homer-Wright pseudorosettes, can be seen; these are similarly seen in Wilm’s tumor and Ewing sarcoma, leading to their common group categorization as small blue cell tumors. […] Thus, in over 90% of neuroblastoma, elevation in these catecholamine breakdown products in urine is diagnostic.

• #42 Neuroblastoma Diagnosis and Management – Adrenal Disorders – Pathology for Medicine

  https://www.picmonic.com/pathways/medicine/courses/standard/pathology-196/adrenal-disorders-39304/neuroblastoma-diagnosis-and-management_50267

  One of the histological findings in neuroblastoma is the presence of small round blue cells with hyperchromatic nuclei. […] Bombesin is a neuropeptide released from neuroblastoma tumor cells and promotes cell growth. […] Neuron specific enolase (NSE) is an important marker in neuroendocrine tumors. […] Surgery can be a definitive treatment for low-risk neuroblastoma. […] Chemotherapy is part of the core management for patients with intermediate and high-risk neuroblastoma. […] Due to the risks associated with radiation in children, radiotherapy is reserved for high-risk neuroblastoma.

• #43 Neuroblastoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neuroblastoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351022

  Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are procedures that involve collecting cells from the bone marrow. The cells are sent for testing. These procedures are used to check if neuroblastoma has spread to the bone marrow. […] The healthcare team uses the results from these tests to give the neuroblastoma a stage. The stage tells the healthcare team about the prognosis and helps the team create a treatment plan.

• #44 Neuroblastoma | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/neuroblastoma

  Neuroblastoma is a tumor of nerve tissue that develops in infants and children and can occur in many areas of the body. […] Your child will need to have a series of tests to help doctors understand the extent of the disease. Some neuroblastoma tests include: […] 123I-MIBG scan. A small amount of radioactive iodine (123I), linked to the very specific neuroblastoma chemical MIBG, is injected and an area of the body is viewed through pictures taken 24 hours later. […] CT scan (computerized tomography) or MRI scan (magnetic resonance imaging). These scans are done to get pictures of the head, chest, abdomen and/or pelvis to measure the size of the tumor and to look for spread of the disease. […] Bone marrow aspirate and biopsy. Bone marrow is removed from the bone (usually the hip bone) either by aspiration (suctioning a small amount through a hollow needle) or by biopsy (cutting out a small piece of bone marrow). This test is generally done under anesthesia.

• #45 Pediatric Neuroblastoma Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Other Tests

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/988284-workup

  Any child with a presumed diagnosis of neuroblastoma or any other childhood cancer should be referred to a pediatric cancer center for proper care and evaluation. Laboratory studies should include the following: […] A urinary catecholamine level is considered to be elevated if it is 3 standard deviations higher than the age-related reference range levels. […] The following studies may be indicated in patients with neuroblastomas: […] A CT scan of the primary site is essential to determine tumor extent. […] Bilateral bone marrow aspirates and biopsies should be performed to exclude metastatic disease. […] Biopsy findings are usually required to diagnose neuroblastoma. […] Even without a biopsy, the presence of elevated urinary catecholamines and a bone marrow aspirate or biopsy with unequivocal neuroblastoma cells is diagnostic.

• #46 Neuroblastoma – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1305

  1st investigations to order include FBC, serum electrolytes, serum creatinine/urea, liver function tests (LFTs), serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), urine catecholamines, ultrasound abdomen, CT scan, and MRI scan. […] Investigations to consider include tumour biopsy, bilateral bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, serum vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), 123-iodine-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy, and positron emission tomography with 18-F-deoxyglucose (18F-FDG PET).

• #47 Pediatric Neuroblastoma Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Other Tests

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/988284-workup

  The patient should undergo a staging workup along with surgical resection or biopsy, as appropriate. Using various molecular features in conjunction with pathology and staging is essential to appropriately stratify patients and determine the best therapy. […] The International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS) is currently used in all cooperative group studies in the United States. […] The INRG was formulated to be used in international settings and to facilitate comparison of treatment outcomes across studies to allow common definitions among all groups.

• #48 Diagnosis of neuroblastoma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/neuroblastoma/diagnosis

  During a bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, the doctor removes tissues or cells from the bone marrow so they can be tested in a lab. A bone marrow aspiration and biopsy may be used to see if neuroblastoma has spread to the bone marrow. […] Doctors usually examine and take biopsy samples of enlarged lymph nodes. […] Molecular genetic methods are used in combination with cell and tissue studies. They look at abnormalities in chromosomes or the DNA of cells and tissue. Doctors use these methods to identify changes to the chromosomes and genes, such as duplications, translocations, mutations and deletions.

• #49 Neuroblastoma Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/neuroblastoma/patient/neuroblastoma-treatment-pdq

  The following tests and procedures may be used: Urine catecholamine studies, Blood chemistry studies, Ferritin level, MIBG scan, CT scan (CAT scan), MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) with gadolinium, PET scan (positron emission tomography scan), X-ray of the chest or bone, Ultrasound exam, Tumor biopsy, Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, Lymph node biopsy, Light microscopy, Immunohistochemistry, Molecular testing, ALK or PHOX2B genetic tests. […] You may want to get a second opinion to confirm their child’s neuroblastoma diagnosis and treatment plan. […] The prognosis and treatment options depend on: age at the time of diagnosis, the child’s risk group, whether there are certain changes in the MYCN or ALK genes, whether the tumor is diploid or hyperdiploid, whether there are changes to the tumor chromosomes, the type of tumor neurotrophin receptor, where in the body the tumor started (abdomen, chest, neck, or spine), the stage of the cancer, levels of LDH and ferritin, how the tumor responds to treatment, how much time passed between diagnosis and when the cancer recurred (for recurrent cancer).

• #50 Neuroblastoma – Pediatrics – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/pediatric-cancers/neuroblastoma

  At diagnosis, attempts should be made to obtain adequate tumor tissue to analyze for DNA index (the ratio of the amount of DNA in a tumor cell to the amount in a normal cell; the DNA index is thus a quantitative measure of chromosome content) and amplification of the MYCN oncogene. […] After staging, the staging information, along with other known prognostic factors, including patient age, histology, MYCN amplification, molecular information from the tumor, and DNA index, is used to categorize patients to guide treatment intensity and determine the prognosis for and likelihood of a recurrence of disease after treatment.

• #51 Neuroblastoma Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Diagnostic Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/439263-workup

  The minimal diagnostic criteria for diagnosing neuroblastoma have been established by an international group of conferees and corresponding participants. These criteria include (1) unequivocal pathologic diagnosis or (2) unequivocal bone marrow (syncytia) and elevated levels of urinary catecholamine metabolic by-products. Both of these diagnostic criteria require a histopathologic diagnosis.

• #52 Neuroblastoma : Diagnosis

  https://www.webpathology.com/images/endocrine/adrenal/neuroblastoma/41675

  According to internationally accepted criteria, the diagnosis of neuroblastoma must be based on one of the following: 1) An unequivocal pathologic diagnosis made from the tumor tissue by light microscopy (with or without ancillary studies, including immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, increased levels of serum catecholamines or urinary catecholamine metabolites (VMA, HVA). 2) The combination of a bone marrow aspirate or a trephine biopsy containing unequivocal tumor cells and increased levels of serum catecholamines or urinary catecholamine metabolites. […] This undifferentiated neuroblastoma is a higher magnification of the previous image.

• #53 Neuroblastomas: Symptoms and treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/neuroblastomas

  Neuroblastoma is a cancer that arises in cells derived from the neural crest, and tumours can develop at any site in the sympathetic nervous system. Neuroblastoma is an embryonal neoplasm that is predominantly a disease of early childhood. […] Most children are diagnosed under the age of 5 years, with a median age at diagnosis of 17 months. […] Diagnosis can usually be confirmed by urine catecholamines and imaging. However, biopsy of the primary site (or bone marrow for staging purposes) is required to establish biology and risk stratification. […] The ultimate diagnosis of neuroblastoma can be confirmed either by tumour tissue biopsy with histopathological diagnosis or by the combination of either elevated urine or serum catecholamine levels or a positive MIBG scan plus a bone marrow aspirate or biopsy with detectable tumour cells.

• #54 Diagnosing Neuroblastoma | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/neuroblastoma-in-children/diagnosis

  An ultrasound uses sound waves to create images of the abdominal organs and tissue. […] CT scans can reveal whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the neck, chest, or abdomen. […] MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create images of the soft tissues in the body. […] In this nuclear imaging test, a radioactive tracer is injected into a vein to help locate and diagnose neuroblastoma tumors. […] A bone marrow aspiration and biopsy may be performed to determine if cancer has spread to the bone marrow. […] If urine and bone marrow tests show signs of neuroblastoma, your doctor may confirm the diagnosis of neuroblastoma without further testing. […] If urine and bone marrow tests dont provide a definitive diagnosis, a surgeon performs a biopsy.

• #55 Pediatric Neuroblastoma Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Other Tests

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/988284-workup

  The patient should undergo a staging workup along with surgical resection or biopsy, as appropriate. Using various molecular features in conjunction with pathology and staging is essential to appropriately stratify patients and determine the best therapy. […] The International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS) is currently used in all cooperative group studies in the United States. […] The INRG was formulated to be used in international settings and to facilitate comparison of treatment outcomes across studies to allow common definitions among all groups.

• #56 How is Neuroblastoma Diagnosed | Tests and Scans

  https://www.neuroblastoma-info.com/what-is-neuroblastoma/how-is-it-diagnosed/

  Biopsies are used to confirm a neuroblastoma diagnosis, the type of tumor, and if the cancer has metastasized to the bone marrow. […] All of these tests and scans will give your child’s oncologist and healthcare team a lot of helpful information about the type of neuroblastoma your child may have. They will use this information to determine your child’s neuroblastoma risk group and treatment. […] Your child’s oncologist will evaluate the tests and image scan results to determine your child’s risk group. This risk refers to the risk of relapse (the risk of the neuroblastoma returning after treatment). […] Neuroblastoma is classified as low-, intermediate-, or high-risk. The treatment your child will receive depends on their risk group. For example, a child with high-risk neuroblastoma may receive more intensive treatment because they have a higher risk of relapse.

• #57 Neuroblastoma Diagnosis and Stages | Neuroblastoma | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/conditions-treatments/neuroblastoma/neuroblastoma-diagnosis-and-stages/

  UT Southwestern Medical Center partners with Childrens Health to diagnose and treat pediatric cancers such as neuroblastoma. […] Our pediatric cancer specialists use the most advanced diagnostic tools to identify neuroblastoma. […] Our physicians begin with a thorough evaluation that includes a: […] We may order additional tests, such as: […] Staging is a way to measure the spread and size of the cancer. This helps our doctors create a treatment plan thats personalized to each patient. […] There are two recognized staging systems for neuroblastoma: […] INRGSS was developed to determine how aggressive the neuroblastoma is before treatment starts.

• #58 Neuroblastomas: Symptoms and treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/neuroblastomas

  The evaluation to determine the disease stage in children with neuroblastoma commonly includes imaging of the primary tumour site with CT or MRI to determine primary tumour size and regional invasion and spread as well as additional imaging of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis to identify spread to another distant site. […] The International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS) was developed as a prognostic and research tool. […] Almost half of all patients presenting with neuroblastoma are stage 3 or stage 4 at diagnosis but, if those patients have a favourable tumour genome and histology, they may still fall into the low-risk category with a very good overall survival. […] The International Risk Group Staging System (INRGSS) has been developed to define homogeneous, pre-treatment patient cohorts to facilitate accurate comparison in risk-based clinical trials.

• #59 Neuroblastoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroblastoma

  Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer that forms in certain types of nerve tissue. Symptoms may include bone pain, a lump in the abdomen, neck, or chest, or a painless bluish lump under the skin. […] Diagnosis is based on a tissue biopsy. […] The diagnosis is usually confirmed by a surgical pathologist, taking into account the clinical presentation, microscopic findings, and other laboratory tests. […] In about 90% of cases of neuroblastoma, elevated levels of catecholamines or their metabolites are found in the urine or blood. […] Another way to detect neuroblastoma is the meta-iodobenzylguanidine scan, which is taken up by 90 to 95% of all neuroblastomas, often termed „mIBG-avid”. […] A variety of immunohistochemical stains are used by pathologists to distinguish neuroblastomas from histological mimics, such as rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, lymphoma and Wilms’ tumor. […] The „International Neuroblastoma Staging System” (INSS) established in 1986 and revised in 1988 stratifies neuroblastoma according to its anatomical presence at diagnosis. […] Urine catecholamine level can be elevated in pre-clinical neuroblastoma.

• #60 Neuroblastoma Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/neuroblastoma/patient/neuroblastoma-treatment-pdq

  Prognosis and treatment options for neuroblastoma are also affected by tumor histology, which includes: the patterns of the tumor cells, how different the tumor cells are from normal cells, how fast the tumor cells are growing. […] The tumor histology is said to be favorable or unfavorable, depending on these factors. […] In some children up to age 6 months, neuroblastoma may disappear without treatment. This is called spontaneous regression. The child is closely watched for signs or symptoms of neuroblastoma. If signs or symptoms occur, treatment may be needed. […] After neuroblastoma has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer has spread from where it started to other parts of the body. […] The International Neuroblastoma Risk Group Staging System (INRGSS) is used to determine the stage of neuroblastoma. […] Treatment of neuroblastoma is based on risk groups. […] Sometimes neuroblastoma does not respond to treatment or comes back after treatment.

• #61 Neuroblastoma: What is It, Stages, Causes, Symptoms, Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14390-neuroblastoma

  Neuroblastoma is a rare cancer that develops in nerve tissue. […] Most children with neuroblastoma receive a diagnosis before age 5. In fact, neuroblastoma is the most common cancer in infants. Sometimes, providers diagnose neuroblastoma in a developing fetus during a prenatal ultrasound. […] To diagnose neuroblastoma, your child’s provider will do a physical and neurological examination. A neurological exam checks your child’s nerve function, reflexes and coordination. Your child’s provider may order several tests to confirm a diagnosis and see if the cancer has spread. […] The risk categories for neuroblastoma are: Low-risk neuroblastoma, Intermediate-risk neuroblastoma, High-risk neuroblastoma. […] Treatment for neuroblastoma depends on your child’s age and the disease stage, risk category and tumor location.

• #62 How is Neuroblastoma Diagnosed | Tests and Scans

  https://www.neuroblastoma-info.com/what-is-neuroblastoma/how-is-it-diagnosed/

  Biopsies are used to confirm a neuroblastoma diagnosis, the type of tumor, and if the cancer has metastasized to the bone marrow. […] All of these tests and scans will give your child’s oncologist and healthcare team a lot of helpful information about the type of neuroblastoma your child may have. They will use this information to determine your child’s neuroblastoma risk group and treatment. […] Your child’s oncologist will evaluate the tests and image scan results to determine your child’s risk group. This risk refers to the risk of relapse (the risk of the neuroblastoma returning after treatment). […] Neuroblastoma is classified as low-, intermediate-, or high-risk. The treatment your child will receive depends on their risk group. For example, a child with high-risk neuroblastoma may receive more intensive treatment because they have a higher risk of relapse.

• #63 FAQ About Neuroblastoma | Alex’s Lemonade Stand Foundation for Childhood Cancer

  https://www.alexslemonade.org/childhood-cancer/type/neuroblastoma-faq

  The cancer cells must be killed with chemotherapy drugs and radiation, removed with surgery, or encouraged to mature into normal nerve cells with help from drugs called retinoids. After diagnosis and staging, the pediatric oncologist will discuss the best-known treatment or a clinical trial based on a child’s risk category. […] The five-year survival rates vary depending on the level of risk. Children in the low-risk group has a 5-year survival rate of more than 95%. The high-risk group has a survival rate ranging from 90% to 95%, and the rate for children in the low-risk group is approximately 50%.

• #64 Neuroblastoma: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/neuroblastoma

  After diagnosing neuroblastoma, your childs doctor will stage their cancer. […] The stage of your childs cancer determines their course of treatment, which is why staging is crucial. […] How is neuroblastoma treated? […] The treatment for neuroblastoma depends on your childs age and the stage of their cancer. […] Many children with neuroblastoma will have more than one type of treatment. […] Your childs outlook will depend on their cancers stage and risk level. […] According to the American Cancer Society, children with low-risk neuroblastoma have a five-year survival rate thats higher than 95 percent. […] Children with intermediate-risk neuroblastoma have a five-year survival rate of about 90 to 95 percent. […] Those in the high-risk group have a five-year survival rate of about 40 to 50 percent.

• #65 Neuroblastoma Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/neuroblastoma/patient/neuroblastoma-treatment-pdq

  The following tests and procedures may be used: Urine catecholamine studies, Blood chemistry studies, Ferritin level, MIBG scan, CT scan (CAT scan), MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) with gadolinium, PET scan (positron emission tomography scan), X-ray of the chest or bone, Ultrasound exam, Tumor biopsy, Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, Lymph node biopsy, Light microscopy, Immunohistochemistry, Molecular testing, ALK or PHOX2B genetic tests. […] You may want to get a second opinion to confirm their child’s neuroblastoma diagnosis and treatment plan. […] The prognosis and treatment options depend on: age at the time of diagnosis, the child’s risk group, whether there are certain changes in the MYCN or ALK genes, whether the tumor is diploid or hyperdiploid, whether there are changes to the tumor chromosomes, the type of tumor neurotrophin receptor, where in the body the tumor started (abdomen, chest, neck, or spine), the stage of the cancer, levels of LDH and ferritin, how the tumor responds to treatment, how much time passed between diagnosis and when the cancer recurred (for recurrent cancer).

• #66 Neuroblastomas: Symptoms and treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/neuroblastomas

  Modern protocols, including induction chemotherapy, surgical resection, high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell rescue (ASCR), external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), and immunotherapy or differentiating agents, have improved outcomes, with 3-year survival rates now exceeding 60%. […] Prognosis can be assessed using the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group Staging System (INRGSS) and incorporating segmental chromosome aberrations as an additional genomic biomarker.

• #67 Neuroblastoma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/neuroblastoma?lang=us

  Most secrete catecholamines vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and homovanillic acid (HVA). […] Treatment depends on the patient’s stage. Localized tumors considered to be low-risk are surgically excised or sent for minimally invasive surgery, and patients tend to do very well. In high-risk tumors, a combination of surgery, chemotherapy +/- bone marrow transplantation is employed, unfortunately with poor overall results. […] Patients with stage 1, 2, or 4S have a better prognosis. Unfortunately 40-60% of patients present with stage 3 or 4 diseases. For advanced disease, the age of the child is most important.

• #68 Neuroblastoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroblastoma

  Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer that forms in certain types of nerve tissue. Symptoms may include bone pain, a lump in the abdomen, neck, or chest, or a painless bluish lump under the skin. […] Diagnosis is based on a tissue biopsy. […] The diagnosis is usually confirmed by a surgical pathologist, taking into account the clinical presentation, microscopic findings, and other laboratory tests. […] In about 90% of cases of neuroblastoma, elevated levels of catecholamines or their metabolites are found in the urine or blood. […] Another way to detect neuroblastoma is the meta-iodobenzylguanidine scan, which is taken up by 90 to 95% of all neuroblastomas, often termed „mIBG-avid”. […] A variety of immunohistochemical stains are used by pathologists to distinguish neuroblastomas from histological mimics, such as rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, lymphoma and Wilms’ tumor. […] The „International Neuroblastoma Staging System” (INSS) established in 1986 and revised in 1988 stratifies neuroblastoma according to its anatomical presence at diagnosis. […] Urine catecholamine level can be elevated in pre-clinical neuroblastoma.

• #69 Neuroblastoma in an Adult: Case Presentation and Literature Review

  http://www.annclinlabsci.org/content/43/1/81.full

  Neuroblastoma is the most common malignancy in children less than one year of age, but is rare in adults. […] The diagnosis may not be initially considered because of the rarity, which emphasizes the importance of immunohistochemical staining and cytogenetic testing in aiding the diagnosis. […] Because neuroblastoma is exceedingly uncommon in adult patients, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and cytogenetic testing are often vital diagnostic tools. […] Growing evidence suggests that adult neuroblastoma differs from pediatric cases by lacking classic features, including low incidence of MYCN amplification, urine catecholamine elevation, and MIBG (iodine-131-metaiodobenzylguanidine, an analog of norepinephrine) avidity. […] Neuroblastoma may be diagnosed by morphology, and has been shown to express CD56, chromogranin A, synaptophysin, neurofilament, and neuron-specific enolase.

• #70 Neuroblastoma in an Adult: Case Presentation and Literature Review

  http://www.annclinlabsci.org/content/43/1/81.full

  Neuroblastoma is the most common malignancy in children less than one year of age, but is rare in adults. […] The diagnosis may not be initially considered because of the rarity, which emphasizes the importance of immunohistochemical staining and cytogenetic testing in aiding the diagnosis. […] Because neuroblastoma is exceedingly uncommon in adult patients, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and cytogenetic testing are often vital diagnostic tools. […] Growing evidence suggests that adult neuroblastoma differs from pediatric cases by lacking classic features, including low incidence of MYCN amplification, urine catecholamine elevation, and MIBG (iodine-131-metaiodobenzylguanidine, an analog of norepinephrine) avidity. […] Neuroblastoma may be diagnosed by morphology, and has been shown to express CD56, chromogranin A, synaptophysin, neurofilament, and neuron-specific enolase.

• #71 Pathology Outlines – Neuroblastoma

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/adrenalneuroblastoma.html

  Neuroblastoma is a primitive neoplasm of neuroectodermal origin composed of immature neuroblasts. […] Diagnosis involves abdominal imaging and laboratory markers. […] Urine biochemistry for catecholamines or their metabolites is useful. […] Nonspecific markers include thrombocytosis, increased ferritin, neuron-specific enolase, and lactate dehydrogenase. […] Abdominal imaging and laboratory markers are useful for diagnosis.

• #72 Neuroblastoma – Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/ddi/neuroblastoma/

  Elevated levels of catecholamine metabolites such as vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in urine or blood are indicative of neuroblastoma. […] The presentation of neuroblastoma may be similar to that of other conditions. […] Surgery is often the initial treatment for neuroblastoma, particularly for patients with localized tumors. […] Chemotherapy is a cornerstone of neuroblastoma treatment, especially for intermediate-risk and high-risk cases. […] Radiation therapy is typically used in high-risk neuroblastoma cases, particularly when surgical resection is incomplete or when there is residual disease after chemotherapy and surgery. […] Immunotherapy has emerged as an important component of neuroblastoma treatment. […] Throughout pharmacotherapy for neuroblastoma, clinicians should monitor patients for any potential adverse effects and drug interactions.

• #73 Neuroblastoma in adults: Differential diagnosis of giant retroperitoneal mass

  https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2524-177X2021000300136

  Neuroblastoma develops from the cells of the primitive neural crest, although being the fourth most frequent cancer in childhood, it is seldom seen in adults, and when found in them, symptoms are usually nonspecific such as abdominal and lumbar pain, therefore, diagnosis is rarely suspected and often delayed. […] Definitive diagnosis requires histopathological examination. […] Persistence of these symptoms especially in young adults without relevant medical history, as our patient, should be followed by appropriate imaging studies in an attempt to make an appropriate diagnosis. […] Definitive diagnosis requires histopathological examination, the finding of sheets of Homer-Wright pseudorosettes, consisting of neuroblasts surrounding eosinophilic neuropil, is a pathognomonic feature. […] Taking into account that our patient was classified as INSS Stage 1 (low risk), we should expect a favorable prognosis in the short and medium term. Both, clinical suspicion and carrying out an adequate and complete diagnostic work-up are of utmost importance considering that prognosis is determined by tumor stage and presence of metastases, and when feasible, surgical resection is the treatment of choice.

• #74 Neuroblastoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroblastoma

  Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer that forms in certain types of nerve tissue. Symptoms may include bone pain, a lump in the abdomen, neck, or chest, or a painless bluish lump under the skin. […] Diagnosis is based on a tissue biopsy. […] The diagnosis is usually confirmed by a surgical pathologist, taking into account the clinical presentation, microscopic findings, and other laboratory tests. […] In about 90% of cases of neuroblastoma, elevated levels of catecholamines or their metabolites are found in the urine or blood. […] Another way to detect neuroblastoma is the meta-iodobenzylguanidine scan, which is taken up by 90 to 95% of all neuroblastomas, often termed „mIBG-avid”. […] A variety of immunohistochemical stains are used by pathologists to distinguish neuroblastomas from histological mimics, such as rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, lymphoma and Wilms’ tumor. […] The „International Neuroblastoma Staging System” (INSS) established in 1986 and revised in 1988 stratifies neuroblastoma according to its anatomical presence at diagnosis. […] Urine catecholamine level can be elevated in pre-clinical neuroblastoma.

• #75 Neuroblastoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neuroblastoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20351017

  Neuroblastoma is a cancer that starts in cells called neuroblasts. Neuroblastoma usually affects children age 5 or younger. Symptoms vary, depending on where it occurs in the body. […] Contact your child’s healthcare professional if your child has any symptoms that worry you. Mention any changes in your child’s behavior, habits or appearance. […] Neuroblastoma starts when neuroblasts develop changes in their DNA. […] The risk of neuroblastoma is higher in children. This cancer happens mostly in children age 5 and younger. […] Complications of neuroblastoma may include: Spread of the cancer. With time, the cancer cells may spread to other parts of the body. Neuroblastoma cells most often spread to the lymph nodes, bone marrow, liver, skin and bones. When cancer spreads, it’s called metastatic cancer.

• #76 Neuroblastoma: What is It, Stages, Causes, Symptoms, Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14390-neuroblastoma

  Neuroblastoma is a rare cancer that develops in nerve tissue. […] Most children with neuroblastoma receive a diagnosis before age 5. In fact, neuroblastoma is the most common cancer in infants. Sometimes, providers diagnose neuroblastoma in a developing fetus during a prenatal ultrasound. […] To diagnose neuroblastoma, your child’s provider will do a physical and neurological examination. A neurological exam checks your child’s nerve function, reflexes and coordination. Your child’s provider may order several tests to confirm a diagnosis and see if the cancer has spread. […] The risk categories for neuroblastoma are: Low-risk neuroblastoma, Intermediate-risk neuroblastoma, High-risk neuroblastoma. […] Treatment for neuroblastoma depends on your child’s age and the disease stage, risk category and tumor location.

• #77 Neuroblastoma | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/conditions/neuroblastoma/

  What are the signs and symptoms of neuroblastoma? […] How do we diagnose neuroblastoma in children? […] If the biopsy leads to a neuroblastoma diagnosis, your child’s doctor will do some additional tests known as tumor staging. […] We use a variety of imaging tests and scans for tumor staging. […] Why choose Children’s Colorado for neuroblastoma testing? […] In some cases, we can diagnose neuroblastoma during pregnancy using ultrasound usually in your third trimester. […] How do we treat neuroblastoma? […] Why choose us for treatment of pediatric neuroblastoma? […] Each year at Children’s Colorado, we diagnose and treat more than 300 children with cancer. […] Our pediatric cancer team is actively involved in research and clinical trials to better understand and more effectively treat neuroblastoma, both locally and internationally.

• #78 Neuroblastoma in an Adult: Case Presentation and Literature Review

  http://www.annclinlabsci.org/content/43/1/81.full

  Neuroblastoma is the most common malignancy in children less than one year of age, but is rare in adults. […] The diagnosis may not be initially considered because of the rarity, which emphasizes the importance of immunohistochemical staining and cytogenetic testing in aiding the diagnosis. […] Because neuroblastoma is exceedingly uncommon in adult patients, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and cytogenetic testing are often vital diagnostic tools. […] Growing evidence suggests that adult neuroblastoma differs from pediatric cases by lacking classic features, including low incidence of MYCN amplification, urine catecholamine elevation, and MIBG (iodine-131-metaiodobenzylguanidine, an analog of norepinephrine) avidity. […] Neuroblastoma may be diagnosed by morphology, and has been shown to express CD56, chromogranin A, synaptophysin, neurofilament, and neuron-specific enolase.

• #79 Neuroblastoma in an Adult: Case Presentation and Literature Review

  http://www.annclinlabsci.org/content/43/1/81.full

  Cytogenetics and MYCN amplification were not performed in our patient, but may have contributed to the diagnosis. […] Neuroblastoma’s histology is classified according to International Neuroblastoma Pathologic Committee Classification (INPCC), which ranks tumor histology as favorable or unfavorable based on differentiation of tumor cells, as characterization of stroma and mitosis-karyorrhexis index. […] Unfavorable histology has been shown to confer a worse prognosis. […] The infrequency with which it occurs may delay time to diagnosis, and therefore it is important to consider in the differential diagnosis of small round blue cell tumors, especially when such tumors lie in the distribution of sympathetic ganglia.

• #80 Relapsed or Refractory Neuroblastoma | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/relapsed-or-refractory-neuroblastoma

  Relapsed neuroblastoma refers to the return of neuroblastoma in patients who have already undergone treatment for the disease. Approximately half of children who are treated for high-risk neuroblastoma and achieve an initial remission will have the disease come back. […] In addition, in approximately 15 percent of children with high-risk neuroblastoma, the tumor does not respond to initial treatment. These children are said to have refractory neuroblastoma. The treatment approach for children with refractory neuroblastoma is similar to that for children with relapsed neuroblastoma. […] To make a diagnosis of relapsed neuroblastoma, your doctor may order a variety of tests, including: Computerized tomography (CT or CAT) scan, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, Bone scan, Metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scan, Bone marrow biopsy and/or aspiration, Urine tests, Blood tests.

• #81 Relapsed or Refractory Neuroblastoma | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/relapsed-or-refractory-neuroblastoma

  In some cases, your doctor may also order a tumor biopsy, in which surgeons or interventional radiologists remove either a piece of the tumor or the whole tumor, depending on tumor location and size. Pediatric pathologists will analyze the tumor, and other important tests will be done to determine the tumor biology, such as genetic studies to look for genes that may be targeted using new drugs. […] After all tests are completed, doctors will be able to outline the best treatment options. […] There is no standard treatment for relapsed neuroblastoma. Rather, our treatment approach is personalized for each patient depending on several factors, including: Extent of relapse, Length of time from prior treatment, Type of prior treatment. […] Treatment options for relapsed neuroblastoma include MIBG therapy, which uses a radioactive isotope that is readily absorbed by most neuroblastomas and can be used to detect neuroblastoma in the body or to deliver radiation in order to kill the neuroblastoma cells. It may also include chemotherapy using combinations of chemotherapy agents not used to treat newly diagnosed neuroblastoma, or immunotherapy generally given in combination with chemotherapy. […] We also offer innovative clinical trials of experimental agents (Phase 1 or 2) for children with relapsed or recurrent neuroblastoma.

• #82 Neuroblastoma Diagnostics Driven by Artificial Intelligence | Clinical Lab Products

  https://clpmag.com/disease-states/cancer/unknown-other-cancer/neuroblastoma-diagnostics-driven-by-artificial-intelligence/

  Neuroblastoma Diagnostics Driven by Artificial Intelligence […] A study on Neuroblastoma with bone or bone marrow metastasis (NB-BBM) used deep learning and single-cell transcriptomics to uncover predictive biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets, advancing risk assessment and understanding of tumor progression. […] A Swin-Transformer deep learning model predicted NB-BBM occurrence with over 85% accuracy using histopathological images. […] Single-cell transcriptomics identified tumor and macrophage subpopulations linked to NB-BBM progression, with oxidative phosphorylation playing a crucial role. […] Immune checkpoint genes (CD274, LAG3, TIGIT) were significantly upregulated, suggesting potential immunotherapy targets, while TKT was identified as a key metabolic molecule in NB-BBM malignancy.

• #83 AI-driven advancements in neuroblastoma diagnosis and bone/bone marrow metastasis prediction – ecancer

  https://ecancer.org/en/news/26140-ai-driven-advancements-in-neuroblastoma-diagnosis-and-bone-bone-marrow-metastasis-prediction

  AI-driven advancements in neuroblastoma diagnosis and bone/bone marrow metastasis prediction. Neuroblastoma (NB), the most prevalent extracranial solid tumour among children, is characterised by a high rate of metastasis. The pathogenesis of NB with bone or bone marrow metastasis (NB-BBM) and its complex immune microenvironment remain poorly understood, posing challenges for effective risk prediction for BBM and limiting therapeutic strategies. This research, published in the Genes Diseases journal by a team from The Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, highlights key genomic and single-cell transcriptomic alterations in NB-BBM, underscoring the significance of predictive pathology for NB-BBM and its role in understanding tumour onset, progression, and heterogeneity. The researchers used a Swin-Transformer deep learning model to analyse 142 paraffin-embedded hematoxylin-eosin-stained tumour section images to predict NB-BBM occurrence, achieving a classification accuracy exceeding 85%.

• #84 Neuroblastoma Diagnostics Driven by Artificial Intelligence | Clinical Lab Products

  https://clpmag.com/disease-states/cancer/unknown-other-cancer/neuroblastoma-diagnostics-driven-by-artificial-intelligence/

  This research, published in the Genes Diseases journal by a team from The Childrens Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, highlights key genomic and single-cell transcriptomic alterations in NB-BBM, underscoring the significance of predictive pathology for NB-BBM and its role in understanding tumor onset, progression, and heterogeneity. […] The researchers used a Swin-Transformer deep learning model to analyze 142 paraffin-embedded hematoxylin-eosin-stained tumor section images to predict neuroblastoma-BBM occurrence, achieving a classification accuracy exceeding 85%. […] Additionally, this study highlighted transketolase (TKT) as a crucial metabolic molecule linked to BBM. The researchers showed that the TKT gene was strongly associated with the clinical features of NB patients, especially in the BBM group.

• #85 AI-driven advancements in neuroblastoma diagnosis and bone/bone marrow metastasis prediction – ecancer

  https://ecancer.org/en/news/26140-ai-driven-advancements-in-neuroblastoma-diagnosis-and-bone-bone-marrow-metastasis-prediction

  Moreover, expression analysis of immune checkpoint genes CD274, LAG3, and TIGIT revealed their significant upregulation in NB-BBM, suggesting potential targets for antibody-based immunotherapies. Furthermore, immunohistochemical validation demonstrated a pronounced expression of PD-L1 in NB-BBM, indicating its potential as a biomarker. […] Despite these challenges, this study offers a pathodiagnostic prediction for the risk of NB-BBM, enhances other imaging diagnoses, and elucidates the cellular heterogeneity of initial, progressive, and distant metastatic sites in NB.

• #86

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12035-024-04680-w

  This review explores the current understanding and recent advancements in neuroblastoma, one of the most common extracranial solid pediatric cancers, accounting for~15% of childhood cancer-related mortality. […] This study has also emphasized the recent progress in the field of diagnosis, encompassing the adoption of artificial intelligence and liquid biopsy as a non-intrusive approach for early detection and ongoing monitoring of NBL. […] The integration of innovative treatment approaches such as CRISPR-Cas9, and cancer stem cell therapy has also been emphasized in this review.

• #87 Neuroblastoma Diagnostics Driven by Artificial Intelligence | Clinical Lab Products

  https://clpmag.com/disease-states/cancer/unknown-other-cancer/neuroblastoma-diagnostics-driven-by-artificial-intelligence/

  Moreover, expression analysis of immune checkpoint genes CD274, LAG3, and TIGIT revealed their significant upregulation in Neuroblastoma-BBM, suggesting potential targets for antibody-based immunotherapies. […] Despite these challenges, this study offers a pathodiagnostic prediction for the risk of NB-BBM, enhances other imaging diagnoses, and elucidates the cellular heterogeneity of initial, progressive, and distant metastatic sites in neuroblastoma.

• #88

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12035-024-04680-w

  This review explores the current understanding and recent advancements in neuroblastoma, one of the most common extracranial solid pediatric cancers, accounting for~15% of childhood cancer-related mortality. […] This study has also emphasized the recent progress in the field of diagnosis, encompassing the adoption of artificial intelligence and liquid biopsy as a non-intrusive approach for early detection and ongoing monitoring of NBL. […] The integration of innovative treatment approaches such as CRISPR-Cas9, and cancer stem cell therapy has also been emphasized in this review.

• #89 Neuroblastoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448111/

  Diagnostic evaluation relies not only on a careful history and physical, but also on biochemical, histologic, and radiographic analyses. […] The tumor may occur anywhere along the sympathetic chain and can be mistaken for a Wilms tumor. […] Given the heterogeneity in tumor location, grade, and stage at diagnosis, treatment modalities include simple observation, surgical resection, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplantation, and immunotherapy. […] Surgery plays a vital role in the treatment of neuroblastoma. For localized disease, one can obtain a cure with surgery.

• #90 Neuroblastoma Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/neuroblastoma/patient/neuroblastoma-treatment-pdq

  Prognosis and treatment options for neuroblastoma are also affected by tumor histology, which includes: the patterns of the tumor cells, how different the tumor cells are from normal cells, how fast the tumor cells are growing. […] The tumor histology is said to be favorable or unfavorable, depending on these factors. […] In some children up to age 6 months, neuroblastoma may disappear without treatment. This is called spontaneous regression. The child is closely watched for signs or symptoms of neuroblastoma. If signs or symptoms occur, treatment may be needed. […] After neuroblastoma has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer has spread from where it started to other parts of the body. […] The International Neuroblastoma Risk Group Staging System (INRGSS) is used to determine the stage of neuroblastoma. […] Treatment of neuroblastoma is based on risk groups. […] Sometimes neuroblastoma does not respond to treatment or comes back after treatment.

• #91 Neuroblastoma | Children with Cancer UK

  https://www.childrenwithcancer.org.uk/childhood-cancer-info/cancer-types/neuroblastoma/

  The treatment of neuroblastoma depends on the age of the child, the size and position of the tumour, the tumour biology (including the MYCN status) and whether it has spread. […] For early-stage tumours which have not spread, surgery alone may be sufficient to get rid of the cancer. […] If the tumour is classed as high risk, chemotherapy and possibly radiotherapy and other treatments will also be needed. […] If the tumour has spread to several parts of the body or is high-risk with MYCN amplification, high-dose chemotherapy is used to eradicate any remaining neuroblastoma cells. […] Localised neuroblastoma has a very high chance of being cured. Tumours that have spread especially those with MYCN amplification are more challenging but recent advances in therapy and research continue to improve the outlook for these children.

• #92 Neuroblastoma Diagnosis and Management – Adrenal Disorders – Pathology for Medicine

  https://www.picmonic.com/pathways/medicine/courses/standard/pathology-196/adrenal-disorders-39304/neuroblastoma-diagnosis-and-management_50267

  One of the histological findings in neuroblastoma is the presence of small round blue cells with hyperchromatic nuclei. […] Bombesin is a neuropeptide released from neuroblastoma tumor cells and promotes cell growth. […] Neuron specific enolase (NSE) is an important marker in neuroendocrine tumors. […] Surgery can be a definitive treatment for low-risk neuroblastoma. […] Chemotherapy is part of the core management for patients with intermediate and high-risk neuroblastoma. […] Due to the risks associated with radiation in children, radiotherapy is reserved for high-risk neuroblastoma.

• #93 Neuroblastomas: Symptoms and treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/neuroblastomas

  Modern protocols, including induction chemotherapy, surgical resection, high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell rescue (ASCR), external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), and immunotherapy or differentiating agents, have improved outcomes, with 3-year survival rates now exceeding 60%. […] Prognosis can be assessed using the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group Staging System (INRGSS) and incorporating segmental chromosome aberrations as an additional genomic biomarker.

• #94 Neuroblastoma – Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/ddi/neuroblastoma/

  Patients with neuroblastoma may experience complications due to the disease and/or its treatment. A serious complication is the development of metastatic disease, which can severely impact prognosis and survival rates. […] Long-term complications can include growth and developmental delays, hearing loss, bone and muscle disease, thyroid issues, impaired fertility, and neurocognitive deficits, which are often a result of intensive treatment protocols involving chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery.

• #95 Neuroblastoma Program | Children’s Hospital Los Angeles

  https://www.chla.org/cancer-and-blood-disease-institute/programs-and-services/neuroblastoma-program

  This high-resolution imaging scan uses safe levels of a radioactive substance, MIBG, to determine the cancers severity. […] We identify specific changes (mutations) in the cancer cells. This information helps your child receive the therapies that are most effective in stopping the cancer from growing. […] Your child receives care from doctors with expertise in pediatric surgical oncology and neuroblastoma. […] We offer a range of immunotherapy options for neuroblastoma. […] Our team is uncovering promising new care methods for neuroblastoma, including more options for high-risk neuroblastoma. […] If you have questions about your childs diagnosis or treatment plan, we perform an exam and review previous treatments, test results and response to therapies. This information helps us confirm or rule out neuroblastoma and recommend treatments that are best for your child. […] Children needing chemotherapy and other medical therapies can receive care closer to home if appropriate.

• #96 Patient Story: High-risk Neuroblastoma | Mass General Brigham

  https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/about/newsroom/patient-stories/high-risk-neuroblastoma

  About a month after surgery, Theo was readmitted to MGfC for a five-day course of high-dose chemotherapy. That was followed by a stem cell transplant, in which Dr. Boal and the oncology team injected the stem cells that had been collected several months earlier back into his body. […] Proton therapy delivers a high-energy, focused proton beam to the tumor. Unlike traditional radiation therapy, it does not damage healthy tissue near the tumor if administered properly. […] Pediatric radiation oncologist Torunn Yock, MD, oversaw Theo’s proton therapy. […] Soon after completing proton therapy, Theo started immunotherapy, a type of cancer treatment that uses the body’s immune system to find and attack cancer cells. […] About 16 months after Theo’s cancer journey began, scans showed no evidence of cancer in his body. However, high-risk neuroblastoma returns in roughly half of children who are successfully treated. […] As Theo’s parents have seen firsthand, caring for children with neuroblastoma demands multidisciplinary collaboration.

Zobacz więcej