Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Neuroblastoma | Children with Cancer UK

  https://www.childrenwithcancer.org.uk/childhood-cancer-info/cancer-types/neuroblastoma/

  Neuroblastoma tumours most often occur in one of the adrenal glands, in the abdomen. First symptoms are loss of appetite, tiredness and pain in the bones, it affects around 83 children per year in Great Britain. […] Symptoms that may indicate neuroblastoma include: Loss of appetite, Tiredness, Pain in the bones, Small, blue-coloured lumps, Weakness in the legs, Swollen belly, Difficulty swallowing and breathing. […] Neuroblastoma accounts for 6% of childhood cancer registrations in the UK, with around 95 diagnoses annually. As with all embryonal tumours, neuroblastoma is most common in children under the age of five years and extremely rare after the age of 10 years. Its incidence is highest in babies under one it is the most frequent single type of cancer in the first year of life, accounting for one fifth of cancers in this age group. […] Localised neuroblastoma has a very high chance of being cured. Tumours that have spread especially those with MYCN amplification are more challenging but recent advances in therapy and research continue to improve the outlook for these children.

• #2 Neuroblastoma Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/neuroblastoma/patient/neuroblastoma-treatment-pdq

  Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer that forms in neuroblasts (immature nerve tissue) in the adrenal glands, neck, chest, or spinal cord. […] Signs and symptoms of neuroblastoma include bone pain or a lump in the abdomen, neck, or chest. […] Neuroblastoma most often begins in infancy. It is usually diagnosed between the first month of life and age 5 years. The tumor is found when it begins to grow and cause signs or symptoms. […] By the time cancer is diagnosed, it has usually metastasized (spread). Neuroblastoma spreads most often to the lymph nodes, bones, bone marrow, liver, and skin in infants and children. […] The most common signs and symptoms of neuroblastoma are caused by the tumor pressing on nearby tissues as it grows or by cancer spreading to the bone. […] Check with your child’s doctor if your child has: a lump in the abdomen, neck, or chest; bone pain; a swollen stomach and trouble breathing (in infants); bulging eyes; dark circles around the eyes („black eyes”); painless, bluish lumps under the skin (in infants); weakness or paralysis (loss of ability to move a body part).

• #3 Neuroblastoma

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/neuroblastoma

  Symptoms of neuroblastoma depend on the size of the tumor, where it is, if the cancer has spread, and if the neuroblastoma cells make hormones. They tend to be different in each child. […] Symptoms of a tumor in the belly (abdomen) can include: A lump you can see or feel, Swelling in the abdomen, Loss of appetite, Weight loss, Swelling of the legs, Swelling of the scrotum, Feeling full, Pain, Constipation, Trouble passing urine. […] Symptoms of a tumor in the chest can include: A lump you can see or feel, Swelling in the face, neck, arms, or chest (change in skin color to bluish-red), Headache, Dizziness, A change in mental state, Coughing or trouble breathing, Trouble swallowing, Drooping eyelids and other eye changes, Changes in feeling or movement of the arms or legs. […] Symptoms of a neuroblastoma that has spread to other parts of the body can include: Enlarged lymph nodes, Bone pain or limping, Weakness, numbness, or inability to move arms or legs, Bruising around the eyes, Bulging eyes, Enlarged liver, Bluish bumps on the skin, Lumps on the head, Feeling tired or weak, Frequent infections, Easy bruising or bleeding.

• #4 Neuroblastoma | Loma Linda University Children’s Health

  https://lluch.org/conditions/neuroblastoma

  Symptoms of neuroblastoma depend on the size of the tumor, where it is, if the cancer has spread, and if the neuroblastoma cells make hormones. They tend to be different in each child. […] Symptoms of a tumor in the belly (abdomen) can include: A lump you can see or feel, Swelling in the abdomen, Loss of appetite, Weight loss, Swelling of the legs, Swelling of the scrotum, Feeling full, Pain, Constipation, Trouble passing urine. […] Symptoms of a tumor in the chest can include: A lump you can see or feel, Swelling in the face, neck, arms, or chest (change in skin color to bluish-red), Headache, Dizziness, A change in mental state, Coughing or trouble breathing, Trouble swallowing, Drooping eyelids and other eye changes, Changes in feeling or movement of the arms or legs. […] Symptoms of a neuroblastoma that has spread to other parts of the body can include: Enlarged lymph nodes, Bone pain or limping, Weakness, numbness, or inability to move arms or legs, Bruising around the eyes, Bulging eyes, Enlarged liver, Bluish bumps on the skin, Lumps on the head, Feeling tired or weak, Frequent infections, Easy bruising or bleeding.

• #5 Neuroblastoma (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/neuroblastoma.html

  Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer that starts in early nerve cells called neuroblasts. […] The signs of neuroblastoma can be different depending on where the disease began, how much the cancer has grown, and if it has spread to other parts of the body. […] The first symptoms are often vague and may include: irritability, pain, constipation or diarrhea, a swollen belly, being very tired, loss of appetite, weight loss, dark circles around the eyes, weakness, fever. […] Because these early signs can develop slowly and be similar to symptoms of other common childhood illnesses, neuroblastoma can be hard to diagnose. […] If the growing tumor presses on nearby tissues or the cancer spreads to other areas, different symptoms can show up. […] In young children, neuroblastoma often is discovered when a parent or doctor feels an unusual lump or mass somewhere in the child’s body most often in the belly, though tumors also can be in the neck, chest, and elsewhere.

• #6 16 Top Neuroblastoma Symptoms & Signs | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/neuroblastoma/neuroblastoma-symptoms.html

  Sometimes neuroblastoma has no symptoms, and sometimes it is misdiagnosed because its symptoms look like those of other, more common conditions. […] Signs of neuroblastoma depend upon where the tumor is, its size, whether the cancer has spread and if it is making hormones. Symptoms may include: Bruising, Diarrhea, Loss of appetite, weight loss, Fatigue, Lumps in the abdomen, lower back, neck or chest, Bone pain (caused by spread of cancer to the bone), Bulging eyes, drooping eyelid, Dark circles under or around the eyes, Swollen, distended stomach, Breathing problems or coughing, Difficulty swallowing, Weakness or paralysis of the lower extremities, Fever, anemia and high blood pressure, Swelling of legs or scrotum, Problems with urination or bowel movements, Headaches, dizziness. […] Most children with these symptoms do not have neuroblastoma. Usually they are caused by other, less serious conditions. However, its a good idea to talk to your childs doctor to rule out any health concerns.

• #7 Symptoms of neuroblastoma | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/childrens-cancer/neuroblastoma/symptoms

  The most common symptom of neuroblastoma is a lump in the tummy (abdomen). This could make your child’s tummy swell, causing discomfort or pain. Some children may even get constipation. […] Other symptoms depend on where the neuroblastoma starts in the body and whether it is just in one place (localised) or has spread to other parts of the body. […] In around half of children, the neuroblastoma has spread to another part of the body at diagnosis. The symptoms depend on where it has spread to and how big it is. Bone pain is a common symptom in neuroblastoma that has spread. But you can also have symptoms that are vague such as: tiredness, fever (high temperatures), loss of appetite. […] This is a common place for neuroblastoma to spread to. Symptoms include pain (sometimes with swelling over the bone) and difficulty in walking. Occasionally it can affect the bones of the spine causing: numbness, weakness, loss of movement in the lower part of the body, wee-ing and poo-ing without control (incontinence).

• #8 Neuroblastoma (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/neuroblastoma.html

  Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer that starts in early nerve cells called neuroblasts. […] The signs of neuroblastoma can be different depending on where the disease began, how much the cancer has grown, and if it has spread to other parts of the body. […] The first symptoms are often vague and may include: irritability, pain, constipation or diarrhea, a swollen belly, being very tired, loss of appetite, weight loss, dark circles around the eyes, weakness, fever. […] Because these early signs can develop slowly and be similar to symptoms of other common childhood illnesses, neuroblastoma can be hard to diagnose. […] If the growing tumor presses on nearby tissues or the cancer spreads to other areas, different symptoms can show up. […] In young children, neuroblastoma often is discovered when a parent or doctor feels an unusual lump or mass somewhere in the child’s body most often in the belly, though tumors also can be in the neck, chest, and elsewhere.

• #9 Neuroblastoma

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/neuroblastoma

  Symptoms of neuroblastoma depend on the size of the tumor, where it is, if the cancer has spread, and if the neuroblastoma cells make hormones. They tend to be different in each child. […] Symptoms of a tumor in the belly (abdomen) can include: A lump you can see or feel, Swelling in the abdomen, Loss of appetite, Weight loss, Swelling of the legs, Swelling of the scrotum, Feeling full, Pain, Constipation, Trouble passing urine. […] Symptoms of a tumor in the chest can include: A lump you can see or feel, Swelling in the face, neck, arms, or chest (change in skin color to bluish-red), Headache, Dizziness, A change in mental state, Coughing or trouble breathing, Trouble swallowing, Drooping eyelids and other eye changes, Changes in feeling or movement of the arms or legs. […] Symptoms of a neuroblastoma that has spread to other parts of the body can include: Enlarged lymph nodes, Bone pain or limping, Weakness, numbness, or inability to move arms or legs, Bruising around the eyes, Bulging eyes, Enlarged liver, Bluish bumps on the skin, Lumps on the head, Feeling tired or weak, Frequent infections, Easy bruising or bleeding.

• #10 Neuroblastoma Cancer: Symptoms, Signs and Causes

  https://www.hcgoncology.com/types-of-cancers/neuroblastoma-cancer-symptoms-and-causes/

  Pale skin may be one of the neuroblastoma cancer symptoms, mainly when the tumor affects the bone marrow. The tumor in the bone marrow affects the production of blood cells, leading to a pale appearance of the skin. […] Some of the signs of neuroblastoma of the urinary system include urinary incontinence, urinary obstruction, and urinary retention. In advanced cases, the patients may also experience hydronephrosis. […] Changes in bowel habits and an altered appearance of the bowel are also neuroblastoma cancer symptoms. These symptoms may be due to bowel obstruction, the effect on the sympathetic nervous system (which regulates the gastrointestinal system), and the invasion of the neuroblastoma cancer cells into the abdominal organs. […] Breathing problems may be a sign of neuroblastoma experienced by patients with neuroblastoma of the chest. The tumor compresses the chest and the lungs, causing breathing problems.

• #11 Signs and Symptoms of Neuroblastoma | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/neuroblastoma/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-and-symptoms.html

  If the cancer spreads to the bone marrow (the inner part of certain bones, where new blood cells are made), the child may not have enough red blood cells, white blood cells, or blood platelets. These shortages of blood cells can result in tiredness, irritability, weakness, frequent infections, and excess bruising or bleeding from small cuts or scrapes. […] Rarely, large tumors can start to break down, leading to a loss of clotting factors in the blood. This can result in a high risk of serious bleeding, which is known as a consumption coagulopathy and can be life threatening. […] Neuroblastoma cells sometimes release hormones that can cause problems with tissues and organs in other parts of the body, even though the cancer has not spread to those tissues or organs. These problems are called paraneoplastic syndromes. […] Signs and symptoms of paraneoplastic syndromes can include: Constant watery diarrhea, Fever, High blood pressure (causing irritability), Rapid heartbeat, Reddening (flushing) of the skin, Sweating.

• #12 Neuroblastoma Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/439263-clinical

  Neuroblastoma has been called the great mimicker because of its myriad clinical presentations related to the site of the primary tumor, metastatic disease, and its metabolic tumor by-products. Sixty-five percent of primary neuroblastomas occur in the abdomen, with most of these occurring in the adrenal gland. As a result, most children present with abdominal symptoms, such as fullness or distension. […] Symptoms are usually related to either an abdominal mass or bone pain secondary to metastatic neuroblastoma. Reports of fatigue, bone pain, and changes in bowel or bladder habits may contribute to an accurate diagnosis. Physical findings might include hepatomegaly; blanching subcutaneous nodules; or a large, irregular, firm abdominal mass. […] Typically, children with localized disease are asymptomatic, whereas children with disseminated neuroblastoma are generally sick and may have systemic manifestations, including unexplained fevers, weight loss, anorexia, failure to thrive, general malaise, irritability, and bone pain.

• #13 Neuroblastoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neuroblastoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20351017

  Neuroblastoma usually affects children age 5 or younger. Symptoms vary, depending on where it occurs in the body. […] Signs and symptoms of neuroblastoma may vary depending on what part of the body is affected. […] Neuroblastoma in the belly may cause symptoms such as: Belly pain. A lump under the skin that typically isn’t tender when touched. Diarrhea or constipation. […] Neuroblastoma in the chest may cause symptoms such as: Wheezing. Difficulty breathing. Changes to the eyes, including drooping eyelids and pupils that are different sizes. […] Other symptoms that may indicate neuroblastoma include: Lumps of tissue under the skin. Eyeballs that seem to stick out from the sockets. Dark circles around the eyes that look like bruises. Back pain. Fever. Losing weight without trying. Bone pain.

• #14 Signs and Symptoms of Neuroblastoma | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/neuroblastoma/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-and-symptoms.html

  Neuroblastoma can start in different places in the body. Neuroblastoma cells can also sometimes release chemicals called hormones, which can affect other parts of the body. Because of this, neuroblastoma can cause many different signs and symptoms. Some of the more common symptoms can include: […] Signs and symptoms might be different depending on where the tumor is, how large it is, how far it has spread, and if the tumor makes hormones. […] One of the most common signs of a neuroblastoma is a large lump or swelling in the child’s abdomen. The child might not want to eat (which can lead to weight loss). If the child is old enough, they may complain of feeling full or having belly pain. But the lump itself is usually not painful to the touch. […] Sometimes, a tumor in the abdomen or pelvis can affect other parts of the body. For example, tumors that press against or grow into the blood and lymph vessels in the abdomen or pelvis can stop fluids from getting back to the heart. This can sometimes lead to swelling in the legs and, in boys, the scrotum.

• #15 Neuroblastoma

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/neuroblastoma

  Symptoms of neuroblastoma depend on the size of the tumor, where it is, if the cancer has spread, and if the neuroblastoma cells make hormones. They tend to be different in each child. […] Symptoms of a tumor in the belly (abdomen) can include: A lump you can see or feel, Swelling in the abdomen, Loss of appetite, Weight loss, Swelling of the legs, Swelling of the scrotum, Feeling full, Pain, Constipation, Trouble passing urine. […] Symptoms of a tumor in the chest can include: A lump you can see or feel, Swelling in the face, neck, arms, or chest (change in skin color to bluish-red), Headache, Dizziness, A change in mental state, Coughing or trouble breathing, Trouble swallowing, Drooping eyelids and other eye changes, Changes in feeling or movement of the arms or legs. […] Symptoms of a neuroblastoma that has spread to other parts of the body can include: Enlarged lymph nodes, Bone pain or limping, Weakness, numbness, or inability to move arms or legs, Bruising around the eyes, Bulging eyes, Enlarged liver, Bluish bumps on the skin, Lumps on the head, Feeling tired or weak, Frequent infections, Easy bruising or bleeding.

• #16 What Is Neuroblastoma?

  https://www.webmd.com/children/what-is-neuroblastoma

  Symptoms vary widely, depending on where the tumor is located, how big it is, and how much it’s grown. „If it’s in the abdomen, usually the first symptom is a firm lump that the parents or the pediatrician can feel when they press on the abdomen of a child,” explains Mustafa Barbour, MD, a pediatric oncologist at Norton Children’s in Kentucky. „Later on, especially if the tumor spreads to other places, it can be bone pain and fever. Some kids look very pale because it can cause anemia.” Many of the symptoms might point to conditions other than neuroblastoma. […] In a child’s abdomen, neuroblastoma may cause: lumps or swelling in the belly, stomach pain or a constant feeling of being full, which can lead to weight loss, swelling in their legs or scrotum caused by tumors pressing against their blood and lymph vessels, trouble peeing or having bowel movements.

• #17 Neuroblastoma

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/neuroblastoma

  Symptoms of neuroblastoma depend on the size of the tumor, where it is, if the cancer has spread, and if the neuroblastoma cells make hormones. They tend to be different in each child. […] Symptoms of a tumor in the belly (abdomen) can include: A lump you can see or feel, Swelling in the abdomen, Loss of appetite, Weight loss, Swelling of the legs, Swelling of the scrotum, Feeling full, Pain, Constipation, Trouble passing urine. […] Symptoms of a tumor in the chest can include: A lump you can see or feel, Swelling in the face, neck, arms, or chest (change in skin color to bluish-red), Headache, Dizziness, A change in mental state, Coughing or trouble breathing, Trouble swallowing, Drooping eyelids and other eye changes, Changes in feeling or movement of the arms or legs. […] Symptoms of a neuroblastoma that has spread to other parts of the body can include: Enlarged lymph nodes, Bone pain or limping, Weakness, numbness, or inability to move arms or legs, Bruising around the eyes, Bulging eyes, Enlarged liver, Bluish bumps on the skin, Lumps on the head, Feeling tired or weak, Frequent infections, Easy bruising or bleeding.

• #18 Neuroblastoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neuroblastoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20351017

  Neuroblastoma usually affects children age 5 or younger. Symptoms vary, depending on where it occurs in the body. […] Signs and symptoms of neuroblastoma may vary depending on what part of the body is affected. […] Neuroblastoma in the belly may cause symptoms such as: Belly pain. A lump under the skin that typically isn’t tender when touched. Diarrhea or constipation. […] Neuroblastoma in the chest may cause symptoms such as: Wheezing. Difficulty breathing. Changes to the eyes, including drooping eyelids and pupils that are different sizes. […] Other symptoms that may indicate neuroblastoma include: Lumps of tissue under the skin. Eyeballs that seem to stick out from the sockets. Dark circles around the eyes that look like bruises. Back pain. Fever. Losing weight without trying. Bone pain.

• #19 Neuroblastoma

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/neuroblastoma

  Symptoms of neuroblastoma depend on the size of the tumor, where it is, if the cancer has spread, and if the neuroblastoma cells make hormones. They tend to be different in each child. […] Symptoms of a tumor in the belly (abdomen) can include: A lump you can see or feel, Swelling in the abdomen, Loss of appetite, Weight loss, Swelling of the legs, Swelling of the scrotum, Feeling full, Pain, Constipation, Trouble passing urine. […] Symptoms of a tumor in the chest can include: A lump you can see or feel, Swelling in the face, neck, arms, or chest (change in skin color to bluish-red), Headache, Dizziness, A change in mental state, Coughing or trouble breathing, Trouble swallowing, Drooping eyelids and other eye changes, Changes in feeling or movement of the arms or legs. […] Symptoms of a neuroblastoma that has spread to other parts of the body can include: Enlarged lymph nodes, Bone pain or limping, Weakness, numbness, or inability to move arms or legs, Bruising around the eyes, Bulging eyes, Enlarged liver, Bluish bumps on the skin, Lumps on the head, Feeling tired or weak, Frequent infections, Easy bruising or bleeding.

• #20 Signs and Symptoms of Neuroblastoma | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/neuroblastoma/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-and-symptoms.html

  Neuroblastoma can start in different places in the body. Neuroblastoma cells can also sometimes release chemicals called hormones, which can affect other parts of the body. Because of this, neuroblastoma can cause many different signs and symptoms. Some of the more common symptoms can include: […] Signs and symptoms might be different depending on where the tumor is, how large it is, how far it has spread, and if the tumor makes hormones. […] One of the most common signs of a neuroblastoma is a large lump or swelling in the child’s abdomen. The child might not want to eat (which can lead to weight loss). If the child is old enough, they may complain of feeling full or having belly pain. But the lump itself is usually not painful to the touch. […] Sometimes, a tumor in the abdomen or pelvis can affect other parts of the body. For example, tumors that press against or grow into the blood and lymph vessels in the abdomen or pelvis can stop fluids from getting back to the heart. This can sometimes lead to swelling in the legs and, in boys, the scrotum.

• #21 Neuroblastoma

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/neuroblastoma

  Symptoms of neuroblastoma depend on the size of the tumor, where it is, if the cancer has spread, and if the neuroblastoma cells make hormones. They tend to be different in each child. […] Symptoms of a tumor in the belly (abdomen) can include: A lump you can see or feel, Swelling in the abdomen, Loss of appetite, Weight loss, Swelling of the legs, Swelling of the scrotum, Feeling full, Pain, Constipation, Trouble passing urine. […] Symptoms of a tumor in the chest can include: A lump you can see or feel, Swelling in the face, neck, arms, or chest (change in skin color to bluish-red), Headache, Dizziness, A change in mental state, Coughing or trouble breathing, Trouble swallowing, Drooping eyelids and other eye changes, Changes in feeling or movement of the arms or legs. […] Symptoms of a neuroblastoma that has spread to other parts of the body can include: Enlarged lymph nodes, Bone pain or limping, Weakness, numbness, or inability to move arms or legs, Bruising around the eyes, Bulging eyes, Enlarged liver, Bluish bumps on the skin, Lumps on the head, Feeling tired or weak, Frequent infections, Easy bruising or bleeding.

• #22 Neuroblastoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neuroblastoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20351017

  Neuroblastoma usually affects children age 5 or younger. Symptoms vary, depending on where it occurs in the body. […] Signs and symptoms of neuroblastoma may vary depending on what part of the body is affected. […] Neuroblastoma in the belly may cause symptoms such as: Belly pain. A lump under the skin that typically isn’t tender when touched. Diarrhea or constipation. […] Neuroblastoma in the chest may cause symptoms such as: Wheezing. Difficulty breathing. Changes to the eyes, including drooping eyelids and pupils that are different sizes. […] Other symptoms that may indicate neuroblastoma include: Lumps of tissue under the skin. Eyeballs that seem to stick out from the sockets. Dark circles around the eyes that look like bruises. Back pain. Fever. Losing weight without trying. Bone pain.

• #23 Neuroblastoma

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/neuroblastoma

  Symptoms of neuroblastoma depend on the size of the tumor, where it is, if the cancer has spread, and if the neuroblastoma cells make hormones. They tend to be different in each child. […] Symptoms of a tumor in the belly (abdomen) can include: A lump you can see or feel, Swelling in the abdomen, Loss of appetite, Weight loss, Swelling of the legs, Swelling of the scrotum, Feeling full, Pain, Constipation, Trouble passing urine. […] Symptoms of a tumor in the chest can include: A lump you can see or feel, Swelling in the face, neck, arms, or chest (change in skin color to bluish-red), Headache, Dizziness, A change in mental state, Coughing or trouble breathing, Trouble swallowing, Drooping eyelids and other eye changes, Changes in feeling or movement of the arms or legs. […] Symptoms of a neuroblastoma that has spread to other parts of the body can include: Enlarged lymph nodes, Bone pain or limping, Weakness, numbness, or inability to move arms or legs, Bruising around the eyes, Bulging eyes, Enlarged liver, Bluish bumps on the skin, Lumps on the head, Feeling tired or weak, Frequent infections, Easy bruising or bleeding.

• #24 Neuroblastoma Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/neuroblastoma/patient/neuroblastoma-treatment-pdq

  Less common signs and symptoms of neuroblastoma include: fever; shortness of breath; feeling tired; easy bruising or bleeding; petechiae (flat, pinpoint spots under the skin caused by bleeding); high blood pressure; severe watery diarrhea; Horner syndrome (droopy eyelid, smaller pupil, and less sweating on one side of the face); jerky muscle movements; uncontrolled eye movements. […] If your child has symptoms that suggest neuroblastoma, the doctor will need to find out if these are due to cancer or another condition. […] Depending on your child’s symptoms and medical history and the results of their physical and neurological exam, the doctor may recommend more tests to find out if your child has neuroblastoma, and if so, its extent (stage). […] In some children up to age 6 months, neuroblastoma may disappear without treatment. This is called spontaneous regression. The child is closely watched for signs or symptoms of neuroblastoma. If signs or symptoms occur, treatment may be needed.

• #25 Signs and symptoms | Alex’s Lemonade Stand Foundation for Childhood Cancer

  https://www.alexslemonade.org/childhood-cancer/guides/childhood-cancer/chapter-4-neuroblastoma/signs-and-symptoms

  If the tumor involves the spinal cord, the child may have back pain and difficulty passing urine or stool. Tumors located in this area sometimes cause spinal cord compression that can result in stumbling, weakness, or paralysis. Children whose disease has spread to the bone marrow may have pale skin from low numbers of red blood cells, and/or tiny red dots under the skin (petechiae) due to low numbers of platelets. Tumors growing in the chest may cause a chronic cough or difficulty breathing. […] Horner syndrome is a rare disorder that is sometimes associated with a mediastinal (in the chest) or cervical (in the neck) neuroblastoma. It occurs when the nerve to the eye is damaged or disrupted by a tumor high in the chest. It may also occur after surgery to remove a tumor in the neck or chest. With this syndrome, the eyelid droops, the pupil looks small, and the child may not sweat on the side of the face with the affected eye.

• #26 Neuroblastoma: Children | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-children/neuroblastoma-children/

  The symptoms vary, depending on where your childs neuroblastoma tumour is: […] if the tumour is in the abdomen, your childs tummy may be swollen and they may complain of constipation or have difficulty passing urine (peeing) […] if the tumour affects the chest area, your child may be breathless and have difficulty swallowing […] if the tumour occurs in the neck, its often visible as a lump and occasionally affects breathing and swallowing […] occasionally, there are deposits of neuroblastoma in the skin that appear as small, blue-coloured lumps […] if the tumour is pressing on the spinal cord, children may have weakness in the legs and walk unsteadily if your child is not yet walking, you may notice reduced leg movements; they may also have constipation or difficulty passing urine (peeing)

• #27 Symptoms of neuroblastoma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/neuroblastoma/signs-and-symptoms

  Neuroblastoma in the chest can cause chest pain, difficulty breathing, shortness of breath or cough. […] Neuroblastoma in the neck can cause a lump in the neck or difficulty breathing. […] Neuroblastoma affecting the spinal cord can cause weakness in the legs, difficulty walking, loss of bowel or bladder control and spinal cord compression. […] Spinal cord compression is a medical emergency that needs to be treated right away. It occurs when a tumour puts pressure on the spinal cord. The pressure may cause swelling and sometimes the blood supply to the spinal cord and nerves is affected. Spinal cord compression can lead to permanent paralysis if not treated early.

• #28 Symptoms of neuroblastoma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/neuroblastoma/signs-and-symptoms

  Neuroblastoma in the chest can cause chest pain, difficulty breathing, shortness of breath or cough. […] Neuroblastoma in the neck can cause a lump in the neck or difficulty breathing. […] Neuroblastoma affecting the spinal cord can cause weakness in the legs, difficulty walking, loss of bowel or bladder control and spinal cord compression. […] Spinal cord compression is a medical emergency that needs to be treated right away. It occurs when a tumour puts pressure on the spinal cord. The pressure may cause swelling and sometimes the blood supply to the spinal cord and nerves is affected. Spinal cord compression can lead to permanent paralysis if not treated early.

• #29 Neuroblastoma: Children | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-children/neuroblastoma-children/

  The symptoms vary, depending on where your childs neuroblastoma tumour is: […] if the tumour is in the abdomen, your childs tummy may be swollen and they may complain of constipation or have difficulty passing urine (peeing) […] if the tumour affects the chest area, your child may be breathless and have difficulty swallowing […] if the tumour occurs in the neck, its often visible as a lump and occasionally affects breathing and swallowing […] occasionally, there are deposits of neuroblastoma in the skin that appear as small, blue-coloured lumps […] if the tumour is pressing on the spinal cord, children may have weakness in the legs and walk unsteadily if your child is not yet walking, you may notice reduced leg movements; they may also have constipation or difficulty passing urine (peeing)

• #30 Symptoms of neuroblastoma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/neuroblastoma/signs-and-symptoms

  Neuroblastoma in the chest can cause chest pain, difficulty breathing, shortness of breath or cough. […] Neuroblastoma in the neck can cause a lump in the neck or difficulty breathing. […] Neuroblastoma affecting the spinal cord can cause weakness in the legs, difficulty walking, loss of bowel or bladder control and spinal cord compression. […] Spinal cord compression is a medical emergency that needs to be treated right away. It occurs when a tumour puts pressure on the spinal cord. The pressure may cause swelling and sometimes the blood supply to the spinal cord and nerves is affected. Spinal cord compression can lead to permanent paralysis if not treated early.

• #31 Neuroblastoma | Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/n/neuroblastoma

  Neuroblastoma is the most common malignant (cancerous) extracranial solid tumor of childhood. It develops from the tissues that form the sympathetic nervous system, which is part of the nervous system that regulates involuntary body functions. […] Although neuroblastoma often is present at birth, it generally is not detected until the tumor begins to grow and compress the surrounding organs. […] Cancer cells can metastasize (spread) quickly to other areas of the body, such as lymph nodes, liver, lungs, bones, the central nervous system and bone marrow. Close to 70% of children diagnosed with neuroblastoma will have metastatic disease. […] The symptoms of neuroblastoma are very different depending on size, location and spread of the tumor. The most common symptoms include: An abdominal (belly) mass, either felt during an exam or seen as a swollen abdomen, Uncontrolled eye movement such as rapid eye movements or crossed eyes, Swelling and bruising of the area around the eyes, Changes in peeing due to the tumor squeezing the kidney or bladder, Pain, limping or weakness, Easy bleeding or bruising, Paralysis and weakness, Diarrhea, Fever, Dizziness, lightheadedness, Shortness of breath, Fatigue, High blood pressure on exam, Increased heart rate on exam.

• #32 Neuroblastoma

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/neuroblastoma

  A neuroblastoma may release hormones. This is called paraneoplastic syndrome. It can cause symptoms, such as: Constant watery diarrhea, Fever, High blood pressure, Fast heart rate, Flushing or redness of skin, Sweating. […] A neuroblastoma can also cause opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome. This can lead to symptoms, such as: Quick eye movements, Muscle twitching or spasms, Trouble with coordination, Trouble speaking. […] Many of these symptoms can be caused by other health problems. Still, it’s important to take your child to a healthcare provider if you notice these symptoms. Only a healthcare provider can tell if your child has cancer. […] In most cases, the cancer cells have spread to the bones, lymph nodes, or both by the time neuroblastoma is diagnosed.

• #33 Neuroblastoma Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/neuroblastoma/patient/neuroblastoma-treatment-pdq

  Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer that forms in neuroblasts (immature nerve tissue) in the adrenal glands, neck, chest, or spinal cord. […] Signs and symptoms of neuroblastoma include bone pain or a lump in the abdomen, neck, or chest. […] Neuroblastoma most often begins in infancy. It is usually diagnosed between the first month of life and age 5 years. The tumor is found when it begins to grow and cause signs or symptoms. […] By the time cancer is diagnosed, it has usually metastasized (spread). Neuroblastoma spreads most often to the lymph nodes, bones, bone marrow, liver, and skin in infants and children. […] The most common signs and symptoms of neuroblastoma are caused by the tumor pressing on nearby tissues as it grows or by cancer spreading to the bone. […] Check with your child’s doctor if your child has: a lump in the abdomen, neck, or chest; bone pain; a swollen stomach and trouble breathing (in infants); bulging eyes; dark circles around the eyes („black eyes”); painless, bluish lumps under the skin (in infants); weakness or paralysis (loss of ability to move a body part).

• #34 Neuroblastoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neuroblastoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20351017

  Neuroblastoma usually affects children age 5 or younger. Symptoms vary, depending on where it occurs in the body. […] Signs and symptoms of neuroblastoma may vary depending on what part of the body is affected. […] Neuroblastoma in the belly may cause symptoms such as: Belly pain. A lump under the skin that typically isn’t tender when touched. Diarrhea or constipation. […] Neuroblastoma in the chest may cause symptoms such as: Wheezing. Difficulty breathing. Changes to the eyes, including drooping eyelids and pupils that are different sizes. […] Other symptoms that may indicate neuroblastoma include: Lumps of tissue under the skin. Eyeballs that seem to stick out from the sockets. Dark circles around the eyes that look like bruises. Back pain. Fever. Losing weight without trying. Bone pain.

• #35 Neuroblastoma

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/neuroblastoma

  Symptoms of neuroblastoma depend on the size of the tumor, where it is, if the cancer has spread, and if the neuroblastoma cells make hormones. They tend to be different in each child. […] Symptoms of a tumor in the belly (abdomen) can include: A lump you can see or feel, Swelling in the abdomen, Loss of appetite, Weight loss, Swelling of the legs, Swelling of the scrotum, Feeling full, Pain, Constipation, Trouble passing urine. […] Symptoms of a tumor in the chest can include: A lump you can see or feel, Swelling in the face, neck, arms, or chest (change in skin color to bluish-red), Headache, Dizziness, A change in mental state, Coughing or trouble breathing, Trouble swallowing, Drooping eyelids and other eye changes, Changes in feeling or movement of the arms or legs. […] Symptoms of a neuroblastoma that has spread to other parts of the body can include: Enlarged lymph nodes, Bone pain or limping, Weakness, numbness, or inability to move arms or legs, Bruising around the eyes, Bulging eyes, Enlarged liver, Bluish bumps on the skin, Lumps on the head, Feeling tired or weak, Frequent infections, Easy bruising or bleeding.

• #36 Symptoms of neuroblastoma | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/childrens-cancer/neuroblastoma/symptoms

  Neuroblastoma that spreads to the bone marrow might cause: tiredness and paleness due to a low red blood cell count (anaemia), bruising or bleeding due to a low platelet count (sometimes around the eyes), infections due to a low white blood cell count. […] Neuroblastoma that spreads to the skin can give it a blueish red colour, as if it were bruised. The appearance might be different depending on your child’s skin tone. Sometimes, there are small, raised, discoloured lumps. […] Spread to the liver might cause tummy swelling and pain. Babies might also have difficulty feeding because the liver has got bigger. […] If the tumour produces very large amounts of catecholamines it can cause symptoms. These include: weight loss, sweating, redness of the skin (flushing) or paleness, a fast heartbeat and increased blood pressure, watery diarrhoea.

• #37 Symptoms of neuroblastoma | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/childrens-cancer/neuroblastoma/symptoms

  Neuroblastoma that spreads to the bone marrow might cause: tiredness and paleness due to a low red blood cell count (anaemia), bruising or bleeding due to a low platelet count (sometimes around the eyes), infections due to a low white blood cell count. […] Neuroblastoma that spreads to the skin can give it a blueish red colour, as if it were bruised. The appearance might be different depending on your child’s skin tone. Sometimes, there are small, raised, discoloured lumps. […] Spread to the liver might cause tummy swelling and pain. Babies might also have difficulty feeding because the liver has got bigger. […] If the tumour produces very large amounts of catecholamines it can cause symptoms. These include: weight loss, sweating, redness of the skin (flushing) or paleness, a fast heartbeat and increased blood pressure, watery diarrhoea.

• #38 Symptoms of neuroblastoma | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/childrens-cancer/neuroblastoma/symptoms

  Neuroblastoma that spreads to the bone marrow might cause: tiredness and paleness due to a low red blood cell count (anaemia), bruising or bleeding due to a low platelet count (sometimes around the eyes), infections due to a low white blood cell count. […] Neuroblastoma that spreads to the skin can give it a blueish red colour, as if it were bruised. The appearance might be different depending on your child’s skin tone. Sometimes, there are small, raised, discoloured lumps. […] Spread to the liver might cause tummy swelling and pain. Babies might also have difficulty feeding because the liver has got bigger. […] If the tumour produces very large amounts of catecholamines it can cause symptoms. These include: weight loss, sweating, redness of the skin (flushing) or paleness, a fast heartbeat and increased blood pressure, watery diarrhoea.

• #39 Neuroblastoma

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/neuroblastoma

  Symptoms of neuroblastoma depend on the size of the tumor, where it is, if the cancer has spread, and if the neuroblastoma cells make hormones. They tend to be different in each child. […] Symptoms of a tumor in the belly (abdomen) can include: A lump you can see or feel, Swelling in the abdomen, Loss of appetite, Weight loss, Swelling of the legs, Swelling of the scrotum, Feeling full, Pain, Constipation, Trouble passing urine. […] Symptoms of a tumor in the chest can include: A lump you can see or feel, Swelling in the face, neck, arms, or chest (change in skin color to bluish-red), Headache, Dizziness, A change in mental state, Coughing or trouble breathing, Trouble swallowing, Drooping eyelids and other eye changes, Changes in feeling or movement of the arms or legs. […] Symptoms of a neuroblastoma that has spread to other parts of the body can include: Enlarged lymph nodes, Bone pain or limping, Weakness, numbness, or inability to move arms or legs, Bruising around the eyes, Bulging eyes, Enlarged liver, Bluish bumps on the skin, Lumps on the head, Feeling tired or weak, Frequent infections, Easy bruising or bleeding.

• #40 Signs and symptoms | Alex’s Lemonade Stand Foundation for Childhood Cancer

  https://www.alexslemonade.org/childhood-cancer/guides/childhood-cancer/chapter-4-neuroblastoma/signs-and-symptoms

  Children with neuroblastoma often experience a number of different signs and symptoms, depending largely on the location of the primary tumor and whether the disease has spread (metastasized) to other locations in the body. […] In many cases, parents find a lump or mass in the abdomen while dressing or bathing their young child. The abdomen may appear enlarged, or the child may experience intermittent abdominal pain. The child may stop eating, lose weight, or experience diarrhea and vomiting. Children with neuroblastoma may have fever and they may be unusually tired and irritable. If disease has spread to the bones, the child may begin to limp, refuse to stand, or describe pain in the bones. Neuroblastoma sometimes spreads to the bones of the skull and orbits (bones around the eyes). This may make one or both of the eyes protrude, or the child may develop dark circles around the eyes due to bleeding into the tumor. This is often referred to as raccoon eyes.

• #41 Neuroblastoma

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/neuroblastoma

  Symptoms of neuroblastoma depend on the size of the tumor, where it is, if the cancer has spread, and if the neuroblastoma cells make hormones. They tend to be different in each child. […] Symptoms of a tumor in the belly (abdomen) can include: A lump you can see or feel, Swelling in the abdomen, Loss of appetite, Weight loss, Swelling of the legs, Swelling of the scrotum, Feeling full, Pain, Constipation, Trouble passing urine. […] Symptoms of a tumor in the chest can include: A lump you can see or feel, Swelling in the face, neck, arms, or chest (change in skin color to bluish-red), Headache, Dizziness, A change in mental state, Coughing or trouble breathing, Trouble swallowing, Drooping eyelids and other eye changes, Changes in feeling or movement of the arms or legs. […] Symptoms of a neuroblastoma that has spread to other parts of the body can include: Enlarged lymph nodes, Bone pain or limping, Weakness, numbness, or inability to move arms or legs, Bruising around the eyes, Bulging eyes, Enlarged liver, Bluish bumps on the skin, Lumps on the head, Feeling tired or weak, Frequent infections, Easy bruising or bleeding.

• #42 Neuroblastoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neuroblastoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20351017

  Neuroblastoma usually affects children age 5 or younger. Symptoms vary, depending on where it occurs in the body. […] Signs and symptoms of neuroblastoma may vary depending on what part of the body is affected. […] Neuroblastoma in the belly may cause symptoms such as: Belly pain. A lump under the skin that typically isn’t tender when touched. Diarrhea or constipation. […] Neuroblastoma in the chest may cause symptoms such as: Wheezing. Difficulty breathing. Changes to the eyes, including drooping eyelids and pupils that are different sizes. […] Other symptoms that may indicate neuroblastoma include: Lumps of tissue under the skin. Eyeballs that seem to stick out from the sockets. Dark circles around the eyes that look like bruises. Back pain. Fever. Losing weight without trying. Bone pain.

• #43 How Do You Know if Your Child Has Neuroblastoma?

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/how_do_you_know_if_your_child_has_neuroblastoma/article_em.htm

  Neuroblastoma can cause different signs and symptoms in a child depending on where the tumor is, how large it is, how far it has spread (metastasized), and if the tumor produces hormones. […] Symptoms of neuroblastoma caused by the main tumor may include: Lump or swelling in the child’s abdomen, pelvis, or neck that is not painful, Not wanting to eat or feeling full, Abdominal pain, Swelling of the legs, Swelling of the scrotum in boys, Problems with bowel movements or urination, Enlarged abdomen. […] Symptoms of neuroblastoma caused by tumors in the neck or chest may include: A hard, painless lump, Swelling in the face, neck, arms, and upper chest (sometimes with a bluish-red skin color), Headaches, Dizziness, Changes in consciousness, Coughing, Trouble breathing or swallowing, Drooping eyelid and small pupil in one eye, Problems being able to feel or move parts of the body.

• #44 Neuroblastoma

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/neuroblastoma

  Symptoms of neuroblastoma depend on the size of the tumor, where it is, if the cancer has spread, and if the neuroblastoma cells make hormones. They tend to be different in each child. […] Symptoms of a tumor in the belly (abdomen) can include: A lump you can see or feel, Swelling in the abdomen, Loss of appetite, Weight loss, Swelling of the legs, Swelling of the scrotum, Feeling full, Pain, Constipation, Trouble passing urine. […] Symptoms of a tumor in the chest can include: A lump you can see or feel, Swelling in the face, neck, arms, or chest (change in skin color to bluish-red), Headache, Dizziness, A change in mental state, Coughing or trouble breathing, Trouble swallowing, Drooping eyelids and other eye changes, Changes in feeling or movement of the arms or legs. […] Symptoms of a neuroblastoma that has spread to other parts of the body can include: Enlarged lymph nodes, Bone pain or limping, Weakness, numbness, or inability to move arms or legs, Bruising around the eyes, Bulging eyes, Enlarged liver, Bluish bumps on the skin, Lumps on the head, Feeling tired or weak, Frequent infections, Easy bruising or bleeding.

• #45 Symptoms of neuroblastoma | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/childrens-cancer/neuroblastoma/symptoms

  Neuroblastoma that spreads to the bone marrow might cause: tiredness and paleness due to a low red blood cell count (anaemia), bruising or bleeding due to a low platelet count (sometimes around the eyes), infections due to a low white blood cell count. […] Neuroblastoma that spreads to the skin can give it a blueish red colour, as if it were bruised. The appearance might be different depending on your child’s skin tone. Sometimes, there are small, raised, discoloured lumps. […] Spread to the liver might cause tummy swelling and pain. Babies might also have difficulty feeding because the liver has got bigger. […] If the tumour produces very large amounts of catecholamines it can cause symptoms. These include: weight loss, sweating, redness of the skin (flushing) or paleness, a fast heartbeat and increased blood pressure, watery diarrhoea.

• #46 Symptoms of neuroblastoma | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/childrens-cancer/neuroblastoma/symptoms

  Neuroblastoma that spreads to the bone marrow might cause: tiredness and paleness due to a low red blood cell count (anaemia), bruising or bleeding due to a low platelet count (sometimes around the eyes), infections due to a low white blood cell count. […] Neuroblastoma that spreads to the skin can give it a blueish red colour, as if it were bruised. The appearance might be different depending on your child’s skin tone. Sometimes, there are small, raised, discoloured lumps. […] Spread to the liver might cause tummy swelling and pain. Babies might also have difficulty feeding because the liver has got bigger. […] If the tumour produces very large amounts of catecholamines it can cause symptoms. These include: weight loss, sweating, redness of the skin (flushing) or paleness, a fast heartbeat and increased blood pressure, watery diarrhoea.

• #47 Neuroblastoma: Children | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-children/neuroblastoma-children/

  The symptoms vary, depending on where your childs neuroblastoma tumour is: […] if the tumour is in the abdomen, your childs tummy may be swollen and they may complain of constipation or have difficulty passing urine (peeing) […] if the tumour affects the chest area, your child may be breathless and have difficulty swallowing […] if the tumour occurs in the neck, its often visible as a lump and occasionally affects breathing and swallowing […] occasionally, there are deposits of neuroblastoma in the skin that appear as small, blue-coloured lumps […] if the tumour is pressing on the spinal cord, children may have weakness in the legs and walk unsteadily if your child is not yet walking, you may notice reduced leg movements; they may also have constipation or difficulty passing urine (peeing)

• #48 Neuroblastoma

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/neuroblastoma

  Symptoms of neuroblastoma depend on the size of the tumor, where it is, if the cancer has spread, and if the neuroblastoma cells make hormones. They tend to be different in each child. […] Symptoms of a tumor in the belly (abdomen) can include: A lump you can see or feel, Swelling in the abdomen, Loss of appetite, Weight loss, Swelling of the legs, Swelling of the scrotum, Feeling full, Pain, Constipation, Trouble passing urine. […] Symptoms of a tumor in the chest can include: A lump you can see or feel, Swelling in the face, neck, arms, or chest (change in skin color to bluish-red), Headache, Dizziness, A change in mental state, Coughing or trouble breathing, Trouble swallowing, Drooping eyelids and other eye changes, Changes in feeling or movement of the arms or legs. […] Symptoms of a neuroblastoma that has spread to other parts of the body can include: Enlarged lymph nodes, Bone pain or limping, Weakness, numbness, or inability to move arms or legs, Bruising around the eyes, Bulging eyes, Enlarged liver, Bluish bumps on the skin, Lumps on the head, Feeling tired or weak, Frequent infections, Easy bruising or bleeding.

• #49 Symptoms of neuroblastoma | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/childrens-cancer/neuroblastoma/symptoms

  Neuroblastoma that spreads to the bone marrow might cause: tiredness and paleness due to a low red blood cell count (anaemia), bruising or bleeding due to a low platelet count (sometimes around the eyes), infections due to a low white blood cell count. […] Neuroblastoma that spreads to the skin can give it a blueish red colour, as if it were bruised. The appearance might be different depending on your child’s skin tone. Sometimes, there are small, raised, discoloured lumps. […] Spread to the liver might cause tummy swelling and pain. Babies might also have difficulty feeding because the liver has got bigger. […] If the tumour produces very large amounts of catecholamines it can cause symptoms. These include: weight loss, sweating, redness of the skin (flushing) or paleness, a fast heartbeat and increased blood pressure, watery diarrhoea.

• #50 Signs and Symptoms of Neuroblastoma | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/neuroblastoma/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-and-symptoms.html

  If the cancer spreads to the bone marrow (the inner part of certain bones, where new blood cells are made), the child may not have enough red blood cells, white blood cells, or blood platelets. These shortages of blood cells can result in tiredness, irritability, weakness, frequent infections, and excess bruising or bleeding from small cuts or scrapes. […] Rarely, large tumors can start to break down, leading to a loss of clotting factors in the blood. This can result in a high risk of serious bleeding, which is known as a consumption coagulopathy and can be life threatening. […] Neuroblastoma cells sometimes release hormones that can cause problems with tissues and organs in other parts of the body, even though the cancer has not spread to those tissues or organs. These problems are called paraneoplastic syndromes. […] Signs and symptoms of paraneoplastic syndromes can include: Constant watery diarrhea, Fever, High blood pressure (causing irritability), Rapid heartbeat, Reddening (flushing) of the skin, Sweating.

• #51 Neuroblastoma

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/neuroblastoma

  A neuroblastoma may release hormones. This is called paraneoplastic syndrome. It can cause symptoms, such as: Constant watery diarrhea, Fever, High blood pressure, Fast heart rate, Flushing or redness of skin, Sweating. […] A neuroblastoma can also cause opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome. This can lead to symptoms, such as: Quick eye movements, Muscle twitching or spasms, Trouble with coordination, Trouble speaking. […] Many of these symptoms can be caused by other health problems. Still, it’s important to take your child to a healthcare provider if you notice these symptoms. Only a healthcare provider can tell if your child has cancer. […] In most cases, the cancer cells have spread to the bones, lymph nodes, or both by the time neuroblastoma is diagnosed.

• #52 Neuroblastoma

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/neuroblastoma

  A neuroblastoma may release hormones. This is called paraneoplastic syndrome. It can cause symptoms, such as: Constant watery diarrhea, Fever, High blood pressure, Fast heart rate, Flushing or redness of skin, Sweating. […] A neuroblastoma can also cause opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome. This can lead to symptoms, such as: Quick eye movements, Muscle twitching or spasms, Trouble with coordination, Trouble speaking. […] Many of these symptoms can be caused by other health problems. Still, it’s important to take your child to a healthcare provider if you notice these symptoms. Only a healthcare provider can tell if your child has cancer. […] In most cases, the cancer cells have spread to the bones, lymph nodes, or both by the time neuroblastoma is diagnosed.

• #53 Neuroblastoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448111/

  Chronic diarrhea due to the secretion of vasoactive intestinal peptide may be the initial presentation. […] When the bone is involved, pain and a limp may be present. In addition, bone metastases may present with pathological fractures. […] Thoracic lesions may present with Horner syndrome. […] In rare cases, the patient may present with myoclonus and opsoclonus. These patients tend to have localized disease and good outcomes. However, the neurological deficit can be disabling. […] Patients with the MYCN gene tend to have rapid progression of cancer and poor outcomes.

• #54 Neuroblastoma

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/neuroblastoma

  A neuroblastoma may release hormones. This is called paraneoplastic syndrome. It can cause symptoms, such as: Constant watery diarrhea, Fever, High blood pressure, Fast heart rate, Flushing or redness of skin, Sweating. […] A neuroblastoma can also cause opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome. This can lead to symptoms, such as: Quick eye movements, Muscle twitching or spasms, Trouble with coordination, Trouble speaking. […] Many of these symptoms can be caused by other health problems. Still, it’s important to take your child to a healthcare provider if you notice these symptoms. Only a healthcare provider can tell if your child has cancer. […] In most cases, the cancer cells have spread to the bones, lymph nodes, or both by the time neuroblastoma is diagnosed.

• #55 Neuroblastoma

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/neuroblastoma

  A neuroblastoma may release hormones. This is called paraneoplastic syndrome. It can cause symptoms, such as: Constant watery diarrhea, Fever, High blood pressure, Fast heart rate, Flushing or redness of skin, Sweating. […] A neuroblastoma can also cause opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome. This can lead to symptoms, such as: Quick eye movements, Muscle twitching or spasms, Trouble with coordination, Trouble speaking. […] Many of these symptoms can be caused by other health problems. Still, it’s important to take your child to a healthcare provider if you notice these symptoms. Only a healthcare provider can tell if your child has cancer. […] In most cases, the cancer cells have spread to the bones, lymph nodes, or both by the time neuroblastoma is diagnosed.

• #56 Neuroblastoma

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/neuroblastoma

  A neuroblastoma may release hormones. This is called paraneoplastic syndrome. It can cause symptoms, such as: Constant watery diarrhea, Fever, High blood pressure, Fast heart rate, Flushing or redness of skin, Sweating. […] A neuroblastoma can also cause opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome. This can lead to symptoms, such as: Quick eye movements, Muscle twitching or spasms, Trouble with coordination, Trouble speaking. […] Many of these symptoms can be caused by other health problems. Still, it’s important to take your child to a healthcare provider if you notice these symptoms. Only a healthcare provider can tell if your child has cancer. […] In most cases, the cancer cells have spread to the bones, lymph nodes, or both by the time neuroblastoma is diagnosed.

• #57 Neuroblastoma

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/neuroblastoma

  A neuroblastoma may release hormones. This is called paraneoplastic syndrome. It can cause symptoms, such as: Constant watery diarrhea, Fever, High blood pressure, Fast heart rate, Flushing or redness of skin, Sweating. […] A neuroblastoma can also cause opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome. This can lead to symptoms, such as: Quick eye movements, Muscle twitching or spasms, Trouble with coordination, Trouble speaking. […] Many of these symptoms can be caused by other health problems. Still, it’s important to take your child to a healthcare provider if you notice these symptoms. Only a healthcare provider can tell if your child has cancer. […] In most cases, the cancer cells have spread to the bones, lymph nodes, or both by the time neuroblastoma is diagnosed.

• #58 Neuroblastoma

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/neuroblastoma

  A neuroblastoma may release hormones. This is called paraneoplastic syndrome. It can cause symptoms, such as: Constant watery diarrhea, Fever, High blood pressure, Fast heart rate, Flushing or redness of skin, Sweating. […] A neuroblastoma can also cause opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome. This can lead to symptoms, such as: Quick eye movements, Muscle twitching or spasms, Trouble with coordination, Trouble speaking. […] Many of these symptoms can be caused by other health problems. Still, it’s important to take your child to a healthcare provider if you notice these symptoms. Only a healthcare provider can tell if your child has cancer. […] In most cases, the cancer cells have spread to the bones, lymph nodes, or both by the time neuroblastoma is diagnosed.

• #59 Neuroblastoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroblastoma

  Rare but characteristic presentations include transverse myelopathy (tumor spinal cord compression, 5% of cases), treatment-resistant diarrhea (tumor vasoactive intestinal peptide secretion, 4% of cases), Horner’s syndrome (cervical tumor, 2.4% of cases), opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome and ataxia (suspected paraneoplastic cause, 1.3% of cases), and hypertension (catecholamine secretion or kidney artery compression, 1.3% of cases).

• #60 Neuroblastoma

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/neuroblastoma

  A neuroblastoma may release hormones. This is called paraneoplastic syndrome. It can cause symptoms, such as: Constant watery diarrhea, Fever, High blood pressure, Fast heart rate, Flushing or redness of skin, Sweating. […] A neuroblastoma can also cause opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome. This can lead to symptoms, such as: Quick eye movements, Muscle twitching or spasms, Trouble with coordination, Trouble speaking. […] Many of these symptoms can be caused by other health problems. Still, it’s important to take your child to a healthcare provider if you notice these symptoms. Only a healthcare provider can tell if your child has cancer. […] In most cases, the cancer cells have spread to the bones, lymph nodes, or both by the time neuroblastoma is diagnosed.

• #61 Neuroblastoma

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/neuroblastoma

  A neuroblastoma may release hormones. This is called paraneoplastic syndrome. It can cause symptoms, such as: Constant watery diarrhea, Fever, High blood pressure, Fast heart rate, Flushing or redness of skin, Sweating. […] A neuroblastoma can also cause opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome. This can lead to symptoms, such as: Quick eye movements, Muscle twitching or spasms, Trouble with coordination, Trouble speaking. […] Many of these symptoms can be caused by other health problems. Still, it’s important to take your child to a healthcare provider if you notice these symptoms. Only a healthcare provider can tell if your child has cancer. […] In most cases, the cancer cells have spread to the bones, lymph nodes, or both by the time neuroblastoma is diagnosed.

• #62 Neuroblastoma

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/neuroblastoma

  A neuroblastoma may release hormones. This is called paraneoplastic syndrome. It can cause symptoms, such as: Constant watery diarrhea, Fever, High blood pressure, Fast heart rate, Flushing or redness of skin, Sweating. […] A neuroblastoma can also cause opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome. This can lead to symptoms, such as: Quick eye movements, Muscle twitching or spasms, Trouble with coordination, Trouble speaking. […] Many of these symptoms can be caused by other health problems. Still, it’s important to take your child to a healthcare provider if you notice these symptoms. Only a healthcare provider can tell if your child has cancer. […] In most cases, the cancer cells have spread to the bones, lymph nodes, or both by the time neuroblastoma is diagnosed.

• #63 Neuroblastoma

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/neuroblastoma

  A neuroblastoma may release hormones. This is called paraneoplastic syndrome. It can cause symptoms, such as: Constant watery diarrhea, Fever, High blood pressure, Fast heart rate, Flushing or redness of skin, Sweating. […] A neuroblastoma can also cause opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome. This can lead to symptoms, such as: Quick eye movements, Muscle twitching or spasms, Trouble with coordination, Trouble speaking. […] Many of these symptoms can be caused by other health problems. Still, it’s important to take your child to a healthcare provider if you notice these symptoms. Only a healthcare provider can tell if your child has cancer. […] In most cases, the cancer cells have spread to the bones, lymph nodes, or both by the time neuroblastoma is diagnosed.

• #64 Neuroblastoma

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/neuroblastoma

  A neuroblastoma may release hormones. This is called paraneoplastic syndrome. It can cause symptoms, such as: Constant watery diarrhea, Fever, High blood pressure, Fast heart rate, Flushing or redness of skin, Sweating. […] A neuroblastoma can also cause opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome. This can lead to symptoms, such as: Quick eye movements, Muscle twitching or spasms, Trouble with coordination, Trouble speaking. […] Many of these symptoms can be caused by other health problems. Still, it’s important to take your child to a healthcare provider if you notice these symptoms. Only a healthcare provider can tell if your child has cancer. […] In most cases, the cancer cells have spread to the bones, lymph nodes, or both by the time neuroblastoma is diagnosed.

• #65 Neuroblastoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448111/

  Chronic diarrhea due to the secretion of vasoactive intestinal peptide may be the initial presentation. […] When the bone is involved, pain and a limp may be present. In addition, bone metastases may present with pathological fractures. […] Thoracic lesions may present with Horner syndrome. […] In rare cases, the patient may present with myoclonus and opsoclonus. These patients tend to have localized disease and good outcomes. However, the neurological deficit can be disabling. […] Patients with the MYCN gene tend to have rapid progression of cancer and poor outcomes.

• #66 Pediatric Neuroblastoma Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/988284-clinical

  In a small proportion of infants younger than 6 months, neuroblastoma presents with a small primary tumor and metastatic disease confined to the liver, skin, and bone marrow (stage 4S). If this type of tumor develops in neonates, skin lesions may be confused with congenital rubella, and, if the patient has severe skin involvement, the term „blueberry muffin baby” may be used. […] Approximately 2% of patients present with opsoclonus and myoclonus a paraneoplastic syndrome characterized by the presence of myoclonic jerking and random eye movements. These patients often have localized disease and a good long-term prognosis. Unfortunately, the neurologic abnormalities can persist or progress and can be devastating. […] Finally, intractable diarrhea is a rare paraneoplastic symptom and is associated with more differentiated tumors and a good prognosis.

• #67 Regression and progression in neuroblastoma. Does genetics predict tumour behaviour? – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7576955/

  Neuroblastoma (NB) is a heterogeneous disease. The clinical course may range from spontaneous regression and maturation to very aggressive behaviour. […] Stage 4s is a unique subcategory of NB, generally associated with good prognosis, despite skin and/or liver involvement and the frequent presence of tumour cells in the bone marrow. […] Another type of NB is the locally invasive tumour without bone and bone marrow involvement which can also have a good prognosis, irrespective of lymph node involvement. […] These data, although limited, suggest that an intact 1p36 (recognised by D1Z2), the absence of MYCN amplification and near-triploidy (at least in localised tumours), represent prerequisites for spontaneous regression and/or maturation.

• #68 Neuroblastomas: Symptoms and treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/neuroblastomas

  Presentation is usually quite late and the majority of symptoms and signs occur either due to the mass effect of the tumour or as a result of metastases. […] Clinical symptoms vary depending on the location of the primary tumour, and may include an abdominal mass, abdominal pain, respiratory distress, or neurological symptoms from spinal cord involvement. […] Children with metastatic disease often appear ill at diagnosis, with fever, bone pain, and weight loss. […] While in some cases of neuroblastoma, lesions may regress spontaneously, in others, the disease may behave aggressively, with many patients having recurrent/refractory metastatic disease. […] Loss of appetite. […] Occasionally watery diarrhoea due to vaso-active intestinal polypeptide (VIP) secretion. […] Vomiting. […] Weight loss.

• #69

  https://braintumourresearch.org/pages/types-of-brain-tumours-neuroblastoma?srsltid=AfmBOoqCm23vXo4dYv0AbzYCceC9SDhW4uUThfUTzt9RFxEBzAlXrbZi

  Staging is a measure of how far the tumour has spread beyond its original site, and can help determine the correct treatment. The following describes the staging system that is used in the UK. Stage 1: The tumour is in one location and can be removed completely with surgery. Stage 2A: The tumour is in one location but cannot be completely removed by surgery. Stage 2B: The tumour is localised but has spread to local lymph nodes. Stage 3: The tumour cannot be removed fully by surgery and it is present on both sides of the body (either side of spine), or the tumour is present on one side of the body and cancer cells are found in lymph nodes on the other. Stage 4: The tumour has spread to distant lymph nodes, bone marrow, bone, liver and/or other organs. Stage 4S: The tumour is localised (stage I, IIA or IIB), with spread limited to liver, skin and/or bone marrow in an infant under one year of age. 4S is unique compared to the other stages as it has much better outlook, children with 4S generally get better with very little, or no treatment.

• #70 FAQ About Neuroblastoma | Alex’s Lemonade Stand Foundation for Childhood Cancer

  https://www.alexslemonade.org/childhood-cancer/type/neuroblastoma-faq

  The cancer cells must be killed with chemotherapy drugs and radiation, removed with surgery, or encouraged to mature into normal nerve cells with help from drugs called retinoids. After diagnosis and staging, the pediatric oncologist will discuss the best-known treatment or a clinical trial based on a child’s risk category. […] The likelihood of a relapse in neuroblastoma depends on a child’s risk level. Low risk and intermediate risk tumors may regrow after surgery or chemotherapy, but these children are typically cured with a repeat of standard treatment. High risk neuroblastoma is more complicated. About 10% of high risk cases do not respond to chemotherapy. For about 40-50% of high-risk cases the initial disease will go away, but eventually relapses during or after treatment.

• #71 Neuroblastoma > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/neuroblastoma

  Symptoms include lump in abdomen, chest, or neck, bone pain, swollen stomach, difficulty breathing. […] Children who have neuroblastomas may experience: A lump or swollen area in the abdomen, chest, or neck, Bone pain, Swollen stomach, Difficulty breathing, Fever, Limping, Easy bruising or bleeding, Unexplained weight loss, Anemia, Eyes that bulge, Dark circles or bruising around the eyes, Drooping upper eyelids, Limping, Paralysis, Uncontrollable eye movements, Jerky movements, High blood pressure, Bluish, painless lumps beneath the skin. […] In 70 to 80% of children, the cancer has already spread to other body parts by the time that it is diagnosed. The prognosis is poor for manybut not allchildren with neuroblastomas. […] Different types of neuroblastoma have different outlooks, depending on the genetic mutation responsible for the cancer, the age at diagnosis, and other risk factors. In children with low- or intermediate-risk neuroblastoma the outcome is excellent. Up to 90% of babies survive and be cured if the cancer is caught early. And the condition resolves in some babies without treatment. […] In children with high-risk neuroblastoma or who are diagnosed with metastatic neuroblastomas that has spread to other parts of the body, the prognosis has significantly improved in recent years and over 60% of these patients can be cured.

• #72 Neuroblastoma: What is It, Stages, Causes, Symptoms, Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14390-neuroblastoma

  Neuroblastoma symptoms range from mild to severe. They vary depending on the tumors location and the stage of the disease. Most often, cancer has spread to other parts of the body by the time signs appear. Symptoms include: […] Other symptoms of neuroblastoma may appear later as the disease progresses. They include: High blood pressure and a fast heartbeat. Horners syndrome, which causes droopy eyelid, small pupil and sweating on only one side of the face. Pain in the bones, back or legs. Problems with balance, coordination and movement. Shortness of breath. Uncontrollable eye movements or eyes that dart around quickly. […] The outlook for kids with neuroblastoma depends on the tumors location, the childs age and the cancer stage. The stage describes how advanced the disease is. […] The prognosis depends on several factors, including: How old the child was at the time of diagnosis. The biological makeup of the tumor. If the tumor has spread to lymph nodes or other parts of the body.

• #73 Neuroblastoma | Children with Cancer UK

  https://www.childrenwithcancer.org.uk/childhood-cancer-info/cancer-types/neuroblastoma/

  Neuroblastoma tumours most often occur in one of the adrenal glands, in the abdomen. First symptoms are loss of appetite, tiredness and pain in the bones, it affects around 83 children per year in Great Britain. […] Symptoms that may indicate neuroblastoma include: Loss of appetite, Tiredness, Pain in the bones, Small, blue-coloured lumps, Weakness in the legs, Swollen belly, Difficulty swallowing and breathing. […] Neuroblastoma accounts for 6% of childhood cancer registrations in the UK, with around 95 diagnoses annually. As with all embryonal tumours, neuroblastoma is most common in children under the age of five years and extremely rare after the age of 10 years. Its incidence is highest in babies under one it is the most frequent single type of cancer in the first year of life, accounting for one fifth of cancers in this age group. […] Localised neuroblastoma has a very high chance of being cured. Tumours that have spread especially those with MYCN amplification are more challenging but recent advances in therapy and research continue to improve the outlook for these children.

• #74 Neuroblastoma Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/neuroblastoma/patient/neuroblastoma-treatment-pdq

  Less common signs and symptoms of neuroblastoma include: fever; shortness of breath; feeling tired; easy bruising or bleeding; petechiae (flat, pinpoint spots under the skin caused by bleeding); high blood pressure; severe watery diarrhea; Horner syndrome (droopy eyelid, smaller pupil, and less sweating on one side of the face); jerky muscle movements; uncontrolled eye movements. […] If your child has symptoms that suggest neuroblastoma, the doctor will need to find out if these are due to cancer or another condition. […] Depending on your child’s symptoms and medical history and the results of their physical and neurological exam, the doctor may recommend more tests to find out if your child has neuroblastoma, and if so, its extent (stage). […] In some children up to age 6 months, neuroblastoma may disappear without treatment. This is called spontaneous regression. The child is closely watched for signs or symptoms of neuroblastoma. If signs or symptoms occur, treatment may be needed.

• #75 Neuroblastoma Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/neuroblastoma

  Neuroblastoma is a very rare type of cancerous tumor that develops from nerve tissue. It usually occurs in infants and children. […] The first symptoms are usually fever, a general sick feeling (malaise), and pain. There may also be loss of appetite, weight loss, and diarrhea. […] Other symptoms depend on the site of the tumor, and may include: Bone pain or tenderness (if the cancer has spread to the bones), Difficulty breathing or a chronic cough (if the cancer has spread to the chest), Enlarged abdomen (from a large tumor or excess fluid), Flushed, red skin, Pale skin and bluish color around the eyes, Profuse sweating, Rapid heart rate (tachycardia). […] In most people, the tumor has spread when it is first diagnosed. […] The outcome varies. In very young children, the tumor may go away on its own, without treatment. Or, the tissues of the tumor may mature and develop into a non-cancerous (benign) tumor called a ganglioneuroma, which can be surgically removed. In other cases, the tumor spreads quickly.

• #76

  https://www.acco.org/blog/neuroblastoma-childhood-cancer-signs-and-symptoms/

  In about two-third of all neuroblastoma cases, the neuroblastoma has spread beyond its point of origin into other areas of the body, usually the lymph nodes and/or the bones. […] Neuroblastoma can also spread to the bones, which can be extremely painful. […] One particular type of neuroblastoma, found only in the first few months of life, is known as Stage 4S neuroblastoma because the tumor has spread to the liver, the skin, and/or the bone marrow. […] Paraneoplastic syndromes are problems stemming from hormones released by the neuroblastoma. […] This can lead to a range of additional symptoms, including: Fever, High blood pressure (irritability), Rapid heartbeat, Constant watery diarrhea, Reddening or flushing of the skin, Sweating. […] A child with this syndrome will have irregular and rapid eye movements and twitch-like muscle spasms, and will lack coordination when standing or walking.

• #77

  https://braintumourresearch.org/pages/types-of-brain-tumours-neuroblastoma?srsltid=AfmBOoqCm23vXo4dYv0AbzYCceC9SDhW4uUThfUTzt9RFxEBzAlXrbZi

  Staging is a measure of how far the tumour has spread beyond its original site, and can help determine the correct treatment. The following describes the staging system that is used in the UK. Stage 1: The tumour is in one location and can be removed completely with surgery. Stage 2A: The tumour is in one location but cannot be completely removed by surgery. Stage 2B: The tumour is localised but has spread to local lymph nodes. Stage 3: The tumour cannot be removed fully by surgery and it is present on both sides of the body (either side of spine), or the tumour is present on one side of the body and cancer cells are found in lymph nodes on the other. Stage 4: The tumour has spread to distant lymph nodes, bone marrow, bone, liver and/or other organs. Stage 4S: The tumour is localised (stage I, IIA or IIB), with spread limited to liver, skin and/or bone marrow in an infant under one year of age. 4S is unique compared to the other stages as it has much better outlook, children with 4S generally get better with very little, or no treatment.

• #78 FAQ About Neuroblastoma | Alex’s Lemonade Stand Foundation for Childhood Cancer

  https://www.alexslemonade.org/childhood-cancer/type/neuroblastoma-faq

  The cancer cells must be killed with chemotherapy drugs and radiation, removed with surgery, or encouraged to mature into normal nerve cells with help from drugs called retinoids. After diagnosis and staging, the pediatric oncologist will discuss the best-known treatment or a clinical trial based on a child’s risk category. […] The likelihood of a relapse in neuroblastoma depends on a child’s risk level. Low risk and intermediate risk tumors may regrow after surgery or chemotherapy, but these children are typically cured with a repeat of standard treatment. High risk neuroblastoma is more complicated. About 10% of high risk cases do not respond to chemotherapy. For about 40-50% of high-risk cases the initial disease will go away, but eventually relapses during or after treatment.

• #79 Neuroblastoma – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1305

  Neuroblastoma is a rare, malignant tumour arising from the embryological neural crest element of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system. […] The most common extracranial solid tumour in children; the majority of patients are diagnosed before 5 years of age. […] Key diagnostic factors include abdominal distention, abdominal mass, pain, decreased appetite, weight loss, fatigue, periorbital ecchymosis (panda eyes), and signs of spinal cord compression. […] Prognosis is excellent for patients with low-risk disease and poor for those with high-risk disease. […] Relapsed or refractory (high-risk) disease is difficult to cure, and is associated with extremely low survival.

• #80 Neuroblastomas: Symptoms and treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/neuroblastomas

  However, children with neuroblastoma have widely divergent outcomes, ranging from cure in more than 90% of patients with low risk disease to below 50% for those with high risk disease. […] The clinical outcome remains poor in patients with high-risk neuroblastoma, in which chemo-resistant relapse is common following high-intensity conventional treatment.

• #81 16 Top Neuroblastoma Symptoms & Signs | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/neuroblastoma/neuroblastoma-symptoms.html

  Sometimes neuroblastoma has no symptoms, and sometimes it is misdiagnosed because its symptoms look like those of other, more common conditions. […] Signs of neuroblastoma depend upon where the tumor is, its size, whether the cancer has spread and if it is making hormones. Symptoms may include: Bruising, Diarrhea, Loss of appetite, weight loss, Fatigue, Lumps in the abdomen, lower back, neck or chest, Bone pain (caused by spread of cancer to the bone), Bulging eyes, drooping eyelid, Dark circles under or around the eyes, Swollen, distended stomach, Breathing problems or coughing, Difficulty swallowing, Weakness or paralysis of the lower extremities, Fever, anemia and high blood pressure, Swelling of legs or scrotum, Problems with urination or bowel movements, Headaches, dizziness. […] Most children with these symptoms do not have neuroblastoma. Usually they are caused by other, less serious conditions. However, its a good idea to talk to your childs doctor to rule out any health concerns.

• #82 Neuroblastoma

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/neuroblastoma

  A neuroblastoma may release hormones. This is called paraneoplastic syndrome. It can cause symptoms, such as: Constant watery diarrhea, Fever, High blood pressure, Fast heart rate, Flushing or redness of skin, Sweating. […] A neuroblastoma can also cause opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome. This can lead to symptoms, such as: Quick eye movements, Muscle twitching or spasms, Trouble with coordination, Trouble speaking. […] Many of these symptoms can be caused by other health problems. Still, it’s important to take your child to a healthcare provider if you notice these symptoms. Only a healthcare provider can tell if your child has cancer. […] In most cases, the cancer cells have spread to the bones, lymph nodes, or both by the time neuroblastoma is diagnosed.

• #83 Neuroblastoma Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/neuroblastoma/patient/neuroblastoma-treatment-pdq

  Less common signs and symptoms of neuroblastoma include: fever; shortness of breath; feeling tired; easy bruising or bleeding; petechiae (flat, pinpoint spots under the skin caused by bleeding); high blood pressure; severe watery diarrhea; Horner syndrome (droopy eyelid, smaller pupil, and less sweating on one side of the face); jerky muscle movements; uncontrolled eye movements. […] If your child has symptoms that suggest neuroblastoma, the doctor will need to find out if these are due to cancer or another condition. […] Depending on your child’s symptoms and medical history and the results of their physical and neurological exam, the doctor may recommend more tests to find out if your child has neuroblastoma, and if so, its extent (stage). […] In some children up to age 6 months, neuroblastoma may disappear without treatment. This is called spontaneous regression. The child is closely watched for signs or symptoms of neuroblastoma. If signs or symptoms occur, treatment may be needed.

• #84 Regression and progression in neuroblastoma. Does genetics predict tumour behaviour? – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7576955/

  Neuroblastoma (NB) is a heterogeneous disease. The clinical course may range from spontaneous regression and maturation to very aggressive behaviour. […] Stage 4s is a unique subcategory of NB, generally associated with good prognosis, despite skin and/or liver involvement and the frequent presence of tumour cells in the bone marrow. […] Another type of NB is the locally invasive tumour without bone and bone marrow involvement which can also have a good prognosis, irrespective of lymph node involvement. […] These data, although limited, suggest that an intact 1p36 (recognised by D1Z2), the absence of MYCN amplification and near-triploidy (at least in localised tumours), represent prerequisites for spontaneous regression and/or maturation.

• #85 Neuroblastoma Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/neuroblastoma

  The response to treatment also varies. Treatment is often successful if the cancer has not spread. If it has spread, neuroblastoma is harder to cure. Younger children often do better than older children. […] Contact your provider if your child has symptoms of neuroblastoma. Early diagnosis and treatment improves the chance of a good outcome.

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