Mioklonie
Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby

Mioklonie poanoksyczne, występujące u pacjentów po zatrzymaniu krążenia poza szpitalem (OHCA), nie są już jednoznacznym wskaźnikiem złego rokowania, jak wcześniej sądzono. Status miokloniczny definiowany jako spontaniczne, powtarzające się, uogólnione mioklonie u pacjentów w śpiączce, choć historycznie kojarzony z wysoką śmiertelnością, obecnie wykazuje bardziej zróżnicowane wyniki. W badaniu 19,6% pacjentów po OHCA miało status miokloniczny, a ponad 10% z nich odzyskało dobry wynik neurologiczny (CPC 1 lub 2). Kluczowe jest rozróżnienie statusu mioklonicznego z towarzyszącym stanem padaczkowym potwierdzonym w EEG, który wiąże się z przeżywalnością na poziomie 5,6%, od statusu bez potwierdzenia stanu padaczkowego, gdzie przeżycie ponad rok wynosiło 30,6%. Ocena kliniczna i EEG są niezbędne do identyfikacji pacjentów z potencjałem do wyzdrowienia, choć semiologia mioklonii poanoksycznych wykazuje niską powtarzalność między lekarzami, co ogranicza jej zastosowanie prognostyczne.

Mioklonie – Rokowanie (przewidywanie wyniku leczenia)

Mioklonie (myoclonus) to niejednorodne zaburzenie neurologiczne charakteryzujące się nagłymi, krótkimi, mimowolnymi skurczami mięśni. Rokowanie u pacjentów z miokloniami różni się znacząco w zależności od etiologii, typu mioklonii oraz współistniejących zaburzeń neurologicznych. Szczególnie interesujące z klinicznego punktu widzenia są mioklonie poanoksyczne, które występują u pacjentów po zatrzymaniu krążenia poza szpitalem (OHCA – out-of-hospital cardiac arrest), gdyż historycznie były uznawane za jednoznaczny wyznacznik złego rokowania.12

Mioklonie poanoksyczne i status miokloniczny

Status miokloniczny poanoksyczny przez wiele lat był uważany za niezawodny wskaźnik złego rokowania. Według tradycyjnych poglądów, status miokloniczny (definiowany jako spontaniczne, powtarzające się, nieustępujące, uogólnione wieloogniskowe mioklonie obejmujące twarz, kończyny i mięśnie osiowe u pacjentów w śpiączce) był niezmiennie związany ze śmiercią wewnątrzszpitalną lub złym wynikiem leczenia.1

Nowsze badania wskazują jednak, że obecność mioklonii poanoksycznych nie zawsze oznacza fatalne rokowanie. W jednym z badań stwierdzono, że 19,6% pacjentów, którzy przeżyli zatrzymanie krążenia poza szpitalem i zostali następnie przyjęci do szpitala uniwersyteckiego, cierpiało na status miokloniczny po przyjęciu. Co istotne, ponad 10% pacjentów ze statusem miokloniczny odzyskało zdrowie i zostało wypisanych ze szpitala z CPC (Cerebral Performance Category) 1 lub 2, co oznacza dobry wynik neurologiczny.23

Znaczenie EEG w rokowaniu mioklonii poanoksycznych

Kluczowe znaczenie ma rozróżnienie między pacjentami ze statusem miokloniczny z towarzyszącym stanem padaczkowym potwierdzonym w EEG a pacjentami ze statusem miokloniczny bez stanu padaczkowego w EEG. Badania wykazały, że:

  • Pacjenci, u których status miokloniczny współwystępował ze stanem padaczkowym potwierdzonym w EEG, mieli wskaźnik przeżycia wynoszący zaledwie 5,6%1
  • Spośród 74 pacjentów ze statusem miokloniczny i wykonanym badaniem EEG, 13 przeżyło ponad rok2
  • Z 38 pacjentów ze stanem padaczkowym potwierdzonym w EEG jedynie 2 przeżyło ponad rok (z CPC 3 i 4, co wskazuje na umiarkowane do ciężkiego upośledzenie funkcji neurologicznych)3
  • Z 36 pacjentów ze statusem miokloniczny, ale bez stanu padaczkowego potwierdzonego w EEG, 11 przeżyło ponad rok po zatrzymaniu krążenia4

Powyższe dane wskazują, że status miokloniczny bez towarzyszącego stanu padaczkowego w EEG może mieć znacznie lepsze rokowanie niż dotychczas sądzono.1

Typy mioklonii poanoksycznych a rokowanie

W kontekście rokowania istotny jest również podział mioklonii poanoksycznych na różne typy. Badania sugerują, że obecność typu 1 lub typu 2 mioklonii poanoksycznych może wskazywać na możliwość lepszego wyniku. Dokładna ocena kliniczna, semiologia mioklonii oraz ocena EEG mogą być pomocne w identyfikacji pacjentów z potencjałem do wyzdrowienia.1

Jednak należy podkreślić, że kliniczna ocena podtypów mioklonii poanoksycznych nie jest spójna między lekarzami. Badania wykazały brak powtarzalności w ocenie klinicznej mioklonii poanoksycznych między lekarzami, co sugeruje, że nie powinno się jej używać do prognozowania lub podejmowania decyzji dotyczących leczenia.1

Ciężkość mioklonii a rokowanie

Ciężkość mioklonii poanoksycznych może być mierzona za pomocą skali UMRS (Unified Myoclonus Rating Scale). Choć pomiar ciężkości mioklonii przy użyciu UMRS wydaje się być wiarygodny, związek między ciężkością mioklonii a wynikiem leczenia nie został jeszcze dobrze ustalony.2

Zalecenia kliniczne dotyczące prognozowania

W świetle aktualnych danych, eksperci zalecają następujące podejście do prognozowania wyniku u pacjentów z miokloniami poanoksycznymi:

  • Mioklonie nie powinny być jedynym czynnikiem determinującym rokowanie i powinny być starannie oceniane pod kątem semiologii i wyników EEG, które mogą wskazywać na korzystniejszy wynik2
  • Status miokloniczny należy traktować jako oznakę podrażnienia mózgu, niekoniecznie trwałego uszkodzenia2
  • Wprowadzanie obecności statusu miokloniczny do prognozowania nie jest zalecane przez co najmniej pierwsze trzy dni po zatrzymaniu krążenia3
  • Należy pamiętać, że czynniki wpływające na przeżycie po zatrzymaniu krążenia poza szpitalem są złożone, a doskonałe wyzdrowienie jest kombinacją wielu interwencji4

Przyszłe kierunki badań

Ponieważ mioklonie poanoksyczne są częstym objawem (18-22%) po zatrzymaniu krążenia w erze ukierunkowanego zarządzania temperaturą, identyfikacja cech klinicznych, semiologii i cech elektrodiagnostycznych, które przewidują lepszy potencjał istotnego wyzdrowienia, byłaby niezwykle cenna. Dalsze badania prospektywne mogą pomóc w lepszym zrozumieniu wyników u pacjentów z anoksycznym uszkodzeniem mózgu i miokloniami.31

Wnioski końcowe

Podsumowując, obecność mioklonii poanoksycznych po zatrzymaniu krążenia nie jest już uważana za jednoznaczny wskaźnik złego rokowania. Nowsze dane wskazują, że znacząca mniejszość pacjentów z miokloniami poanoksycznymi może osiągnąć dobry wynik funkcjonalny. Kluczowe znaczenie ma kompleksowa ocena neurologiczna, w tym badanie EEG, które może pomóc w identyfikacji pacjentów z lepszym rokowaniem. Status miokloniczny z towarzyszącym stanem padaczkowym potwierdzonym w EEG nadal wiąże się z bardzo złym rokowaniem, podczas gdy pacjenci ze statusem miokloniczny bez potwierdzenia stanu padaczkowego w EEG mogą mieć lepsze szanse na wyzdrowienie.35

Lekarze zajmujący się opieką po resuscytacji powinni pamiętać, że choć status miokloniczny może być niepokojący do obserwacji, nie oznacza to koniecznie, że dalsze leczenie jest bezcelowe.4

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

  1. 13.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Post-Hypoxic Myoclonus Status following Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest—Does It still Predict a Poor Outcome? A Retrospective Study
    https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/10/1/41
    In patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), the initial prehospital treatment and transfer of patients directly to intervention clinics—bypassing smaller hospitals—have improved outcomes in recent years. […] Despite the improved treatment strategies, some patients develop myoclonic status following OHCA, and this phenomenon is usually considered an indicator of poor outcome. […] We found no evidence that myoclonic status is an unmistakable sign of poor outcome when not associated with EEG-verified status epilepticus. […] The conclusion for clinicians involved in post-resuscitation care is that myoclonic status is uncomfortable to witness but does not necessarily indicate that further treatment is futile. […] Of the 74 patients with myoclonic status with a recording of an EEG, 13 patients survived more than one year.
  • #1 Epilepsy Essentials: Postanoxic Myoclonus as a Prognostic Indicator
    https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2020-may/epilepsy-essentials-postanoxic-myoclonus-as-a-prognostic-indicator
    Is it time to re-evaluate postanoxic myoclonus following cardiopulmonary arrest as a prognostic indicator? […] Indicators of poor prognosis were absent corneal reflex, absent pupillary light reflex, extensor or absent response to pain at 3 days post arrest, and myoclonic status epilepticus. […] The authors stated that myoclonic status epilepticus (defined as spontaneous repetitive unrelenting generalized multifocal myoclonus involving the face, limbs, and axial musculature in comatose patients) was invariably associated with in-hospital death or poor outcome, even in patients with intact brainstem reflexes or some motor response. […] Since publication of that review, myoclonic status epilepticus or generalized myoclonus during coma after cardiopulmonary arrest, generally, has been considered to portend an abysmal prognosis.
  • #1 Post-Hypoxic Myoclonus Status following Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest—Does It still Predict a Poor Outcome? A Retrospective Study
    https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/10/1/41
    EEG-verified status epilepticus was associated with poorer outcomes, as only 2 of the 38 patients survived more than one year and with CPC 3 and 4, while 11 patients of the 36 patients with myoclonic status—but not EEG-verified status epilepticus—survived for more than one year after the OHCA. […] We found that 19.6% of patients surviving OHCA who were subsequently admitted to a university hospital suffered from myoclonic status after admission. […] Patients in which myoclonic status was accompanied by EEG-verified status epilepticus had a survival rate of only 5.6%. […] Although myoclonic status is considered an indication of a poor prognosis among clinicians treating patients with cardiac arrest, our study reveals that over 10% of patients with myoclonic status recover and are dismissed from the hospital with a CPC of 1 to 2.
  • #1 Post-Hypoxic Myoclonus Status following Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest—Does It still Predict a Poor Outcome? A Retrospective Study
    https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/10/1/41
    It is important to state that patients with myoclonic status and concomitant status epilepticus still have a very poor survival rate and, thus, these two groups are two entities and must be separated when the outcome is addressed. […] As such we believe that myoclonic status should be considered as a sign of cerebral irritability—not necessarily permanent damage—and thus remind the physician that the factors that govern survival following OHCA are complex and that excellent recovery is a combination of many interventions. […] However, as post-hypoxic myoclonus status is not necessarily an unambiguous sign of poor outcome, entering the presence of myoclonic status into prognostication is not advisable for at least the first three days following cardiac arrest.
  • #1 Epilepsy Essentials: Postanoxic Myoclonus as a Prognostic Indicator
    https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2020-may/epilepsy-essentials-postanoxic-myoclonus-as-a-prognostic-indicator
    An increasing amount of data, however, suggests poor outcomes in the setting of postanoxic myoclonus are not universal, and up to 9% of patients may have a good prognosis. […] Because postanoxic myoclonus is a common finding (18-22%) after cardiac arrest in the era of targeted temperature management, identifying clinical characteristics, semiology, and electrodiagnostic features that predict better potential for significant recovery would be highly valuable. […] The presence of Type 1 or Type 2 postanoxic myoclonus potentially indicates the possibility of a better outcome. […] Myoclonus should not be a sole determining factor for prognosis and should be evaluated carefully for semiology and EEG findings that may portend a more favorable outcome. […] Careful clinical exam, semiology of myoclonus, and EEG evaluation may be helpful in identifying those patients with potential for recovery.
  • #1 The Inter-rater Variability of Clinical Assessment in Post-anoxic Myoclonus | Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements
    https://tremorjournal.org/articles/10.5334/tohm.343
    Acute post-anoxic myoclonus (PAM) can be divided into an unfavorable (generalized/subcortical) and more favorable ((multi)focal/cortical) outcome group that could support prognostication in post-anoxic encephalopathy; however, the inter-rater variability of clinically assessing these PAM subtypes is unknown. […] Clinical assessment of PAM is not reproducible between physicians, and should therefore not be used for prognostication. […] This might implicate that the PAM subtype can be supportive in PAE prognostication. […] We therefore conclude that clinical assessment of PAM should not be used for PAE prognostication or guiding treatment decisions. […] The relation between PAM severity and outcome is however unknown. […] In conclusion, our study shows that the clinical assessment of acute PAM is not consistent between physicians, and therefore the use of PAM for prognostication or guiding treatment decisions in PAE should be restrained. PAM severity measured by the UMRS appears to be reliable; however, the relation between PAM severity and outcome has not yet been established.
  • #1
    https://aesnet.org/abstractslisting/prognosis-following-post-anoxic-myoclonus-status-epilepticus
    Comatose patients from cardiac arrest may represent severe permanent brain damage. Multiple factors play a role for prognostication. Anoxic myoclonus has been considered an independent prognostic factor to predict outcome. […] Anoxic myoclonus, seizure and anoxic myoclonus status epilepticus remain independent factors to determine high mortality. Our studys reported outcome was the same as other clinical trials. Further prospective studies may be helpful for better understanding of outcome in patients with anoxic brain injury.
  • #2 Epilepsy Essentials: Postanoxic Myoclonus as a Prognostic Indicator
    https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2020-may/epilepsy-essentials-postanoxic-myoclonus-as-a-prognostic-indicator
    Is it time to re-evaluate postanoxic myoclonus following cardiopulmonary arrest as a prognostic indicator? […] Indicators of poor prognosis were absent corneal reflex, absent pupillary light reflex, extensor or absent response to pain at 3 days post arrest, and myoclonic status epilepticus. […] The authors stated that myoclonic status epilepticus (defined as spontaneous repetitive unrelenting generalized multifocal myoclonus involving the face, limbs, and axial musculature in comatose patients) was invariably associated with in-hospital death or poor outcome, even in patients with intact brainstem reflexes or some motor response. […] Since publication of that review, myoclonic status epilepticus or generalized myoclonus during coma after cardiopulmonary arrest, generally, has been considered to portend an abysmal prognosis.
  • #2 Post-Hypoxic Myoclonus Status following Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest—Does It still Predict a Poor Outcome? A Retrospective Study
    https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/10/1/41
    EEG-verified status epilepticus was associated with poorer outcomes, as only 2 of the 38 patients survived more than one year and with CPC 3 and 4, while 11 patients of the 36 patients with myoclonic status—but not EEG-verified status epilepticus—survived for more than one year after the OHCA. […] We found that 19.6% of patients surviving OHCA who were subsequently admitted to a university hospital suffered from myoclonic status after admission. […] Patients in which myoclonic status was accompanied by EEG-verified status epilepticus had a survival rate of only 5.6%. […] Although myoclonic status is considered an indication of a poor prognosis among clinicians treating patients with cardiac arrest, our study reveals that over 10% of patients with myoclonic status recover and are dismissed from the hospital with a CPC of 1 to 2.
  • #2 Post-Hypoxic Myoclonus Status following Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest—Does It still Predict a Poor Outcome? A Retrospective Study
    https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/10/1/41
    In patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), the initial prehospital treatment and transfer of patients directly to intervention clinics—bypassing smaller hospitals—have improved outcomes in recent years. […] Despite the improved treatment strategies, some patients develop myoclonic status following OHCA, and this phenomenon is usually considered an indicator of poor outcome. […] We found no evidence that myoclonic status is an unmistakable sign of poor outcome when not associated with EEG-verified status epilepticus. […] The conclusion for clinicians involved in post-resuscitation care is that myoclonic status is uncomfortable to witness but does not necessarily indicate that further treatment is futile. […] Of the 74 patients with myoclonic status with a recording of an EEG, 13 patients survived more than one year.
  • #2 The Inter-rater Variability of Clinical Assessment in Post-anoxic Myoclonus | Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements
    https://tremorjournal.org/articles/10.5334/tohm.343
    Acute post-anoxic myoclonus (PAM) can be divided into an unfavorable (generalized/subcortical) and more favorable ((multi)focal/cortical) outcome group that could support prognostication in post-anoxic encephalopathy; however, the inter-rater variability of clinically assessing these PAM subtypes is unknown. […] Clinical assessment of PAM is not reproducible between physicians, and should therefore not be used for prognostication. […] This might implicate that the PAM subtype can be supportive in PAE prognostication. […] We therefore conclude that clinical assessment of PAM should not be used for PAE prognostication or guiding treatment decisions. […] The relation between PAM severity and outcome is however unknown. […] In conclusion, our study shows that the clinical assessment of acute PAM is not consistent between physicians, and therefore the use of PAM for prognostication or guiding treatment decisions in PAE should be restrained. PAM severity measured by the UMRS appears to be reliable; however, the relation between PAM severity and outcome has not yet been established.
  • #2 Epilepsy Essentials: Postanoxic Myoclonus as a Prognostic Indicator
    https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2020-may/epilepsy-essentials-postanoxic-myoclonus-as-a-prognostic-indicator
    An increasing amount of data, however, suggests poor outcomes in the setting of postanoxic myoclonus are not universal, and up to 9% of patients may have a good prognosis. […] Because postanoxic myoclonus is a common finding (18-22%) after cardiac arrest in the era of targeted temperature management, identifying clinical characteristics, semiology, and electrodiagnostic features that predict better potential for significant recovery would be highly valuable. […] The presence of Type 1 or Type 2 postanoxic myoclonus potentially indicates the possibility of a better outcome. […] Myoclonus should not be a sole determining factor for prognosis and should be evaluated carefully for semiology and EEG findings that may portend a more favorable outcome. […] Careful clinical exam, semiology of myoclonus, and EEG evaluation may be helpful in identifying those patients with potential for recovery.
  • #2 Post-Hypoxic Myoclonus Status following Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest—Does It still Predict a Poor Outcome? A Retrospective Study
    https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/10/1/41
    It is important to state that patients with myoclonic status and concomitant status epilepticus still have a very poor survival rate and, thus, these two groups are two entities and must be separated when the outcome is addressed. […] As such we believe that myoclonic status should be considered as a sign of cerebral irritability—not necessarily permanent damage—and thus remind the physician that the factors that govern survival following OHCA are complex and that excellent recovery is a combination of many interventions. […] However, as post-hypoxic myoclonus status is not necessarily an unambiguous sign of poor outcome, entering the presence of myoclonic status into prognostication is not advisable for at least the first three days following cardiac arrest.
  • #3 Epilepsy Essentials: Postanoxic Myoclonus as a Prognostic Indicator
    https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2020-may/epilepsy-essentials-postanoxic-myoclonus-as-a-prognostic-indicator
    An increasing amount of data, however, suggests poor outcomes in the setting of postanoxic myoclonus are not universal, and up to 9% of patients may have a good prognosis. […] Because postanoxic myoclonus is a common finding (18-22%) after cardiac arrest in the era of targeted temperature management, identifying clinical characteristics, semiology, and electrodiagnostic features that predict better potential for significant recovery would be highly valuable. […] The presence of Type 1 or Type 2 postanoxic myoclonus potentially indicates the possibility of a better outcome. […] Myoclonus should not be a sole determining factor for prognosis and should be evaluated carefully for semiology and EEG findings that may portend a more favorable outcome. […] Careful clinical exam, semiology of myoclonus, and EEG evaluation may be helpful in identifying those patients with potential for recovery.
  • #3 Post-Hypoxic Myoclonus Status following Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest—Does It still Predict a Poor Outcome? A Retrospective Study
    https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/10/1/41
    EEG-verified status epilepticus was associated with poorer outcomes, as only 2 of the 38 patients survived more than one year and with CPC 3 and 4, while 11 patients of the 36 patients with myoclonic status—but not EEG-verified status epilepticus—survived for more than one year after the OHCA. […] We found that 19.6% of patients surviving OHCA who were subsequently admitted to a university hospital suffered from myoclonic status after admission. […] Patients in which myoclonic status was accompanied by EEG-verified status epilepticus had a survival rate of only 5.6%. […] Although myoclonic status is considered an indication of a poor prognosis among clinicians treating patients with cardiac arrest, our study reveals that over 10% of patients with myoclonic status recover and are dismissed from the hospital with a CPC of 1 to 2.
  • #3 Post-Hypoxic Myoclonus Status following Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest—Does It still Predict a Poor Outcome? A Retrospective Study
    https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/10/1/41
    It is important to state that patients with myoclonic status and concomitant status epilepticus still have a very poor survival rate and, thus, these two groups are two entities and must be separated when the outcome is addressed. […] As such we believe that myoclonic status should be considered as a sign of cerebral irritability—not necessarily permanent damage—and thus remind the physician that the factors that govern survival following OHCA are complex and that excellent recovery is a combination of many interventions. […] However, as post-hypoxic myoclonus status is not necessarily an unambiguous sign of poor outcome, entering the presence of myoclonic status into prognostication is not advisable for at least the first three days following cardiac arrest.
  • #3 Post-Hypoxic Myoclonus Status following Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest—Does It still Predict a Poor Outcome? A Retrospective Study
    https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/10/1/41
    In patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), the initial prehospital treatment and transfer of patients directly to intervention clinics—bypassing smaller hospitals—have improved outcomes in recent years. […] Despite the improved treatment strategies, some patients develop myoclonic status following OHCA, and this phenomenon is usually considered an indicator of poor outcome. […] We found no evidence that myoclonic status is an unmistakable sign of poor outcome when not associated with EEG-verified status epilepticus. […] The conclusion for clinicians involved in post-resuscitation care is that myoclonic status is uncomfortable to witness but does not necessarily indicate that further treatment is futile. […] Of the 74 patients with myoclonic status with a recording of an EEG, 13 patients survived more than one year.
  • #4 Post-Hypoxic Myoclonus Status following Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest—Does It still Predict a Poor Outcome? A Retrospective Study
    https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/10/1/41
    EEG-verified status epilepticus was associated with poorer outcomes, as only 2 of the 38 patients survived more than one year and with CPC 3 and 4, while 11 patients of the 36 patients with myoclonic status—but not EEG-verified status epilepticus—survived for more than one year after the OHCA. […] We found that 19.6% of patients surviving OHCA who were subsequently admitted to a university hospital suffered from myoclonic status after admission. […] Patients in which myoclonic status was accompanied by EEG-verified status epilepticus had a survival rate of only 5.6%. […] Although myoclonic status is considered an indication of a poor prognosis among clinicians treating patients with cardiac arrest, our study reveals that over 10% of patients with myoclonic status recover and are dismissed from the hospital with a CPC of 1 to 2.
  • #4 Post-Hypoxic Myoclonus Status following Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest—Does It still Predict a Poor Outcome? A Retrospective Study
    https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/10/1/41
    It is important to state that patients with myoclonic status and concomitant status epilepticus still have a very poor survival rate and, thus, these two groups are two entities and must be separated when the outcome is addressed. […] As such we believe that myoclonic status should be considered as a sign of cerebral irritability—not necessarily permanent damage—and thus remind the physician that the factors that govern survival following OHCA are complex and that excellent recovery is a combination of many interventions. […] However, as post-hypoxic myoclonus status is not necessarily an unambiguous sign of poor outcome, entering the presence of myoclonic status into prognostication is not advisable for at least the first three days following cardiac arrest.
  • #4 Post-Hypoxic Myoclonus Status following Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest—Does It still Predict a Poor Outcome? A Retrospective Study
    https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/10/1/41
    In patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), the initial prehospital treatment and transfer of patients directly to intervention clinics—bypassing smaller hospitals—have improved outcomes in recent years. […] Despite the improved treatment strategies, some patients develop myoclonic status following OHCA, and this phenomenon is usually considered an indicator of poor outcome. […] We found no evidence that myoclonic status is an unmistakable sign of poor outcome when not associated with EEG-verified status epilepticus. […] The conclusion for clinicians involved in post-resuscitation care is that myoclonic status is uncomfortable to witness but does not necessarily indicate that further treatment is futile. […] Of the 74 patients with myoclonic status with a recording of an EEG, 13 patients survived more than one year.
  • #5 Post-Hypoxic Myoclonus Status following Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest—Does It still Predict a Poor Outcome? A Retrospective Study
    https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/10/1/41
    It is important to state that patients with myoclonic status and concomitant status epilepticus still have a very poor survival rate and, thus, these two groups are two entities and must be separated when the outcome is addressed. […] As such we believe that myoclonic status should be considered as a sign of cerebral irritability—not necessarily permanent damage—and thus remind the physician that the factors that govern survival following OHCA are complex and that excellent recovery is a combination of many interventions. […] However, as post-hypoxic myoclonus status is not necessarily an unambiguous sign of poor outcome, entering the presence of myoclonic status into prognostication is not advisable for at least the first three days following cardiac arrest.