Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/ijd/fulltext/2015/60030/oral_lichen_planus__an_update_on_etiology,.2.aspx

  Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic mucocutaneous disorder of stratified squamous epithelium of uncertain etiology that affects oral and genital mucous membranes, skin, nails, and scalp. […] Etiology of lichen planus as such is not known clearly, but at present it has been linked to autoimmune disorder. […] Although the exact etiology of this disease is still unknown, but some factors are associated with it. […] An association has been observed with HLA-A3, A11, A26, A28, B3, B5, B7, B8, DR1, and DRW9. […] A great many materials commonly used in restoration treatments in the oral cavity have been identified as triggering elements for OLP, including silver amalgam, gold, cobalt, palladium, chromium and even non-metals such as epoxy resins (composite) and prolonged use of denture wear.

• #2 Oral Lichen Planus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1078327-overview

  OLP is believed to be a T-cellmediated autoimmune disease in which autocytotoxic CD8+ T cells trigger the apoptosis of oral epithelial cells. However, its precise cause is unknown. […] Reported associations between OLP and systemic diseases may be coincidental, given that (1) OLP is relatively common, (2) OLP occurs predominantly in older adults, and (3) many drugs used in the treatment of systemic diseases trigger the development of oral lichenoid lesions as an adverse effect. […] In many patients, a cause for the oral lichenoid lesions cannot be identified; in these patients, the disease is called idiopathic OLP. […] Oral lichenoid drug reactions may be triggered by systemic drugs including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), beta blockers, sulfonylureas, some angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and some antimalarials.

• #3 Oral lichenplanus: Etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-6263/full/v4/i1/12.htm

  Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a disease of unknown etiology affecting stratified squamous epithelia. […] The exact etiology of this condition is unknown. Current literature suggests that T cell mediated immune mechanism is mainly implicated in the pathogenesis of OLP. […] Both endogenous and exogenous factors may cause cell-mediated immunity in a genetically susceptible patient and appears to play a major role in the pathogenesis of OLP. […] The nature of the antigen implicated in OLP is uncertain, however numerous predisposing factors are known to induce OLP are identified. […] Systemic medications such as antimalarial drugs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antihypertensive agents, diuretics, oral hypoglycemic agents, beta blockers, pencilllins, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, heavy metals, thyroid preparations, antiretroviral medication have been reported to cause OLP.

• #4 Oral lichenplanus: Etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-6263/full/v4/i1/12.htm

  The association of OLP with chronic liver disease was first suggested by Mokni et al in 1991. Epidemiological evidences strongly suggest that Hepatitis C Virus may be an etiologic factor in OLP. […] Periods of psychological stress and anxiety are associated with aggravation of OLP in most of the studies conducted so far. […] Genetic predisposition also play a role in OLP pathogenesis. […] OLP is a T-cell mediated autoimmune disease in which the auto-cytotoxic CD8+ T cells trigger apoptosis of the basal cells of the oral epithelium.

• #5 Oral Lichen Planus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1078327-overview

  OLP is believed to be a T-cellmediated autoimmune disease in which autocytotoxic CD8+ T cells trigger the apoptosis of oral epithelial cells. However, its precise cause is unknown. […] Reported associations between OLP and systemic diseases may be coincidental, given that (1) OLP is relatively common, (2) OLP occurs predominantly in older adults, and (3) many drugs used in the treatment of systemic diseases trigger the development of oral lichenoid lesions as an adverse effect. […] In many patients, a cause for the oral lichenoid lesions cannot be identified; in these patients, the disease is called idiopathic OLP. […] Oral lichenoid drug reactions may be triggered by systemic drugs including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), beta blockers, sulfonylureas, some angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and some antimalarials.

• #6 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Lichen-Planus-Causes.aspx

  Some food additives such as cinnamon aldehyde may be involved in the pathogenesis of OLP. […] Both chewing and smoking of tobacco and betel nut have been suggested to be etiologically linked to LP. […] Lichen planus is an autoimmune disease supposed to be mediated by cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes directed against the basal cells of the oral mucosal epithelium.

• #7 Oral lichen planus: clinical and histopathological considerations | Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-brazilian-journal-otorhinolaryngology-english-edition–497-articulo-oral-lichen-planus-clinical-histopathological-S1808869415311022

  Oral lichen planus is one of the most common dermatological diseases presenting in the oral cavity; the prevalence in the general population is 1% to 2%. […] Although oral lichen planus was initially described in 1869, little is known about mechanisms by which the disease develops. […] Sugerman et al. believe that specific and non-specific mechanisms may be involved in the etiopathogenesis of this condition. Specific mechanisms include antigen presentation by basement layer keratinocytes and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-caused death of antigen-specific keratinocytes, while non-specific mechanisms included mast cell degranulation and matrix metalloproteinase activation. […] The factors that set this process in motion, however, have not been fully clarified. Still, stress, food such as tomatoes, citric fruit and seasoned dishes, dental procedures, systemic disease, alcohol abuse, and tobacco use in all its forms, have been associated with disease exacerbation periods.

• #8 Oral Lichen Planus: A Narrative Review Navigating Etiologies, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnostics, and Therapeutic Approaches

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/17/5280

  OLP is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the oral mucosa; however, its etiology remains unclear. […] Despite extensive studies, the definitive cause remains elusive, attributing OLP’s pathogenesis to multifactorial origins and interweaving genetic, immunological, and environmental components. […] According to the prevailing theory, oral lesions result from an aberrant immune response mediated by T cells, where autoreactive T cells trigger apoptosis of the epithelial cells of the mouth. […] Recent research suggests a potential genetic predisposition to OLP, as variations in genes associated with the immune response, such as HLA antigens, are observed in numerous OLP patients. […] OLP is acknowledged as a multifaceted ailment influenced by a spectrum of triggering and aggravating agents which encompass psychological stress, pharmaceuticals, dental materials such as gold or amalgam, and viral infections such as Epstein–Barr, varicella zoster, and Hepatitis C viruses along with environmental factors. […] The pathogenesis of OLP is a multifaceted process that reflects the complex interplay between genetic, immunological, environmental, microbial, hormonal, and medication-related factors.

• #9 Comprehensive Insight into Lichen Planus Immunopathogenesis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/3/3038

  Lichen planus is a chronic disease affecting the skin, appendages, and mucous membranes. The etiology of lichen planus is not entirely understood. Yet, immune-mediated mechanisms have been recognized since environmental factors such as hepatitis virus infection, mechanical trauma, psychological stress, or microbiome changes can trigger the disease in genetically susceptible individuals. […] The cause of LP has not been fully determined; however, genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a significant role in the onset of the disease. […] Genetic predisposition to disease was first suspected after noticing the LP presence in identical twins and 10% of the patients’ first relatives. This observation confirmed the existence of a familial LP form, which constitutes up to 10% of all LP cases and is characterized by earlier onset, commoner relapses, treatment resistance, and oral mucosa involvement.

• #10 Lichen Planus: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123213-overview

  Lichen planus (LP; see the image below) is a cell-mediated immune response of unknown origin. […] The exact cause of LP has not been established, though the condition is known to be immunologically mediated. […] The initiating antigen is unclear; however, Langerhans cells process the antigen to T lymphocytes, resulting in an epidermotropic infiltrate. […] Some patients with LP have a positive family history. […] It has been noted that affected families have an increased frequency of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B7. […] Others have found an association between idiopathic LP and HLA-DR1 and HLA-DR10; thus, LP may be influenced by a genetic predisposition.

• #11 Lichen Planus > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/lichen-planus

  Lichen planus is thought to be caused by the body’s own immune system. […] Researchers don’t know exactly what causes lichen planus, but it is widely thought to be the result of an abnormal immune response in which the body’s immune system attacks and damages healthy skin cells called keratinocytes. […] Genetic factors may play a role in the disease: There is some evidence that lichen planus can run in families and certain genes have been associated with it. […] Environmental exposures are also known to trigger rashes and other symptoms of lichen planus. Various prescription drugs have been associated with lichen planus flares, such as some high blood pressure medications, antimalarial medications, and certain antidepressant and anti-anxiety medications. However, for most patients with lichen planus, the rash is not caused by a medication, even prescription ones. Patients should always talk with their dermatologist and prescribing physician before discontinuing any prescription medication. In rare cases, metallic dental fillings may also cause symptoms to emerge, and hepatitis B and C infections have been linked to the disease.

• #12

  https://journals.lww.com/ijd/fulltext/2015/60030/oral_lichen_planus__an_update_on_etiology,.2.aspx

  Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic mucocutaneous disorder of stratified squamous epithelium of uncertain etiology that affects oral and genital mucous membranes, skin, nails, and scalp. […] Etiology of lichen planus as such is not known clearly, but at present it has been linked to autoimmune disorder. […] Although the exact etiology of this disease is still unknown, but some factors are associated with it. […] An association has been observed with HLA-A3, A11, A26, A28, B3, B5, B7, B8, DR1, and DRW9. […] A great many materials commonly used in restoration treatments in the oral cavity have been identified as triggering elements for OLP, including silver amalgam, gold, cobalt, palladium, chromium and even non-metals such as epoxy resins (composite) and prolonged use of denture wear.

• #13 Lichen Planus: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123213-overview

  Lichen planus (LP; see the image below) is a cell-mediated immune response of unknown origin. […] The exact cause of LP has not been established, though the condition is known to be immunologically mediated. […] The initiating antigen is unclear; however, Langerhans cells process the antigen to T lymphocytes, resulting in an epidermotropic infiltrate. […] Some patients with LP have a positive family history. […] It has been noted that affected families have an increased frequency of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B7. […] Others have found an association between idiopathic LP and HLA-DR1 and HLA-DR10; thus, LP may be influenced by a genetic predisposition.

• #14 Oral lichen planus: causes, symptoms and treatment – Laboratorios KIN

  https://www.kin.es/en/patologias/liquen-plano-oral/

  Oral lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the mucous membranes inside the mouth. This pathology is based on an autoimmune reaction, mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes directed against oral mucosal cells, for reasons that are not yet fully understood. However, there appear to be several predisposing or aggravating factors. […] The causes of oral lichen planus are still unknown, but it is known that the inflammation is triggered by an immune-mediated attack on the mucosal cells of the mouth. This could indicate an underlying immune disorder, as well as genetic factors could be involved. However, to determine the exact etiology, more scientific evidence is needed. […] One hypothesis holds that oral lichen planus lesions are associated with a genetic predisposition, linked in particular to Th1 cytokine polymorphisms, which facilitates the triggering of a T-cell immune response to an antigenic change induced in the epithelium.

• #15

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3429956/

  Lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory mucocutaneous disease. […] There are many un-established etiological factors for OLP and some different treatment modalities are based on etiology. […] Although the etiology and pathogenesis of OLP are not fully understood, oral lichen planus has been associated with multiple disease processes and agents, such as viral and bacterial infections, autoimmune diseases, medications, vaccinations and dental restorative materials. […] The association between OLP and chronic liver disease is still controversial. […] Carrozzo et al have demonstrated a strong association between hepatitis C viral infection and OLP. […] Recently, several studies have reported a relationship between Helicobacter pylori and OLP. […] Numerous studies have investigated the prevalence of candidal infection in erosive lichen planus. […] Exacerbations of OLP have been linked to periods of psychological stress and anxiety. […] Genetic predisposition seems to play a role in OLP pathogenesis as several familial cases have been reported.

• #16 Oral lichenplanus: Etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-6263/full/v4/i1/12.htm

  The association of OLP with chronic liver disease was first suggested by Mokni et al in 1991. Epidemiological evidences strongly suggest that Hepatitis C Virus may be an etiologic factor in OLP. […] Periods of psychological stress and anxiety are associated with aggravation of OLP in most of the studies conducted so far. […] Genetic predisposition also play a role in OLP pathogenesis. […] OLP is a T-cell mediated autoimmune disease in which the auto-cytotoxic CD8+ T cells trigger apoptosis of the basal cells of the oral epithelium.

• #17 Oral Lichen Planus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1078327-overview

  Oral lichenoid contact-sensitivity reactions may be triggered by contact allergens, including dental amalgam composite resin and toothpaste flavorings, especially cinnamates. […] Oral lichenoid lesions may be triggered by mechanical trauma (Kbner phenomenon) from calculus deposits, sharp teeth, rough surfaces of dental restorations or prostheses, cheek or tongue biting, or oral surgical procedures. […] Some studies have shown an increased incidence of Candida albicans infection in OLP, an increase that is more notable in erosive OLP than in nonerosive OLP. […] Some studies have revealed a prevalence of viral (eg, hepatitis C virus [HCV] infection) infections in OLP. […] Some study findings have suggested an association between OLP and chronic hepatic diseases such as HCV infection, autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, and primary biliary cirrhosis.

• #18 Lichen Planus Types, Symptoms, and Options for Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/lichen-planus-1069573

  Lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory disease that can affect different parts of the body, including the skin, scalp, nails, and mucous membranes. […] The cause of lichen planus is unknown. However, it is largely believed to be an autoimmune disease wherein the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks normal tissues with inflammation. […] Some experts believe that the autoimmune response may be triggered by certain viruses, like the hepatitis C virus (HCV). In some people, the antibodies produced by HCV may mistakenly identify normal cells found in the skin and mucosal tissues, called keratinocytes, as the virus. […] This is evidenced by research that showed that people with LP are five times more likely to test positive for HCV, while people with HCV are up to five times more likely to develop LP.

• #19 Oral lichen planus: clinical and histopathological considerations | Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-brazilian-journal-otorhinolaryngology-english-edition–497-articulo-oral-lichen-planus-clinical-histopathological-S1808869415311022

  Recently, systemic diseases, especially those resulting from hepatitis C virus infection, have come under the spotlight. […] The relation between oral lichen planus and the hepatitis C virus is not consistent; the prevalence of this virus in such patients varies widely from 0% to over 60%, depending on the country in which these studies were conducted. […] Psychological factors have recently been strongly associated with lichen planus, in particular high stress and anxiety levels. […] There are, therefore, major debates around the mechanisms by which lichen planus develops and why they occur. Although there is evidence that viral infections – especially those caused by the hepatitis C virus – and psychological disorder somatization, such as stress and anxiety, may be possible causes of this disease, information is lacking to definitively confirm these connections.

• #20 Oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions – challenges and pitfalls for the general dental practitioner | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41415-024-7063-y

  Lichen planus (LP) is a mucocutaneous chronic inflammatory condition which can affect the oral cavity, skin and genitalia, as well as other extra-oral sites. LP affects just under 1% of the general population.1,2 Although it can occur at any age, it predominantly affects adults over 40 years old.2 […] While oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of unknown aetiology, oral lichenoid lesions (OLLs) develop in response to an extrinsic agent.3 […] Aetiology and disease course are likely multifactorial involving genetic and environmental factors.7 […] LP has been associated with other autoimmune systemic disorders, such as thyroid disease, ulcerative colitis and myasthenia gravis.9,10 […] Conflicting findings have been reported with regards to a relationship between LP and hepatitis C but with an overall larger body of literature supporting a positive association between LP and hepatitis C, including a cohort study in 1,557 patients.14,15

• #21

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3429956/

  Lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory mucocutaneous disease. […] There are many un-established etiological factors for OLP and some different treatment modalities are based on etiology. […] Although the etiology and pathogenesis of OLP are not fully understood, oral lichen planus has been associated with multiple disease processes and agents, such as viral and bacterial infections, autoimmune diseases, medications, vaccinations and dental restorative materials. […] The association between OLP and chronic liver disease is still controversial. […] Carrozzo et al have demonstrated a strong association between hepatitis C viral infection and OLP. […] Recently, several studies have reported a relationship between Helicobacter pylori and OLP. […] Numerous studies have investigated the prevalence of candidal infection in erosive lichen planus. […] Exacerbations of OLP have been linked to periods of psychological stress and anxiety. […] Genetic predisposition seems to play a role in OLP pathogenesis as several familial cases have been reported.

• #22 Comprehensive Insight into Lichen Planus Immunopathogenesis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/3/3038

  The association of LP with hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is up to thirteen times more common in LP patients, is best studied and verified by the results of several reports and meta-analyses conducted during the last decades. […] Despite opposing views, Helicobacter pylori could contribute to LP etiopathogenesis, as it is associated with the altered function of salivary microbiome enhancing inflammation, while its eradication alleviates disease symptoms. […] According to recent research, succinate accumulates in the tissues and cells, and upregulation of the mTOR glycolysis pathway indirectly causes apoptosis, meaning metabolic change may be a significant causative factor in LP.

• #23 Oral Lichen Planus: A Narrative Review Navigating Etiologies, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnostics, and Therapeutic Approaches

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/17/5280

  OLP is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the oral mucosa; however, its etiology remains unclear. […] Despite extensive studies, the definitive cause remains elusive, attributing OLP’s pathogenesis to multifactorial origins and interweaving genetic, immunological, and environmental components. […] According to the prevailing theory, oral lesions result from an aberrant immune response mediated by T cells, where autoreactive T cells trigger apoptosis of the epithelial cells of the mouth. […] Recent research suggests a potential genetic predisposition to OLP, as variations in genes associated with the immune response, such as HLA antigens, are observed in numerous OLP patients. […] OLP is acknowledged as a multifaceted ailment influenced by a spectrum of triggering and aggravating agents which encompass psychological stress, pharmaceuticals, dental materials such as gold or amalgam, and viral infections such as Epstein–Barr, varicella zoster, and Hepatitis C viruses along with environmental factors. […] The pathogenesis of OLP is a multifaceted process that reflects the complex interplay between genetic, immunological, environmental, microbial, hormonal, and medication-related factors.

• #24

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10123-021-00168-y

  Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic disease of uncertain etiology, although it is generally considered as an immune-mediated disease that affects the mucous membranes and even the skin and nails. […] Over the years, this disease was attributed to a variety of causes, including different types of microorganisms. […] From the evidence presented here, OLP should be considered an immunological disease, as it was initially proposed, as opposed to an illness of microbiological origin. […] The different microorganisms so far described as putative disease-causing agents do not fulfill Kochs postulates; they are, actually, not the cause, but a result of the disease that provides the right circumstances for microbial colonization. […] This means that, at this stage, and unless new data becomes available, no microorganism can be envisaged as the causative agent of lichen planus.

• #25

  https://journals.lww.com/ijd/fulltext/2015/60030/oral_lichen_planus__an_update_on_etiology,.2.aspx

  Oral lichenoid drug reactions may be triggered by systemic drugs including NSAIDs, beta blockers, sulfonylureas, some angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and some antimalarials, contact allergens including toothpaste flavorings, especially cinnamates. […] OLP has been suggested to be related to bacteria such as a Gram-negative anaerobic bacillus and spirochetes but this has not been confirmed. […] OLP may occasionally be associated with autoimmune disorders such as primary biliary cirrhosis, chronic active hepatitis, ulcerative colitis, myasthenia gravis, and thymoma. […] One of the factors responsible for the development of OLP is anxiety and stress. […] Although most patients with OLP show no increased prevalence of cigarette smoking, it has been suggested to be an etiological factor in some Indian communities. […] Studies have revealed that both diabetes mellitus (DM) and high blood pressure are associated with OLP. […] OLP has occasionally been associated with other conditions, including psoriasis, lichen sclerosis, urolithiasis, agents used to treat gall stones, Turner’s syndrome, etc.

• #26 Oral Lichen Planus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1078327-overview

  OLP is believed to be a T-cellmediated autoimmune disease in which autocytotoxic CD8+ T cells trigger the apoptosis of oral epithelial cells. However, its precise cause is unknown. […] Reported associations between OLP and systemic diseases may be coincidental, given that (1) OLP is relatively common, (2) OLP occurs predominantly in older adults, and (3) many drugs used in the treatment of systemic diseases trigger the development of oral lichenoid lesions as an adverse effect. […] In many patients, a cause for the oral lichenoid lesions cannot be identified; in these patients, the disease is called idiopathic OLP. […] Oral lichenoid drug reactions may be triggered by systemic drugs including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), beta blockers, sulfonylureas, some angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and some antimalarials.

• #27 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Lichen-Planus-Causes.aspx

  Lichen planus (LP) is a skin condition which shows exacerbations and remissions over time. Its etiology has not yet been established. […] Gene polymorphisms of various HLA markers, as well as the presence of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines have been linked to LP development. […] Many dental restorative materials may trigger LP in the oral cavity, such as silver, gold, palladium, cobalt, and epoxy resins (commonly called composite). […] Medications associated with oral LP include: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), some antihypertensives such as beta-blockers, antimalarials, some hypoglycemic drugs, some oral anti-retrovirals, anti-arthritic drugs. […] Chronic hepatitis C infection has been implicated in the pathogenesis of OLP. […] Some diseases caused by autoimmune reactions are associated with OLP.

• #28

  https://journals.lww.com/ijd/fulltext/2015/60030/oral_lichen_planus__an_update_on_etiology,.2.aspx

  Oral lichenoid drug reactions may be triggered by systemic drugs including NSAIDs, beta blockers, sulfonylureas, some angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and some antimalarials, contact allergens including toothpaste flavorings, especially cinnamates. […] OLP has been suggested to be related to bacteria such as a Gram-negative anaerobic bacillus and spirochetes but this has not been confirmed. […] OLP may occasionally be associated with autoimmune disorders such as primary biliary cirrhosis, chronic active hepatitis, ulcerative colitis, myasthenia gravis, and thymoma. […] One of the factors responsible for the development of OLP is anxiety and stress. […] Although most patients with OLP show no increased prevalence of cigarette smoking, it has been suggested to be an etiological factor in some Indian communities. […] Studies have revealed that both diabetes mellitus (DM) and high blood pressure are associated with OLP. […] OLP has occasionally been associated with other conditions, including psoriasis, lichen sclerosis, urolithiasis, agents used to treat gall stones, Turner’s syndrome, etc.

• #29 Lichen Planus

  https://johnshopkinshealthcare.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Wellness/Weight/134,220

  Lichen planus is associated with hepatitis C, reaction to metal fillings, an autoimmune disorder, and certain medicines. […] The cause of the inflammation that leads to lichen planus is not known, but it has been associated with: Hepatitis C, a virus that attacks your liver; Certain medicines, including some used to treat high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, and malaria. These can cause a medicine reaction that appears similar to lichen planus; Reactions to metal fillings in your teeth; An autoimmune reaction, meaning the body’s own defense system, the immune system, attacks your mouth and skin cells by mistake.

• #30 Oral Lichen Planus: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17875-oral-lichen-planus

  Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a condition that causes inflammation inside your mouth. Normally, inflammation helps your body heal. But with OLP, it happens for unknown reasons and ends up damaging the thin tissue (mucosa) lining your cheeks, gums and tongue. […] Doctors dont know exactly why oral lichen planus occurs. But they do know that its related to your immune system. Typically, your immune system releases immune cells that attack harmful substances, like germs. In this way, your immune system keeps you from getting sick. But with OLP, the immune cells attack the tissue lining inside your mouth. […] OLP shows up more often in people who take certain medicines, like: Antifungals, Antiparasitics, Antiseizure medications, Beta-blockers, Diuretics, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). […] It also sometimes occurs with diseases, like Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Human papillomavirus (HPV), Primary biliary cirrhosis. […] But more research is needed to understand the connection between these conditions and OLP.

• #31

• #32 Oral Lichen Planus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1078327-overview

  OLP is believed to be a T-cellmediated autoimmune disease in which autocytotoxic CD8+ T cells trigger the apoptosis of oral epithelial cells. However, its precise cause is unknown. […] Reported associations between OLP and systemic diseases may be coincidental, given that (1) OLP is relatively common, (2) OLP occurs predominantly in older adults, and (3) many drugs used in the treatment of systemic diseases trigger the development of oral lichenoid lesions as an adverse effect. […] In many patients, a cause for the oral lichenoid lesions cannot be identified; in these patients, the disease is called idiopathic OLP. […] Oral lichenoid drug reactions may be triggered by systemic drugs including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), beta blockers, sulfonylureas, some angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and some antimalarials.

• #33 Oral Lichen Planus – ENT Health

  https://www.enthealth.org/conditions/oral-lichen-planus/

  The ultimate cause of oral lichen planus is unknown. It appears to be an autoimmune disease in which T-cells trigger destruction in the cells that line the mouth. Medications such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), ACE inhibitors, or beta-blockers can trigger a flareup. Certain toothpastes, dental fillings, dentures, bite injury, and infection might also contribute to the disease process. […] People with oral lichen planus have an elevated risk of developing oral cancer.

• #34

  https://journals.lww.com/ijd/fulltext/2015/60030/oral_lichen_planus__an_update_on_etiology,.2.aspx

  Oral lichenoid drug reactions may be triggered by systemic drugs including NSAIDs, beta blockers, sulfonylureas, some angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and some antimalarials, contact allergens including toothpaste flavorings, especially cinnamates. […] OLP has been suggested to be related to bacteria such as a Gram-negative anaerobic bacillus and spirochetes but this has not been confirmed. […] OLP may occasionally be associated with autoimmune disorders such as primary biliary cirrhosis, chronic active hepatitis, ulcerative colitis, myasthenia gravis, and thymoma. […] One of the factors responsible for the development of OLP is anxiety and stress. […] Although most patients with OLP show no increased prevalence of cigarette smoking, it has been suggested to be an etiological factor in some Indian communities. […] Studies have revealed that both diabetes mellitus (DM) and high blood pressure are associated with OLP. […] OLP has occasionally been associated with other conditions, including psoriasis, lichen sclerosis, urolithiasis, agents used to treat gall stones, Turner’s syndrome, etc.

• #35 Lichen planus: Causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/lichen-planus-causes

  Some medications can cause a rash that looks like lichen planus. These medications include diuretics (treatment for high blood pressure and heart disease), pain relievers, and medication taken to prevent malaria. […] In the mouth, a metal filling may be the cause. This is due to an allergic reaction. Its rare, but it can happen.

• #36 Oral Lichen Planus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1078327-overview

  OLP is believed to be a T-cellmediated autoimmune disease in which autocytotoxic CD8+ T cells trigger the apoptosis of oral epithelial cells. However, its precise cause is unknown. […] Reported associations between OLP and systemic diseases may be coincidental, given that (1) OLP is relatively common, (2) OLP occurs predominantly in older adults, and (3) many drugs used in the treatment of systemic diseases trigger the development of oral lichenoid lesions as an adverse effect. […] In many patients, a cause for the oral lichenoid lesions cannot be identified; in these patients, the disease is called idiopathic OLP. […] Oral lichenoid drug reactions may be triggered by systemic drugs including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), beta blockers, sulfonylureas, some angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and some antimalarials.

• #37 Lichen Planus – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/psoriasis-and-scaling-diseases/lichen-planus

  Lichen planus (LP) is thought to be caused by a T cell-mediated autoimmune reaction against basal epithelial keratinocytes in people with genetic predisposition. […] Medications (especially beta-blockers, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs], angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, sulfonylureas, gold, antimalarials, penicillamine, and thiazides) can cause LP; drug-induced LP (sometimes called lichenoid drug eruption) may be indistinguishable from nondrug-induced LP or may have a pattern that is more eczematous. […] Associations of oral lichen planus with hepatitis (hepatitis B infection, hepatitis B vaccine, and, particularly, hepatitis C-induced liver insufficiency) and primary biliary cholangitis (formerly known as primary biliary cirrhosis) have been reported. […] Lichen planus (LP) is thought to be an autoimmune disorder in patients with a genetic predisposition but may be caused by medications or be associated with disorders such as hepatitis C.

• #38 Oral lichen planus

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/oral-lichen-planus

  Oral lichen planus is lichen planus inside the mouth. Lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory skin condition. […] The precise cause of oral lichen planus is not fully understood. It involves cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which attack the oral epithelial cells resulting in their death. The immune response is mediated by antigen-specific cells. […] In most cases oral lichen planus is idiopathic, when the reaction is thought to be against autoantigens. In other cases, it may be precipitated by exogenous antigens described below. […] Drugs this is called oral lichenoid drug reaction. It is most often due to gold therapy. Other medications include some antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antimalarials, drugs used for treating hypertension and heart disease, and antiretroviral medicines. These drugs more commonly cause a lichenoid skin eruption, with the mouth being affected less often.

• #39 Lichen Planus Causes, Home Remedies, Treatment & Symptoms

  https://www.medicinenet.com/lichen_planus/article.htm

  Lichen planus is a chronic recurrent inflammatory disorder of the skin and mucous membranes. […] The cause of lichen planus is unknown. In certain locales, patients with extensive lichen planus seem to be more likely to have a hepatitis C virus infection of the liver. However, it seems unlikely that the virus is the cause of lichen planus in such situations. […] Some drugs, such as those containing arsenic, bismuth, or gold, can produce an eruption that appears identical to lichen planus. […] Lichenoid eruptions can occur in graft-versus-host disease in people who have received bone marrow transplants. […] Since the cause of lichen planus is unknown, there are no reliable options to prevent it.

• #40 Lichen Planus – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/psoriasis-and-scaling-diseases/lichen-planus

  Lichen planus (LP) is thought to be caused by a T cell-mediated autoimmune reaction against basal epithelial keratinocytes in people with genetic predisposition. […] Medications (especially beta-blockers, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs], angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, sulfonylureas, gold, antimalarials, penicillamine, and thiazides) can cause LP; drug-induced LP (sometimes called lichenoid drug eruption) may be indistinguishable from nondrug-induced LP or may have a pattern that is more eczematous. […] Associations of oral lichen planus with hepatitis (hepatitis B infection, hepatitis B vaccine, and, particularly, hepatitis C-induced liver insufficiency) and primary biliary cholangitis (formerly known as primary biliary cirrhosis) have been reported. […] Lichen planus (LP) is thought to be an autoimmune disorder in patients with a genetic predisposition but may be caused by medications or be associated with disorders such as hepatitis C.

• #41 Oral lichen planus

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/oral-lichen-planus

  Oral lichen planus is lichen planus inside the mouth. Lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory skin condition. […] The precise cause of oral lichen planus is not fully understood. It involves cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which attack the oral epithelial cells resulting in their death. The immune response is mediated by antigen-specific cells. […] In most cases oral lichen planus is idiopathic, when the reaction is thought to be against autoantigens. In other cases, it may be precipitated by exogenous antigens described below. […] Drugs this is called oral lichenoid drug reaction. It is most often due to gold therapy. Other medications include some antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antimalarials, drugs used for treating hypertension and heart disease, and antiretroviral medicines. These drugs more commonly cause a lichenoid skin eruption, with the mouth being affected less often.

• #42 Oral lichen planus: causes, symptoms and treatment – Laboratorios KIN

  https://www.kin.es/en/patologias/liquen-plano-oral/

  The inflammation underlying oral lichen planus can be triggered by various chemical or biological agents and certain drugs, including -blockers, NSAIDs, ACE inhibitors, sulfonylureas, antimalarials, penicillamine and thiazides. Recently, associations with hepatitis C-related liver failure, primary biliary cirrhosis and other forms of hepatitis have been reported. Stress may also be involved in inducing manifestations that worsen or tend to recur. Suspected etiologic factors of oral lichen planus also include lesions in the mouth, infections and allergic reactions to materials used in dentistry. However, these causes have not been fully confirmed.

• #43

  https://journals.lww.com/ijd/fulltext/2015/60030/oral_lichen_planus__an_update_on_etiology,.2.aspx

  Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic mucocutaneous disorder of stratified squamous epithelium of uncertain etiology that affects oral and genital mucous membranes, skin, nails, and scalp. […] Etiology of lichen planus as such is not known clearly, but at present it has been linked to autoimmune disorder. […] Although the exact etiology of this disease is still unknown, but some factors are associated with it. […] An association has been observed with HLA-A3, A11, A26, A28, B3, B5, B7, B8, DR1, and DRW9. […] A great many materials commonly used in restoration treatments in the oral cavity have been identified as triggering elements for OLP, including silver amalgam, gold, cobalt, palladium, chromium and even non-metals such as epoxy resins (composite) and prolonged use of denture wear.

• #44 Oral Lichen Planus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1078327-overview

  Oral lichenoid contact-sensitivity reactions may be triggered by contact allergens, including dental amalgam composite resin and toothpaste flavorings, especially cinnamates. […] Oral lichenoid lesions may be triggered by mechanical trauma (Kbner phenomenon) from calculus deposits, sharp teeth, rough surfaces of dental restorations or prostheses, cheek or tongue biting, or oral surgical procedures. […] Some studies have shown an increased incidence of Candida albicans infection in OLP, an increase that is more notable in erosive OLP than in nonerosive OLP. […] Some studies have revealed a prevalence of viral (eg, hepatitis C virus [HCV] infection) infections in OLP. […] Some study findings have suggested an association between OLP and chronic hepatic diseases such as HCV infection, autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, and primary biliary cirrhosis.

• #45

• #46 Oral Lichen Planus: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

  https://sherwoodparkdental.ca/oral-lichen-planus/

  Doctors arent sure what causes oral lichen planus. It may run in your family. And it could be linked to your immune system. Most of the time your immune cells keep you safe by attacking bacteria and viruses. With oral lichen planus, some doctors believe those cells get confused and attack the lining of your mouth. […] Other possible triggers include medicines like painkillers, high blood pressure treatments, diabetes drugs, and malaria medications. […] It may also be a reaction to metal, such as dental fillings. It could be triggered by other mouth problems such as having a rough crown or a habit of biting your cheeks or tongue. […] Theres also a chance that its linked to hepatitis C. Many people infected with the virus get it.

• #47

  https://journals.lww.com/ijd/fulltext/2015/60030/oral_lichen_planus__an_update_on_etiology,.2.aspx

  Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic mucocutaneous disorder of stratified squamous epithelium of uncertain etiology that affects oral and genital mucous membranes, skin, nails, and scalp. […] Etiology of lichen planus as such is not known clearly, but at present it has been linked to autoimmune disorder. […] Although the exact etiology of this disease is still unknown, but some factors are associated with it. […] An association has been observed with HLA-A3, A11, A26, A28, B3, B5, B7, B8, DR1, and DRW9. […] A great many materials commonly used in restoration treatments in the oral cavity have been identified as triggering elements for OLP, including silver amalgam, gold, cobalt, palladium, chromium and even non-metals such as epoxy resins (composite) and prolonged use of denture wear.

• #48 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Lichen-Planus-Causes.aspx

  Lichen planus (LP) is a skin condition which shows exacerbations and remissions over time. Its etiology has not yet been established. […] Gene polymorphisms of various HLA markers, as well as the presence of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines have been linked to LP development. […] Many dental restorative materials may trigger LP in the oral cavity, such as silver, gold, palladium, cobalt, and epoxy resins (commonly called composite). […] Medications associated with oral LP include: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), some antihypertensives such as beta-blockers, antimalarials, some hypoglycemic drugs, some oral anti-retrovirals, anti-arthritic drugs. […] Chronic hepatitis C infection has been implicated in the pathogenesis of OLP. […] Some diseases caused by autoimmune reactions are associated with OLP.

• #49

  https://journals.lww.com/ijd/fulltext/2015/60030/oral_lichen_planus__an_update_on_etiology,.2.aspx

  Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic mucocutaneous disorder of stratified squamous epithelium of uncertain etiology that affects oral and genital mucous membranes, skin, nails, and scalp. […] Etiology of lichen planus as such is not known clearly, but at present it has been linked to autoimmune disorder. […] Although the exact etiology of this disease is still unknown, but some factors are associated with it. […] An association has been observed with HLA-A3, A11, A26, A28, B3, B5, B7, B8, DR1, and DRW9. […] A great many materials commonly used in restoration treatments in the oral cavity have been identified as triggering elements for OLP, including silver amalgam, gold, cobalt, palladium, chromium and even non-metals such as epoxy resins (composite) and prolonged use of denture wear.

• #50

  https://journals.lww.com/ijd/fulltext/2015/60030/oral_lichen_planus__an_update_on_etiology,.2.aspx

  Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic mucocutaneous disorder of stratified squamous epithelium of uncertain etiology that affects oral and genital mucous membranes, skin, nails, and scalp. […] Etiology of lichen planus as such is not known clearly, but at present it has been linked to autoimmune disorder. […] Although the exact etiology of this disease is still unknown, but some factors are associated with it. […] An association has been observed with HLA-A3, A11, A26, A28, B3, B5, B7, B8, DR1, and DRW9. […] A great many materials commonly used in restoration treatments in the oral cavity have been identified as triggering elements for OLP, including silver amalgam, gold, cobalt, palladium, chromium and even non-metals such as epoxy resins (composite) and prolonged use of denture wear.

• #51

  https://journals.lww.com/ijd/fulltext/2015/60030/oral_lichen_planus__an_update_on_etiology,.2.aspx

  Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic mucocutaneous disorder of stratified squamous epithelium of uncertain etiology that affects oral and genital mucous membranes, skin, nails, and scalp. […] Etiology of lichen planus as such is not known clearly, but at present it has been linked to autoimmune disorder. […] Although the exact etiology of this disease is still unknown, but some factors are associated with it. […] An association has been observed with HLA-A3, A11, A26, A28, B3, B5, B7, B8, DR1, and DRW9. […] A great many materials commonly used in restoration treatments in the oral cavity have been identified as triggering elements for OLP, including silver amalgam, gold, cobalt, palladium, chromium and even non-metals such as epoxy resins (composite) and prolonged use of denture wear.

• #52

  https://journals.lww.com/ijd/fulltext/2015/60030/oral_lichen_planus__an_update_on_etiology,.2.aspx

  Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic mucocutaneous disorder of stratified squamous epithelium of uncertain etiology that affects oral and genital mucous membranes, skin, nails, and scalp. […] Etiology of lichen planus as such is not known clearly, but at present it has been linked to autoimmune disorder. […] Although the exact etiology of this disease is still unknown, but some factors are associated with it. […] An association has been observed with HLA-A3, A11, A26, A28, B3, B5, B7, B8, DR1, and DRW9. […] A great many materials commonly used in restoration treatments in the oral cavity have been identified as triggering elements for OLP, including silver amalgam, gold, cobalt, palladium, chromium and even non-metals such as epoxy resins (composite) and prolonged use of denture wear.

• #53 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Lichen-Planus-Causes.aspx

  Lichen planus (LP) is a skin condition which shows exacerbations and remissions over time. Its etiology has not yet been established. […] Gene polymorphisms of various HLA markers, as well as the presence of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines have been linked to LP development. […] Many dental restorative materials may trigger LP in the oral cavity, such as silver, gold, palladium, cobalt, and epoxy resins (commonly called composite). […] Medications associated with oral LP include: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), some antihypertensives such as beta-blockers, antimalarials, some hypoglycemic drugs, some oral anti-retrovirals, anti-arthritic drugs. […] Chronic hepatitis C infection has been implicated in the pathogenesis of OLP. […] Some diseases caused by autoimmune reactions are associated with OLP.

• #54 Oral Lichen Planus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1078327-overview

  Oral lichenoid contact-sensitivity reactions may be triggered by contact allergens, including dental amalgam composite resin and toothpaste flavorings, especially cinnamates. […] Oral lichenoid lesions may be triggered by mechanical trauma (Kbner phenomenon) from calculus deposits, sharp teeth, rough surfaces of dental restorations or prostheses, cheek or tongue biting, or oral surgical procedures. […] Some studies have shown an increased incidence of Candida albicans infection in OLP, an increase that is more notable in erosive OLP than in nonerosive OLP. […] Some studies have revealed a prevalence of viral (eg, hepatitis C virus [HCV] infection) infections in OLP. […] Some study findings have suggested an association between OLP and chronic hepatic diseases such as HCV infection, autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, and primary biliary cirrhosis.

• #55 Oral Lichen Planus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1078327-overview

  Oral lichenoid contact-sensitivity reactions may be triggered by contact allergens, including dental amalgam composite resin and toothpaste flavorings, especially cinnamates. […] Oral lichenoid lesions may be triggered by mechanical trauma (Kbner phenomenon) from calculus deposits, sharp teeth, rough surfaces of dental restorations or prostheses, cheek or tongue biting, or oral surgical procedures. […] Some studies have shown an increased incidence of Candida albicans infection in OLP, an increase that is more notable in erosive OLP than in nonerosive OLP. […] Some studies have revealed a prevalence of viral (eg, hepatitis C virus [HCV] infection) infections in OLP. […] Some study findings have suggested an association between OLP and chronic hepatic diseases such as HCV infection, autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, and primary biliary cirrhosis.

• #56 Oral lichen planus

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/oral-lichen-planus

  Oral lichen planus is lichen planus inside the mouth. Lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory skin condition. […] The precise cause of oral lichen planus is not fully understood. It involves cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which attack the oral epithelial cells resulting in their death. The immune response is mediated by antigen-specific cells. […] In most cases oral lichen planus is idiopathic, when the reaction is thought to be against autoantigens. In other cases, it may be precipitated by exogenous antigens described below. […] Drugs this is called oral lichenoid drug reaction. It is most often due to gold therapy. Other medications include some antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antimalarials, drugs used for treating hypertension and heart disease, and antiretroviral medicines. These drugs more commonly cause a lichenoid skin eruption, with the mouth being affected less often.

• #57 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Lichen-Planus-Causes.aspx

  Some food additives such as cinnamon aldehyde may be involved in the pathogenesis of OLP. […] Both chewing and smoking of tobacco and betel nut have been suggested to be etiologically linked to LP. […] Lichen planus is an autoimmune disease supposed to be mediated by cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes directed against the basal cells of the oral mucosal epithelium.

• #58 Oral Lichen Planus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1078327-overview

  Oral lichenoid contact-sensitivity reactions may be triggered by contact allergens, including dental amalgam composite resin and toothpaste flavorings, especially cinnamates. […] Oral lichenoid lesions may be triggered by mechanical trauma (Kbner phenomenon) from calculus deposits, sharp teeth, rough surfaces of dental restorations or prostheses, cheek or tongue biting, or oral surgical procedures. […] Some studies have shown an increased incidence of Candida albicans infection in OLP, an increase that is more notable in erosive OLP than in nonerosive OLP. […] Some studies have revealed a prevalence of viral (eg, hepatitis C virus [HCV] infection) infections in OLP. […] Some study findings have suggested an association between OLP and chronic hepatic diseases such as HCV infection, autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, and primary biliary cirrhosis.

• #59 Lichen planus: Symptoms, Types, and Treatment with Images — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/lichen-planus

  Lichen planus is a T-cell mediated autoimmune disorder in which inflammatory cells attack an unknown protein within the skin and mucosal keratinocytes. […] Contributing factors to lichen planus may include: Genetic predisposition, Physical and emotional stress, Injury to the skin; lichen planus often appears where the skin has been scratched or after surgery (koebnerisation), Localised skin disease such as herpes zoster, Systemic viral infection, such as hepatitis C (which might modify self-antigens on the surface of basal keratinocytes), Contact allergy, such as to metal fillings in oral lichen planus (rare) and colour photographic developers, Drugs; gold, quinine, quinidine, and others can cause a lichenoid rash. […] Vitamin D deficiency may be associated with oral lichen planus. Its association with other types of LP remains unexplored.

• #60 Oral Lichen Planus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1078327-overview

  Oral lichenoid contact-sensitivity reactions may be triggered by contact allergens, including dental amalgam composite resin and toothpaste flavorings, especially cinnamates. […] Oral lichenoid lesions may be triggered by mechanical trauma (Kbner phenomenon) from calculus deposits, sharp teeth, rough surfaces of dental restorations or prostheses, cheek or tongue biting, or oral surgical procedures. […] Some studies have shown an increased incidence of Candida albicans infection in OLP, an increase that is more notable in erosive OLP than in nonerosive OLP. […] Some studies have revealed a prevalence of viral (eg, hepatitis C virus [HCV] infection) infections in OLP. […] Some study findings have suggested an association between OLP and chronic hepatic diseases such as HCV infection, autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, and primary biliary cirrhosis.

• #61 Oral Lichen Planus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1078327-overview

  Oral lichenoid contact-sensitivity reactions may be triggered by contact allergens, including dental amalgam composite resin and toothpaste flavorings, especially cinnamates. […] Oral lichenoid lesions may be triggered by mechanical trauma (Kbner phenomenon) from calculus deposits, sharp teeth, rough surfaces of dental restorations or prostheses, cheek or tongue biting, or oral surgical procedures. […] Some studies have shown an increased incidence of Candida albicans infection in OLP, an increase that is more notable in erosive OLP than in nonerosive OLP. […] Some studies have revealed a prevalence of viral (eg, hepatitis C virus [HCV] infection) infections in OLP. […] Some study findings have suggested an association between OLP and chronic hepatic diseases such as HCV infection, autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, and primary biliary cirrhosis.

• #62 Oral Lichen Planus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1078327-overview

  Oral lichenoid contact-sensitivity reactions may be triggered by contact allergens, including dental amalgam composite resin and toothpaste flavorings, especially cinnamates. […] Oral lichenoid lesions may be triggered by mechanical trauma (Kbner phenomenon) from calculus deposits, sharp teeth, rough surfaces of dental restorations or prostheses, cheek or tongue biting, or oral surgical procedures. […] Some studies have shown an increased incidence of Candida albicans infection in OLP, an increase that is more notable in erosive OLP than in nonerosive OLP. […] Some studies have revealed a prevalence of viral (eg, hepatitis C virus [HCV] infection) infections in OLP. […] Some study findings have suggested an association between OLP and chronic hepatic diseases such as HCV infection, autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, and primary biliary cirrhosis.

• #63 Oral Lichen Planus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1078327-overview

  Oral lichenoid contact-sensitivity reactions may be triggered by contact allergens, including dental amalgam composite resin and toothpaste flavorings, especially cinnamates. […] Oral lichenoid lesions may be triggered by mechanical trauma (Kbner phenomenon) from calculus deposits, sharp teeth, rough surfaces of dental restorations or prostheses, cheek or tongue biting, or oral surgical procedures. […] Some studies have shown an increased incidence of Candida albicans infection in OLP, an increase that is more notable in erosive OLP than in nonerosive OLP. […] Some studies have revealed a prevalence of viral (eg, hepatitis C virus [HCV] infection) infections in OLP. […] Some study findings have suggested an association between OLP and chronic hepatic diseases such as HCV infection, autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, and primary biliary cirrhosis.

• #64 Oral Lichen Planus – Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/dental-oral-health/oral-lichen-planus

  Oral lichen planus (OLP) is an autoimmune disease affecting the oral mucous membrane and results in white stringy skin inside the mouth. […] It occurs when the immune system attacks the cells of the mucous membrane of the mouth, but the exact cause of this attack is still not known. […] The exact cause of lichen planus is still not known. As of now, the only thing that doctors know is that it results from an autoimmune response. Some scientists believe that these lesions are a result of some other autoimmune condition (unintentionally, the immune system of the body targets and damages healthy bodily tissue), while some say it is an autoimmune disorder on its own. […] However, several risk factors for lichen planus increase the risk of the condition. The following factors can increase the risk of developing oral lichen planus: Other autoimmune disorders. A positive family history. Injury to the mouth. Oral infection. Using some specific medicines, such as painkillers, anti-diabetic drugs, and antihypertensive medicines. Allergic reaction to food metal fillings or dental appliances. Cheek or tongue-biting habit. Many hepatitis C patients might get lichen planus.

• #65 Oral Lichen Planus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1078327-overview

  Oral lichenoid contact-sensitivity reactions may be triggered by contact allergens, including dental amalgam composite resin and toothpaste flavorings, especially cinnamates. […] Oral lichenoid lesions may be triggered by mechanical trauma (Kbner phenomenon) from calculus deposits, sharp teeth, rough surfaces of dental restorations or prostheses, cheek or tongue biting, or oral surgical procedures. […] Some studies have shown an increased incidence of Candida albicans infection in OLP, an increase that is more notable in erosive OLP than in nonerosive OLP. […] Some studies have revealed a prevalence of viral (eg, hepatitis C virus [HCV] infection) infections in OLP. […] Some study findings have suggested an association between OLP and chronic hepatic diseases such as HCV infection, autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, and primary biliary cirrhosis.

• #66 Oral Lichen Planus: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17875-oral-lichen-planus

  Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a condition that causes inflammation inside your mouth. Normally, inflammation helps your body heal. But with OLP, it happens for unknown reasons and ends up damaging the thin tissue (mucosa) lining your cheeks, gums and tongue. […] Doctors dont know exactly why oral lichen planus occurs. But they do know that its related to your immune system. Typically, your immune system releases immune cells that attack harmful substances, like germs. In this way, your immune system keeps you from getting sick. But with OLP, the immune cells attack the tissue lining inside your mouth. […] OLP shows up more often in people who take certain medicines, like: Antifungals, Antiparasitics, Antiseizure medications, Beta-blockers, Diuretics, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). […] It also sometimes occurs with diseases, like Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Human papillomavirus (HPV), Primary biliary cirrhosis. […] But more research is needed to understand the connection between these conditions and OLP.

• #67

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3429956/

  Lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory mucocutaneous disease. […] There are many un-established etiological factors for OLP and some different treatment modalities are based on etiology. […] Although the etiology and pathogenesis of OLP are not fully understood, oral lichen planus has been associated with multiple disease processes and agents, such as viral and bacterial infections, autoimmune diseases, medications, vaccinations and dental restorative materials. […] The association between OLP and chronic liver disease is still controversial. […] Carrozzo et al have demonstrated a strong association between hepatitis C viral infection and OLP. […] Recently, several studies have reported a relationship between Helicobacter pylori and OLP. […] Numerous studies have investigated the prevalence of candidal infection in erosive lichen planus. […] Exacerbations of OLP have been linked to periods of psychological stress and anxiety. […] Genetic predisposition seems to play a role in OLP pathogenesis as several familial cases have been reported.

• #68 Oral lichenplanus: Etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-6263/full/v4/i1/12.htm

  The association of OLP with chronic liver disease was first suggested by Mokni et al in 1991. Epidemiological evidences strongly suggest that Hepatitis C Virus may be an etiologic factor in OLP. […] Periods of psychological stress and anxiety are associated with aggravation of OLP in most of the studies conducted so far. […] Genetic predisposition also play a role in OLP pathogenesis. […] OLP is a T-cell mediated autoimmune disease in which the auto-cytotoxic CD8+ T cells trigger apoptosis of the basal cells of the oral epithelium.

• #69 Oral Lichen Planus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1078327-overview

  Oral lichenoid lesions may arise in people who habitually chew betel quid. […] Oral lichenoid lesions are part of the spectrum of chronic graft-versus-host disease that occurs after allogeneic hemopoietic stem cell transplantation. […] No consistent association with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) has been reported in OLP. […] Exacerbations of OLP have been linked to periods of psychological stress and anxiety. […] There is little evidence to support a connection between diabetes mellitus (DM) and OLP.

• #70

  https://journals.lww.com/ijd/fulltext/2015/60030/oral_lichen_planus__an_update_on_etiology,.2.aspx

  Oral lichenoid drug reactions may be triggered by systemic drugs including NSAIDs, beta blockers, sulfonylureas, some angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and some antimalarials, contact allergens including toothpaste flavorings, especially cinnamates. […] OLP has been suggested to be related to bacteria such as a Gram-negative anaerobic bacillus and spirochetes but this has not been confirmed. […] OLP may occasionally be associated with autoimmune disorders such as primary biliary cirrhosis, chronic active hepatitis, ulcerative colitis, myasthenia gravis, and thymoma. […] One of the factors responsible for the development of OLP is anxiety and stress. […] Although most patients with OLP show no increased prevalence of cigarette smoking, it has been suggested to be an etiological factor in some Indian communities. […] Studies have revealed that both diabetes mellitus (DM) and high blood pressure are associated with OLP. […] OLP has occasionally been associated with other conditions, including psoriasis, lichen sclerosis, urolithiasis, agents used to treat gall stones, Turner’s syndrome, etc.

• #71

• #72 Oral lichen planus | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/oral-lichen-planus?content_id=CON-20155290

  Oral lichen planus can’t be passed from one person to another. The condition occurs when the immune system attacks cells of the oral mucous membranes for reasons that aren’t known. […] It’s not known what causes oral lichen planus. But T lymphocytes white blood cells involved in inflammation appear to be activated in oral lichen planus. This could mean that it’s an immune condition and it could involve genetic factors. More research is needed to find the exact cause. […] In some people, certain medicines, mouth injury, infection or allergy-causing agents such as dental materials may cause oral lichen planus. Stress may cause symptoms to get worse or come back from time to time. But these causes are not confirmed.

• #73

  https://journals.lww.com/ijd/fulltext/2015/60030/oral_lichen_planus__an_update_on_etiology,.2.aspx

  Oral lichenoid drug reactions may be triggered by systemic drugs including NSAIDs, beta blockers, sulfonylureas, some angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and some antimalarials, contact allergens including toothpaste flavorings, especially cinnamates. […] OLP has been suggested to be related to bacteria such as a Gram-negative anaerobic bacillus and spirochetes but this has not been confirmed. […] OLP may occasionally be associated with autoimmune disorders such as primary biliary cirrhosis, chronic active hepatitis, ulcerative colitis, myasthenia gravis, and thymoma. […] One of the factors responsible for the development of OLP is anxiety and stress. […] Although most patients with OLP show no increased prevalence of cigarette smoking, it has been suggested to be an etiological factor in some Indian communities. […] Studies have revealed that both diabetes mellitus (DM) and high blood pressure are associated with OLP. […] OLP has occasionally been associated with other conditions, including psoriasis, lichen sclerosis, urolithiasis, agents used to treat gall stones, Turner’s syndrome, etc.

• #74 Oral Lichen Planus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1078327-overview

  Oral lichenoid contact-sensitivity reactions may be triggered by contact allergens, including dental amalgam composite resin and toothpaste flavorings, especially cinnamates. […] Oral lichenoid lesions may be triggered by mechanical trauma (Kbner phenomenon) from calculus deposits, sharp teeth, rough surfaces of dental restorations or prostheses, cheek or tongue biting, or oral surgical procedures. […] Some studies have shown an increased incidence of Candida albicans infection in OLP, an increase that is more notable in erosive OLP than in nonerosive OLP. […] Some studies have revealed a prevalence of viral (eg, hepatitis C virus [HCV] infection) infections in OLP. […] Some study findings have suggested an association between OLP and chronic hepatic diseases such as HCV infection, autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, and primary biliary cirrhosis.

• #75

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3429956/

  Lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory mucocutaneous disease. […] There are many un-established etiological factors for OLP and some different treatment modalities are based on etiology. […] Although the etiology and pathogenesis of OLP are not fully understood, oral lichen planus has been associated with multiple disease processes and agents, such as viral and bacterial infections, autoimmune diseases, medications, vaccinations and dental restorative materials. […] The association between OLP and chronic liver disease is still controversial. […] Carrozzo et al have demonstrated a strong association between hepatitis C viral infection and OLP. […] Recently, several studies have reported a relationship between Helicobacter pylori and OLP. […] Numerous studies have investigated the prevalence of candidal infection in erosive lichen planus. […] Exacerbations of OLP have been linked to periods of psychological stress and anxiety. […] Genetic predisposition seems to play a role in OLP pathogenesis as several familial cases have been reported.

• #76 Oral Lichen Planus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1078327-overview

  Oral lichenoid contact-sensitivity reactions may be triggered by contact allergens, including dental amalgam composite resin and toothpaste flavorings, especially cinnamates. […] Oral lichenoid lesions may be triggered by mechanical trauma (Kbner phenomenon) from calculus deposits, sharp teeth, rough surfaces of dental restorations or prostheses, cheek or tongue biting, or oral surgical procedures. […] Some studies have shown an increased incidence of Candida albicans infection in OLP, an increase that is more notable in erosive OLP than in nonerosive OLP. […] Some studies have revealed a prevalence of viral (eg, hepatitis C virus [HCV] infection) infections in OLP. […] Some study findings have suggested an association between OLP and chronic hepatic diseases such as HCV infection, autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, and primary biliary cirrhosis.

• #77

  https://journals.lww.com/ijd/fulltext/2015/60030/oral_lichen_planus__an_update_on_etiology,.2.aspx

  Oral lichenoid drug reactions may be triggered by systemic drugs including NSAIDs, beta blockers, sulfonylureas, some angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and some antimalarials, contact allergens including toothpaste flavorings, especially cinnamates. […] OLP has been suggested to be related to bacteria such as a Gram-negative anaerobic bacillus and spirochetes but this has not been confirmed. […] OLP may occasionally be associated with autoimmune disorders such as primary biliary cirrhosis, chronic active hepatitis, ulcerative colitis, myasthenia gravis, and thymoma. […] One of the factors responsible for the development of OLP is anxiety and stress. […] Although most patients with OLP show no increased prevalence of cigarette smoking, it has been suggested to be an etiological factor in some Indian communities. […] Studies have revealed that both diabetes mellitus (DM) and high blood pressure are associated with OLP. […] OLP has occasionally been associated with other conditions, including psoriasis, lichen sclerosis, urolithiasis, agents used to treat gall stones, Turner’s syndrome, etc.

• #78 Oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions – challenges and pitfalls for the general dental practitioner | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41415-024-7063-y

  Lichen planus (LP) is a mucocutaneous chronic inflammatory condition which can affect the oral cavity, skin and genitalia, as well as other extra-oral sites. LP affects just under 1% of the general population.1,2 Although it can occur at any age, it predominantly affects adults over 40 years old.2 […] While oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of unknown aetiology, oral lichenoid lesions (OLLs) develop in response to an extrinsic agent.3 […] Aetiology and disease course are likely multifactorial involving genetic and environmental factors.7 […] LP has been associated with other autoimmune systemic disorders, such as thyroid disease, ulcerative colitis and myasthenia gravis.9,10 […] Conflicting findings have been reported with regards to a relationship between LP and hepatitis C but with an overall larger body of literature supporting a positive association between LP and hepatitis C, including a cohort study in 1,557 patients.14,15

• #79

  https://journals.lww.com/ijd/fulltext/2015/60030/oral_lichen_planus__an_update_on_etiology,.2.aspx

  Oral lichenoid drug reactions may be triggered by systemic drugs including NSAIDs, beta blockers, sulfonylureas, some angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and some antimalarials, contact allergens including toothpaste flavorings, especially cinnamates. […] OLP has been suggested to be related to bacteria such as a Gram-negative anaerobic bacillus and spirochetes but this has not been confirmed. […] OLP may occasionally be associated with autoimmune disorders such as primary biliary cirrhosis, chronic active hepatitis, ulcerative colitis, myasthenia gravis, and thymoma. […] One of the factors responsible for the development of OLP is anxiety and stress. […] Although most patients with OLP show no increased prevalence of cigarette smoking, it has been suggested to be an etiological factor in some Indian communities. […] Studies have revealed that both diabetes mellitus (DM) and high blood pressure are associated with OLP. […] OLP has occasionally been associated with other conditions, including psoriasis, lichen sclerosis, urolithiasis, agents used to treat gall stones, Turner’s syndrome, etc.

• #80 Pediatric oral lichen planus | Journal of Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery

  https://www.jomos.org/articles/mbcb/full_html/2025/01/mbcb250025/mbcb250025.html

  Additionally, OLP may be linked to autoimmune conditions such as lupus erythematosus, ulcerative colitis, or myasthenia gravis. […] Psychological Factors like stress, anxiety, and depression could also play a role in the development of OLP. […] In pediatric cases, OLP is relatively rare. […] A family history of LP is considered a relevant predisposing factor in pediatric cases. […] The OLP diagnosis is primarily based on histological and clinical characteristics. […] The most common differential diagnoses of OLP include oral lichenoid drug reaction, oral lichenoid contact hypersensitivity reaction, chronic graft-versus-host disease, LP pemphigoides, lupus erythematosus, oral candidiasis, and aphthous stomatitis.

• #81

  https://journals.lww.com/ijd/fulltext/2015/60030/oral_lichen_planus__an_update_on_etiology,.2.aspx

  Oral lichenoid drug reactions may be triggered by systemic drugs including NSAIDs, beta blockers, sulfonylureas, some angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and some antimalarials, contact allergens including toothpaste flavorings, especially cinnamates. […] OLP has been suggested to be related to bacteria such as a Gram-negative anaerobic bacillus and spirochetes but this has not been confirmed. […] OLP may occasionally be associated with autoimmune disorders such as primary biliary cirrhosis, chronic active hepatitis, ulcerative colitis, myasthenia gravis, and thymoma. […] One of the factors responsible for the development of OLP is anxiety and stress. […] Although most patients with OLP show no increased prevalence of cigarette smoking, it has been suggested to be an etiological factor in some Indian communities. […] Studies have revealed that both diabetes mellitus (DM) and high blood pressure are associated with OLP. […] OLP has occasionally been associated with other conditions, including psoriasis, lichen sclerosis, urolithiasis, agents used to treat gall stones, Turner’s syndrome, etc.

• #82 Oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions – challenges and pitfalls for the general dental practitioner | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41415-024-7063-y

  Lichen planus (LP) is a mucocutaneous chronic inflammatory condition which can affect the oral cavity, skin and genitalia, as well as other extra-oral sites. LP affects just under 1% of the general population.1,2 Although it can occur at any age, it predominantly affects adults over 40 years old.2 […] While oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of unknown aetiology, oral lichenoid lesions (OLLs) develop in response to an extrinsic agent.3 […] Aetiology and disease course are likely multifactorial involving genetic and environmental factors.7 […] LP has been associated with other autoimmune systemic disorders, such as thyroid disease, ulcerative colitis and myasthenia gravis.9,10 […] Conflicting findings have been reported with regards to a relationship between LP and hepatitis C but with an overall larger body of literature supporting a positive association between LP and hepatitis C, including a cohort study in 1,557 patients.14,15

• #83

  https://journals.lww.com/ijd/fulltext/2015/60030/oral_lichen_planus__an_update_on_etiology,.2.aspx

  Oral lichenoid drug reactions may be triggered by systemic drugs including NSAIDs, beta blockers, sulfonylureas, some angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and some antimalarials, contact allergens including toothpaste flavorings, especially cinnamates. […] OLP has been suggested to be related to bacteria such as a Gram-negative anaerobic bacillus and spirochetes but this has not been confirmed. […] OLP may occasionally be associated with autoimmune disorders such as primary biliary cirrhosis, chronic active hepatitis, ulcerative colitis, myasthenia gravis, and thymoma. […] One of the factors responsible for the development of OLP is anxiety and stress. […] Although most patients with OLP show no increased prevalence of cigarette smoking, it has been suggested to be an etiological factor in some Indian communities. […] Studies have revealed that both diabetes mellitus (DM) and high blood pressure are associated with OLP. […] OLP has occasionally been associated with other conditions, including psoriasis, lichen sclerosis, urolithiasis, agents used to treat gall stones, Turner’s syndrome, etc.

• #84

  https://journals.lww.com/ijd/fulltext/2015/60030/oral_lichen_planus__an_update_on_etiology,.2.aspx

  Oral lichenoid drug reactions may be triggered by systemic drugs including NSAIDs, beta blockers, sulfonylureas, some angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and some antimalarials, contact allergens including toothpaste flavorings, especially cinnamates. […] OLP has been suggested to be related to bacteria such as a Gram-negative anaerobic bacillus and spirochetes but this has not been confirmed. […] OLP may occasionally be associated with autoimmune disorders such as primary biliary cirrhosis, chronic active hepatitis, ulcerative colitis, myasthenia gravis, and thymoma. […] One of the factors responsible for the development of OLP is anxiety and stress. […] Although most patients with OLP show no increased prevalence of cigarette smoking, it has been suggested to be an etiological factor in some Indian communities. […] Studies have revealed that both diabetes mellitus (DM) and high blood pressure are associated with OLP. […] OLP has occasionally been associated with other conditions, including psoriasis, lichen sclerosis, urolithiasis, agents used to treat gall stones, Turner’s syndrome, etc.

• #85 Lichen Planus

  https://johnshopkinshealthcare.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Wellness/Weight/134,220

  Lichen planus is associated with hepatitis C, reaction to metal fillings, an autoimmune disorder, and certain medicines. […] The cause of the inflammation that leads to lichen planus is not known, but it has been associated with: Hepatitis C, a virus that attacks your liver; Certain medicines, including some used to treat high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, and malaria. These can cause a medicine reaction that appears similar to lichen planus; Reactions to metal fillings in your teeth; An autoimmune reaction, meaning the body’s own defense system, the immune system, attacks your mouth and skin cells by mistake.

• #86

  https://journals.lww.com/ijd/fulltext/2015/60030/oral_lichen_planus__an_update_on_etiology,.2.aspx

  Oral lichenoid drug reactions may be triggered by systemic drugs including NSAIDs, beta blockers, sulfonylureas, some angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and some antimalarials, contact allergens including toothpaste flavorings, especially cinnamates. […] OLP has been suggested to be related to bacteria such as a Gram-negative anaerobic bacillus and spirochetes but this has not been confirmed. […] OLP may occasionally be associated with autoimmune disorders such as primary biliary cirrhosis, chronic active hepatitis, ulcerative colitis, myasthenia gravis, and thymoma. […] One of the factors responsible for the development of OLP is anxiety and stress. […] Although most patients with OLP show no increased prevalence of cigarette smoking, it has been suggested to be an etiological factor in some Indian communities. […] Studies have revealed that both diabetes mellitus (DM) and high blood pressure are associated with OLP. […] OLP has occasionally been associated with other conditions, including psoriasis, lichen sclerosis, urolithiasis, agents used to treat gall stones, Turner’s syndrome, etc.

• #87

  https://www.cgh.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/oral-lichen-planus

  Lichen planus is a chronic disorder which can affect the skin, genitalia and/or the oral tissues. It affects about 2% of the population, occuring more often in women than in men. […] Oral lichen planus is an allergy type disease that relates to our immune system. Although the exact caus or trigger is still not known, the disease has sometimes been associated with the use of certain medications, reactions to some types of dental filling materials, food substances or having certain medical conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, liver disease and auto-immune disorders. Stress is also known to be linked to this condition. […] There is little evidence to indicate that the disease runs in families. […] Oral lichen planus itself is not a cancerous condition. However, it is important to have a biopsy done to confirm its diagnosis and to be periodically examined by the dental surgeon or physician. Additional biopsies may be necessary from time to time to check for any tissue changes as there is a 1% risk of cancer change.

• #88 Oral Lichen Planus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1078327-overview

  Oral lichenoid lesions may arise in people who habitually chew betel quid. […] Oral lichenoid lesions are part of the spectrum of chronic graft-versus-host disease that occurs after allogeneic hemopoietic stem cell transplantation. […] No consistent association with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) has been reported in OLP. […] Exacerbations of OLP have been linked to periods of psychological stress and anxiety. […] There is little evidence to support a connection between diabetes mellitus (DM) and OLP.

• #89 Lichen planus: Symptoms, Types, and Treatment with Images — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/lichen-planus

  Lichen planus is a T-cell mediated autoimmune disorder in which inflammatory cells attack an unknown protein within the skin and mucosal keratinocytes. […] Contributing factors to lichen planus may include: Genetic predisposition, Physical and emotional stress, Injury to the skin; lichen planus often appears where the skin has been scratched or after surgery (koebnerisation), Localised skin disease such as herpes zoster, Systemic viral infection, such as hepatitis C (which might modify self-antigens on the surface of basal keratinocytes), Contact allergy, such as to metal fillings in oral lichen planus (rare) and colour photographic developers, Drugs; gold, quinine, quinidine, and others can cause a lichenoid rash. […] Vitamin D deficiency may be associated with oral lichen planus. Its association with other types of LP remains unexplored.

• #90 Oral lichen planus

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/oral-lichen-planus

  Contact allergens in dental restorative materials (mercury, nickel, gold, resins, acrylates) or toothpaste, particularly spearmint. These may be identified by careful patch testing. […] Viral infection, particularly Hepatitis C. […] Studies have demonstrated a lower serum vitamin D level in those with oral lichen planus compared to control groups.

• #91

  https://journals.lww.com/ijd/fulltext/2015/60030/oral_lichen_planus__an_update_on_etiology,.2.aspx

  Oral lichenoid drug reactions may be triggered by systemic drugs including NSAIDs, beta blockers, sulfonylureas, some angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and some antimalarials, contact allergens including toothpaste flavorings, especially cinnamates. […] OLP has been suggested to be related to bacteria such as a Gram-negative anaerobic bacillus and spirochetes but this has not been confirmed. […] OLP may occasionally be associated with autoimmune disorders such as primary biliary cirrhosis, chronic active hepatitis, ulcerative colitis, myasthenia gravis, and thymoma. […] One of the factors responsible for the development of OLP is anxiety and stress. […] Although most patients with OLP show no increased prevalence of cigarette smoking, it has been suggested to be an etiological factor in some Indian communities. […] Studies have revealed that both diabetes mellitus (DM) and high blood pressure are associated with OLP. […] OLP has occasionally been associated with other conditions, including psoriasis, lichen sclerosis, urolithiasis, agents used to treat gall stones, Turner’s syndrome, etc.

• #92 Oral Lichen Planus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1078327-overview

  Oral lichenoid lesions may arise in people who habitually chew betel quid. […] Oral lichenoid lesions are part of the spectrum of chronic graft-versus-host disease that occurs after allogeneic hemopoietic stem cell transplantation. […] No consistent association with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) has been reported in OLP. […] Exacerbations of OLP have been linked to periods of psychological stress and anxiety. […] There is little evidence to support a connection between diabetes mellitus (DM) and OLP.

• #93

  https://journals.lww.com/ijd/fulltext/2015/60030/oral_lichen_planus__an_update_on_etiology,.2.aspx

  Oral lichenoid drug reactions may be triggered by systemic drugs including NSAIDs, beta blockers, sulfonylureas, some angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and some antimalarials, contact allergens including toothpaste flavorings, especially cinnamates. […] OLP has been suggested to be related to bacteria such as a Gram-negative anaerobic bacillus and spirochetes but this has not been confirmed. […] OLP may occasionally be associated with autoimmune disorders such as primary biliary cirrhosis, chronic active hepatitis, ulcerative colitis, myasthenia gravis, and thymoma. […] One of the factors responsible for the development of OLP is anxiety and stress. […] Although most patients with OLP show no increased prevalence of cigarette smoking, it has been suggested to be an etiological factor in some Indian communities. […] Studies have revealed that both diabetes mellitus (DM) and high blood pressure are associated with OLP. […] OLP has occasionally been associated with other conditions, including psoriasis, lichen sclerosis, urolithiasis, agents used to treat gall stones, Turner’s syndrome, etc.

• #94 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Lichen-Planus-Causes.aspx

  Lichen planus (LP) is a skin condition which shows exacerbations and remissions over time. Its etiology has not yet been established. […] Gene polymorphisms of various HLA markers, as well as the presence of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines have been linked to LP development. […] Many dental restorative materials may trigger LP in the oral cavity, such as silver, gold, palladium, cobalt, and epoxy resins (commonly called composite). […] Medications associated with oral LP include: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), some antihypertensives such as beta-blockers, antimalarials, some hypoglycemic drugs, some oral anti-retrovirals, anti-arthritic drugs. […] Chronic hepatitis C infection has been implicated in the pathogenesis of OLP. […] Some diseases caused by autoimmune reactions are associated with OLP.

• #95 Oral Lichen Planus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1078327-overview

  Oral lichenoid lesions may arise in people who habitually chew betel quid. […] Oral lichenoid lesions are part of the spectrum of chronic graft-versus-host disease that occurs after allogeneic hemopoietic stem cell transplantation. […] No consistent association with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) has been reported in OLP. […] Exacerbations of OLP have been linked to periods of psychological stress and anxiety. […] There is little evidence to support a connection between diabetes mellitus (DM) and OLP.

• #96 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Lichen-Planus-Causes.aspx

  Lichen planus (LP) is a skin condition which shows exacerbations and remissions over time. Its etiology has not yet been established. […] Gene polymorphisms of various HLA markers, as well as the presence of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines have been linked to LP development. […] Many dental restorative materials may trigger LP in the oral cavity, such as silver, gold, palladium, cobalt, and epoxy resins (commonly called composite). […] Medications associated with oral LP include: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), some antihypertensives such as beta-blockers, antimalarials, some hypoglycemic drugs, some oral anti-retrovirals, anti-arthritic drugs. […] Chronic hepatitis C infection has been implicated in the pathogenesis of OLP. […] Some diseases caused by autoimmune reactions are associated with OLP.

• #97 Oral Lichen Planus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1078327-overview

  Oral lichenoid lesions may arise in people who habitually chew betel quid. […] Oral lichenoid lesions are part of the spectrum of chronic graft-versus-host disease that occurs after allogeneic hemopoietic stem cell transplantation. […] No consistent association with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) has been reported in OLP. […] Exacerbations of OLP have been linked to periods of psychological stress and anxiety. […] There is little evidence to support a connection between diabetes mellitus (DM) and OLP.

• #98 Lichen Planus Causes, Home Remedies, Treatment & Symptoms

  https://www.medicinenet.com/lichen_planus/article.htm

  Lichen planus is a chronic recurrent inflammatory disorder of the skin and mucous membranes. […] The cause of lichen planus is unknown. In certain locales, patients with extensive lichen planus seem to be more likely to have a hepatitis C virus infection of the liver. However, it seems unlikely that the virus is the cause of lichen planus in such situations. […] Some drugs, such as those containing arsenic, bismuth, or gold, can produce an eruption that appears identical to lichen planus. […] Lichenoid eruptions can occur in graft-versus-host disease in people who have received bone marrow transplants. […] Since the cause of lichen planus is unknown, there are no reliable options to prevent it.

• #99 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Lichen-Planus-Causes.aspx

  Some food additives such as cinnamon aldehyde may be involved in the pathogenesis of OLP. […] Both chewing and smoking of tobacco and betel nut have been suggested to be etiologically linked to LP. […] Lichen planus is an autoimmune disease supposed to be mediated by cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes directed against the basal cells of the oral mucosal epithelium.

• #100 Oral lichen planus: clinical and histopathological considerations | Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-brazilian-journal-otorhinolaryngology-english-edition–497-articulo-oral-lichen-planus-clinical-histopathological-S1808869415311022

  Oral lichen planus is one of the most common dermatological diseases presenting in the oral cavity; the prevalence in the general population is 1% to 2%. […] Although oral lichen planus was initially described in 1869, little is known about mechanisms by which the disease develops. […] Sugerman et al. believe that specific and non-specific mechanisms may be involved in the etiopathogenesis of this condition. Specific mechanisms include antigen presentation by basement layer keratinocytes and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-caused death of antigen-specific keratinocytes, while non-specific mechanisms included mast cell degranulation and matrix metalloproteinase activation. […] The factors that set this process in motion, however, have not been fully clarified. Still, stress, food such as tomatoes, citric fruit and seasoned dishes, dental procedures, systemic disease, alcohol abuse, and tobacco use in all its forms, have been associated with disease exacerbation periods.

• #101 Oral lichen planus: clinical and histopathological considerations | Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-brazilian-journal-otorhinolaryngology-english-edition–497-articulo-oral-lichen-planus-clinical-histopathological-S1808869415311022

  In the past decades many papers have suggested that patients with oral lichen planus are at an increased risk of developing cancer, which led the World Health Organization to classify this disease as a premalignant condition. […] The association between oral lichen planus and epidermoid carcinoma, however, is still polemic; many authors believe that there are not enough data to prove this association. […] Nevertheless, many papers highlight the malignant potential of this disease. […] The results above confirm those of Lanfranchi-Tizeira et al. These authors evaluated 719 oral lichen planus cases diagnosed at the Oral Clinical and Pathology Unit II, Dentistry School, Buenos Aires University, Argentina, between 1991 and 1997, and found that all the 32 cases of malignant transformation (6,51%) occurred in atypical forms of lichen planus, such as presentation in the plaque, the erosive and the atrophic form.

• #102 Oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions – challenges and pitfalls for the general dental practitioner | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41415-024-7063-y

  OLL is an umbrella term used to describe a diverse range of conditions where the clinical or histological presentation is compatible with OLP but not typical.16 […] Notwithstanding the lack of universally agreed clinicopathological criteria, OLLs broadly include lesions caused by a reaction to exogenous substances. […] OLLs are due to a causative agent which often resolves following removal of offending agent, for example, drug exposure or local contact hypersensitivity reaction. […] A small proportion of OLP and OLLs demonstrate malignant transformation to oral squamous cell carcinoma (0.5-2.5% over five years).21 […] The malignant potential of OLP and OLLs has been long debated, but a recent consensus report by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer has listed both OLP and OLLs as potentially malignant disorders.16

• #103 Oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions – challenges and pitfalls for the general dental practitioner | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41415-024-7063-y

  OLL is an umbrella term used to describe a diverse range of conditions where the clinical or histological presentation is compatible with OLP but not typical.16 […] Notwithstanding the lack of universally agreed clinicopathological criteria, OLLs broadly include lesions caused by a reaction to exogenous substances. […] OLLs are due to a causative agent which often resolves following removal of offending agent, for example, drug exposure or local contact hypersensitivity reaction. […] A small proportion of OLP and OLLs demonstrate malignant transformation to oral squamous cell carcinoma (0.5-2.5% over five years).21 […] The malignant potential of OLP and OLLs has been long debated, but a recent consensus report by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer has listed both OLP and OLLs as potentially malignant disorders.16

• #104 Oral Lichen Planus – Oral Medicine Mountain View – Oral Lichen Planus Symptoms

  https://www.oralmedicinemountainview.com/clinical-services/oral-lichen-planus/

  Lichen planus is a chronic, autoimmune condition that can affect the mucous membrane lining the oral cavity. […] The cause of lichen planus in most cases is unknown. Some environmental exposures such as medications can cause oral changes that may resemble lichen planus. In addition, some studies have found an association between oral lichen planus and Hepatitis C virus infection, however this has not been consistently seen in all studies and the significance of this association is still being investigated in research studies. […] Oral lichen planus is classified as a precancerous condition. […] The risk of oral squamous cell cancer in patients with oral lichen planus is thought to be increased, however the risk estimates have varied greatly between studies and populations. Patients with ulcerative forms of oral lichen planus are thought to have higher risks for development of oral squamous carcinoma as compared with atrophic or reticular forms of oral lichen planus.

• #105 Oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions – challenges and pitfalls for the general dental practitioner | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41415-024-7063-y

  Risk factors for malignant transformation were tongue lesions, smoking, alcohol consumption, atrophic-erosive lesions, hepatitis C infection42 and female sex.1 […] All patients with OLP/OLLs should be monitored by a dental practitioner. Changes to the typical pattern of disease should instigate a referral to secondary care for consideration of biopsy to assess for dysplasia or malignancy.

• #106 Lichen Planus: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/lichen-planus-pro

  Lichen planus (LP) is a pruritic, papular eruption characterised by its violaceous colour and polygonal shape, sometimes with a fine scale. […] The cause of lichen planus is unknown but it is most likely a T-cell-mediated immunological disease. The antigen involved remains unidentified.1 […] Immunologically mediated (perhaps triggered by a virus) and can occur in families. […] Associated with primary biliary cirrhosis.3and both hepatitis B and hepatitis C (these patients are twice as likely to have LP).4 […] The mucous membrane lesions are often asymptomatic but can be very painful and difficult to treat. Oral lichen planus may cause sensitivity to heat. There is also an association with mercury fillings.5 […] People with oral lichen planus have a 1.1% risk of developing oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC); therefore, regular follow-up for these patients is recommended.10 A higher rate of transformation is found among smokers, people with alcohol dependency, and HCV-infected patients.

• #107 Oral lichen planus: clinical and histopathological considerations | Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-brazilian-journal-otorhinolaryngology-english-edition–497-articulo-oral-lichen-planus-clinical-histopathological-S1808869415311022

  In the past decades many papers have suggested that patients with oral lichen planus are at an increased risk of developing cancer, which led the World Health Organization to classify this disease as a premalignant condition. […] The association between oral lichen planus and epidermoid carcinoma, however, is still polemic; many authors believe that there are not enough data to prove this association. […] Nevertheless, many papers highlight the malignant potential of this disease. […] The results above confirm those of Lanfranchi-Tizeira et al. These authors evaluated 719 oral lichen planus cases diagnosed at the Oral Clinical and Pathology Unit II, Dentistry School, Buenos Aires University, Argentina, between 1991 and 1997, and found that all the 32 cases of malignant transformation (6,51%) occurred in atypical forms of lichen planus, such as presentation in the plaque, the erosive and the atrophic form.

• #108 Oral lichen planus: clinical and histopathological considerations | Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-brazilian-journal-otorhinolaryngology-english-edition–497-articulo-oral-lichen-planus-clinical-histopathological-S1808869415311022

  Why such transformation occurs remains unclear. […] Although many studies have demonstrated the premalignant nature of oral lichen planus, many other have stated the opposite. […] Recent papers have recast the idea that lichen planus and lichenoid dysplasia should be considered as two different entities. The presence of epithelial atypia is currently believed to be the factor that classifies a lesion as having malignant potential; thus, lichenoid dysplasia, rather than lichen planus, should be classified as premalignant. […] The possibility of malignant transformation is a reflection of many intrinsic molecular alterations within cells, all of which are found in lichenoid dysplasia.

• #109 Oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions – challenges and pitfalls for the general dental practitioner | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41415-024-7063-y

  OLL is an umbrella term used to describe a diverse range of conditions where the clinical or histological presentation is compatible with OLP but not typical.16 […] Notwithstanding the lack of universally agreed clinicopathological criteria, OLLs broadly include lesions caused by a reaction to exogenous substances. […] OLLs are due to a causative agent which often resolves following removal of offending agent, for example, drug exposure or local contact hypersensitivity reaction. […] A small proportion of OLP and OLLs demonstrate malignant transformation to oral squamous cell carcinoma (0.5-2.5% over five years).21 […] The malignant potential of OLP and OLLs has been long debated, but a recent consensus report by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer has listed both OLP and OLLs as potentially malignant disorders.16

• #110 Oral Lichen Planus: A Narrative Review Navigating Etiologies, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnostics, and Therapeutic Approaches

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/17/5280

  OLP is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the oral mucosa; however, its etiology remains unclear. […] Despite extensive studies, the definitive cause remains elusive, attributing OLP’s pathogenesis to multifactorial origins and interweaving genetic, immunological, and environmental components. […] According to the prevailing theory, oral lesions result from an aberrant immune response mediated by T cells, where autoreactive T cells trigger apoptosis of the epithelial cells of the mouth. […] Recent research suggests a potential genetic predisposition to OLP, as variations in genes associated with the immune response, such as HLA antigens, are observed in numerous OLP patients. […] OLP is acknowledged as a multifaceted ailment influenced by a spectrum of triggering and aggravating agents which encompass psychological stress, pharmaceuticals, dental materials such as gold or amalgam, and viral infections such as Epstein–Barr, varicella zoster, and Hepatitis C viruses along with environmental factors. […] The pathogenesis of OLP is a multifaceted process that reflects the complex interplay between genetic, immunological, environmental, microbial, hormonal, and medication-related factors.

• #111 Oral lichenplanus: Etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-6263/full/v4/i1/12.htm

  The association of OLP with chronic liver disease was first suggested by Mokni et al in 1991. Epidemiological evidences strongly suggest that Hepatitis C Virus may be an etiologic factor in OLP. […] Periods of psychological stress and anxiety are associated with aggravation of OLP in most of the studies conducted so far. […] Genetic predisposition also play a role in OLP pathogenesis. […] OLP is a T-cell mediated autoimmune disease in which the auto-cytotoxic CD8+ T cells trigger apoptosis of the basal cells of the oral epithelium.

• #112 Oral Lichen Planus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1078327-overview

  OLP is believed to be a T-cellmediated autoimmune disease in which autocytotoxic CD8+ T cells trigger the apoptosis of oral epithelial cells. However, its precise cause is unknown. […] Reported associations between OLP and systemic diseases may be coincidental, given that (1) OLP is relatively common, (2) OLP occurs predominantly in older adults, and (3) many drugs used in the treatment of systemic diseases trigger the development of oral lichenoid lesions as an adverse effect. […] In many patients, a cause for the oral lichenoid lesions cannot be identified; in these patients, the disease is called idiopathic OLP. […] Oral lichenoid drug reactions may be triggered by systemic drugs including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), beta blockers, sulfonylureas, some angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and some antimalarials.

• #113 Oral Lichen Planus: A Narrative Review Navigating Etiologies, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnostics, and Therapeutic Approaches

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/17/5280

  OLP is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the oral mucosa; however, its etiology remains unclear. […] Despite extensive studies, the definitive cause remains elusive, attributing OLP’s pathogenesis to multifactorial origins and interweaving genetic, immunological, and environmental components. […] According to the prevailing theory, oral lesions result from an aberrant immune response mediated by T cells, where autoreactive T cells trigger apoptosis of the epithelial cells of the mouth. […] Recent research suggests a potential genetic predisposition to OLP, as variations in genes associated with the immune response, such as HLA antigens, are observed in numerous OLP patients. […] OLP is acknowledged as a multifaceted ailment influenced by a spectrum of triggering and aggravating agents which encompass psychological stress, pharmaceuticals, dental materials such as gold or amalgam, and viral infections such as Epstein–Barr, varicella zoster, and Hepatitis C viruses along with environmental factors. […] The pathogenesis of OLP is a multifaceted process that reflects the complex interplay between genetic, immunological, environmental, microbial, hormonal, and medication-related factors.

• #114 Oral lichen planus: causes, symptoms and treatment – Laboratorios KIN

  https://www.kin.es/en/patologias/liquen-plano-oral/

  Oral lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the mucous membranes inside the mouth. This pathology is based on an autoimmune reaction, mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes directed against oral mucosal cells, for reasons that are not yet fully understood. However, there appear to be several predisposing or aggravating factors. […] The causes of oral lichen planus are still unknown, but it is known that the inflammation is triggered by an immune-mediated attack on the mucosal cells of the mouth. This could indicate an underlying immune disorder, as well as genetic factors could be involved. However, to determine the exact etiology, more scientific evidence is needed. […] One hypothesis holds that oral lichen planus lesions are associated with a genetic predisposition, linked in particular to Th1 cytokine polymorphisms, which facilitates the triggering of a T-cell immune response to an antigenic change induced in the epithelium.

• #115 Factors involved in the remission of oral lichen planus treated with topical corticosteroids | BDJ Open

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41405-024-00217-4

  Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the oral mucosa that has been recognized as an immune pathology with an unexplained etiology. […] The pathogenesis of OLP has been described to be associated with cell-mediated immune dysregulation. According to recent studies, OLP is a T-cell mediated autoimmune disease in which oral epithelial cells are killed by autocytotoxic CD8+ T cells with unknown specific antigens. […] Although many studies support the potentially malignant character of OLP, it currently remains unresolved. […] The factors associated with complete remission of OLP have not been identified. […] The present study demonstrated that age, duration, location in the gingiva and vestibule, hypertension, dyslipidemia, Thongprasom score, 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide mouthwash, and FAO were factors affecting OLP remission. […] However, age and treatment duration were significant factors that affected the remission of OLP.

Zobacz więcej