Liszaj płaski jamy ustnej
Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby

Liszaj płaski jamy ustnej (OLP) to przewlekła, autoimmunologiczna choroba zapalna o zmiennym przebiegu, charakteryzująca się okresami zaostrzeń i remisji, jednak nigdy nie ustępująca całkowicie. OLP jest klasyfikowany jako potencjalnie złośliwe zaburzenie jamy ustnej (OPMD) ze względu na ryzyko transformacji nowotworowej. Wskaźnik złośliwej transformacji wynosi średnio 1,43% (95% CI 1,09–1,80) dla OLP, przy czym wyższe ryzyko obserwuje się w obecności dysplazji nabłonka (5,13%, 95% CI 1,90–9,43), u pacjentów w starszym wieku, z czerwoną (atroficzno-erozyjno-wrzodziejącą) formą choroby, lokalizacją zmian na języku, mniejszą liczbą zajętych miejsc, a także u osób palących tytoń, spożywających alkohol oraz zakażonych wirusem HCV. Regularna, długoterminowa obserwacja kliniczna, minimum raz w roku, jest kluczowa dla wczesnego wykrywania transformacji złośliwej i poprawy rokowania, zwłaszcza u pacjentów z agresywnymi postaciami OLP. Wczesne rozpoznanie i leczenie wpływają na zmniejszenie ryzyka zgonu, które jest wyższe u starszych, nieleczonych pacjentów z cięższą formą choroby.

  1. Wprowadzenie do rokowania liszaja płaskiego jamy ustnej
  2. Ryzyko transformacji nowotworowej
    1. Czynniki wpływające na ryzyko transformacji nowotworowej
  3. Rokowanie dotyczące przeżycia
    1. Wpływ charakterystyki histopatologicznej na rokowanie
  4. Zalecenia dotyczące monitorowania i obserwacji
    1. Konsekwencje nieleczenia OLP
  5. Wpływ leczenia na rokowanie
  6. Podsumowanie rokowania OLP
    1. Kolejne rozdziały

Wprowadzenie do rokowania liszaja płaskiego jamy ustnej

Liszaj płaski jamy ustnej (ang. Oral Lichen Planus, OLP) to przewlekła zapalna choroba o podłożu autoimmunologicznym i nieznanej etiologii, która może występować zarówno w obrębie błony śluzowej jamy ustnej, jak i na skórze, paznokciach, owłosionej skórze głowy, narządach płciowych oraz innych błonach śluzowych1. Choroba ta charakteryzuje się zmiennością przebiegu z okresami zaostrzeń i remisji. Remisja oznacza brak jakichkolwiek objawów OLP, jednak należy pamiętać, że schorzenie to nigdy nie ustępuje całkowicie2.

Najważniejszym aspektem dotyczącym rokowania w liszaju płaskim jamy ustnej jest jego potencjał do przejścia w nowotwór złośliwy w trakcie trwania choroby. Z tego powodu OLP jest obecnie uznawany za potencjalnie złośliwe zaburzenie jamy ustnej (OPMD – oral potentially malignant disorder)3. Dlatego też długoterminowa obserwacja kliniczna ma kluczowe znaczenie we wczesnym wykrywaniu złośliwej transformacji, co zapewnia korzystne długoterminowe rokowanie4.

Ryzyko transformacji nowotworowej

Dane dotyczące częstości złośliwej transformacji liszaja płaskiego jamy ustnej różnią się w zależności od badania, jednak wszystkie jednogłośnie podkreślają konieczność rutynowej długoterminowej obserwacji w celu kontrolowania objawów pacjenta oraz wykluczenia rozwoju nowotworu5. Według najnowszych badań, wskaźnik transformacji złośliwej wynosi:

  • 1,43% (95% CI = 1,09–1,80) dla liszaja płaskiego jamy ustnej (OLP)
  • 1,38% (95% CI = 0,16–3,38) dla zmian lichenoidalnych jamy ustnej
  • 1,20% (95% CI = 0,00–4,25) dla reakcji lichenoidalnych
  • 5,13% (95% CI = 1,90–9,43) dla OLP z dysplazją nabłonka

6

Niektóre badania wskazują, że do 1-4% pacjentów z OLP może rozwinąć raka jamy ustnej7, podczas gdy inne źródła sugerują nawet do 14% ryzyko rozwoju raka jamy ustnej u pacjentów z OLP8. Należy zauważyć, że współczynnik złośliwości OLP jest prawdopodobnie niedoszacowany, głównie z powodu stosowania nieodpowiednich kryteriów diagnostycznych i niskiej jakości metodologicznej badań na ten temat9.

Czynniki wpływające na ryzyko transformacji nowotworowej

Badania wykazały, że istnieje kilka czynników, które mają istotny wpływ na zwiększone ryzyko transformacji złośliwej w OLP:

  • Obecność dysplazji nabłonka – znacząco zwiększa ryzyko transformacji
  • Zaawansowany wiek pacjenta – starsi pacjenci mają wyższe ryzyko rozwoju nowotworu
  • Czerwona forma liszaja płaskiego (atroficzna/erozyjno-wrzodziejąca) – bardziej agresywna forma z wyższym ryzykiem złośliwej transformacji
  • Mniejsza liczba miejsc zajętych przez zmiany – paradoksalnie, mniejsza liczba lokalizacji zmian zwiększa ryzyko transformacji
  • Lokalizacja zmian na języku – szczególnie niebezpieczna lokalizacja
  • Spożywanie tytoniu i alkoholu – są to dodatkowe czynniki ryzyka
  • Infekcja wirusem zapalenia wątroby typu C (HCV) – zwiększa ryzyko transformacji

101112

Warto podkreślić, że ryzyko transformacji złośliwej wzrasta u pacjentów z czerwoną formą liszaja i mniejszą liczbą miejsc zajętych przez zmiany, niezależnie od płci, statusu palenia, statusu HCV i wcześniejszych terapii1314.

Rokowanie dotyczące przeżycia

Ryzyko zgonu jest wyższe u starszych pacjentów z bardziej agresywnymi formami OLP, którzy nie przeszli żadnego leczenia1516. Jednak wskaźnik przeżycia pacjentów z OLP jest nieco lepszy w porównaniu do podobnej populacji bez objawów liszaja płaskiego jamy ustnej17. Może to wynikać z faktu, że pacjenci z OLP są regularnie monitorowani, co umożliwia wczesne wykrycie i leczenie potencjalnych zmian złośliwych.

Wpływ charakterystyki histopatologicznej na rokowanie

Cechy histopatologiczne OLP w momencie diagnozy mogą mieć wpływ na przebieg kliniczny i odpowiedź na terapię kortykosteroidami. Identyfikacja cech histopatologicznych, które mogą wpływać na przebieg kliniczny, byłaby klinicznie pomocna w dostosowaniu leczenia pacjenta18.

Interesującym odkryciem jest to, że obecność komórek plazmatycznych w OLP może być związana z mniejszą liczbą zaostrzeń i lepszą odpowiedzią na konwencjonalne leczenie miejscowymi kortykosteroidami19. Jednak potrzebne są dalsze badania prospektywne, aby potwierdzić tę zależność.

Zalecenia dotyczące monitorowania i obserwacji

Ze względu na zwiększone ryzyko transformacji złośliwej, szczególnie u osób starszych, pacjenci z OLP powinni być regularnie monitorowani20. Badania wykazały, że pacjenci z OLP, u których rozwinął się rak jamy ustnej, zwykle rzadziej uczestniczyli w okresowych wizytach kontrolnych21.

Istnieje krytyczna potrzeba badania tych pacjentów przez wyszkolonych klinicystów przynajmniej raz w roku, potencjalnie przez całe życie22232425. Pacjenci z erozyjną postacią liszaja płaskiego jamy ustnej (bardziej ciężka forma) wymagają szczególnie ścisłego monitorowania, ponieważ mają wyższe ryzyko rozwoju raka jamy ustnej26.

Konsekwencje nieleczenia OLP

Liszaj płaski jamy ustnej może prowadzić do utraty masy ciała, jeśli jedzenie jest tak bolesne, że pacjent pomija posiłki. Uszkodzenie błony śluzowej wewnątrz jamy ustnej może również zwiększyć ryzyko zakażeń drożdżakowych i bakteryjnych27. Co więcej, nieleczony OLP, szczególnie jego agresywne formy, zwiększa ryzyko zgonu, zwłaszcza u starszych pacjentów2829.

Wpływ leczenia na rokowanie

Chociaż liszaj płaski jamy ustnej nigdy nie ustępuje całkowicie, modyfikacje stylu życia i odpowiednie leczenie mogą zapewnić ulgę w objawach i poprawić jakość życia pacjentów3031. Większość osób doświadcza okresów zaostrzeń objawów i remisji32.

Leczenie OLP ma istotny wpływ na rokowanie. Pacjenci, którzy nie przeszli żadnego leczenia, mają zwiększone ryzyko zgonu, szczególnie osoby starsze z agresywnymi formami choroby3334. Należy jednak zauważyć, że wpływ wcześniejszych terapii na ryzyko transformacji złośliwej nie był istotny statystycznie w badaniach3536.

Podsumowanie rokowania OLP

Rokowanie w liszaju płaskim jamy ustnej zależy od wielu czynników, w tym wieku pacjenta, formy klinicznej (szczególnie formy czerwonej), lokalizacji zmian, obecności dysplazji nabłonka oraz regularności monitorowania i leczenia. Najważniejszym aspektem jest potencjał OLP do złośliwej transformacji, który wymaga systematycznej obserwacji klinicznej.

Pacjenci z OLP powinni być świadomi konieczności regularnych wizyt kontrolnych, przynajmniej raz w roku, potencjalnie przez całe życie, aby umożliwić wczesne wykrycie potencjalnych zmian złośliwych37383940. Personel medyczny powinien szczegółowo informować pacjentów o rokowaniu na podstawie ich indywidualnych objawów41.

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

  1. 09.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 An Evidence-Based Update on the Potential for Malignancy of Oral Lichen Planus and Related Conditions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/3/608
    Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic inflammatory mucocutaneous disease of autoimmune nature and unknown etiology, which can affect the oral mucosa, skin, nails, scalp, genitalia, and other mucous membranes. […] The most important feature of OLP is its capacity to develop into oral cancer throughout the course of the disease, which is why OLP is currently recognized as an oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD). […] The pooled malignant transformation ratio was 1.43% (95% CI = 1.09–1.80) for OLP; 1.38% (95% CI = 0.16–3.38) for oral lichenoid lesions; 1.20% (95% CI = 0.00–4.25) for lichenoid reactions; and 5.13% (95% CI = 1.90–9.43) for OLP with dysplasia. […] The factors that had a significant impact with a higher risk of malignant transformation were the presence of epithelial dysplasia, a higher methodological quality, the consumption of tobacco and alcohol, the location of lesions on the tongue, the presence of atrophic and erosive lesions, and infection by the hepatitis C virus. […] In conclusion, OLP behaves as an oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD), whose malignancy ratio is probably underestimated as a consequence essentially of the use of inadequate diagnostic criteria and the low methodological quality of the studies on the subject.
  • #2 Oral Lichen Planus: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17875-oral-lichen-planus
    Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a condition that causes inflammation inside your mouth. […] Oral lichen planus can lead to weight loss if eating hurts so much that you skip meals. Damage to the mucosa inside your mouth can also increase your risk of yeast and bacterial infections. […] Research shows that about 1% to 4% of people develop oral cancer. The chance is greater if you have erosive oral lichen planus (the more severe form). But more studies are needed to understand why some people with OLP get cancer and others dont. […] Oral lichen planus never fully goes away. But this doesnt mean you have to live with uncomfortable symptoms. Most people have periods of both symptom flares and remission. Remission means there arent any signs or symptoms of OLP. […] Your healthcare provider can explain what you should expect based on your symptoms.
  • #3 An Evidence-Based Update on the Potential for Malignancy of Oral Lichen Planus and Related Conditions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/3/608
    Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic inflammatory mucocutaneous disease of autoimmune nature and unknown etiology, which can affect the oral mucosa, skin, nails, scalp, genitalia, and other mucous membranes. […] The most important feature of OLP is its capacity to develop into oral cancer throughout the course of the disease, which is why OLP is currently recognized as an oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD). […] The pooled malignant transformation ratio was 1.43% (95% CI = 1.09–1.80) for OLP; 1.38% (95% CI = 0.16–3.38) for oral lichenoid lesions; 1.20% (95% CI = 0.00–4.25) for lichenoid reactions; and 5.13% (95% CI = 1.90–9.43) for OLP with dysplasia. […] The factors that had a significant impact with a higher risk of malignant transformation were the presence of epithelial dysplasia, a higher methodological quality, the consumption of tobacco and alcohol, the location of lesions on the tongue, the presence of atrophic and erosive lesions, and infection by the hepatitis C virus. […] In conclusion, OLP behaves as an oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD), whose malignancy ratio is probably underestimated as a consequence essentially of the use of inadequate diagnostic criteria and the low methodological quality of the studies on the subject.
  • #4 Oral Lichen Planus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK578201/
    Lifestyle modifications and medication can provide symptomatic relief and improve patients’ quality of life. Long-term clinical surveillance will aid in the early detection of malignancy to ensure a favorable long-term prognosis. […] While the reported malignant transformation rates may vary in the literature, all studies unanimously concur that routine long-term follow-up is necessary for managing a patients symptoms and ruling out evidence of malignancy.
  • #5 Oral Lichen Planus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK578201/
    Lifestyle modifications and medication can provide symptomatic relief and improve patients’ quality of life. Long-term clinical surveillance will aid in the early detection of malignancy to ensure a favorable long-term prognosis. […] While the reported malignant transformation rates may vary in the literature, all studies unanimously concur that routine long-term follow-up is necessary for managing a patients symptoms and ruling out evidence of malignancy.
  • #6 An Evidence-Based Update on the Potential for Malignancy of Oral Lichen Planus and Related Conditions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/3/608
    Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic inflammatory mucocutaneous disease of autoimmune nature and unknown etiology, which can affect the oral mucosa, skin, nails, scalp, genitalia, and other mucous membranes. […] The most important feature of OLP is its capacity to develop into oral cancer throughout the course of the disease, which is why OLP is currently recognized as an oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD). […] The pooled malignant transformation ratio was 1.43% (95% CI = 1.09–1.80) for OLP; 1.38% (95% CI = 0.16–3.38) for oral lichenoid lesions; 1.20% (95% CI = 0.00–4.25) for lichenoid reactions; and 5.13% (95% CI = 1.90–9.43) for OLP with dysplasia. […] The factors that had a significant impact with a higher risk of malignant transformation were the presence of epithelial dysplasia, a higher methodological quality, the consumption of tobacco and alcohol, the location of lesions on the tongue, the presence of atrophic and erosive lesions, and infection by the hepatitis C virus. […] In conclusion, OLP behaves as an oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD), whose malignancy ratio is probably underestimated as a consequence essentially of the use of inadequate diagnostic criteria and the low methodological quality of the studies on the subject.
  • #7 Risk of Malignant Transformation in 3173 Subjects with Histopathologically Confirmed Oral Lichen Planus: A 33-Year Cohort Study in Northern Italy
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/22/5740
    Up to 1–4% of OLP patients could develop oral cancer, and identifying factors that could help in early detection could be extremely useful. […] As a significant number of OLP patients have a risk of malignant transformation, there is a critical need to review these patients preferentially, by trained clinicians, at least once a year, possibly for a lifetime. […] The study showed that older age, having a red form of OLP and fewer sites of involvement, increased the risk of having cancer, while age and no treatment increased the risk of death. […] The risk of malignant transformation was found to be increased for elderly patients with a red form and fewer sites of involvement, regardless of gender, smoking status, HCV status, and previous therapies. […] The risk of death was higher in elderly patients with more aggressive forms who did not undergo any treatment.
  • #8 Risk of Malignant Transformation in 3173 Subjects with Histopathologically Confirmed Oral Lichen Planus: A 33-Year Cohort Study in Northern Italy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8616266/
    Up to 14% of OLP patients could develop oral cancer, and identifying factors that could help in early detection could be extremely useful. […] OLP patients who developed oral cancer usually underwent less frequent periodical follow-up visits, and older age increased the risk of death. […] As a significant number of OLP patients have a risk of malignant transformation, there is a critical need to review these patients preferentially, by trained clinicians, at least once a year, possibly for a lifetime. […] This is the largest group of OLP patients with such a long follow up ever reported. […] Due to the increased risk of having a malignant transformation, especially in elderly subjects, OLP patients should be regularly followed up, particularly in the Northern Italian population. […] The risk of malignant transformation was found to be increased for elderly patients with a red form and fewer sites of involvement, regardless of gender, smoking status, HCV status, and previous therapies.
  • #9 An Evidence-Based Update on the Potential for Malignancy of Oral Lichen Planus and Related Conditions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/3/608
    Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic inflammatory mucocutaneous disease of autoimmune nature and unknown etiology, which can affect the oral mucosa, skin, nails, scalp, genitalia, and other mucous membranes. […] The most important feature of OLP is its capacity to develop into oral cancer throughout the course of the disease, which is why OLP is currently recognized as an oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD). […] The pooled malignant transformation ratio was 1.43% (95% CI = 1.09–1.80) for OLP; 1.38% (95% CI = 0.16–3.38) for oral lichenoid lesions; 1.20% (95% CI = 0.00–4.25) for lichenoid reactions; and 5.13% (95% CI = 1.90–9.43) for OLP with dysplasia. […] The factors that had a significant impact with a higher risk of malignant transformation were the presence of epithelial dysplasia, a higher methodological quality, the consumption of tobacco and alcohol, the location of lesions on the tongue, the presence of atrophic and erosive lesions, and infection by the hepatitis C virus. […] In conclusion, OLP behaves as an oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD), whose malignancy ratio is probably underestimated as a consequence essentially of the use of inadequate diagnostic criteria and the low methodological quality of the studies on the subject.
  • #10 An Evidence-Based Update on the Potential for Malignancy of Oral Lichen Planus and Related Conditions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/3/608
    Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic inflammatory mucocutaneous disease of autoimmune nature and unknown etiology, which can affect the oral mucosa, skin, nails, scalp, genitalia, and other mucous membranes. […] The most important feature of OLP is its capacity to develop into oral cancer throughout the course of the disease, which is why OLP is currently recognized as an oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD). […] The pooled malignant transformation ratio was 1.43% (95% CI = 1.09–1.80) for OLP; 1.38% (95% CI = 0.16–3.38) for oral lichenoid lesions; 1.20% (95% CI = 0.00–4.25) for lichenoid reactions; and 5.13% (95% CI = 1.90–9.43) for OLP with dysplasia. […] The factors that had a significant impact with a higher risk of malignant transformation were the presence of epithelial dysplasia, a higher methodological quality, the consumption of tobacco and alcohol, the location of lesions on the tongue, the presence of atrophic and erosive lesions, and infection by the hepatitis C virus. […] In conclusion, OLP behaves as an oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD), whose malignancy ratio is probably underestimated as a consequence essentially of the use of inadequate diagnostic criteria and the low methodological quality of the studies on the subject.
  • #11 Risk of Malignant Transformation in 3173 Subjects with Histopathologically Confirmed Oral Lichen Planus: A 33-Year Cohort Study in Northern Italy
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/22/5740
    Up to 1–4% of OLP patients could develop oral cancer, and identifying factors that could help in early detection could be extremely useful. […] As a significant number of OLP patients have a risk of malignant transformation, there is a critical need to review these patients preferentially, by trained clinicians, at least once a year, possibly for a lifetime. […] The study showed that older age, having a red form of OLP and fewer sites of involvement, increased the risk of having cancer, while age and no treatment increased the risk of death. […] The risk of malignant transformation was found to be increased for elderly patients with a red form and fewer sites of involvement, regardless of gender, smoking status, HCV status, and previous therapies. […] The risk of death was higher in elderly patients with more aggressive forms who did not undergo any treatment.
  • #12 Risk of Malignant Transformation in 3173 Subjects with Histopathologically Confirmed Oral Lichen Planus: A 33-Year Cohort Study in Northern Italy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8616266/
    Up to 14% of OLP patients could develop oral cancer, and identifying factors that could help in early detection could be extremely useful. […] OLP patients who developed oral cancer usually underwent less frequent periodical follow-up visits, and older age increased the risk of death. […] As a significant number of OLP patients have a risk of malignant transformation, there is a critical need to review these patients preferentially, by trained clinicians, at least once a year, possibly for a lifetime. […] This is the largest group of OLP patients with such a long follow up ever reported. […] Due to the increased risk of having a malignant transformation, especially in elderly subjects, OLP patients should be regularly followed up, particularly in the Northern Italian population. […] The risk of malignant transformation was found to be increased for elderly patients with a red form and fewer sites of involvement, regardless of gender, smoking status, HCV status, and previous therapies.
  • #13 Risk of Malignant Transformation in 3173 Subjects with Histopathologically Confirmed Oral Lichen Planus: A 33-Year Cohort Study in Northern Italy
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/22/5740
    Up to 1–4% of OLP patients could develop oral cancer, and identifying factors that could help in early detection could be extremely useful. […] As a significant number of OLP patients have a risk of malignant transformation, there is a critical need to review these patients preferentially, by trained clinicians, at least once a year, possibly for a lifetime. […] The study showed that older age, having a red form of OLP and fewer sites of involvement, increased the risk of having cancer, while age and no treatment increased the risk of death. […] The risk of malignant transformation was found to be increased for elderly patients with a red form and fewer sites of involvement, regardless of gender, smoking status, HCV status, and previous therapies. […] The risk of death was higher in elderly patients with more aggressive forms who did not undergo any treatment.
  • #14 Risk of Malignant Transformation in 3173 Subjects with Histopathologically Confirmed Oral Lichen Planus: A 33-Year Cohort Study in Northern Italy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8616266/
    Up to 14% of OLP patients could develop oral cancer, and identifying factors that could help in early detection could be extremely useful. […] OLP patients who developed oral cancer usually underwent less frequent periodical follow-up visits, and older age increased the risk of death. […] As a significant number of OLP patients have a risk of malignant transformation, there is a critical need to review these patients preferentially, by trained clinicians, at least once a year, possibly for a lifetime. […] This is the largest group of OLP patients with such a long follow up ever reported. […] Due to the increased risk of having a malignant transformation, especially in elderly subjects, OLP patients should be regularly followed up, particularly in the Northern Italian population. […] The risk of malignant transformation was found to be increased for elderly patients with a red form and fewer sites of involvement, regardless of gender, smoking status, HCV status, and previous therapies.
  • #15 Risk of Malignant Transformation in 3173 Subjects with Histopathologically Confirmed Oral Lichen Planus: A 33-Year Cohort Study in Northern Italy
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/22/5740
    Up to 1–4% of OLP patients could develop oral cancer, and identifying factors that could help in early detection could be extremely useful. […] As a significant number of OLP patients have a risk of malignant transformation, there is a critical need to review these patients preferentially, by trained clinicians, at least once a year, possibly for a lifetime. […] The study showed that older age, having a red form of OLP and fewer sites of involvement, increased the risk of having cancer, while age and no treatment increased the risk of death. […] The risk of malignant transformation was found to be increased for elderly patients with a red form and fewer sites of involvement, regardless of gender, smoking status, HCV status, and previous therapies. […] The risk of death was higher in elderly patients with more aggressive forms who did not undergo any treatment.
  • #16 Risk of Malignant Transformation in 3173 Subjects with Histopathologically Confirmed Oral Lichen Planus: A 33-Year Cohort Study in Northern Italy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8616266/
    The risk of death was higher in elderly patients with more aggressive forms who did not undergo any treatment. […] As Northern Italian OLP patients have an increased risk of malignant transformation, there is a need to review all these patients by trained clinicians, at least once a year, possibly for a lifetime.
  • #17 Risk of Malignant Transformation in 3173 Subjects with Histopathologically Confirmed Oral Lichen Planus: A 33-Year Cohort Study in Northern Italy
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/22/5740
    The reported survival rate, however, was slightly better if compared to those of a similar population without signs of OLP. […] As Northern Italian OLP patients have an increased risk of malignant transformation, there is a need to review all these patients by trained clinicians, at least once a year, possibly for a lifetime.
  • #18
    https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2019/12200/histopathological_features_of_oral_lichen_planus.41.aspx
    Oral lichen planus (OLP) exhibits variations in severity and response to corticosteroid therapy. This study aims to assess the histopathological features of OLP at the time of diagnosis and their relationship in response to corticosteroid therapy. […] Identifying histopathological features that may affect the clinical course would be clinically helpful in tailoring patient management. […] The evolution of the disease may involve 2 important aspects. The first one is the classification of the OLP by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a potentially malignant disease, and the second is the presence of refractory cases for treatment with corticosteroids. […] The presence of plasma cells in OLP could be associated with fewer exacerbations and a better response to conventional treatment with topical corticosteroids. More prospective studies are needed to assess this association.
  • #19
    https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2019/12200/histopathological_features_of_oral_lichen_planus.41.aspx
    Oral lichen planus (OLP) exhibits variations in severity and response to corticosteroid therapy. This study aims to assess the histopathological features of OLP at the time of diagnosis and their relationship in response to corticosteroid therapy. […] Identifying histopathological features that may affect the clinical course would be clinically helpful in tailoring patient management. […] The evolution of the disease may involve 2 important aspects. The first one is the classification of the OLP by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a potentially malignant disease, and the second is the presence of refractory cases for treatment with corticosteroids. […] The presence of plasma cells in OLP could be associated with fewer exacerbations and a better response to conventional treatment with topical corticosteroids. More prospective studies are needed to assess this association.
  • #20 Risk of Malignant Transformation in 3173 Subjects with Histopathologically Confirmed Oral Lichen Planus: A 33-Year Cohort Study in Northern Italy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8616266/
    Up to 14% of OLP patients could develop oral cancer, and identifying factors that could help in early detection could be extremely useful. […] OLP patients who developed oral cancer usually underwent less frequent periodical follow-up visits, and older age increased the risk of death. […] As a significant number of OLP patients have a risk of malignant transformation, there is a critical need to review these patients preferentially, by trained clinicians, at least once a year, possibly for a lifetime. […] This is the largest group of OLP patients with such a long follow up ever reported. […] Due to the increased risk of having a malignant transformation, especially in elderly subjects, OLP patients should be regularly followed up, particularly in the Northern Italian population. […] The risk of malignant transformation was found to be increased for elderly patients with a red form and fewer sites of involvement, regardless of gender, smoking status, HCV status, and previous therapies.
  • #21 Risk of Malignant Transformation in 3173 Subjects with Histopathologically Confirmed Oral Lichen Planus: A 33-Year Cohort Study in Northern Italy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8616266/
    Up to 14% of OLP patients could develop oral cancer, and identifying factors that could help in early detection could be extremely useful. […] OLP patients who developed oral cancer usually underwent less frequent periodical follow-up visits, and older age increased the risk of death. […] As a significant number of OLP patients have a risk of malignant transformation, there is a critical need to review these patients preferentially, by trained clinicians, at least once a year, possibly for a lifetime. […] This is the largest group of OLP patients with such a long follow up ever reported. […] Due to the increased risk of having a malignant transformation, especially in elderly subjects, OLP patients should be regularly followed up, particularly in the Northern Italian population. […] The risk of malignant transformation was found to be increased for elderly patients with a red form and fewer sites of involvement, regardless of gender, smoking status, HCV status, and previous therapies.
  • #22 Risk of Malignant Transformation in 3173 Subjects with Histopathologically Confirmed Oral Lichen Planus: A 33-Year Cohort Study in Northern Italy
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/22/5740
    Up to 1–4% of OLP patients could develop oral cancer, and identifying factors that could help in early detection could be extremely useful. […] As a significant number of OLP patients have a risk of malignant transformation, there is a critical need to review these patients preferentially, by trained clinicians, at least once a year, possibly for a lifetime. […] The study showed that older age, having a red form of OLP and fewer sites of involvement, increased the risk of having cancer, while age and no treatment increased the risk of death. […] The risk of malignant transformation was found to be increased for elderly patients with a red form and fewer sites of involvement, regardless of gender, smoking status, HCV status, and previous therapies. […] The risk of death was higher in elderly patients with more aggressive forms who did not undergo any treatment.
  • #23 Risk of Malignant Transformation in 3173 Subjects with Histopathologically Confirmed Oral Lichen Planus: A 33-Year Cohort Study in Northern Italy
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/22/5740
    The reported survival rate, however, was slightly better if compared to those of a similar population without signs of OLP. […] As Northern Italian OLP patients have an increased risk of malignant transformation, there is a need to review all these patients by trained clinicians, at least once a year, possibly for a lifetime.
  • #24 Risk of Malignant Transformation in 3173 Subjects with Histopathologically Confirmed Oral Lichen Planus: A 33-Year Cohort Study in Northern Italy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8616266/
    Up to 14% of OLP patients could develop oral cancer, and identifying factors that could help in early detection could be extremely useful. […] OLP patients who developed oral cancer usually underwent less frequent periodical follow-up visits, and older age increased the risk of death. […] As a significant number of OLP patients have a risk of malignant transformation, there is a critical need to review these patients preferentially, by trained clinicians, at least once a year, possibly for a lifetime. […] This is the largest group of OLP patients with such a long follow up ever reported. […] Due to the increased risk of having a malignant transformation, especially in elderly subjects, OLP patients should be regularly followed up, particularly in the Northern Italian population. […] The risk of malignant transformation was found to be increased for elderly patients with a red form and fewer sites of involvement, regardless of gender, smoking status, HCV status, and previous therapies.
  • #25 Risk of Malignant Transformation in 3173 Subjects with Histopathologically Confirmed Oral Lichen Planus: A 33-Year Cohort Study in Northern Italy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8616266/
    The risk of death was higher in elderly patients with more aggressive forms who did not undergo any treatment. […] As Northern Italian OLP patients have an increased risk of malignant transformation, there is a need to review all these patients by trained clinicians, at least once a year, possibly for a lifetime.
  • #26 Oral Lichen Planus: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17875-oral-lichen-planus
    Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a condition that causes inflammation inside your mouth. […] Oral lichen planus can lead to weight loss if eating hurts so much that you skip meals. Damage to the mucosa inside your mouth can also increase your risk of yeast and bacterial infections. […] Research shows that about 1% to 4% of people develop oral cancer. The chance is greater if you have erosive oral lichen planus (the more severe form). But more studies are needed to understand why some people with OLP get cancer and others dont. […] Oral lichen planus never fully goes away. But this doesnt mean you have to live with uncomfortable symptoms. Most people have periods of both symptom flares and remission. Remission means there arent any signs or symptoms of OLP. […] Your healthcare provider can explain what you should expect based on your symptoms.
  • #27 Oral Lichen Planus: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17875-oral-lichen-planus
    Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a condition that causes inflammation inside your mouth. […] Oral lichen planus can lead to weight loss if eating hurts so much that you skip meals. Damage to the mucosa inside your mouth can also increase your risk of yeast and bacterial infections. […] Research shows that about 1% to 4% of people develop oral cancer. The chance is greater if you have erosive oral lichen planus (the more severe form). But more studies are needed to understand why some people with OLP get cancer and others dont. […] Oral lichen planus never fully goes away. But this doesnt mean you have to live with uncomfortable symptoms. Most people have periods of both symptom flares and remission. Remission means there arent any signs or symptoms of OLP. […] Your healthcare provider can explain what you should expect based on your symptoms.
  • #28 Risk of Malignant Transformation in 3173 Subjects with Histopathologically Confirmed Oral Lichen Planus: A 33-Year Cohort Study in Northern Italy
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/22/5740
    Up to 1–4% of OLP patients could develop oral cancer, and identifying factors that could help in early detection could be extremely useful. […] As a significant number of OLP patients have a risk of malignant transformation, there is a critical need to review these patients preferentially, by trained clinicians, at least once a year, possibly for a lifetime. […] The study showed that older age, having a red form of OLP and fewer sites of involvement, increased the risk of having cancer, while age and no treatment increased the risk of death. […] The risk of malignant transformation was found to be increased for elderly patients with a red form and fewer sites of involvement, regardless of gender, smoking status, HCV status, and previous therapies. […] The risk of death was higher in elderly patients with more aggressive forms who did not undergo any treatment.
  • #29 Risk of Malignant Transformation in 3173 Subjects with Histopathologically Confirmed Oral Lichen Planus: A 33-Year Cohort Study in Northern Italy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8616266/
    The risk of death was higher in elderly patients with more aggressive forms who did not undergo any treatment. […] As Northern Italian OLP patients have an increased risk of malignant transformation, there is a need to review all these patients by trained clinicians, at least once a year, possibly for a lifetime.
  • #30 Oral Lichen Planus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK578201/
    Lifestyle modifications and medication can provide symptomatic relief and improve patients’ quality of life. Long-term clinical surveillance will aid in the early detection of malignancy to ensure a favorable long-term prognosis. […] While the reported malignant transformation rates may vary in the literature, all studies unanimously concur that routine long-term follow-up is necessary for managing a patients symptoms and ruling out evidence of malignancy.
  • #31 Oral Lichen Planus: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17875-oral-lichen-planus
    Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a condition that causes inflammation inside your mouth. […] Oral lichen planus can lead to weight loss if eating hurts so much that you skip meals. Damage to the mucosa inside your mouth can also increase your risk of yeast and bacterial infections. […] Research shows that about 1% to 4% of people develop oral cancer. The chance is greater if you have erosive oral lichen planus (the more severe form). But more studies are needed to understand why some people with OLP get cancer and others dont. […] Oral lichen planus never fully goes away. But this doesnt mean you have to live with uncomfortable symptoms. Most people have periods of both symptom flares and remission. Remission means there arent any signs or symptoms of OLP. […] Your healthcare provider can explain what you should expect based on your symptoms.
  • #32 Oral Lichen Planus: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17875-oral-lichen-planus
    Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a condition that causes inflammation inside your mouth. […] Oral lichen planus can lead to weight loss if eating hurts so much that you skip meals. Damage to the mucosa inside your mouth can also increase your risk of yeast and bacterial infections. […] Research shows that about 1% to 4% of people develop oral cancer. The chance is greater if you have erosive oral lichen planus (the more severe form). But more studies are needed to understand why some people with OLP get cancer and others dont. […] Oral lichen planus never fully goes away. But this doesnt mean you have to live with uncomfortable symptoms. Most people have periods of both symptom flares and remission. Remission means there arent any signs or symptoms of OLP. […] Your healthcare provider can explain what you should expect based on your symptoms.
  • #33 Risk of Malignant Transformation in 3173 Subjects with Histopathologically Confirmed Oral Lichen Planus: A 33-Year Cohort Study in Northern Italy
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/22/5740
    Up to 1–4% of OLP patients could develop oral cancer, and identifying factors that could help in early detection could be extremely useful. […] As a significant number of OLP patients have a risk of malignant transformation, there is a critical need to review these patients preferentially, by trained clinicians, at least once a year, possibly for a lifetime. […] The study showed that older age, having a red form of OLP and fewer sites of involvement, increased the risk of having cancer, while age and no treatment increased the risk of death. […] The risk of malignant transformation was found to be increased for elderly patients with a red form and fewer sites of involvement, regardless of gender, smoking status, HCV status, and previous therapies. […] The risk of death was higher in elderly patients with more aggressive forms who did not undergo any treatment.
  • #34 Risk of Malignant Transformation in 3173 Subjects with Histopathologically Confirmed Oral Lichen Planus: A 33-Year Cohort Study in Northern Italy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8616266/
    The risk of death was higher in elderly patients with more aggressive forms who did not undergo any treatment. […] As Northern Italian OLP patients have an increased risk of malignant transformation, there is a need to review all these patients by trained clinicians, at least once a year, possibly for a lifetime.
  • #35 Risk of Malignant Transformation in 3173 Subjects with Histopathologically Confirmed Oral Lichen Planus: A 33-Year Cohort Study in Northern Italy
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/22/5740
    Up to 1–4% of OLP patients could develop oral cancer, and identifying factors that could help in early detection could be extremely useful. […] As a significant number of OLP patients have a risk of malignant transformation, there is a critical need to review these patients preferentially, by trained clinicians, at least once a year, possibly for a lifetime. […] The study showed that older age, having a red form of OLP and fewer sites of involvement, increased the risk of having cancer, while age and no treatment increased the risk of death. […] The risk of malignant transformation was found to be increased for elderly patients with a red form and fewer sites of involvement, regardless of gender, smoking status, HCV status, and previous therapies. […] The risk of death was higher in elderly patients with more aggressive forms who did not undergo any treatment.
  • #36 Risk of Malignant Transformation in 3173 Subjects with Histopathologically Confirmed Oral Lichen Planus: A 33-Year Cohort Study in Northern Italy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8616266/
    Up to 14% of OLP patients could develop oral cancer, and identifying factors that could help in early detection could be extremely useful. […] OLP patients who developed oral cancer usually underwent less frequent periodical follow-up visits, and older age increased the risk of death. […] As a significant number of OLP patients have a risk of malignant transformation, there is a critical need to review these patients preferentially, by trained clinicians, at least once a year, possibly for a lifetime. […] This is the largest group of OLP patients with such a long follow up ever reported. […] Due to the increased risk of having a malignant transformation, especially in elderly subjects, OLP patients should be regularly followed up, particularly in the Northern Italian population. […] The risk of malignant transformation was found to be increased for elderly patients with a red form and fewer sites of involvement, regardless of gender, smoking status, HCV status, and previous therapies.
  • #37 Risk of Malignant Transformation in 3173 Subjects with Histopathologically Confirmed Oral Lichen Planus: A 33-Year Cohort Study in Northern Italy
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/22/5740
    Up to 1–4% of OLP patients could develop oral cancer, and identifying factors that could help in early detection could be extremely useful. […] As a significant number of OLP patients have a risk of malignant transformation, there is a critical need to review these patients preferentially, by trained clinicians, at least once a year, possibly for a lifetime. […] The study showed that older age, having a red form of OLP and fewer sites of involvement, increased the risk of having cancer, while age and no treatment increased the risk of death. […] The risk of malignant transformation was found to be increased for elderly patients with a red form and fewer sites of involvement, regardless of gender, smoking status, HCV status, and previous therapies. […] The risk of death was higher in elderly patients with more aggressive forms who did not undergo any treatment.
  • #38 Risk of Malignant Transformation in 3173 Subjects with Histopathologically Confirmed Oral Lichen Planus: A 33-Year Cohort Study in Northern Italy
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/22/5740
    The reported survival rate, however, was slightly better if compared to those of a similar population without signs of OLP. […] As Northern Italian OLP patients have an increased risk of malignant transformation, there is a need to review all these patients by trained clinicians, at least once a year, possibly for a lifetime.
  • #39 Risk of Malignant Transformation in 3173 Subjects with Histopathologically Confirmed Oral Lichen Planus: A 33-Year Cohort Study in Northern Italy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8616266/
    Up to 14% of OLP patients could develop oral cancer, and identifying factors that could help in early detection could be extremely useful. […] OLP patients who developed oral cancer usually underwent less frequent periodical follow-up visits, and older age increased the risk of death. […] As a significant number of OLP patients have a risk of malignant transformation, there is a critical need to review these patients preferentially, by trained clinicians, at least once a year, possibly for a lifetime. […] This is the largest group of OLP patients with such a long follow up ever reported. […] Due to the increased risk of having a malignant transformation, especially in elderly subjects, OLP patients should be regularly followed up, particularly in the Northern Italian population. […] The risk of malignant transformation was found to be increased for elderly patients with a red form and fewer sites of involvement, regardless of gender, smoking status, HCV status, and previous therapies.
  • #40 Risk of Malignant Transformation in 3173 Subjects with Histopathologically Confirmed Oral Lichen Planus: A 33-Year Cohort Study in Northern Italy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8616266/
    The risk of death was higher in elderly patients with more aggressive forms who did not undergo any treatment. […] As Northern Italian OLP patients have an increased risk of malignant transformation, there is a need to review all these patients by trained clinicians, at least once a year, possibly for a lifetime.
  • #41 Oral Lichen Planus: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17875-oral-lichen-planus
    Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a condition that causes inflammation inside your mouth. […] Oral lichen planus can lead to weight loss if eating hurts so much that you skip meals. Damage to the mucosa inside your mouth can also increase your risk of yeast and bacterial infections. […] Research shows that about 1% to 4% of people develop oral cancer. The chance is greater if you have erosive oral lichen planus (the more severe form). But more studies are needed to understand why some people with OLP get cancer and others dont. […] Oral lichen planus never fully goes away. But this doesnt mean you have to live with uncomfortable symptoms. Most people have periods of both symptom flares and remission. Remission means there arent any signs or symptoms of OLP. […] Your healthcare provider can explain what you should expect based on your symptoms.

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przewlekła choroba zapalna choroba autoimmunologiczna rak jamy ustnej dysplazja nabłonka ścisłe monitorowanie terapia kortykosteroidami transformacja złośliwa zaostrzenie i remisja zakażenie drożdżakowe reakcja lichenoidalna transformacja nowotworowa potencjalnie złośliwe zaburzenie jamy ustnej miejscowe kortykosteroidy czerwona forma liszaja płaskiego komórka plazmatyczna liszaj płaski jamy ustnej wirus zapalenia wątroby typu C