Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Actinic keratosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/actinic-keratosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354969

  An actinic keratosis is caused by frequent or intense exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun or tanning beds. […] Left untreated, the risk of actinic keratoses turning into a type of skin cancer called squamous cell carcinoma is about 5% to 10%. […] Actinic keratoses are scaly spots or patches on the top layer of skin. With time they may become hard with a wartlike surface. […] Also known as a solar keratosis, an actinic keratosis grows slowly and usually first appears in people over 40. You can reduce your risk of this skin condition by minimizing your sun exposure and protecting your skin from ultraviolet (UV) rays.

• #2 Actinic Keratosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557401/

  Actinic keratoses primarily arise due to the cumulative effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the skin, which occurs over an individual’s lifetime of sun exposure.[1] […] Chronic sun exposure is the most important independent risk factor for the development of actinic keratosis. […] The development of actinic keratosis is influenced by various independent risk factors, which may include: […] Excessive and chronic sun exposure: Individuals who have accumulated a greater lifetime exposure to UV radiation from the sun are more prone to developing actinic keratosis. […] Actinic keratosis can potentially progress into invasive squamous cell carcinoma. […] Most squamous cell carcinomas develop from preexisting actinic keratoses or with areas that contain actinic keratoses.[2]

• #3 Actinic Keratosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1099775-overview

  Actinic keratosis (AK) is an ultraviolet (UV) light-induced skin lesion that may progress to invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). […] Long-term UV light exposure is implicated as the cause from both epidemiologic observations and molecular analysis of tumor cells. […] As the term „actinic” indicates, actinic keratoses are induced by UV light. Both epidemiologic observations and molecular biologic characteristics of the tumor cells suggest that UV light is sufficient by itself to induce actinic keratosis. […] Increased sun exposure and higher-intensity exposure increase the chance of actinic keratosis development. […] Immunosuppression following organ transplantation dramatically increases the risk of developing actinic keratoses; however, actinic keratoses do not occur without sun exposure. […] Additional studies have shown an association between cutaneous human papillomavirus and actinic keratosis. […] Beta-papillomavirus DNA has been identified in healthy skin and in squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.

• #4 Actinic keratosis: Who gets and causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/skin-cancer/actinic-keratosis-causes

  An actinic keratosis (AK) is a precancerous skin growth that develops on skin thats been badly damaged by ultraviolet (UV) light from: […] The risk factors for AKs are: Fair skin (burns easily and rarely tans) […] Most people who get AKs have spent a lot of time outdoors without protecting their skin from the sun and are now 50 years of age or older. […] The people most likely to develop precancerous skin growths on their skin have fair skin, light-colored eyes, and signs of sun damage that show they rarely protected their skin from the sun over the years. […] If you used tanning beds or lived in a region that is warm and sunny year-round, you may develop AKs at a younger age. […] Anyone who has received a transplanted organ tends to develop many AKs. The medication you take to prevent your body from rejecting the transplanted organ suppresses your immune system so greatly that your body has difficulty healing any damage caused the suns UV light. This causes AKs to develop more quickly. […] Left untreated, some AKs turn into a type of skin cancer called squamous cell carcinoma.

• #5 Actinic keratosis: Causes and prevention

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318466

  Actinic keratosis is a precancerous growth on the skin that forms due to long-term exposure to UV light. It is also known as solar keratosis. […] Actinic keratoses occur when overexposure to UV light damages skin cells. […] Developing an actinic keratosis increases a persons risk of skin cancer. Without treatment, it may develop into squamous cell carcinoma, a type of skin cancer. […] Millions of people in the U.S. have at least one actinic keratosis, and they are more common in older people. Early diagnosis and treatment of actinic keratoses can prevent them from developing into skin cancer.

• #6 Actinic keratoses (Solar keratosis): Diagnosis and Treatment — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/actinic-keratosis

  Actinic keratoses are the result of abnormal skin cell development due to DNA damage by short wavelength UVB. […] They are more likely to appear if the immune function is poor, due to ageing, recent sun exposure, predisposing disease, or certain drugs. […] The main concern is that actinic keratoses indicate an increased risk of developing cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. […] It is rare for a solitary actinic keratosis to evolve to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), but the risk of SCC occurring at some stage in a patient with more than 10 actinic keratoses is thought to be about 10 to 15%. […] Because they are sun damaged, people with actinic keratoses are also at risk of developing actinic cheilitis, basal cell carcinoma (BCC, which is more common than SCC), melanoma, and rare forms of skin cancer such as Merkel cell carcinoma. […] Actinic keratoses are prevented by strict sun protection. […] The number and severity of actinic keratoses can also be reduced by taking nicotinamide (vitamin B3) 500 mg twice daily. […] Standard HPV vaccination (alphapapillomavirus) may reduce the number and grade of actinic keratoses.

• #7 Actinic Keratosis: Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/understanding-actinic-keratosis-basics

  An actinic keratosis is a rough, scaly patch on your skin caused by too much exposure to the ultraviolet rays of the sun or tanning devices. Actinic keratoses (the plural form) can also be called solar keratoses. […] An actinic keratosis can develop when your skin is damaged by frequent or intense exposure to ultraviolet light from: […] This kind of damage builds up over time. That’s why actinic keratoses become more common with age. The damage affects cells in the outer layer of your skin called keratinocytes, leading to inflammation and other changes that cause abnormal cell growth. […] Most actinic keratoses, about 90%, never turn into skin cancers. But almost all squamous cell carcinomas of the skin start out as actinic keratoses. That’s why it’s important to recognize and treat them. […] Actinic keratoses are a common result of spending too much time in the sun or using tanning devices. They can sometimes develop into a form of skin cancer.

• #8 Actinic Keratosis: Rationale and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4065271/

  Actinic keratoses (AKs) are common skin lesions heralding an increased risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and other skin malignancies, arising principally due to excessive ultraviolet (UV) exposure. […] The main mechanisms of AK formation are inflammation, oxidative stress, immunosuppression, impaired apoptosis, mutagenesis, dysregulation of cell growth and proliferation, and tissue remodeling. […] The risk of SCC increases for those with more than 5 AKs, and the majority of SCCs arise from AKs. […] Actinic keratosis results from the adverse effects of UV radiation on keratinocyte DNA. […] Some important mutations associated with an increased risk of progression to SCC are p16 (INK4a) (on chromosome 9p21), p14 (ARF), p15 (INK4b) and p53. […] The main mechanisms in the formation of AK, therefore, are inflammation, oxidative stress, immunosuppression, impaired apoptosis, mutagenesis, dysregulation of cell growth and proliferation, and tissue remodeling.

• #9 Actinic keratosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinic_keratosis

  Actinic keratosis (AK), sometimes called solar keratosis or senile keratosis, is a pre-cancerous area of thick, scaly, or crusty skin. Actinic keratosis is a disorder of epidermal keratinocytes that is induced by ultraviolet (UV) light exposure. These growths are more common in fair-skinned people and those who are frequently in the sun. They are believed to form when skin gets damaged by UV radiation from the sun or indoor tanning beds, usually over the course of decades. Given their pre-cancerous nature, if left untreated, they may turn into a type of skin cancer called squamous cell carcinoma. Untreated lesions have up to a 20% risk of progression to squamous cell carcinoma, so treatment by a dermatologist is recommended. […] The most important cause of AK formation is solar radiation, through a variety of mechanisms. Mutation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene, induced by UV radiation, has been identified as a crucial step in AK formation. This tumor suppressor gene, located on chromosome 17p132, allows for cell cycle arrest when DNA or RNA is damaged. Dysregulation of the p53 pathway can thus result in unchecked replication of dysplastic keratinocytes, thereby serving as a source of neoplastic growth and the development of AK, as well as possible progression from AK to skin cancer.

• #10 Actinic Keratosis (Solar Keratosis) – The Skin Cancer Doctor

  https://www.theskincancerdoctor.com.au/education/skincancerlesions/actinic-keratosis-solar-keratosis/

  Actinic keratosis (AK) is also known as solar keratosis. This is a premalignant lesion that results from the proliferation of atypical epidermal keratinocytes. The importance for identifying actinic keratosis is because they represent early lesions on a continuum with skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Therefore, if untreated, they may progress to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. […] The cause and risk factors for AK are the same for Squamous cell carcinoma, mainly UV radiation and environmental factors. UV cause AK via induction of mutations in the epidermal keratinocytes, causing increased survival and proliferation of atypical cells. […] UV can also induce DNA damage causing mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene (known as the master regulator of the cell cycle, apoptosis, and DNA repair). p53 mutation have been detected in up to 50% of skin samples from patients with actinic keratosis (AK) and almost all cancers.

• #11 Actinic Keratoses

  https://dallasassocderm.com/services/actinic-keratoses/

  Actinic keratosis is a skin condition characterized by one or more rough, scaly patches as a result of cumulative sun exposure. […] Actinic keratosis is sometimes called solar keratosis because it is caused by sun exposure. Those over the age of 40 are more apt to develop this condition since it occurs from the cumulative effects of UV light exposure. […] When an actinic keratosis forms, it is most often due to a person being exposed to intense UV rays on a frequent basis. […] While most cases result from overexposure to the sun’s UV rays, many people with this condition have also exposed their skin to the intensity of tanning beds. […] These factors include: Having red or blond hair and either blue or light-colored eyes, Prior history of bad sunburns, Tendency to freckle or burn when exposed to sunlight, Aged 40 or older, Working primarily outdoors, Possessing a weakened immune system, Living in a sunny climate.

• #12 Actinic Keratosis Risk Factors

  https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/actinic-keratosis/causes-and-risk-factors/

  Actinic keratosis (AK) is a very common skin precancer. Understanding your risk factors along with what causes AK can help you prevent it from developing. […] Chronic unprotected exposure to UV radiation is the leading cause of actinic keratosis. This is why AKs often appear on sun-exposed areas of skin. […] Living close to the equator where the UV rays are strong most of the year means more exposure to the sun’s harmful effects. Thus, the likelihood of getting AKs is higher for people who live in regions close to the equator. […] If your immune system is weakened, your risk of developing AKs is higher. […] Although anyone can develop AKs, people with fair skin – especially individuals with red or blond hair, blue or green eyes, or skin that freckles or easily burns – have a higher risk for developing AKs. […] Because sun damage to the skin accumulates over time, the longer you live, the greater the total lifetime damage. This explains why AKs are increasingly more common in people over age 40.

• #13 Precancers (actinic keratoses) — ARCHER DERMATOLOGY

  https://www.archerdermatology.com/precancers-actinic-keratoses

  Actinic keratoses are areas of sun-damaged skin found predominantly on sun-exposed parts of the body, particularly the forearms, backs of the hands, face, ears, bald scalp and the lower legs. […] They are caused by cumulative sun exposure over many years, from sunbathing, sunbed use, outdoor work or recreational activities. […] Fair-skinned, blue-eyed, red- or blonde-haired individuals, who burn easily in the sun, are at particular risk. […] Actinic keratoses are not contagious. […] There is a very small risk that an actinic keratosis can progress into a form of skin cancer, called a squamous cell carcinoma. […] People with actinic keratoses are also at higher risk of developing other types of skin cancer, compared to someone of the same age without any actinic keratoses. […] People most at risk are those who have numerous patches of actinic keratosis and those on immunosuppressive drugs for accompanying conditions.

• #14 Actinic keratosis – Medinformer

  https://medinformer.co.za/health_subjects/actinic-keratosis-skin-condition/

  Actinic keratosis, also known as solar keratosis or sometimes sunspots, is a precancerous skin condition. With this skin condition, lesions (abnormal spots) or actinic keratoses form as a result of overexposure to the sun. Consequently, these lesions typically appear as areas of rough, scaly or crusty skin on the most sun-exposed parts of the body. […] Actinic keratosis is caused by excessive, frequent exposure to the suns ultraviolet (UV) rays. It develops gradually in the upper skin layer. The body can repair the damage that results to some degree. However, when unprotected, previously damaged skin is exposed to yet more UV rays, actinic keratosis may occur. […] Risk factors for developing this skin condition include the following: 1) Firstly, having a lighter complexion. Secondly, having blonde or red hair. Thirdly, having blue or light-coloured eyes. 2) A tendency to burn or freckle with sun exposure. 3) Working outdoors. 4) Being older than the age of 40. This skin condition can certainly occur in your 20s and 30s although its less common. 5) A history of sunburn or excessive sun exposure. 6) Living in sunny places, for instance South Africa. 7) Having a weakened immune system (e.g., due to illness, or treatments such as chemotherapy). 8) Using tanning lamps or beds.

• #15 Actinic keratosis – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Pictures

  https://www.skymd.com/conditions/skin-lesions/actinic-keratosis

  Actinic keratosis (AK) is a common precancerous condition that develops on skin that has been damaged by UV radiation from the sun or indoor tanning. […] Solar keratosis is the common name for actinic keratosis. This word refers to overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) light, which is the cause of skin lesions. […] Prolonged and cumulative exposure to Ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun or indoor tanning without protection can be one of the reasons for developing AK. […] Understanding the risk factors and the causes of Actinic Keratosis can help you avoid developing the disease. […] A history of sunburn adds to the danger. […] Actinic Keratosis can affect anyone, they are significantly more common in persons who have fair skin. […] People over the age of 40 are more likely to develop AK. […] AK is more common among men than women.

• #16 Actinic keratosis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/actinic-keratosis

  Actinic keratosis is caused by exposure to sunlight. […] Some actinic keratoses may develop into a type of skin cancer. […] You are more likely to develop it if you: Have fair skin, blue or green eyes, or blond or red hair; Had a kidney or other organ transplant; Take medicines that suppress the immune system; Spend a lot of time each day in the sun (for example, if you work outdoors); Had many severe sunburns early in life; Are older. […] A small number of these skin growths turn into squamous cell carcinoma.

• #17 Actinic Keratosis (AK): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/actinic-keratosis-pro

  The term actinic keratosis (AK) was coined in 1958 and means literally thickened scaly growth (keratosis) caused by sunlight (actinic). The condition is also known as solar keratosis. […] Actinic keratoses are ultraviolet (UV) light-induced lesions of the skin, which are by far the most common lesions with malignant potential to arise on the skin. In some cases, they progress to invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). […] The condition is caused by UV-induced DNA damage within the skin. […] Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have been implicated as co-carcinogens in the pathogenesis. […] Actinic keratosis occurs most often in individuals with fair skin, blonde hair and blue eyes at a rate according to cumulative UV exposure. […] Patients who are immunosuppressed following organ transplantation have a markedly increased risk of developing AKs and of developing malignant change in the AKs. […] AKs are a biological marker of sun damage and hence patients with AKs are at a greater risk of skin cancer than those with no AKs.

• #18 What Causes Actinic Keratosis (AK)? – Suncoast Skin Solutions

  https://www.suncoastskin.com/what-causes-actinic-keratosis-ak/

  While AKs affect some people as young as in their 20s, they occur more commonly in individuals above the age of 50. […] The possibility of developing AKs increases with the individuals geographical proximity to the equator. […] The UV rays emitted by the lamps in a tanning salon can be more concentrated and damaging than sunlight. […] Sometimes, AKs may also develop due to significant exposure to X-rays or various industrial chemicals. […] People with weakened immune systems due to AIDS, cancer chemotherapy, organ transplantation, or other reasons are less able to ward off the harmful effects of UV rays and are more susceptible to developing AKs.

• #19 Actinic Keratosis: Rationale and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4065271/

  More recently, infection with cutaneous human papilloma virus (HPV) has been associated with the formation of AK. […] The risk of progression of AKs is reported in widely variable figures. […] The relative risk of SCC increases for those with more than five AK. […] Histologic evidence shows that the majority of SCC arises from AK lesions. […] The risk of metastasis in invasive SCC cannot be underestimated, despite variable reporting of rates. […] Those who sunburn easily and have difficulty tanning (Fitzpatrick skin type I and II) are most at risk of the damaging effects of UV irradiation. […] Immunocompromised patients notably have a greatly increased risk of AK.

• #20 Actinic keratosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinic_keratosis

  Evidence also suggests that the human papillomavirus (HPV) plays a role in the development of AKs. The HPV virus has been detected in AKs, with measurable HPV viral loads (one HPV-DNA copy per less than 50 cells) measured in 40% of AKs. Similar to UV radiation, higher levels of HPV found in AKs reflect enhanced viral DNA replication. This is suspected to be related to the abnormal keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation in AKs, which facilitate an environment for HPV replication. This in turn may further stimulate the abnormal proliferation that contributes to the development of AKs and carcinogenesis.

• #21 Pathology Outlines – Actinic keratosis

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/skintumornonmelanocyticactinickeratosis.html

  Intraepidermal keratinocytic lesion secondary to solar damage […] Most common precursor of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) […] Chronic sun damage (ultraviolet UVB radiation and UVA to a lesser extent) […] Chronic immunosuppression […] Arsenic exposure […] PUVA therapy […] Chronic cutaneous inflammation […] βHPV (Viruses 2017;9:187) […] High prevalence rates and viral loads in actinic keratoses […] Virus, when combined with UV exposure, may play a role in progression to SCC.

• #22 Precancers (actinic keratoses) — ARCHER DERMATOLOGY

  https://www.archerdermatology.com/precancers-actinic-keratoses

  No, but some of the risk factors for developing actinic keratoses do run in families for example, a tendency to burn easily in the sun rather than tan (skin type), red or fair hair and freckling. […] An individual actinic keratosis can be cured, but many return in future years. […] In general terms, the tendency to get actinic keratoses is a long term problem. […] Protecting your skin from the sun will help reduce the number of new actinic keratoses you get and will reduce the risk of developing a sun-induced skin cancer. […] Protecting your children from the sun in the same way may reduce their risk of developing actinic keratoses and skin cancers in the future.

• #23 Actinic Keratosis (Solar Keratosis) – The Skin Cancer Doctor

  https://www.theskincancerdoctor.com.au/education/skincancerlesions/actinic-keratosis-solar-keratosis/

  Fair complexion, men and elderly are also more prone to developing AK. […] Immune suppression have been linked to basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). It is no doubt that patients on organ transplant and HIV patients have a higher risk for developing AK. […] Genetic disorders that increase the consequence of UV DNA damage also increase AK risk. Examples include xeroderma pigmentosum, albinism which are both risk factors for SCC and BCC. […] Although occurring at a low rate, AK does progress to SCC from 0.03 to 20%. It has been shown that 60% of SCC derives from AK.

• #24 Actinic keratoses – BAD Patient Hub

  https://www.skinhealthinfo.org.uk/condition/actinic-keratoses/

  Actinic keratoses are caused by sun exposure over many years. […] They occur more commonly in older people and fair skinned, blue eyed, red, or blonde-haired individuals, who burn easily in the sun. […] Actinic keratoses can be treated but tend to recur over time. […] Their presence indicates there is sun damage to the skin and so, whilst an individual actinic keratosis can be cured, the affected individual is at risk of developing more in the future. […] Some of the risk factors for developing actinic keratoses do run in families for example, those who tend to burn easily in the sun rather than tan, have red or fair hair, blue eyes, and freckles. […] People with albinism or xeroderma pigmentosum are also at increased risk.

• #25 Actinic Keratosis

  https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/actinic-keratosis/

  Actinic keratosis (AK) is the most common precancer that forms on skin damaged by chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun and/or indoor tanning. Solar keratosis is another name for the condition. […] AKs result from long-term exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. This means that if you already have an AK, you are likely to develop more actinic keratoses (plural) in the future. This puts you at a higher risk for skin cancer, since AKs can develop into squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), a common and sometimes invasive form of the disease. […] AKs are evidence of sustained sun damage. Having them raises your lifetime risk for skin cancer. Since having one AK means that it’s likely you have already developed more, this may translate into an especially elevated risk for developing an SCC. […] If detected early, actinic keratoses can be treated before they develop into skin cancer.

• #26 Actinic Keratosis: Treatments, Symptoms, Types and Causes

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/skin-cancer/risk-factors/actinic-keratosis

  Actinic keratosis is a common precancerous condition that may put patients at risk for developing skin cancer. […] Actinic keratosis is typically caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV rays) through sunlight or the use of tanning beds. These rays may damage skin cells called keratinocytes, resulting in AKs. […] About 0.025 percent to 16 percent of actinic keratosis diagnoses progress to cancer eventually. And approximately 10 percent of actinic keratoses turn into squamous cell carcinoma (a type of skin cancer) specifically. […] Unprotected exposure to the suns damaging rays confers the greatest risk for developing AKs, but some factors add to that risk, including: […] Many topical therapies may be used at home to destroy the outermost layer of the skin and any AKs. This list includes: […] The best way to reduce the risk for developing AKs is to use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with a sun protection factor (SPF) of 30 or higher every dayand to reapply it frequently.

• #27 Treatment Options for Actinic Keratoses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0901/p667.html

  Actinic keratoses are rough, scaly lesions that commonly occur on sun-exposed areas of the skin. […] Actinic keratoses are thought to be carcinomas in situ, which can progress to squamous cell carcinomas. […] Actinic keratoses, the most common pre-malignant lesions seen by dermatologists, have the potential to progress to squamous cell carcinomas. […] Estimates on the risk of actinic keratoses progressing to squamous cell carcinomas vary widely. […] Up to 60 percent of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas arise from actinic keratoses. […] One study found histologic evidence that actinic keratoses are present in 44 percent of squamous cell carcinomas that have metastasized. […] The most compelling reason for treatment is to prevent squamous cell carcinomas.

• #28 Actinic Keratoses Treatment | Venice, FLAccessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontReset

  https://rejuvadermatology.com/conditions/actinic-keratosis/

  Actinic Keratoses are common precancerous skin lesions with malignant potential if left untreated. They appear on sun-exposed areas including the scalp, face, neck, extremities, upper back and hands. […] Actinic Keratoses are caused by cellular DNA damage due to UV rays from the sun or indoor tanning beds. This condition affects keratinocytes which are located in the outermost layer of the skin. The solar damage is accumulated over long periods and may be caused by occupational sun exposure or plenty of time spent outdoors during youth. Risk factors include fair skin and light eyes, weakened immune system, increasing age, previous history of sunburns, living in regions that are warm and sunny and prior use of indoor tanning devices. […] A certain percentage of Actinic Keratoses progress into Squamous Cell Carcinoma if left untreated but it is impossible to predict which will turn into malignant lesions therefore all precancerous lesions are treated in an effort to prevent skin cancer.

• #29 Actinic keratoses (solar keratoses)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/actinic-keratoses/

  Actinic keratoses (also called solar keratoses) are dry, scaly patches of skin that have been damaged by the sun. It’s not usually serious, but there’s a small chance the patches could become skin cancer. […] It’s important to get these skin changes checked in case they’re being caused by something more serious, such as skin cancer. […] There are things you can do to stop your actinic keratoses patches getting worse and lower your chances of developing skin cancer.

• #30 Actinic Keratosis | Dermatology Associates

  https://www.mydermatologyassociates.com/actinic-keratosis/

  Actinic keratosis, also called solar keratosis, is a common form of precancer that forms on skin damaged by long-term exposure to ultraviolet light. […] If you already have actinic keratosis, you may be more prone to them in the future and at a greater risk of squamous cell carcinoma, a common form of skin cancer. […] To help prevent actinic keratoses, follow strict sun protection, including using a daily sunscreen with high sun protection, such as 50 SPF or higher.

• #31 Actinic Keratosis Treatment, Symptoms, Causes & How to Remove

  https://www.medicinenet.com/actinic_keratosis/article.htm

  Sun avoidance is the simplest way to avoid actinic keratoses. This would include applications of SPF 50 sunscreens to exposed skin, wearing sun-protective clothing, shade-seeking behavior, and avoiding tanning. […] There is now some evidence that taking niacinamide (nicotinamide), not niacin, may have some preventative benefit.

• #32 Actinic Keratosis

  https://drtracycampbell.com/medical/actinic-keratosis/

  An actinic keratosis, also known as a solar keratosis, is a common premalignant skin lesion. […] Such a lesion is typically caused by chronic exposure to sunlight, particularly ultraviolet light and is therefore mainly found on areas of the body most frequently exposed to the sun. […] Although not dangerous in itself, an actinic keratosis must always be taken seriously and examined and treated by a dermatologist. […] Actinic keratosis is also more likely to occur in individuals who spend a great deal of time in the sun, or who frequent tanning parlors. […] Because individuals who have had an actinic keratosis are more likely to have another lesion of this type and are also at greater risk of developing a squamous cell carcinoma, they should always opt to have full body checks with their dermatologist at regular intervals.

• #33 Actinic Keratosis (AK) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/actinic-keratosis

  Actinic keratosis is caused by years of exposure to the sun’s ultraviolet rays. […] Actinic keratosis is an abnormal growth of cells caused by long-term damage from the sun. […] AK is caused by the accumulation of sun exposure over time. […] We know that continued sun exposure causes more AK to develop.

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