Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology of solar keratoses – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7947197/

  Solar keratoses (SKs) or actinic keratoses are common dysplastic epidermal lesions which occur in pale-skinned individuals who are chronically exposed to intense sunlight. Together with basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas, they constitute a major public health problem in such individuals. Reported SK prevalence rates range from 11 to 25% in various northern hemisphere populations, and amongst Australian adults the range is from 40 to 60%. […] In the only study to date reporting SK incidence data, 60% of subjects aged 40 years and over with SKs at baseline developed new lesions during 12 months of follow-up, compared with only 19% of those who were lesion-free on the first examination. […] Because existing epidemiological data on SKs are sparse, very little is known of their natural history, their role in carcinogenesis, or their preventability.

• #2 Actinic Keratosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1099775-overview

  Actinic keratosis occurs primarily in Whites, and the frequency correlates with cumulative UV exposure and therefore with age, proximity to the equator, and outdoor occupation. Actinic keratoses are seen more often in men than in women and have also been correlated with a high-fat diet. Overall, the rate in the United States population is estimated to range from 11-26%. […] The prevalence is highest in Australia, where much of the population is light-skinned and outdoor sports are very popular activities. Overall, actinic keratosis is estimated to be present in 40-60% of the Australian population older than 40 years. […] Although in Korea the incidence of actinic keratosis is not as high as among Whites, it has been increasing from 17.9 to 54.0 per 100,000 person-years between 2006 and 2015 with higher prevalence among older populations (1.95 per 10,000 persons in individuals in their 40s compared to 31.81 per 10,000 persons in individuals in their 80s). Because Korea is a fast-aging society, the incidence of actinic keratosis is expected to continue to increase in the future.

• #3 Actinic Keratosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557401/

  Geographic location: Countries located closer to the equator demonstrate higher rates of actinic keratosis. For example, prevalence rates of actinic keratosis in Australia are close to 60% due to its proximity to the equator (in addition to its sizable White population). In contrast, the prevalence of actinic keratosis in a non-equatorial location, such as the United States, is around 20%. […] Immunosuppression: Individuals with a compromised immune system, such as those undergoing chemotherapy, individuals with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), recipients of immunosuppressive medications (commonly used after organ transplantation), or individuals with leukemia, are more susceptible to developing actinic keratosis. […] History of actinic keratosis or previous skin malignancy: This vital component of the history may indicate genetic factors associated with increased susceptibility to UV radiation and the prolonged exposure to UV radiation that the individual has experienced.

• #4 Actinic keratoses: review of clinical, dermoscopic, and therapeutic aspects | Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia

  https://www.anaisdedermatologia.org.br/en-actinic-keratoses-review-clinical-dermoscopic-articulo-S0365059619301424

  Actinic keratoses represent the third reason for dermatological consultation, losing only to acne and dermatitis. With the overall aging of the population, a gradual increase in the frequency of actinic keratoses is expected. Regarding the prevalence of actinic keratoses, the World Health Organization estimates that the highest levels are observed in Caucasians living close to the Equator. […] In the international scenario, the prevalence of actinic keratoses is higher in Australia, where fair skin type individuals are predominant and high exposure to UV radiation occurs, followed by the United States and Europe. The prevalence of actinic keratoses ranges from 40% to 60% in Australia among Caucasians over 40 years of age, and 11.5% to 26% in the United States in individuals over 30 years of age.

• #5 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Actinic-Keratosis-Epidemiology.aspx

  The epidemiology of actinic keratosis varies throughout the world according to the genetic makeup and skin type of the population and their lifestyle habits, specifically time spent in the sun. The prevalence of actinic keratosis is highest in Australia, with an estimated prevalence of 37-55% in Australian adults over the age of 40. This is likely to be linked to the high UV radiation exposure to a population with relatively fair skin. Additionally, outdoor sports are very popular in Australian culture and, as a result, they tend to spend more time in the sun. […] Comparably, the overall rate of actinic keratosis in the United States is estimated to be approximately 10.2% in females and 26.5% in males. In the United Kingdom, the prevalence is 15% in males and 6% in females. […] Actinic keratosis most often affects individuals with white skin and is directly linked to cumulative exposure to UV radiation. As a result, the incidence of actinic keratosis is high for individuals who: Are elderly, Live close to the equator, Spend a lot of time outdoors (e.g. outdoor occupation or hobbies).

• #6 Actinic keratosis – diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations of the Polish Dermatological Society

  https://www.termedia.pl/Actinic-keratosis-diagnostic-and-therapeutic-recommendations-of-the-Polish-Dermatological-Society,56,54724,1,1.html

  Actinic keratosis (AK) is a common skin condition marked by hyperkeratotic lesions developing on photodamaged or aged skin, occurring most frequently in Caucasians. […] Epidemiological data suggest that the incidence of AK varies significantly based on geographic location (distance from the equator) and the age of the patient. […] In Europe, the prevalence of actinic keratosis is estimated to be approximately 15% and 6% in men and women, respectively. […] For comparison, in the United States, the prevalence varies from about 11% to 26%, while in Australia, which has the highest skin cancer rate globally, the prevalence of actinic keratosis among the adult population over the age of 40 ranges from approximately 40% to 60%. […] Due to the high prevalence of the disease and the potential for individual AK lesions to transform into squamous cell carcinoma, all current national and international guidelines strongly recommend the treatment of AK.

• #7

  https://medicaljournalssweden.se/actadv/article/view/42372

  The objective of this retrospective observational study was to estimate the prevalence of actinic keratosis (AK) in individuals aged 40 years in France, to describe the characteristics of affected patients, and to describe treatments. […] The adjusted prevalence of AK was 4.03% (95% CI: 3.734.35). Prevalence is probably underestimated due to data collection by self-report and low awareness of AK. […] In conclusion, improving diagnosis of AK in everyday clinical practice is important to ensure that all individuals with AK are treated optimally and encouraged to take sun protection measures to prevent progression to SCC.

• #8 The sun and the risk of actinic keratosis – Pierre Fabre

  https://actinic-keratosis.pierre-fabre.com/

  Actinic Keratosis, also called solar keratosis, is a pre-cancerous chronic skin condition linked to over-exposure to the sun. […] The condition mainly affects areas most exposed to the sun, such as the scalp, face, ears, and extremity of upper limbs. […] Age and sex are two predisposing factors for Actinic Keratosis, which primarily affects men and older people. […] The sun is known to be the main causative factor of Actinic Keratosis lesions. […] A study led in Austria found out that about 1 person out of 3 after 60 years old is affected by Actinic Keratosis (and more than 1 person out of 2 after 70). […] Actinic Keratosis is more common in sunnier countries with fair skin population: in Australia, it affects one in every two people of Caucasian origin over the age of 40. […] Global prevalence of Actinic Keratosis has dramatically increased in recent decades.

• #9 Actinic Keratosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1099775-overview

  Actinic keratosis occurs primarily in Whites, and the frequency correlates with cumulative UV exposure and therefore with age, proximity to the equator, and outdoor occupation. Actinic keratoses are seen more often in men than in women and have also been correlated with a high-fat diet. Overall, the rate in the United States population is estimated to range from 11-26%. […] The prevalence is highest in Australia, where much of the population is light-skinned and outdoor sports are very popular activities. Overall, actinic keratosis is estimated to be present in 40-60% of the Australian population older than 40 years. […] Although in Korea the incidence of actinic keratosis is not as high as among Whites, it has been increasing from 17.9 to 54.0 per 100,000 person-years between 2006 and 2015 with higher prevalence among older populations (1.95 per 10,000 persons in individuals in their 40s compared to 31.81 per 10,000 persons in individuals in their 80s). Because Korea is a fast-aging society, the incidence of actinic keratosis is expected to continue to increase in the future.

• #10 Actinic keratosis: Epidemiology, clinical features, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/actinic-keratosis-epidemiology-clinical-features-and-diagnosis

  Actinic keratosis (AK; also known as solar keratosis) is a cutaneous lesion that results from the proliferation of atypical epidermal keratinocytes. AK represent early lesions on a continuum with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and occasionally progress to SCC. […] Chronic sun exposure is a major risk factor for the development of these lesions, which accounts for the usual detection of AK in frequently sun-exposed areas (eg, balding scalp, face, lateral neck, and distal upper or lower extremities). […] A meta-analysis of 60 observational studies reported an overall prevalence of AK of 14 percent, with an estimated incidence rate of 1.9 per 1000 person-year. […] Ultraviolet radiation is known to contribute to the development of AK through the induction of mutations in epidermal keratinocytes that lead to increased survival and proliferation of atypical cells. […] Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene, a gene involved in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair, have been detected in 30 to 50 percent of lesional skin samples from patients with AK.

• #11 Actinic Keratosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557401/

  Actinic keratoses predominantly appear on chronically sun-exposed body areas, particularly in older individuals who have experienced decades of sun exposure. Common locations for actinic keratoses include the face, scalp (bald or thinning hair), back of the arms, and dorsal aspect of the hands. The development of actinic keratosis is influenced by various independent risk factors, which may include: […] Increased age: Actinic keratosis increasingly affect the older population due to the high cumulative lifetime exposure to the sun and inadequate sun protection measures. […] Male gender: The prevalence of actinic keratosis is higher in men compared to women. […] Fair-skinned individuals (Fitzpatrick Skin Phototypes I and II): Pale or light-skinned individuals have less melanin pigment in their skin, which makes them more susceptible to sunburns and the damaging effects of IV radiation.

• #12 Actinic Keratosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557401/

  Actinic keratoses predominantly appear on chronically sun-exposed body areas, particularly in older individuals who have experienced decades of sun exposure. Common locations for actinic keratoses include the face, scalp (bald or thinning hair), back of the arms, and dorsal aspect of the hands. The development of actinic keratosis is influenced by various independent risk factors, which may include: […] Increased age: Actinic keratosis increasingly affect the older population due to the high cumulative lifetime exposure to the sun and inadequate sun protection measures. […] Male gender: The prevalence of actinic keratosis is higher in men compared to women. […] Fair-skinned individuals (Fitzpatrick Skin Phototypes I and II): Pale or light-skinned individuals have less melanin pigment in their skin, which makes them more susceptible to sunburns and the damaging effects of IV radiation.

• #13 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Actinic-Keratosis-Epidemiology.aspx

  As the risk of actinic keratosis is linked to cumulative sun exposure, elderly individuals are most likely to be affected. There is a prevalence of approximately 10% in people aged between 20 and 30 years, whereas it is more than 90% in people over 80 years. […] Individuals most likely to be affected by actinic keratosis are those with fair skin. Ethnic groups with darker skin types are less likely to be affected and cases of actinic keratosis is rare in people with black skin. […] The overall incidence of malignant and premalignant skin lesions, including actinic keratosis and other types, has increased from 3% to 8% since the 1960s.

• #14 SciELO Brazil – Actinic keratoses: review of clinical, dermoscopic, and therapeutic aspects^, Actinic keratoses: review of clinical, dermoscopic, and therapeutic aspects^,

  https://www.scielo.br/j/abd/a/KNfmyRfzPpytwPWZnTrK8Br/

  As mentioned above, the prevalence of actinic keratoses increases according to the age of the patients, ranging from 10% in Caucasians aged 20-29 years, to 80% in individuals aged 60-69 years. Age is an independent risk factor for the development of actinic keratoses, with odds ratios (OR) ranging from 1.6 to 41.5 according to age; the OR is of 4.8 for individuals between 46 and 60 years and up to 41.5 years in individuals over 70. […] Men have a higher prevalence of actinic keratoses, with an OR of 1.7-3.9, due to the higher average UV exposure to which men receive during life. […] Populations whose ethnic composition predominantly present individuals with fair skin (types I and II), who are more susceptible to the carcinogenic effects of UV radiation, also present a higher risk of developing actinic keratoses, with an OR of 1.7-6.9.

• #15 Actinic Keratosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557401/

  Actinic keratoses predominantly appear on chronically sun-exposed body areas, particularly in older individuals who have experienced decades of sun exposure. Common locations for actinic keratoses include the face, scalp (bald or thinning hair), back of the arms, and dorsal aspect of the hands. The development of actinic keratosis is influenced by various independent risk factors, which may include: […] Increased age: Actinic keratosis increasingly affect the older population due to the high cumulative lifetime exposure to the sun and inadequate sun protection measures. […] Male gender: The prevalence of actinic keratosis is higher in men compared to women. […] Fair-skinned individuals (Fitzpatrick Skin Phototypes I and II): Pale or light-skinned individuals have less melanin pigment in their skin, which makes them more susceptible to sunburns and the damaging effects of IV radiation.

• #16 SciELO Brazil – Actinic keratoses: review of clinical, dermoscopic, and therapeutic aspects^, Actinic keratoses: review of clinical, dermoscopic, and therapeutic aspects^,

  https://www.scielo.br/j/abd/a/KNfmyRfzPpytwPWZnTrK8Br/

  As mentioned above, the prevalence of actinic keratoses increases according to the age of the patients, ranging from 10% in Caucasians aged 20-29 years, to 80% in individuals aged 60-69 years. Age is an independent risk factor for the development of actinic keratoses, with odds ratios (OR) ranging from 1.6 to 41.5 according to age; the OR is of 4.8 for individuals between 46 and 60 years and up to 41.5 years in individuals over 70. […] Men have a higher prevalence of actinic keratoses, with an OR of 1.7-3.9, due to the higher average UV exposure to which men receive during life. […] Populations whose ethnic composition predominantly present individuals with fair skin (types I and II), who are more susceptible to the carcinogenic effects of UV radiation, also present a higher risk of developing actinic keratoses, with an OR of 1.7-6.9.

• #17 Actinic Keratosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1099775-overview

  The prevalence of actinic keratosis is much higher in individuals with fair skin and blue eyes and is lower in individuals with darker skin types. Actinic keratosis is relatively nonexistent in Black skin. Patients with actinic keratoses tend to have Fitzpatrick type I or II skin, which burns and does not tan. The prevalence is reduced precipitously in persons with Fitzpatrick types III, IV, and V skin and is nonexistent in those with Fitzpatrick type VI skin. […] The prevalence of actinic keratosis is higher in men than in women. This is theorized to result from a greater likelihood that men have an outdoor occupation and thus have greater cumulative UV exposure. […] One of the most important determinants of actinic keratosis risk is age, particularly in combination with other strong predictors, including cumulative sun exposure, place of birth, occupation, and skin type. Actinic keratoses can occur in persons aged 20-30 years, but they are more common in those aged 50 years and older.

• #18 Actinic Keratosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557401/

  Actinic keratoses predominantly appear on chronically sun-exposed body areas, particularly in older individuals who have experienced decades of sun exposure. Common locations for actinic keratoses include the face, scalp (bald or thinning hair), back of the arms, and dorsal aspect of the hands. The development of actinic keratosis is influenced by various independent risk factors, which may include: […] Increased age: Actinic keratosis increasingly affect the older population due to the high cumulative lifetime exposure to the sun and inadequate sun protection measures. […] Male gender: The prevalence of actinic keratosis is higher in men compared to women. […] Fair-skinned individuals (Fitzpatrick Skin Phototypes I and II): Pale or light-skinned individuals have less melanin pigment in their skin, which makes them more susceptible to sunburns and the damaging effects of IV radiation.

• #19 Actinic Keratosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1099775-overview

  The prevalence of actinic keratosis is much higher in individuals with fair skin and blue eyes and is lower in individuals with darker skin types. Actinic keratosis is relatively nonexistent in Black skin. Patients with actinic keratoses tend to have Fitzpatrick type I or II skin, which burns and does not tan. The prevalence is reduced precipitously in persons with Fitzpatrick types III, IV, and V skin and is nonexistent in those with Fitzpatrick type VI skin. […] The prevalence of actinic keratosis is higher in men than in women. This is theorized to result from a greater likelihood that men have an outdoor occupation and thus have greater cumulative UV exposure. […] One of the most important determinants of actinic keratosis risk is age, particularly in combination with other strong predictors, including cumulative sun exposure, place of birth, occupation, and skin type. Actinic keratoses can occur in persons aged 20-30 years, but they are more common in those aged 50 years and older.

• #20 Actinic Keratosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1099775-overview

  The prevalence of actinic keratosis is much higher in individuals with fair skin and blue eyes and is lower in individuals with darker skin types. Actinic keratosis is relatively nonexistent in Black skin. Patients with actinic keratoses tend to have Fitzpatrick type I or II skin, which burns and does not tan. The prevalence is reduced precipitously in persons with Fitzpatrick types III, IV, and V skin and is nonexistent in those with Fitzpatrick type VI skin. […] The prevalence of actinic keratosis is higher in men than in women. This is theorized to result from a greater likelihood that men have an outdoor occupation and thus have greater cumulative UV exposure. […] One of the most important determinants of actinic keratosis risk is age, particularly in combination with other strong predictors, including cumulative sun exposure, place of birth, occupation, and skin type. Actinic keratoses can occur in persons aged 20-30 years, but they are more common in those aged 50 years and older.

• #21 Actinic Keratosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557401/

  Geographic location: Countries located closer to the equator demonstrate higher rates of actinic keratosis. For example, prevalence rates of actinic keratosis in Australia are close to 60% due to its proximity to the equator (in addition to its sizable White population). In contrast, the prevalence of actinic keratosis in a non-equatorial location, such as the United States, is around 20%. […] Immunosuppression: Individuals with a compromised immune system, such as those undergoing chemotherapy, individuals with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), recipients of immunosuppressive medications (commonly used after organ transplantation), or individuals with leukemia, are more susceptible to developing actinic keratosis. […] History of actinic keratosis or previous skin malignancy: This vital component of the history may indicate genetic factors associated with increased susceptibility to UV radiation and the prolonged exposure to UV radiation that the individual has experienced.

• #22 Actinic Keratosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557401/

  Geographic location: Countries located closer to the equator demonstrate higher rates of actinic keratosis. For example, prevalence rates of actinic keratosis in Australia are close to 60% due to its proximity to the equator (in addition to its sizable White population). In contrast, the prevalence of actinic keratosis in a non-equatorial location, such as the United States, is around 20%. […] Immunosuppression: Individuals with a compromised immune system, such as those undergoing chemotherapy, individuals with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), recipients of immunosuppressive medications (commonly used after organ transplantation), or individuals with leukemia, are more susceptible to developing actinic keratosis. […] History of actinic keratosis or previous skin malignancy: This vital component of the history may indicate genetic factors associated with increased susceptibility to UV radiation and the prolonged exposure to UV radiation that the individual has experienced.

• #23 Actinic Keratosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557401/

  Geographic location: Countries located closer to the equator demonstrate higher rates of actinic keratosis. For example, prevalence rates of actinic keratosis in Australia are close to 60% due to its proximity to the equator (in addition to its sizable White population). In contrast, the prevalence of actinic keratosis in a non-equatorial location, such as the United States, is around 20%. […] Immunosuppression: Individuals with a compromised immune system, such as those undergoing chemotherapy, individuals with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), recipients of immunosuppressive medications (commonly used after organ transplantation), or individuals with leukemia, are more susceptible to developing actinic keratosis. […] History of actinic keratosis or previous skin malignancy: This vital component of the history may indicate genetic factors associated with increased susceptibility to UV radiation and the prolonged exposure to UV radiation that the individual has experienced.

• #24 Actinic Keratosis Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1099775-clinical

  Actinic keratoses are seen almost exclusively in persons with lighter skin, especially those with skin phototypes (Fitzpatrick) I and II. The incidence increases with each decade of life, and men have a slightly increased frequency of actinic keratosis. Actinic keratosis frequency correlates with long-term ultraviolet (UV) light exposure, such as occurs in persons with outdoor occupations. […] Patients who are immunosuppressed following organ transplantation are at markedly increased risk of developing actinic keratoses. […] The lesions still arise in areas of long-term exposure, and they are thought to be actinically induced but with normal immune surveillance compromised, they occur with increased frequency and growth rate.

• #25 Actinic Keratosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557401/

  Geographic location: Countries located closer to the equator demonstrate higher rates of actinic keratosis. For example, prevalence rates of actinic keratosis in Australia are close to 60% due to its proximity to the equator (in addition to its sizable White population). In contrast, the prevalence of actinic keratosis in a non-equatorial location, such as the United States, is around 20%. […] Immunosuppression: Individuals with a compromised immune system, such as those undergoing chemotherapy, individuals with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), recipients of immunosuppressive medications (commonly used after organ transplantation), or individuals with leukemia, are more susceptible to developing actinic keratosis. […] History of actinic keratosis or previous skin malignancy: This vital component of the history may indicate genetic factors associated with increased susceptibility to UV radiation and the prolonged exposure to UV radiation that the individual has experienced.

• #26 Actinic Keratosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557401/

  Excessive and chronic sun exposure: Individuals who have accumulated a greater lifetime exposure to UV radiation from the sun are more prone to developing actinic keratosis. At-risk individuals include outdoor occupations (eg, construction, farming) and outdoor activities (eg, tennis, golf, baseball players).

• #27 Actinic Keratosis (AK): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/actinic-keratosis-pro

  Sunbeds and therapeutic UV radiation also increase risk. Artificial sunlight may produce lesions in unusual places. […] AKs are more common in men than in women. Possibly this is because traditionally men are more likely, with work and recreational activities, to spend time outdoors. […] It is rare under the age of 45 years in the UK, then prevalence increases with age. […] Overall, the rate in Australia is highest with a reported prevalence of around 40-60% in Caucasian individuals over the age of 40 years. […] In the UK, prevalence has been reported to be around 19-24% of the population over the age of 60 years. […] Even where an AK does not progress, it is a sign of sun damage, and individuals with AK have a higher risk of skin malignancy in general.

• #28 Epidemiology of solar keratoses – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7947197/

  Solar keratoses (SKs) or actinic keratoses are common dysplastic epidermal lesions which occur in pale-skinned individuals who are chronically exposed to intense sunlight. Together with basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas, they constitute a major public health problem in such individuals. Reported SK prevalence rates range from 11 to 25% in various northern hemisphere populations, and amongst Australian adults the range is from 40 to 60%. […] In the only study to date reporting SK incidence data, 60% of subjects aged 40 years and over with SKs at baseline developed new lesions during 12 months of follow-up, compared with only 19% of those who were lesion-free on the first examination. […] Because existing epidemiological data on SKs are sparse, very little is known of their natural history, their role in carcinogenesis, or their preventability.

• #29 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Actinic-Keratosis-Epidemiology.aspx

  As the risk of actinic keratosis is linked to cumulative sun exposure, elderly individuals are most likely to be affected. There is a prevalence of approximately 10% in people aged between 20 and 30 years, whereas it is more than 90% in people over 80 years. […] Individuals most likely to be affected by actinic keratosis are those with fair skin. Ethnic groups with darker skin types are less likely to be affected and cases of actinic keratosis is rare in people with black skin. […] The overall incidence of malignant and premalignant skin lesions, including actinic keratosis and other types, has increased from 3% to 8% since the 1960s.

• #30

  https://dpcj.org/index.php/dpc/article/view/4547

  Actinic keratosis (AK) is considered a chronic skin disease mostly caused by long-term exposure to UV radiation and other risk factors such as immunosuppression, leading to an individual susceptibility for skin cancer manifestation. […] The incidence of skin cancer is forecasted to double until the year 2030 in an aging society. […] Risk factors in AK for malignant transformation in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma are not fully understood, but studies suggest that histological features, such as atypia in the basal epidermal third and basal proliferation (PRO score) in AK play a pivotal role for development of malignancy. […] Patients with AK suffering from field cancerization and immunosuppression are susceptible for a severe course of disease including metastasis and high mortality rates.

• #31 Actinic keratoses in subjects from la Mitad del Mundo, Ecuador | BMC Dermatology | Full Text

  https://bmcdermatol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12895-020-00109-8

  Quito, the capital of Ecuador due to its geographical location, has a high skin cancer incidence. Actinic keratoses, as premalignant lesions, are precursors of nonmelanoma skin cancer, and the prevalence of this medical condition in the country is unknown. […] The worldwide incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer (BCC, SCC, and Bowens disease) is very high. AKs can progress to SCC in approximately 0.120% of the lesions, and they are of public health importance since their presence has been associated with a significantly increased incidence of non-melanoma skin cancers. […] Limited data are available on the prevalence and risk factors for AKs in the Ecuadorean population, and because of the tendency of premalignant lesions to convert to malignancies, the identification of patients with AKs is very important to establish the basis of screening programs to support public health policies.

• #32 Actinic keratosis, solar keratosis

  https://www.pcds.org.uk/clinical-guidance/actinic-keratosis-syn-solar-keratosis

  An actinic keratosis (AK) is a common sun-induced scaly or hyperkeratotic lesion, which has the potential to become malignant. NICE estimates that over 23% of the UK population aged 60 and above have AK. Although the risk of an AK transforming into a squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is very low, this risk increases over time and with larger numbers of lesions. The presence of ten AK is associated with a 14% risk of developing an SCC within five years. […] AK are a consequence of cumulative long-term sun-exposure: Lesions are very uncommon under the age of 45 years. The incidence increases with age. The exceptions are patients with xeroderma pigmentosum and albinism who can develop AK at a very young age. […] Men are more affected than women. […] Diagnosis is usually clinical. If a diagnostic biopsy is required the primary histologic feature is partial thickness atypia / dysplasia of the keratinocytes in the basal layers of the epidermis. This is often accompanied by parakeratosis, thinning of the granular layer, buds of atypical epidermis extending toward the papillary dermis, dermal solar elastosis, and inflammation. If squamous cell carcinoma is a differential the patient must be referred urgently to Secondary Care without a biopsy.

• #33 Actinic keratosis, solar keratosis

  https://www.pcds.org.uk/clinical-guidance/actinic-keratosis-syn-solar-keratosis

  An actinic keratosis (AK) is a common sun-induced scaly or hyperkeratotic lesion, which has the potential to become malignant. NICE estimates that over 23% of the UK population aged 60 and above have AK. Although the risk of an AK transforming into a squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is very low, this risk increases over time and with larger numbers of lesions. The presence of ten AK is associated with a 14% risk of developing an SCC within five years. […] AK are a consequence of cumulative long-term sun-exposure: Lesions are very uncommon under the age of 45 years. The incidence increases with age. The exceptions are patients with xeroderma pigmentosum and albinism who can develop AK at a very young age. […] Men are more affected than women. […] Diagnosis is usually clinical. If a diagnostic biopsy is required the primary histologic feature is partial thickness atypia / dysplasia of the keratinocytes in the basal layers of the epidermis. This is often accompanied by parakeratosis, thinning of the granular layer, buds of atypical epidermis extending toward the papillary dermis, dermal solar elastosis, and inflammation. If squamous cell carcinoma is a differential the patient must be referred urgently to Secondary Care without a biopsy.

• #34 Actinic Keratosis: New Concepts and Therapeutic Approaches for an Ancestral Condition | Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas

  https://www.actasdermo.org/es-actinic-keratosis-new-concepts-therapeutic-articulo-resumen-S1578219014002339

  As I write this contribution to Spain’s most prestigious dermatology journal, it is clear I need not provide a description of actinic keratosis (AK), but I do feel that experience will allow me to reflect instructively and readably on the subject of how therapy has evolved over the years. […] Ours is a Mediterranean country with a high incidence of AK. […] After the age of 50 years nearly all Spaniards have to one degree or another lesions consistent with a diagnosis of solar keratosis. Today such lesions cannot be considered a mere cosmetic problem. […] It is estimated that from 5% to 20% of preexisting lesions, including subclinical ones, may progress and grow to become invasive squamous cell carcinoma. […] Evidence led the drafters of the 2006 European Dermatology Forum guidelines to conclude that even though it is impossible to predict which AKs will undergo malignant transformation, these lesions have the potential to do so. For that reason, they concluded, AKs should be treated.

• #35 Treatment Options for Actinic Keratoses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0901/p667.html

  Estimates on the risk of actinic keratoses progressing to squamous cell carcinomas vary widely. A prospective, longitudinal study found the risk of progression to be 0.24 percent per year for each actinic keratosis. […] After progression to squamous cell carcinoma has occurred, the risk of metastasis is estimated to be 0.5 to 3.3 percent. One study found histologic evidence that actinic keratoses are present in 44 percent of squamous cell carcinomas that have metastasized.

• #36 Actinic Keratosis and Non-Invasive Diagnostic Techniques: An Update

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/6/1/8

  Actinic keratosis represents the earliest manifestation of non-melanoma skin cancer. Because of their risk of progression to invasive squamous cell carcinoma, an earlier diagnosis and treatment are mandatory. The prevalence of AK is highest among regions with high UV exposure. Australia, the country with the highest skin cancer rate worldwide, has an AK prevalence rate among middle age adults (>40 years old) ranging from 40% to 60%. AK prevalence is also influenced by gender; according to a study conducted in Queensland, Australia, 55% of men compared with only 37% of women aged between 30 and 70 years have been diagnosed with AK. The relative risk of SCC also increases with the number of AKs; around 1% for patients with 5 or fewer AK lesions and up to 20% for patients with more than 20 AK lesions. Further evidence of the link between AK and SCC is provided by data demonstrating that up to 82% of SCCs arise within, in close proximity to, or contiguous with an AK. Multiple lesions, both clinically observable and subclinical, may exist across the entire areas of sun-damaged skin as a result of UV-induced field cancerization. The developments of noninvasive optical techniques, such as confocal laser microscopy (RCM) and optical coherence tomography (OCT), may reduce the requirement for invasive diagnoses. Dermoscopy is extremely helpful in the diagnosis of melanoma and BCC but it is not as useful in AK diagnosis, especially in the case of pigmented AKs. However, RCM and OCT enable in vivo and noninvasive evaluation of the whole lesion. The study of the entire lesion makes the diagnosis more certain and consequently allows the best treatment choice.

• #37 Actinic Keratosis and Non-Invasive Diagnostic Techniques: An Update

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/6/1/8

  Actinic keratosis represents the earliest manifestation of non-melanoma skin cancer. Because of their risk of progression to invasive squamous cell carcinoma, an earlier diagnosis and treatment are mandatory. The prevalence of AK is highest among regions with high UV exposure. Australia, the country with the highest skin cancer rate worldwide, has an AK prevalence rate among middle age adults (>40 years old) ranging from 40% to 60%. AK prevalence is also influenced by gender; according to a study conducted in Queensland, Australia, 55% of men compared with only 37% of women aged between 30 and 70 years have been diagnosed with AK. The relative risk of SCC also increases with the number of AKs; around 1% for patients with 5 or fewer AK lesions and up to 20% for patients with more than 20 AK lesions. Further evidence of the link between AK and SCC is provided by data demonstrating that up to 82% of SCCs arise within, in close proximity to, or contiguous with an AK. Multiple lesions, both clinically observable and subclinical, may exist across the entire areas of sun-damaged skin as a result of UV-induced field cancerization. The developments of noninvasive optical techniques, such as confocal laser microscopy (RCM) and optical coherence tomography (OCT), may reduce the requirement for invasive diagnoses. Dermoscopy is extremely helpful in the diagnosis of melanoma and BCC but it is not as useful in AK diagnosis, especially in the case of pigmented AKs. However, RCM and OCT enable in vivo and noninvasive evaluation of the whole lesion. The study of the entire lesion makes the diagnosis more certain and consequently allows the best treatment choice.

• #38 Epidemiology of solar keratoses – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7947197/

  Solar keratoses (SKs) or actinic keratoses are common dysplastic epidermal lesions which occur in pale-skinned individuals who are chronically exposed to intense sunlight. Together with basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas, they constitute a major public health problem in such individuals. Reported SK prevalence rates range from 11 to 25% in various northern hemisphere populations, and amongst Australian adults the range is from 40 to 60%. […] In the only study to date reporting SK incidence data, 60% of subjects aged 40 years and over with SKs at baseline developed new lesions during 12 months of follow-up, compared with only 19% of those who were lesion-free on the first examination. […] Because existing epidemiological data on SKs are sparse, very little is known of their natural history, their role in carcinogenesis, or their preventability.

• #39 Actinic keratoses (Solar keratosis): Diagnosis and Treatment — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/actinic-keratosis

  Actinic keratoses affect people that have often lived in the tropics or subtropics and have predisposing factors such as: […] However, even in temperate climates they may be common – in southern Ireland and northwest England up to 25% of people aged 60 years and over have at least one. […] The main concern is that actinic keratoses indicate an increased risk of developing cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. It is rare for a solitary actinic keratosis to evolve to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), but the risk of SCC occurring at some stage in a patient with more than 10 actinic keratoses is thought to be about 10 to 15%. […] Actinic keratoses are prevented by strict sun protection. If already present, actinic keratoses may improve with a very high sun protection factor (50+) broad-spectrum sunscreen applied at least daily to affected areas, year-round. […] Patients who have been treated for actinic keratoses are at risk of developing new keratoses. They are also at increased risk of other skin cancers, especially intraepidermal squamous cell carcinoma, invasive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma and melanoma.

• #40 Actinic keratosis and field cancerization

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-6190/full/v5/i2/115.htm

  The rate of prevalence is reported to be 40%-60% on the average in Australia and between 11% and 25% in the northern hemisphere. They are seen more in males than females. […] The presence of two or more AKs on a photodamaged skin is an indicator of field cancerization and represents an increased risk of invasive SCC. Photodamage is the earliest finding of the process progressing from AK to finally SCC. […] The term field cancerization is defined as the presence of one or more areas created by genetically altered epithelial cells that lead to the prognosis of epithelial carcinogenesis. The effect of field cancerization is well-documented in squamous cell tumors.

• #41 Actinic keratosis and field cancerization

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-6190/full/v5/i2/115.htm

  The rate of prevalence is reported to be 40%-60% on the average in Australia and between 11% and 25% in the northern hemisphere. They are seen more in males than females. […] The presence of two or more AKs on a photodamaged skin is an indicator of field cancerization and represents an increased risk of invasive SCC. Photodamage is the earliest finding of the process progressing from AK to finally SCC. […] The term field cancerization is defined as the presence of one or more areas created by genetically altered epithelial cells that lead to the prognosis of epithelial carcinogenesis. The effect of field cancerization is well-documented in squamous cell tumors.

• #42

  https://dpcj.org/index.php/dpc/article/view/4547

  Actinic keratosis (AK) is considered a chronic skin disease mostly caused by long-term exposure to UV radiation and other risk factors such as immunosuppression, leading to an individual susceptibility for skin cancer manifestation. […] The incidence of skin cancer is forecasted to double until the year 2030 in an aging society. […] Risk factors in AK for malignant transformation in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma are not fully understood, but studies suggest that histological features, such as atypia in the basal epidermal third and basal proliferation (PRO score) in AK play a pivotal role for development of malignancy. […] Patients with AK suffering from field cancerization and immunosuppression are susceptible for a severe course of disease including metastasis and high mortality rates.

• #43 Actinic keratosis – diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations of the Polish Dermatological Society

  https://www.termedia.pl/Actinic-keratosis-diagnostic-and-therapeutic-recommendations-of-the-Polish-Dermatological-Society,56,54724,1,1.html

  Actinic keratosis (AK) is a common skin condition marked by hyperkeratotic lesions developing on photodamaged or aged skin, occurring most frequently in Caucasians. […] Epidemiological data suggest that the incidence of AK varies significantly based on geographic location (distance from the equator) and the age of the patient. […] In Europe, the prevalence of actinic keratosis is estimated to be approximately 15% and 6% in men and women, respectively. […] For comparison, in the United States, the prevalence varies from about 11% to 26%, while in Australia, which has the highest skin cancer rate globally, the prevalence of actinic keratosis among the adult population over the age of 40 ranges from approximately 40% to 60%. […] Due to the high prevalence of the disease and the potential for individual AK lesions to transform into squamous cell carcinoma, all current national and international guidelines strongly recommend the treatment of AK.

• #44 Actinic keratosis – diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations of the Polish Dermatological Society

  https://www.termedia.pl/Actinic-keratosis-diagnostic-and-therapeutic-recommendations-of-the-Polish-Dermatological-Society,56,54724,1,1.html

  Currently, skin cancers account for over 30-50% of all diagnosed malignancies. […] The lifetime risk of developing the disease is over 20% in Caucasians, and the incidence increases with age, with most cases observed in patients who are over 80 years old. […] Studies indicate low awareness of the nature of actinic keratosis among both primary care physicians (PCPs) and patients, leading to delayed diagnosis and late initiation of treatment.

• #45 Actinic keratosis – diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations of the Polish Dermatological Society

  https://www.termedia.pl/Actinic-keratosis-diagnostic-and-therapeutic-recommendations-of-the-Polish-Dermatological-Society,56,54724,1,1.html

  Currently, skin cancers account for over 30-50% of all diagnosed malignancies. […] The lifetime risk of developing the disease is over 20% in Caucasians, and the incidence increases with age, with most cases observed in patients who are over 80 years old. […] Studies indicate low awareness of the nature of actinic keratosis among both primary care physicians (PCPs) and patients, leading to delayed diagnosis and late initiation of treatment.

• #46

  https://dpcj.org/index.php/dpc/article/view/4547

  Skin cancer prevention is substantial. […] Secondary prevention is essential in high-risk populations, such as fair skin type elderly men and STORs. […] A surveillance model for skin cancer in organ transplant recipients: a 22-year prospective study in an ethnically diverse population. […] Actinic keratoses, actinic field change and associations with squamous cell carcinoma in renal transplant recipients in Manchester, UK. […] Prevalence and risk factors of actinic keratoses in Germany–analysis of multisource data. […] The Chemoprotective Role of Vitamin D in Skin Cancer: A Systematic Review. […] Risk of Invasive Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma After Different Treatments for Actinic Keratosis: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.

• #47 Actinic keratoses (Solar keratosis): Diagnosis and Treatment — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/actinic-keratosis

  Actinic keratoses affect people that have often lived in the tropics or subtropics and have predisposing factors such as: […] However, even in temperate climates they may be common – in southern Ireland and northwest England up to 25% of people aged 60 years and over have at least one. […] The main concern is that actinic keratoses indicate an increased risk of developing cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. It is rare for a solitary actinic keratosis to evolve to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), but the risk of SCC occurring at some stage in a patient with more than 10 actinic keratoses is thought to be about 10 to 15%. […] Actinic keratoses are prevented by strict sun protection. If already present, actinic keratoses may improve with a very high sun protection factor (50+) broad-spectrum sunscreen applied at least daily to affected areas, year-round. […] Patients who have been treated for actinic keratoses are at risk of developing new keratoses. They are also at increased risk of other skin cancers, especially intraepidermal squamous cell carcinoma, invasive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma and melanoma.

• #48 Actinic keratosis, solar keratosis

  https://www.pcds.org.uk/clinical-guidance/actinic-keratosis-syn-solar-keratosis

  An actinic keratosis (AK) is a common sun-induced scaly or hyperkeratotic lesion, which has the potential to become malignant. NICE estimates that over 23% of the UK population aged 60 and above have AK. Although the risk of an AK transforming into a squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is very low, this risk increases over time and with larger numbers of lesions. The presence of ten AK is associated with a 14% risk of developing an SCC within five years. […] AK are a consequence of cumulative long-term sun-exposure: Lesions are very uncommon under the age of 45 years. The incidence increases with age. The exceptions are patients with xeroderma pigmentosum and albinism who can develop AK at a very young age. […] Men are more affected than women. […] Diagnosis is usually clinical. If a diagnostic biopsy is required the primary histologic feature is partial thickness atypia / dysplasia of the keratinocytes in the basal layers of the epidermis. This is often accompanied by parakeratosis, thinning of the granular layer, buds of atypical epidermis extending toward the papillary dermis, dermal solar elastosis, and inflammation. If squamous cell carcinoma is a differential the patient must be referred urgently to Secondary Care without a biopsy.

• #49 Actinic keratosis, solar keratosis

  https://www.pcds.org.uk/clinical-guidance/actinic-keratosis-syn-solar-keratosis

  An actinic keratosis (AK) is a common sun-induced scaly or hyperkeratotic lesion, which has the potential to become malignant. NICE estimates that over 23% of the UK population aged 60 and above have AK. Although the risk of an AK transforming into a squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is very low, this risk increases over time and with larger numbers of lesions. The presence of ten AK is associated with a 14% risk of developing an SCC within five years. […] AK are a consequence of cumulative long-term sun-exposure: Lesions are very uncommon under the age of 45 years. The incidence increases with age. The exceptions are patients with xeroderma pigmentosum and albinism who can develop AK at a very young age. […] Men are more affected than women. […] Diagnosis is usually clinical. If a diagnostic biopsy is required the primary histologic feature is partial thickness atypia / dysplasia of the keratinocytes in the basal layers of the epidermis. This is often accompanied by parakeratosis, thinning of the granular layer, buds of atypical epidermis extending toward the papillary dermis, dermal solar elastosis, and inflammation. If squamous cell carcinoma is a differential the patient must be referred urgently to Secondary Care without a biopsy.

• #50 Actinic Keratosis and Non-Invasive Diagnostic Techniques: An Update

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/6/1/8

  Actinic keratosis represents the earliest manifestation of non-melanoma skin cancer. Because of their risk of progression to invasive squamous cell carcinoma, an earlier diagnosis and treatment are mandatory. The prevalence of AK is highest among regions with high UV exposure. Australia, the country with the highest skin cancer rate worldwide, has an AK prevalence rate among middle age adults (>40 years old) ranging from 40% to 60%. AK prevalence is also influenced by gender; according to a study conducted in Queensland, Australia, 55% of men compared with only 37% of women aged between 30 and 70 years have been diagnosed with AK. The relative risk of SCC also increases with the number of AKs; around 1% for patients with 5 or fewer AK lesions and up to 20% for patients with more than 20 AK lesions. Further evidence of the link between AK and SCC is provided by data demonstrating that up to 82% of SCCs arise within, in close proximity to, or contiguous with an AK. Multiple lesions, both clinically observable and subclinical, may exist across the entire areas of sun-damaged skin as a result of UV-induced field cancerization. The developments of noninvasive optical techniques, such as confocal laser microscopy (RCM) and optical coherence tomography (OCT), may reduce the requirement for invasive diagnoses. Dermoscopy is extremely helpful in the diagnosis of melanoma and BCC but it is not as useful in AK diagnosis, especially in the case of pigmented AKs. However, RCM and OCT enable in vivo and noninvasive evaluation of the whole lesion. The study of the entire lesion makes the diagnosis more certain and consequently allows the best treatment choice.

• #51 Actinic Keratosis and Non-Invasive Diagnostic Techniques: An Update

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/6/1/8

  Actinic keratosis represents the earliest manifestation of non-melanoma skin cancer. Because of their risk of progression to invasive squamous cell carcinoma, an earlier diagnosis and treatment are mandatory. The prevalence of AK is highest among regions with high UV exposure. Australia, the country with the highest skin cancer rate worldwide, has an AK prevalence rate among middle age adults (>40 years old) ranging from 40% to 60%. AK prevalence is also influenced by gender; according to a study conducted in Queensland, Australia, 55% of men compared with only 37% of women aged between 30 and 70 years have been diagnosed with AK. The relative risk of SCC also increases with the number of AKs; around 1% for patients with 5 or fewer AK lesions and up to 20% for patients with more than 20 AK lesions. Further evidence of the link between AK and SCC is provided by data demonstrating that up to 82% of SCCs arise within, in close proximity to, or contiguous with an AK. Multiple lesions, both clinically observable and subclinical, may exist across the entire areas of sun-damaged skin as a result of UV-induced field cancerization. The developments of noninvasive optical techniques, such as confocal laser microscopy (RCM) and optical coherence tomography (OCT), may reduce the requirement for invasive diagnoses. Dermoscopy is extremely helpful in the diagnosis of melanoma and BCC but it is not as useful in AK diagnosis, especially in the case of pigmented AKs. However, RCM and OCT enable in vivo and noninvasive evaluation of the whole lesion. The study of the entire lesion makes the diagnosis more certain and consequently allows the best treatment choice.

• #52 Actinic Keratosis and Non-Invasive Diagnostic Techniques: An Update

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/6/1/8

  Actinic keratosis represents the earliest manifestation of non-melanoma skin cancer. Because of their risk of progression to invasive squamous cell carcinoma, an earlier diagnosis and treatment are mandatory. The prevalence of AK is highest among regions with high UV exposure. Australia, the country with the highest skin cancer rate worldwide, has an AK prevalence rate among middle age adults (>40 years old) ranging from 40% to 60%. AK prevalence is also influenced by gender; according to a study conducted in Queensland, Australia, 55% of men compared with only 37% of women aged between 30 and 70 years have been diagnosed with AK. The relative risk of SCC also increases with the number of AKs; around 1% for patients with 5 or fewer AK lesions and up to 20% for patients with more than 20 AK lesions. Further evidence of the link between AK and SCC is provided by data demonstrating that up to 82% of SCCs arise within, in close proximity to, or contiguous with an AK. Multiple lesions, both clinically observable and subclinical, may exist across the entire areas of sun-damaged skin as a result of UV-induced field cancerization. The developments of noninvasive optical techniques, such as confocal laser microscopy (RCM) and optical coherence tomography (OCT), may reduce the requirement for invasive diagnoses. Dermoscopy is extremely helpful in the diagnosis of melanoma and BCC but it is not as useful in AK diagnosis, especially in the case of pigmented AKs. However, RCM and OCT enable in vivo and noninvasive evaluation of the whole lesion. The study of the entire lesion makes the diagnosis more certain and consequently allows the best treatment choice.

• #53 Digitally Enhanced Methods for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Treatment Responses in Actinic Keratoses: A New Avenue in Personalized Skin Care

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/3/484

  RCM is an efficient, non-invasive, and rapidly performing method of assessing the degree of AK and FC, allowing the dermatologist to evaluate the effectiveness of topical therapies in the absence of tissue sampling. […] This study once again emphasized the benefit and rapidity of this non-invasive method, especially since AK lesions are located in photo-exposed areas (especially the face, head, and neck), where it is difficult to perform repeated biopsies.

• #54 Digitally Enhanced Methods for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Treatment Responses in Actinic Keratoses: A New Avenue in Personalized Skin Care

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/3/484

  RCM is an efficient, non-invasive, and rapidly performing method of assessing the degree of AK and FC, allowing the dermatologist to evaluate the effectiveness of topical therapies in the absence of tissue sampling. […] This study once again emphasized the benefit and rapidity of this non-invasive method, especially since AK lesions are located in photo-exposed areas (especially the face, head, and neck), where it is difficult to perform repeated biopsies.

• #55 Surgical & Cosmetic Dermatology | Evaluation of the effects of a cream containing liposomeencapsulated photolyase and SPF 100 sunscreen on facial actinic keratosis: clinical, dermoscopic, and confocal microscopy based analysis

  http://www.surgicalcosmetic.org.br/details/340/en-US

  Chronic exposure to ultraviolet radiation is the primary cause of skin carcinomas, and actinic keratoses (AKs) are considered a precursor lesion of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). AK is one of the most common dermatological diagnoses and affects an estimated 58 million people in the United States. […] In Australia it affects about 40-50% of individuals above 40 years of age due to the large proportion of individuals with phototype I and II skin in the population. […] It is estimated that the relative risk of an individual carrying AK to develop SCC is 6-10%. […] The classification of AK based on clinical and dermoscopic criteria results in Grade I and Grade II AKs, with Grade II presenting the highest risk of progression into SCC. […] Actinic keratosis is currently considered an incipient in situ SCC that develops into a process that involves several steps, where UV radiation leads to the formation of field cancerization and AK, culminating with the onset of SCC.

• #56

  https://dpcj.org/index.php/dpc/article/view/4547

  Actinic keratosis (AK) is considered a chronic skin disease mostly caused by long-term exposure to UV radiation and other risk factors such as immunosuppression, leading to an individual susceptibility for skin cancer manifestation. […] The incidence of skin cancer is forecasted to double until the year 2030 in an aging society. […] Risk factors in AK for malignant transformation in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma are not fully understood, but studies suggest that histological features, such as atypia in the basal epidermal third and basal proliferation (PRO score) in AK play a pivotal role for development of malignancy. […] Patients with AK suffering from field cancerization and immunosuppression are susceptible for a severe course of disease including metastasis and high mortality rates.

• #57 Spontaneous regression rates of actinic keratosis: a systematic review and pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-09722-8

  Notably, OTR did not show any regression of their AK neither for the outcome participant-specific clearance rate nor for the outcome lesion-specific clearance rate. This is in line with previous research suggesting that the natural course of AK is less favorable in immunocompromised individuals with a higher likelihood of conversion to cSCC and lower rates of spontaneous regression. Thus, our findings emphasize that watchful waiting is contraindicated for this vulnerable subgroup and that OTR with AK should always be advised to undergo consequent treatment.

• #58 Spontaneous regression rates of actinic keratosis: a systematic review and pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-09722-8

  Notably, OTR did not show any regression of their AK neither for the outcome participant-specific clearance rate nor for the outcome lesion-specific clearance rate. This is in line with previous research suggesting that the natural course of AK is less favorable in immunocompromised individuals with a higher likelihood of conversion to cSCC and lower rates of spontaneous regression. Thus, our findings emphasize that watchful waiting is contraindicated for this vulnerable subgroup and that OTR with AK should always be advised to undergo consequent treatment.

• #59

  https://dpcj.org/index.php/dpc/article/view/4547

  Skin cancer prevention is substantial. […] Secondary prevention is essential in high-risk populations, such as fair skin type elderly men and STORs. […] A surveillance model for skin cancer in organ transplant recipients: a 22-year prospective study in an ethnically diverse population. […] Actinic keratoses, actinic field change and associations with squamous cell carcinoma in renal transplant recipients in Manchester, UK. […] Prevalence and risk factors of actinic keratoses in Germany–analysis of multisource data. […] The Chemoprotective Role of Vitamin D in Skin Cancer: A Systematic Review. […] Risk of Invasive Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma After Different Treatments for Actinic Keratosis: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.

• #60

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2019/07120/prevalence_of_actinic_keratosis_in_patients.93.aspx

  Actinic keratoses (AKs) are precancerous epidermal lesions that develop on sensitive, frequently sun-exposed skin surfaces. There are very little data regarding AK prevalence. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of AK and related conditions among patients in a dermatology outpatient clinic. […] The prevalence of AKs is therefore an important public health problem. There is very little data on the prevalence of AKs, and the data that are available have mostly originated from Australia and the United States. The studies from the continents of Europe and Asia are very limited. […] Given the excessive exposure to sunlight caused by the geographical location of our country, and given the tendency of AKs to convert to malignancy, it is important to identify the populations at high risk of AK development and to identify high-risk anatomical regions to form the basis of effective screening programs to support public health.

• #61

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2019/07120/prevalence_of_actinic_keratosis_in_patients.93.aspx

  Actinic keratoses (AKs) are precancerous epidermal lesions that develop on sensitive, frequently sun-exposed skin surfaces. There are very little data regarding AK prevalence. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of AK and related conditions among patients in a dermatology outpatient clinic. […] The prevalence of AKs is therefore an important public health problem. There is very little data on the prevalence of AKs, and the data that are available have mostly originated from Australia and the United States. The studies from the continents of Europe and Asia are very limited. […] Given the excessive exposure to sunlight caused by the geographical location of our country, and given the tendency of AKs to convert to malignancy, it is important to identify the populations at high risk of AK development and to identify high-risk anatomical regions to form the basis of effective screening programs to support public health.

• #62 Actinic keratosis: Current challenges and unanswered questions

  https://ouci.dntb.gov.ua/en/works/lDpB6ZGl/

  Actinic keratoses (AK) are common skin lesions associated with chronic exposure to sun. […] We discuss epidemiology trends, risk factors and the state of the art and evidence of the current treatments. […] Although AK are considered quite common, they lack an accurate descriptive definition and conclusive epidemiologic data. […] Limited public awareness is a barrier to early and effective treatment, including prevention strategies. […] Marks R, Epidemiology of non-melanoma skin cancer and solar keratoses in Australia: a tale of self-immolation in elysian fields, Australas J Dermatol, 38, S26. […] Frost CA, Epidemiology of solar keratoses, Br J Dermatol, 131, 455. […] Frost C, High incidence and regression rates of solar keratoses in a Queensland community, J Invest Dermatol, 115, 273. […] Willenbrink TJ, Field cancerization: definition, epidemiology, risk factors, and outcomes, J Am Acad Dermatol, 83, 709.

• #63 Actinic keratosis: Current challenges and unanswered questions

  https://ouci.dntb.gov.ua/en/works/lDpB6ZGl/

  Actinic keratoses (AK) are common skin lesions associated with chronic exposure to sun. […] We discuss epidemiology trends, risk factors and the state of the art and evidence of the current treatments. […] Although AK are considered quite common, they lack an accurate descriptive definition and conclusive epidemiologic data. […] Limited public awareness is a barrier to early and effective treatment, including prevention strategies. […] Marks R, Epidemiology of non-melanoma skin cancer and solar keratoses in Australia: a tale of self-immolation in elysian fields, Australas J Dermatol, 38, S26. […] Frost CA, Epidemiology of solar keratoses, Br J Dermatol, 131, 455. […] Frost C, High incidence and regression rates of solar keratoses in a Queensland community, J Invest Dermatol, 115, 273. […] Willenbrink TJ, Field cancerization: definition, epidemiology, risk factors, and outcomes, J Am Acad Dermatol, 83, 709.

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