Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Dilated Cardiomyopathy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441911/

  Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a disease of the heart muscle characterized by enlargement and dilation of one or both of the ventricles along with impaired contractility defined as left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) less than 40%. […] This disease process can be classified as either primary or secondary DCM. Primary DCM is considered idiopathic and the diagnosis can only be made after excluding secondary causes. […] DCM has many causes and all of them affect the ventricular function to a varying degree. […] The most common etiology of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is idiopathic and without an identifiable cause. DCM can have a familial or genetic predisposition although these cases are usually classified under idiopathic if no clear genetic link is identified. DCM has been associated with mutations in genes for Desmin (cytoskeletal), Lamin C (nuclear membrane), or Myosin (contractile proteins). The secondary causes include infectious myocarditis (e.g., viral, Chagas disease, Lyme disease), ischemic disease, hypertension, medication-induced (e.g., Anthracyclines), alcohol abuse, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), peripartum cardiomyopathy, or infiltrative disease.

• #1 Causes of Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure

  https://dcmfoundation.org/about-dilated-cardiomyopathy/dilated-cardiomyopathy-causes/

  About 50 to 60% of all dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in the U.S. results from heart muscle damage caused by myocardial infarction (heart attack) from coronary heart disease. […] The next most common type of DCM (40 to 50%) is called idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC). […] Other potential, less common causes of dilated cardiomyopathy should also be excluded. These include certain chemotherapy drugs used to treat cancers (toxic cause), problems with heart valves, congenital heart disease, insufficient thyroid hormone levels (metabolic cause), infection, or iron overload in the heart muscle (another inherited problem). […] While the symptoms and age of onset of IDC is not different from other causes of DCM, it is now known that genetics plays a role in IDC. […] When IDC is present in two or more family members, the term Familial Dilated Cardiomyopathy (FDC) is used. […] There may be genetic causes for the development of PPCM or PACM.

• #1 Dilated cardiomyopathy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilated_cardiomyopathy

  Dilated cardiomyopathy is a condition in which the heart becomes enlarged and cannot pump blood effectively. […] Causes include genetics, alcohol, cocaine, certain toxins, complications of pregnancy, and certain infections. […] In many cases the cause remains unclear. […] Although in many cases no cause is apparent, dilated cardiomyopathy is probably the result of damage to the myocardium produced by a variety of toxic, metabolic, or infectious agents. […] Other causes include Chagas disease, pregnancy, alcohol use disorder, non-alcoholic toxic insults, thyroid disease, inflammatory diseases, tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy, muscular dystrophy, tuberculosis, autoimmune mechanisms, and thiamine deficiency. […] Recent studies have shown that those subjects with an extremely high occurrence of premature ventricular contractions can develop dilated cardiomyopathy.

• #1 Dilated cardiomyopathy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilated_cardiomyopathy

  About 25-35% of affected individuals have familial forms of the disease, with most mutations affecting genes encoding cytoskeletal proteins. […] The disease is genetically heterogeneous, but the most common form of its transmission is an autosomal dominant pattern. […] Some relatives of those affected by dilated cardiomyopathy have preclinical, asymptomatic heart-muscle changes.

• #1 Familial Dilated Cardiomyopathy Causes | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/blood-heart-circulation/familial-dilated-cardiomyopathy/causes.html

  In as many as 40% of all patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, a family member who also has cardiomyopathy is identified. […] Familial dilated cardiomyopathy is most often due to underlying genetic abnormalities in the muscle cells of the heart (cardiomyocytes). […] Familial dilated cardiomyopathy is caused by a mutation in one of many genes. […] Most of these gene mutations are inherited in a dominant fashion, meaning that family members sharing just one copy of the mutated gene are at risk for developing overt signs of disease. […] For other genes, inherited in a recessive fashion, two mutations are required to develop disease. […] Other forms of inheritance are also seen in families presenting with dilated cardiomyopathy.

• #1 Dilated Cardiomyopathy Pathology: Overview, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2017823-overview

  Dilated cardiomyopathy can be classified by cause as familial, primary without family history, or secondary (associated with or caused by other conditions). Approximately 2 of 3 patients have no known family history (sporadic dilated cardiomyopathy). About 15% of sporadic cases arise from chronic myocarditis, leading to scarring and heart failure. Viruses that cause myocarditis include coxsackievirus, adenovirus, parvovirus, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] Noninflammatory etiologies and associations include alcoholism, anthracycline drugs, ingestion of metals, autoimmune and systemic disorders, and mitochondrial disorders. The distinction between primary and secondary dilated cardiomyopathy is sometimes blurred, as is the distinction between the cause and risk factor(s) for many of these associated conditions. Familial dilated cardiomyopathy, which is considered to be responsible for at least 25% of cases of dilated cardiomyopathy, is usually autosomal dominant, with X-linked autosomal recessive and mitochondrial inheritance occurring less frequently.

• #1 Current Pathophysiological and Genetic Aspects of Dilated Cardiomyopathy | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/65320

  The inflammatory myocarditis can result from an infection or may be mediated by autoimmune mechanisms. […] Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) affects predisposed teenagers and older women during the last month of pregnancy or within 5 months of delivery with typical signs and symptoms of HF. […] A number of chemical compounds are responsible for DCM. […] In up to 30% of the cases, a gene mutation may be identified as the main cause of DCM. […] Most commonly, familial DCM is inherited as an autosomal dominant pattern. […] Mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric, cytoskeletal, desmosomal, nuclear membrane, mitochondrial, and RNA-binding proteins have all been linked to DCM. […] The most common mutations occur in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins and in genes related to the nuclear envelope and the cytoskeleton.

• #1 Dilated cardiomyopathy: causes, mechanisms, and current and future treatment approaches

  https://lirias.kuleuven.be/4110063

  Dilated cardiomyopathy is conventionally defined as the presence of left ventricular or biventricular dilatation or systolic dysfunction in the absence of abnormal loading conditions (eg, primary valve disease) or significant coronary artery disease sufficient to cause ventricular remodelling. […] The causes of dilated cardiomyopathy comprise genetic (primary dilated cardiomyopathy) or acquired factors (secondary dilated cardiomyopathy). Acquired factors include infections, toxins, cancer treatment, endocrinopathies, pregnancy, tachyarrhythmias, and immune-mediated diseases. […] 5-15% of patients with acquired dilated cardiomyopathy harbour a likely pathogenic or pathogenic gene variant (ie, gene mutation). Therefore, the diagnostic tests and therapeutic approach should always consider both genetic and acquired factors.

• #1 Dilated cardiomyopathy — Knowledge Hub

  https://www.genomicseducation.hee.nhs.uk/genotes/knowledge-hub/dilated-cardiomyopathy/

  Dilated cardiomyopathy is characterised by the systolic impairment and dilation of the left ventricle. It can be the result of a wide variety of aetiological mechanisms (acquired or inherited, or a combination of the two). […] The most frequent causes of morbidity and mortality are: progressive heart failure; sudden arrhythmic death; conduction disease; and thrombo-embolism. […] Genetic forms account for between 20%50% of cases and, importantly, a negative family history does not rule out a genetic cause. […] There are many genetic causes of familial DCM, and many of them are also associated with other forms of familial heart muscle disease. […] Rare variants in more than 40 genes have been directly linked to DCM, and others remain to be discovered. […] Genetic variants in cytoskeletal and sarcomeric protein genes are responsible for most familial forms of DCM.

• #1 Dilated cardiomyopathy – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/dilated-cardiomyopathy/

  Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the occurrence of ventricular dilatation and systolic dysfunction despite normal filling pressures, in the absence of coronary artery disease, abnormal loading pressures (e.g., valvular heart disease, hypertension), or congenital heart disease. […] Although most cases are idiopathic or inherited, DCM can also be caused by a number of conditions (e.g., endocrine disorders, autoimmune disease) and infections (e.g., Coxsackie B virus, Chagas disease) and by the use of certain substances (e.g., heavy drinking, cocaine). […] Primary causes include idiopathic and familial, due to mutations in genes that encode components for sarcomeres and desmosomes, such as the TTN gene and MYH7 gene. […] Secondary causes include substance use (alcohol use disorder, cocaine, amphetamines), cardiotoxic medications, infections (Coxsackie B virus infection, Chagas disease, HIV infection), infiltrative and autoimmune disorders (systemic lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis), hemochromatosis, peripartum cardiomyopathy, chronic tachycardia, radiation, endocrinopathies, neuromuscular diseases, and nutritional deficiencies.

• #1 Dilated Cardiomyopathy | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/18918

  The most common etiology of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is idiopathic and without an identifiable cause. DCM can have a familial or genetic predisposition although these cases are usually classified under idiopathic if no clear genetic link is identified. DCM has been associated with mutations in genes for Desmin (cytoskeletal), Lamin C (nuclear membrane), or Myosin (contractile proteins). The secondary causes include infectious myocarditis (e.g., viral, Chagas disease, Lyme disease), ischemic disease, hypertension, medication-induced (e.g., Anthracyclines), alcohol abuse, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), peripartum cardiomyopathy, or infiltrative disease. Ischemic cardiomyopathy caused by coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common cause of congestive heart failure. However, ischemic cardiomyopathy is classified as its own disease entity and is only described as a cause of DCM in occult disease in patients without known CAD. Stress cardiomyopathy, also known as Takotsubo cardiomyopathy or Broken heart syndrome, is a relatively uncommon but increasingly reported cause. However, it is often classified as its own entity separate from primary DCM. It is characterized by transient ballooning of the left ventricular (LV) apex typically following a severe psychological or physiological stress that is believed to be secondary to intense catecholamine surge.

• #1 Diverse Concepts in Definitions of Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Theory and Practice | Myers | Cardiology Research

  https://cardiologyres.org/index.php/Cardiologyres/article/view/1679/1646

  So far, more than 50 genes encoding for sarcomeric proteins, cytoskeleton, nuclear envelope, sarcolemma, ion channels and intercellular junctions have been implicated in DCM. […] The natural history of HF in DCM can be characterized by three distinct pathways including: 1) a structural and functional recovery following incident HF; 2) remission of HF symptoms and improvement/stabilization of left ventricular systolic function; and 3) progression to advanced HF and heart transplantation/death. […] The definitions of DCM provided by the two major professional organizations agree about the clinical presentation of DCM but differ in the classification of DCM within the larger context of cardiomyopathy taxonomies. […] Currently, most effort is focused on further differentiating the etiology of DCM based on the genetic profiling and environmental causes specific to each patient.

• #1 Familial dilated cardiomyopathy: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/familial-dilated-cardiomyopathy/

  Familial dilated cardiomyopathy is a genetic form of heart disease. It occurs when heart (cardiac) muscle becomes thin and weakened in at least one chamber of the heart, causing the open area of the chamber to become enlarged (dilated). […] Mutations in more than 30 genes have been found to cause familial dilated cardiomyopathy. These genes provide instructions for making proteins that are found in cardiac muscle cells called cardiomyocytes. […] Mutations in one gene, TTN, account for approximately 20 percent of cases of familial dilated cardiomyopathy. […] It is unclear how mutations in the other genes cause familial dilated cardiomyopathy. […] People with familial dilated cardiomyopathy often do not have an identified mutation in any of the known associated genes. The cause of the condition in these individuals is unknown. […] Additionally, there are many nongenetic causes of dilated cardiomyopathy, including viral infection and chronic alcohol abuse.

• #1 Dilated cardiomyopathy — Knowledge Hub

  https://www.genomicseducation.hee.nhs.uk/genotes/knowledge-hub/dilated-cardiomyopathy/

  Some genetic causes of DCM are associated with more aggressive natural histories than others. […] An important example is the LMNA gene, which encodes lamin A and lamin C: in the cardiac disease caused by LMNA variants, conduction disease (left bundle branch block may be present early in the disease and is regarded as a clinical red flag) usually predates ventricular dysfunction, and sudden cardiac death due to ventricular arrhythmias can be an early feature. […] There are several other examples in which the presence of a specific genetic variant will have a strong influence on the natural history of DCM, meaning that a genomic diagnosis will, in turn, have profound implications for the affected individuals treatment.

• #1 Ischemic Cardiomyopathy: Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17145-ischemic-cardiomyopathy

  Ischemic cardiomyopathy is the most common type of dilated cardiomyopathy and the worlds top cause of systolic heart failure. It causes 60% of cases. […] Causes of ischemic cardiomyopathy are conditions that damage your heart muscle due to low blood flow, such as: Coronary artery disease. (This is the most common cause.) […] You can prevent ischemic cardiomyopathy by preventing coronary artery disease. This is the most common cause of ischemic cardiomyopathy.

• #1 Dilated and Restrictive Cardiomyopathies

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/cardiology/dilated-restrictive-cardiomyopathy/

  Dilated cardiomyopathy may be defined as an ejection fraction of less than 40% in the presence of increased left ventricular dimension (left ventricular end-diastolic size 115% of that calculated for age and body surface area). […] There are many known causes of cardiomyopathy. […] The most common cause of cardiomyopathy in developed countries is ischemic cardiomyopathy. […] Ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) is the most commonly identified specific cause of dilated cardiomyopathy, accounting for more than 60% of patients with symptomatic heart failure and many more with asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction. […] The term idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy is applied to most patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy. […] Myocarditis may be a more common prelude to dilated cardiomyopathy than was once believed.

• #1 Dilated Cardiomyopathy – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/cardiomyopathies/dilated-cardiomyopathy

  Dilated cardiomyopathy has many known and probably many unidentified causes. More than 20 viruses can cause dilated cardiomyopathy; in temperate zones, coxsackievirus B is most common. In Central and South America, Chagas disease due to Trypanosoma cruzi is the most common infectious cause. […] Other causes include prolonged (chronic) tachycardia, HIV infection, toxoplasmosis, thyrotoxicosis, and thiamin deficiency (causing beriberi). Many toxic substances, particularly alcohol, various organic solvents, iron or heavy metal ions, and certain chemotherapeutic agents (eg, doxorubicin, trastuzumab), damage the heart. Frequent ventricular ectopy (10,000 ventricular premature beats/day) has been associated with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. […] Genetic factors play a role in 20 to 35% of cases; 60 genes and loci have been implicated.

• #1 Dilated cardiomyopathy | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/dilated-cardiomyopathy?lang=us

  Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is defined as left ventricular chamber dilation with global or regional systolic dysfunction not sufficiently explained by abnormal loading conditions (such as valvular heart disease, congenital heart disease, hypertension etc.) or coronary artery disease. […] It might be associated with right ventricular dysfunction. Causes are related to intrinsic myocardial damage. […] Although a variety of etiologies can result in dilated cardiomyopathy which are listed below. Some are classified as separate entities. […] infectious (myocarditis) […] viral (e.g. coxsackievirus, echovirus, adenovirus) […] bacterial (e.g. diphtheria, mycoplasma, listeria) […] infiltrative disease […] sarcoid […] amyloid […] endocrine/metabolic derangements […] uremia, hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia

• #1 Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) | American Stroke Association

  https://www.stroke.org/en/health-topics/cardiomyopathy/what-is-cardiomyopathy-in-adults/dilated-cardiomyopathy-dcm

  Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the most common type, occurring mostly in adults younger than 50. It affects the heart’s ventricles and atria, the lower and upper chambers of the heart. […] Dilated cardiomyopathy is more common in Black people than in white people. It’s also more prevalent in men than in women. […] The cause of dilated cardiomyopathy often isn’t known. […] Some diseases, conditions and substances also can cause the disease, such as: […] Coronary heart disease, heart attack, high blood pressure, diabetes, thyroid disease, viral hepatitis and HIV […] Infections, especially viral infections that inflame the heart muscle […] Alcohol, especially if you also have a poor diet […] Complications during the last month of pregnancy or within five months of birth […] Certain toxins such as cobalt […] Certain drugs (such as cocaine and methamphetamines) and two medicines that treat cancer (doxorubicin and daunorubicin).

• #1 Dilated and Restrictive Cardiomyopathies

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/cardiology/dilated-restrictive-cardiomyopathy/

  Hypertensive heart disease can initially manifest as left ventricular hypertrophy with isolated diastolic dysfunction and preserved systolic function, as assessed by conventional echocardiographic techniques. […] Hemodynamically significant valvular lesions, such as aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, and mitral regurgitation, produce pressure and volume overload states that can result in adverse ventricular remodeling and the development of systolic, diastolic, or combined myocardial dysfunction. […] Alcoholic cardiomyopathy may account for approximately 4% of all cardiomyopathies and men have a significantly worse prognosis. […] Peripartum cardiomyopathy is dilated cardiomyopathy arising in the last month of pregnancy or within 5 months postpartum. […] Overall, approximately 50% of patients who receive a diagnosis of acute viral myocarditis develop dilated cardiomyopathy. […] Sarcoidosis is associated with restrictive cardiomyopathy in 5% of patients and can later progress to dilated cardiomyopathy.

• #1 Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/152696-overview

  In many cases of DCM, the cause remains unexplained. However, some idiopathic cases may result from failure to identify known causes such as infections or toxins. It has been shown that 30-40% of DCM cases have familial inheritance pattern and classified as familial DCM, and efforts have been made to unravel the genetic mechanisms responsible for the DCM in the past couple of decades. […] Toxins are a significant cause. Almost a third of cases may result from severe ethanol abuse (more than 90 grams/day, or 7 to 8 drinks per day) for more than 5 years.

• #1 Dilated cardiomyopathy – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dilated-cardiomyopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20353149

  Dilated cardiomyopathy is a type of heart muscle disease that causes the heart chambers (ventricles) to thin and stretch, growing larger. […] Dilated cardiomyopathy causes the chambers of the heart to grow larger. Untreated, dilated cardiomyopathy can lead to heart failure. […] It may be difficult to determine the cause of dilated cardiomyopathy. However, many things can cause the left ventricle to dilate and weaken, including: Certain infections, Complications of late-stage pregnancy, Diabetes, Excessive iron in the heart and other organs (hemochromatosis), Heart rhythm problems (arrhythmias), High blood pressure (hypertension), Obesity, Heart valve disease, such as mitral valve or aortic valve regurgitation. […] Other possible causes of dilated cardiomyopathy include: Alcohol misuse, Exposure to toxins, such as lead, mercury and cobalt, Use of certain cancer medications, Use of illegal drugs, such as cocaine or amphetamines.

• #1 Dilated cardiomyopathy | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/dilated-cardiomyopathy?lang=us

  thyrotoxicosis, thiamine deficiency (i.e. „wet” beriberi) […] toxic […] amphetamines, cocaine, ethanol, phenylpropanolamine, clozapine […] zidovudine, statins, anabolic steroids […] antimony, cobalt […] chemotherapy […] anthracyclines (e.g. doxorubicin, daunorubicin) […] mitoxantrone […] checkpoint inhibitors […] others […] peripartum […] muscular dystrophies […] autoimmune […] late-onset cardiomyopathy in Chagas disease […] idiopathic […] idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy […] familial […] familial dilated cardiomyopathy.

• #1 Dilated cardiomyopathy – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dilated-cardiomyopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20353149

  Risk factors for dilated cardiomyopathy include: Damage to the heart muscle from certain diseases, such as hemochromatosis, Family history of dilated cardiomyopathy, heart failure or sudden cardiac arrest, Heart valve disease, Inflammation of the heart muscle from immune system disorders, such as lupus, Long-term excessive alcohol or illegal drug use, Long-term high blood pressure, Neuromuscular disorders, such as muscular dystrophy.

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• #1 Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/152696-overview

  Although DCM has many causes, including inherited disease, infections, and toxins, the majority are idiopathic and without an identifiable cause. […] Causes of DCM include the following: heredity or genetics, secondary to other cardiovascular disease: ischemia, hypertension, valvular disease, tachycardia induced, infectious: viral, rickettsial, bacterial, fungal, metazoal, protozoal, probable infectious: Whipple disease, Lyme disease, metabolic: endocrine diseases (eg, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, acromegaly, myxedema, hypoparathyroidism, hyperparathyroidism), diabetes mellitus, electrolyte imbalance (eg, potassium, phosphate, magnesium), pheochromocytoma, rheumatologic/connective tissue disorders: scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, nutritional: thiamine deficiency (beriberi), protein deficiency, starvation, carnitine deficiency, toxic: drugs (eg, antineoplastic/anthracycline agents, vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF] inhibitors), poisons, foods, anesthetic gases, heavy metals, ethanol, collagen vascular disease, infiltrative: hemochromatosis, amyloidosis, glycogen storage disease, granulomatous: sarcoidosis, giant cell myocarditis, physical agents: extreme temperatures, ionizing radiation, electric shock, nonpenetrating thoracic injury, neuromuscular disorders: muscular dystrophy (limb-girdle [Erb dystrophy], Duchenne dystrophy, facioscapulohumeral [Landouzy-Dejerine dystrophy]), Friedreich disease, myotonic dystrophy, primary cardiac tumor (myxoma), senility, peripartum, immunologic: postvaccination, serum sickness, transplant rejection, stress-induced cardiomyopathy (Takotsubo cardiomyopathy).

• #1 Cardiomyopathy

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cardiomyopathy/

  Most types of cardiomyopathy are inherited. It can also be caused by other conditions, or risk factors, but for some people the cause is unknown. […] In dilated cardiomyopathy the muscle walls of the heart become stretched and thin, so they cannot squeeze (contract) properly to pump blood around the body. […] The following can all play a role in the condition: inheriting a changed (mutated) gene that makes you more vulnerable to the condition, an underlying medical condition, uncontrolled high blood pressure, an unhealthy lifestyle, such as a lack of vitamins and minerals in your diet, drinking too much alcohol and using recreational drugs, a viral infection that causes inflammation of the heart muscle, a heart valve problem, a disease of the tissues or blood vessels such as granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, lupus, polyarteritis nodosa, vasculitis or muscular dystrophy, pregnancy peripartum cardiomyopathy is rare and sometimes develops during pregnancy, or within 3 months of the baby’s birth. […] But for many people, the cause is unknown.

• #1 Cardiomyopathy: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0501/p778.html

  Dilated cardiomyopathy in adults is most commonly caused by CAD (ischemic cardiomyopathy) and hypertension, although viral myocarditis, valvular disease, and genetic predisposition may also play a role. In children, idiopathic myocarditis and neuromuscular diseases are the most common etiologies of dilated cardiomyopathy, and generally occur during the first year of life. Neuromuscular diseases that may cause dilated cardiomyopathy in children include Duchenne muscular dystrophy; Becker muscular dystrophy; and Barth syndrome, which is an X-linked genetic disorder consisting of dilated cardiomyopathy, skeletal myopathy, and neutropenia. […] The causes of cardiomyopathies are varied. […] Family physicians may also encounter peripartum (or postpartum) cardiomyopathy and alcohol-related cardiomyopathy. Peripartum cardiomyopathy is a rare dilated cardiomyopathy with onset in the third trimester of pregnancy or in the first five months postpartum. It tends to occur in multiparous women older than 30 years who are obese and have had preeclampsia. Alcoholism may also lead to a dilated cardiomyopathy that is potentially reversible with abstinence from alcohol use.

• #1 Dilated Cardiomyopathy

  https://www.healio.com/cardiology/learn-the-heart/cardiology-review/topic-reviews/dilated-cardiomyopathy

  The causes of non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy include: […] Viral (Coxsackie B, influenza, HIV, enteroviruses) […] Idiopathic (about 50% of cases) […] Familial/genetic […] Alcohol […] Chemotherapeutic agents (most commonly daunorubicin and doxorubicin) […] Selenium deficiency […] Thyroid disease […] Tachycardia mediated […] Peripartum.

• #1 Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) – Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention Tips

  https://www.maxhealthcare.in/blogs/dilated-cardiomyopathy-causes-and-cure

  Nutritional deficiencies: Inadequate intake of essential nutrients such as thiamine (vitamin B1) or selenium can lead to dilated cardiomyopathy. […] Pregnancy: In rare cases, dilated cardiomyopathy may develop during pregnancy or shortly after childbirth (peripartum cardiomyopathy), although the exact cause is not well understood. […] Other medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as hypertension (high blood pressure), diabetes, thyroid disorders, and obesity, can increase the risk of developing dilated cardiomyopathy. […] Idiopathic: In many cases, the exact cause of dilated cardiomyopathy remains unknown, and the condition is classified as idiopathic.

• #1 Dilated Cardiomyopathy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441911/

  Stress cardiomyopathy, also known as Takotsubo cardiomyopathy or Broken heart syndrome, is a relatively uncommon but increasingly reported cause. […] Many cases of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) are due to idiopathic etiology. But, it also can arise from various myocardial insults. […] The progressive dilatation of the ventricles leads to significant tricuspid and mitral valve insufficiency, which further lower the ejection fraction and increase the ventricular wall stress and end systolic volumes. […] Overall, the prognosis of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy is guarded. Most patients eventually end up with chronic heart failure. […] The progression to heart failure depends on the ejection fraction and cause of the disease. […] Almost 50% of patients are dead within 5 years. […] The outcomes of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy depend on the cause, ejection fraction, and comorbidity.

• #1 Causes of dilated cardiomyopathy – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/causes-of-dilated-cardiomyopathy

  Most patients present between the ages of 20 and 60, but dilated cardiomyopathy can occur in children and older adults. Affected patients can present in a number of different ways. Symptoms of heart failure (progressive dyspnea with exertion, impaired exercise capacity, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and peripheral edema) are most common. Other presentations include the incidental detection of asymptomatic cardiomegaly and symptoms related to coexisting arrhythmia, conduction disturbance, thromboembolic complications, or sudden death.

• #1 Causes of dilated cardiomyopathy – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/causes-of-dilated-cardiomyopathy

  Causes of dilated cardiomyopathy […] Ischemic cardiomyopathy […] Stress-induced cardiomyopathy […] Infectious cardiomyopathy […] – Viral cardiomyopathy […] – HIV infection […] – Chagas disease […] – Lyme disease […] Genetic causes of dilated cardiomyopathy […] – Inherited syndromes […] – Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy […] – Left ventricular noncompaction […] Toxic cardiomyopathy […] – Alcohol […] – Cocaine […] – Medications […] – Trace elements […] Peripartum cardiomyopathy […] Tachycardia-mediated cardiomyopathy […] Sarcoidosis […] End-stage kidney disease […] Autoimmunity […] – Evidence of pathogenicity […] – Familial disease […] – Systemic lupus erythematosus […] – Celiac disease […] Endocrine dysfunction […] Nutritional deficiencies […] Obstructive sleep apnea

• #1 The many causes of dilated cardiomyopathy • healthcare-in-europe.com

  https://healthcare-in-europe.com/en/news/the-many-causes-of-dilated-cardiomyopathy.html

  A major study has been launched to investigate the interaction between genes and lifestyle factors and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). […] DCM is a complex condition and can be caused by a variety of genetic and environmental factors but cardiologists also recognise it is poorly understood, with most causes unknown. […] About one in 100 (650,000) believed to be at risk of developing the condition due to a common mutation in the titin protein. This mutation predisposes the heart to developing DCM when it is placed under stress such as during pregnancy, some cancer treatments and possibly alcohol abuse. […] For about 1 in 4 patients with DCM we can find a genetic cause. But that leaves us with hundreds of thousands of people with DCM that we cannot explain, which hinders our ability to diagnose and treat the patients or help their families.

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  https://step2.medbullets.com/cardiovascular/121586/dilated-cardiomyopathy

  Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the most common type of cardiomyopathy. It is caused by cardiac chamber dilation and systolic dysfunction. The condition typically presents in adults with symptoms of fatigue, dyspnea, edema, and decreased exercise tolerance. […] Diagnosis is made based on assessment of ventricular dilation and systolic dysfunction while ruling out other causes. Echocardiography can confirm diagnosis by visualizing ventricular changes. […] Treatment usually consists of addressing the underlying cause of DCM. In severe cases, operative treatment including cardioverter defibrillator, ventricular assist devices, and heart transplantation are considered. […] Risk Factors include heavy alcohol consumption, toxins such as cocaine and doxorubicin, autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus, stress conditions like Takutsubo cardiomyopathy, infectious agents including viral infections, inherited syndromes such as hemochromatosis, pregnancy, and obstructive sleep apnea. […] Pathogenesis involves eccentric hypertrophy where an underlying causative disease process reduces the contractility of myocardium, leading to left ventricle (LV) dilation and decreased LV contractility, which can result in left heart failure and eventually right heart failure.

• #1 Dilated cardiomyopathy – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/dilated-cardiomyopathy/

  Volume and pressure overload secondary to conditions such as hypertension and valvular heart disease can cause dilation of the myocardium; however, these are not considered forms of DCM, as filling pressures are abnormal. […] Causative factors decrease the contractility of the myocardium activation of compensatory mechanisms (Frank-Starling law) to maintain cardiac output end-diastolic volume (preload) myocardial remodeling eccentric hypertrophy (sarcomeres added in series) and dilation of the ventricle; reduced myocardial contractility systolic dysfunction and ejection fraction heart failure.

• #1 The diagnostic work up of genetic and inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-13/The-diagnostic-work-up-of-genetic-and-inflammatory-dilated-cardiomyopathy

  In the prolonged low-level inflammation, cardiomyocytes are phagocytised, surrounded by various pathologic auto-antibodies, and pushed towards apoptosis. […] There is imbalance of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or interleukins IL-6 and IL-17 over anti-inflammatory cytokines tumor growth factor (TGF) or interferon (IFN).

• #1 Dilated cardiomyopathy | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-019-0084-1

  Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a clinical diagnosis characterized by left ventricular or biventricular dilation and impaired contraction that is not explained by abnormal loading conditions (for example, hypertension and valvular heart disease) or coronary artery disease. […] Mutations in several genes can cause DCM, including genes encoding structural components of the sarcomere and desmosome. […] Nongenetic forms of DCM can result from different aetiologies, including inflammation of the myocardium due to an infection (mostly viral); exposure to drugs, toxins or allergens; and systemic endocrine or autoimmune diseases. […] The heterogeneous aetiology and clinical presentation of DCM make a correct and timely diagnosis challenging. […] Identifying the probable cause of DCM helps tailor specific therapies to improve prognosis. […] An improved aetiology-driven personalized approach to clinical care will benefit patients with DCM, as will new diagnostic tools, such as serum biomarkers, that enable early diagnosis and treatment.

• #1 Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) – Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute

  https://www.victorchang.edu.au/heart-disease/dilated-cardiomyopathy

  Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a heart muscle disease that causes the hearts main pumping chamber (the left ventricle) to enlarge and weaken. […] DCM affects the ability of the heart to pump blood to the body and can progress to also affect the right ventricle and the atria. […] A person’s genetic makeup plays a key role in whether or not DCM will occur. […] Other potential causes may include: alcohol or drug (e.g. cocaine) abuse, certain chemotherapy drugs, pregnancy (late stages of pregnancy or shortly after childbirth), coronary heart disease, heart attack, or heart valve disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, infections such as HIV and myocarditis, thyroid disease, viral hepatitis. […] Prompt treatment of other underlying conditions that can cause DCM may help to reduce the risk of DCM onset.

• #2 Causes of dilated cardiomyopathy – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/causes-of-dilated-cardiomyopathy

  Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by dilation and impaired contraction of one or both ventricles. Affected patients have impaired systolic function and may or may not develop overt heart failure (HF). The presenting manifestations can include atrial and/or ventricular arrhythmias, and sudden death can occur at any stage of the disease. […] DCM is currently responsible for approximately 10,000 deaths and 46,000 hospitalizations each year in the United States. Furthermore, idiopathic DCM is the primary indication for cardiac transplantation. […] A diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy requires evidence of dilation and impaired contraction of the left ventricle or both ventricles (eg, left ventricular ejection fraction <40 percent or fractional shortening less than 25 percent). The disease is considered idiopathic if primary and secondary causes of heart disease (eg, myocarditis and coronary artery disease) are excluded by evaluation including history and physical examination, laboratory testing, coronary angiography (to exclude >50 percent obstruction of one or more coronary arteries), echocardiography, and endomyocardial biopsy when indicated.

• #2 The causes of dilated cardiomyopathy: A clinicopathologic review of 673 consecutive patients – University of Miami

  https://scholarship.miami.edu/esploro/outputs/journalArticle/The-causes-of-dilated-cardiomyopathy-A/991031559071902976

  The causes of dilated cardiomyopathy: A clinicopathologic review of 673 consecutive patients […] The purpose of this study was to document the various causes of dilated cardiomyopathy in a large group of adult patients with congestive heart failure. […] Previous reports of the causes of dilated cardiomyopathy have usually been case reports of a single specific etiology or review articles. […] The most common causes of dilated cardiomyopathy were idiopathic origin (47%), idiopathic myocarditis (12%) and coronary artery disease (11%). […] The other identifiable causes of dilated cardiomyopathy made up 31% of the total cases. […] Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy is a common cause of congestive heart failure. […] Specific heart muscle diseases occur with much less frequency.

• #2 Familial dilated cardiomyopathy: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/familial-dilated-cardiomyopathy/

  Familial dilated cardiomyopathy is a genetic form of heart disease. It occurs when heart (cardiac) muscle becomes thin and weakened in at least one chamber of the heart, causing the open area of the chamber to become enlarged (dilated). […] Mutations in more than 30 genes have been found to cause familial dilated cardiomyopathy. These genes provide instructions for making proteins that are found in cardiac muscle cells called cardiomyocytes. […] Mutations in one gene, TTN, account for approximately 20 percent of cases of familial dilated cardiomyopathy. […] It is unclear how mutations in the other genes cause familial dilated cardiomyopathy. […] People with familial dilated cardiomyopathy often do not have an identified mutation in any of the known associated genes. The cause of the condition in these individuals is unknown. […] Additionally, there are many nongenetic causes of dilated cardiomyopathy, including viral infection and chronic alcohol abuse.

• #2 Current Pathophysiological and Genetic Aspects of Dilated Cardiomyopathy | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/65320

  Dilated cardiomyopathy is the most common form of cardiomyopathy and the second leading cause of left ventricular dysfunction with highly variable clinical presentation and prognosis. […] Identifying the etiology of DCM can be very challenging, which often leads to the common terminology of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC). […] The etiology of left ventricular dilatation and dysfunction is heterogeneous. In developed countries, CAD is the most common cause of left ventricular dilatation and dysfunction, and responsible for approximately 50-70% of HF patients. […] However, the current literature underscores that the cause of DCM remains unknown, that is, IDC, in half of the patients. […] DCM can occur after a cardiac infection or inflammation as an early (e.g. giant-cell myocarditis) or late stage disease.

• #2 Dilated Cardiomyopathy

  https://www.healio.com/cardiology/learn-the-heart/cardiology-review/topic-reviews/dilated-cardiomyopathy

  The causes of non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy include: […] Viral (Coxsackie B, influenza, HIV, enteroviruses) […] Idiopathic (about 50% of cases) […] Familial/genetic […] Alcohol […] Chemotherapeutic agents (most commonly daunorubicin and doxorubicin) […] Selenium deficiency […] Thyroid disease […] Tachycardia mediated […] Peripartum.

• #2 Dilated Cardiomyopathy | The Texas Heart Institute®

  https://www.texasheart.org/heart-health/heart-information-center/topics/dilated-cardiomyopathy/

  Dilated cardiomyopathy is the most common form of heart muscle disease. […] Most cases of dilated cardiomyopathy are called “idiopathic,” which means that no exact cause can be found. Some doctors think that viral infections may be responsible. […] Up to 30% of cases of dilated cardiomyopathy can be linked to heavy drinking. […] If your body does not get enough of the essential vitamins and minerals it needs, especially vitamin B-1, it can lead to dilated cardiomyopathy. […] In a rare condition called myocarditis, the heart muscle becomes swollen or inflamed because of an infection by a virus, less often, by bacteria, or by another infective process. […] In rare cases, women may develop heart muscle disease late in pregnancy or during the first few months after childbirth. This is called peripartum cardiomyopathy. […] Although scientists do not know if there is a gene that causes people to develop dilated cardiomyopathy, many think that genetics plays a role. […] Recent studies have shown that AIDS increases the risk of dilated cardiomyopathy.

• #2 Dilated and Restrictive Cardiomyopathies

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/cardiology/dilated-restrictive-cardiomyopathy/

  Hypertensive heart disease can initially manifest as left ventricular hypertrophy with isolated diastolic dysfunction and preserved systolic function, as assessed by conventional echocardiographic techniques. […] Hemodynamically significant valvular lesions, such as aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, and mitral regurgitation, produce pressure and volume overload states that can result in adverse ventricular remodeling and the development of systolic, diastolic, or combined myocardial dysfunction. […] Alcoholic cardiomyopathy may account for approximately 4% of all cardiomyopathies and men have a significantly worse prognosis. […] Peripartum cardiomyopathy is dilated cardiomyopathy arising in the last month of pregnancy or within 5 months postpartum. […] Overall, approximately 50% of patients who receive a diagnosis of acute viral myocarditis develop dilated cardiomyopathy. […] Sarcoidosis is associated with restrictive cardiomyopathy in 5% of patients and can later progress to dilated cardiomyopathy.

• #2 Dilated Cardiomyopathy – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/cardiomyopathies/dilated-cardiomyopathy

  Dilated cardiomyopathy has many known and probably many unidentified causes. More than 20 viruses can cause dilated cardiomyopathy; in temperate zones, coxsackievirus B is most common. In Central and South America, Chagas disease due to Trypanosoma cruzi is the most common infectious cause. […] Other causes include prolonged (chronic) tachycardia, HIV infection, toxoplasmosis, thyrotoxicosis, and thiamin deficiency (causing beriberi). Many toxic substances, particularly alcohol, various organic solvents, iron or heavy metal ions, and certain chemotherapeutic agents (eg, doxorubicin, trastuzumab), damage the heart. Frequent ventricular ectopy (10,000 ventricular premature beats/day) has been associated with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. […] Genetic factors play a role in 20 to 35% of cases; 60 genes and loci have been implicated.

• #2 Dilated cardiomyopathy – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dilated-cardiomyopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20353149

  Dilated cardiomyopathy is a type of heart muscle disease that causes the heart chambers (ventricles) to thin and stretch, growing larger. […] Dilated cardiomyopathy causes the chambers of the heart to grow larger. Untreated, dilated cardiomyopathy can lead to heart failure. […] It may be difficult to determine the cause of dilated cardiomyopathy. However, many things can cause the left ventricle to dilate and weaken, including: Certain infections, Complications of late-stage pregnancy, Diabetes, Excessive iron in the heart and other organs (hemochromatosis), Heart rhythm problems (arrhythmias), High blood pressure (hypertension), Obesity, Heart valve disease, such as mitral valve or aortic valve regurgitation. […] Other possible causes of dilated cardiomyopathy include: Alcohol misuse, Exposure to toxins, such as lead, mercury and cobalt, Use of certain cancer medications, Use of illegal drugs, such as cocaine or amphetamines.

• #2 Dilated Cardiomyopathy | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/18918

  The most common etiology of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is idiopathic and without an identifiable cause. DCM can have a familial or genetic predisposition although these cases are usually classified under idiopathic if no clear genetic link is identified. DCM has been associated with mutations in genes for Desmin (cytoskeletal), Lamin C (nuclear membrane), or Myosin (contractile proteins). The secondary causes include infectious myocarditis (e.g., viral, Chagas disease, Lyme disease), ischemic disease, hypertension, medication-induced (e.g., Anthracyclines), alcohol abuse, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), peripartum cardiomyopathy, or infiltrative disease. Ischemic cardiomyopathy caused by coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common cause of congestive heart failure. However, ischemic cardiomyopathy is classified as its own disease entity and is only described as a cause of DCM in occult disease in patients without known CAD. Stress cardiomyopathy, also known as Takotsubo cardiomyopathy or Broken heart syndrome, is a relatively uncommon but increasingly reported cause. However, it is often classified as its own entity separate from primary DCM. It is characterized by transient ballooning of the left ventricular (LV) apex typically following a severe psychological or physiological stress that is believed to be secondary to intense catecholamine surge.

• #3 Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Outlook

  https://www.healthline.com/health/heart-disease/dilated-cardiomyopathy

  Dilated cardiomyopathy usually develops when there’s been some damage to the heart muscle. The following conditions may lead to DCM: arrhythmias, heart valve disease, high blood pressure, coronary artery disease, familial cardiomyopathy (an inherited condition that affects the heart muscle), diabetes, infections of the heart, including endocarditis. […] Other causes include exposure to certain toxins, including lead, exposure to drugs such as cocaine, methamphetamine, and alcohol, certain cancer treatment medications. […] Chronic alcohol misuse is an especially significant cause of DCM in males between the ages of 30 and 55. […] Having a parent with DCM increases the chances you may develop this condition. An estimated 20% to 50% of DCM cases are due to genetic factors. […] Though dilated cardiomyopathy can affect anyone, it is more common in males than females, according to a 2021 study. […] DCM can be due to damage to the heart muscle or a genetic condition that puts the heart at risk.

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