Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Cardiomyopathy: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/cardiomyopathy-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Cardiomyopathy can be asymptomatic and shortness of breath, fainting spells, or chest pain may only develop in the later stages of the disease. Diagnosis is confirmed through ECG, echocardiogram, stress tests, and more which the nurse may assist with. […] Nurses plan an essential role in caring for patients with cardiomyopathy from assessment and identification of at-risk individuals to providing treatment such as drug therapy and surgical interventions. […] Once the nurse identifies nursing diagnoses for cardiomyopathy, nursing care plans help prioritize assessments and interventions for both short and long-term goals of care. […] Activity intolerance is a classic sign of patients with cardiomyopathy along with other symptoms like dyspnea at rest or on exertion, fatigue, and orthopnea. This is a direct result of decreased cardiac function.

• #2 Nursing management of a patient with cardiomyopathy | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/nursing-management-of-a-patient-with-cardiomyopathy-44963277/44963277

  Cardiomyopathy refers to diseases of the heart muscle that weaken the heart’s ability to pump blood effectively. The three main types are dilated, hypertrophic, and restrictive cardiomyopathy. Dilated cardiomyopathy causes the left ventricle to enlarge and weaken, impairing its ability to pump blood. Causes include viral infections, toxins, genetic factors, and hypertension. Symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath, and fluid retention. Diagnosis involves echocardiograms, electrocardiograms, and cardiac catheterization. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms through medications, lifestyle changes, and potentially surgery or transplantation. […] […] DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY It is characterized by dilatation of the ventricles with subsequent impairment of systolic function. Most common cardiomyopathy. […]

• #3 Dilated Cardiomyopathy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441911/

  Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a disease of the heart muscle characterized by enlargement and dilation of one or both of the ventricles along with impaired contractility defined as left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) less than 40%. By definition, patients have systolic dysfunction and may or may not have overt symptoms of heart failure. This disease process can be classified as either primary or secondary DCM. Primary DCM is considered idiopathic and the diagnosis can only be made after excluding secondary causes. […] The management and treatment of Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) are in concordance with the standard heart failure guidelines. […] All patients with dilated cardiomyopathy need intense education on the diet. Both salt and water restrictions are necessary to prevent symptoms. Patients should remain physically active or enroll in a cardiac rehab program. Regular cardiac rehabilitation can lower the mortality rate by 20%, relieve symptoms and reduce adverse cardiac events.

• #4 Dilated cardiomyopathy: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000168.htm

  Dilated cardiomyopathy is a condition in which the heart muscle becomes weakened and enlarged. As a result, the heart cannot pump enough blood to the rest of the body. […] Things you can do at home to take care of your condition include: Know your body, and watch for symptoms that your heart failure is getting worse. Watch for changes in your symptoms, heart rate, pulse, blood pressure, and weight. Limit how much fluid you drink and how much salt (sodium) you get in your diet (check with your provider about these). […] Most people who have heart failure need to take medicines. Some medicines treat your symptoms. Others may help prevent your heart failure from becoming worse, or may prevent other heart problems. […] For advanced cardiomyopathy: A heart transplant may be recommended if standard treatments have not worked and heart failure symptoms are very severe. Placement of a ventricular assist device or artificial heart may be considered. […] Chronic heart failure becomes worse over time. Many people who have heart failure will die from the condition. Thinking about the type of care you may want at the end of life and discussing these issues with loved ones and your health care provider is important.

• #5 Nursing management of a patient with cardiomyopathy | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/nursing-management-of-a-patient-with-cardiomyopathy-44963277/44963277

  PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Diffuse inflammation and rapid degeneration of myocardial fibers. Ventricular dilation Cardiomegaly Impairment of systolic function (contractile dysfunction) Atrial enlargement and stasis of blood in the left ventricle. Heart becomes weak and the chambers get large. Heart cannot pump enough blood out to the body Decreased cardiac output. […] […] CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS Decreased exercise capacity Fatigue Dyspnea at rest Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea Orthopnea. As the disease progresses the patient may experience Dry cough Palpitations Abdominal bloating Nausea Vomiting Anorexia. Signs Irregular heart rate with an abnormal S3 and/or S4 Tachycardia or bradycardia Pulmonary crackles Edema Weak peripheral pulses Pallor Hepatomegaly Jugular venous distension Heart murmurs Dysrhythmias. […]

• #6 Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) | American Stroke Association

  https://www.stroke.org/en/health-topics/cardiomyopathy/what-is-cardiomyopathy-in-adults/dilated-cardiomyopathy-dcm

  Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the most common type, occurring mostly in adults younger than 50. It affects the heart’s ventricles and atria, the lower and upper chambers of the heart. […] Frequently, the disease starts in the left ventricle, the heart’s main pumping chamber. The heart muscle begins to dilate, stretching and becoming thinner. As a result, the inside of the chamber enlarges. The problem often spreads to the right ventricle and then to the atria. […] As the heart chambers dilate, the heart muscle doesn’t contract normally and can’t pump blood very well. As the heart becomes weaker, heart failure can occur. Common symptoms of heart failure include shortness of breath, fatigue and swelling of the ankles, feet, legs, abdomen and veins in the neck. […] Dilated cardiomyopathy also can lead to heart valve problems, arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats) and blood clots in the heart. […] Many children with DCM can lead relatively normal lives once a diagnosis has been confirmed and appropriate treatments are started. However, a diagnosis of DCM does affect several areas of a child’s life. Specific recommendations should be developed by the child’s health care team.

• #7 Cardiomyopathy NCLEX Review – Straight A Nursing

  https://straightanursingstudent.com/cardiomyopathy/

  Dilated cardiomyopathy involves an enlargement of one of the ventricles (usually the left) that leads to decreased stroke volume and systolic dysfunction. […] Dilated cardiomyopathy – Key signs/symptoms include dyspnea, orthopnea, lower limb edema, activity intolerance, fatigue, and palpitations. […] Key nursing assessments include: Monitor vital signs – patients may have a normal to low SBP with a narrow pulse pressure. […] Weigh the patient daily and report sudden weight gain to the physician. […] Treatments for cardiomyopathy are aimed at relieving the symptoms, improving cardiac function, decreasing potential complications (such as blood clots and fluid overload), reducing hospitalizations, and slowing or preventing disease development. […] Diuretics remove excess fluid from the body, which can build up when the heart is not pumping effectively. […] Much of your patient education will revolve around encouraging lifestyle changes that can help manage symptoms. And, in the case of dilated cardiomyopathy, lifestyle changes can slow or prevent progression of the disease.

• #8 Dilated cardiomyopathy – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dilated-cardiomyopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20353149

  Dilated cardiomyopathy is a type of heart muscle disease that causes the heart chambers (ventricles) to thin and stretch, growing larger. It typically starts in the heart’s main pumping chamber (left ventricle). Dilated cardiomyopathy makes it harder for the heart to pump blood to the rest of the body. […] Treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy may include medications or surgery to implant a medical device that controls the heartbeat or helps the heart pump blood. Sometimes, a heart transplant is needed. […] If you are short of breath or have other symptoms of dilated cardiomyopathy, see your health care provider as soon as possible. […] Healthy lifestyle habits can help prevent or reduce complications of dilated cardiomyopathy. Try these heart-smart strategies: Avoid or limit alcohol. Don’t smoke. Don’t use cocaine or other illegal drugs. Eat a healthy diet that is low in salt (sodium). Get enough sleep and rest. Get regular exercise. Maintain a healthy weight. Manage stress.

• #9 Nursing management of a patient with cardiomyopathy | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/nursing-management-of-a-patient-with-cardiomyopathy-44963277/44963277

  Nursing Diagnoses Decreased Cardiac Output related to decreased ventricular function and/or dysrhythmias Activity intolerance related to low cardiac output Fluid volume excess in related to ventricular dysfunction Anxiety related to fear of death and hospitalization Fatigue related to disease process.

• #10 Nursing Care Plan for Cardiomyopathy | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-cardiomyopathy-2

  Cardiomyopathy Nursing Care Plan […] Cardiomyopathy can mimic heart failure and is often caused by hypertension. Its important to monitor the patients cardiovascular status and vital signs to be alert to any evidence of decompensation. […] Because cardiac output is compromised, oxygenation may be compromised as well due to poor perfusion and fluid backing up in the lungs. Assess SpO2 and give supplemental oxygen […] Controlling hypertension is important to control symptoms as well as to prevent any further damage to the heart muscle. […] Because of the poor cardiac output, patients will be short of breath and easily fatigued. Encourage frequent rest periods and clustered activities. […] Cardiomyopathy can mimic heart failure. The patient may experience signs of poor perfusion such as weakness, pale, clammy skin, and diaphoresis, as well as shortness of breath and pink frothy sputum due to pulmonary edema. […] A low sodium diet should be followed to help decrease hypertension and water retention (volume overload). This involves avoiding processed or canned foods, not adding salt to food, and avoiding sodas.

• #11 Cardiomyopathy: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/cardiomyopathy-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  When the heart muscles become stiff, thick, or dilated in cardiomyopathy, cardiac function decreases causing poor cardiac output. […] Impaired gas exchange associated with cardiomyopathy can be caused by the interrupted blood supply to the heart muscles altering pulmonary function and compromising gas exchange. […] Patients with cardiomyopathy may display ineffective tissue perfusion as the cardiac function worsens, making it difficult to perfuse other organs. […] Risk for unstable blood pressure (BP) associated with cardiomyopathy can be caused by thickening, stretching, and hardening of the heart, affecting the heart contraction and resulting in unstable blood pressure, insufficient blood flow, and poorly oxygenated blood to the heart.

• #12 Heart Failure Nursing Care Plans: 12 Nursing Diagnosis – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/heart-failure-nursing-care-plans/

  Nursing assessment for patients with heart failure emphasizes evaluating the efficacy of treatment and the patients adherence to self-management strategies. Monitoring and reporting worsening signs and symptoms of heart failure are essential for adjusting therapy. Additionally, the nurse addresses the patients emotional well-being, as heart failure is a chronic condition linked to depression and psychosocial concerns. […] Following a thorough assessment, a nursing diagnosis is formulated to specifically address the challenges associated with heart failure based on the nurses clinical judgement and understanding of the patients unique health condition. […] Major goals for patients with heart failure include promoting physical activity, reducing fatigue, alleviating symptoms of fluid overload, managing anxiety, fostering patient empowerment in decision-making, and providing comprehensive health education to the patient and their family.

• #13 Nursing management of a patient with cardiomyopathy | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/nursing-management-of-a-patient-with-cardiomyopathy-44963277/44963277

  MANAGEMENT Goal Enhance myocardial contractility Decrease afterload. MANAGEMENT Nitrates (eg: Nitroglycerin) ACE inhibitors( Eg: captopril) adrenergic blockers( Eg: metoprolol) Aldosterone antagonists ( Eg: spironolactone) Diuretics to maintain the volume balance. Cardiac glycosides( Eg: Digoxin). […] […] SURGERY Left ventricular reconstruction Implantation of external restraint devices. Left ventricular assist devices Heart transplantation. […] […] NURSING MANAGEMENT Nursing Assessment Evaluate patient’s chief complaint, which may include fever, syncope, general aches, fatigue, palpitations, dyspnea. Evaluate etiologic factors, such as alcohol abuse, pregnancy, recent infection, or history of endocrine disorders. Assess for positive family history. Auscultate lung sounds for crackles (pulmonary edema) or decreased sounds (pleural effusion) Assess heart size through palpation of chest for point of maximal impulse (PMI), and auscultate for abnormal sounds. Evaluate cardiac rhythm and ECG for evidence of atrial or ventricular enlargement and infarction. […]

• #14 Cardiomyopathy Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/cardiomyopathy-nursing-diagnosis/

  Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the most common type of cardiomyopathy. […] DCM features enlarged heart chambers and impaired contraction. […] DCM often leads to heart failure. […] Common causes of DCM include genetics, infections, and toxins. […] Nursing interventions for DCM include monitoring vital signs and hemodynamics hourly to enable prompt intervention. […] Assessing for signs of heart failure is crucial as cardiomyopathy often progresses to heart failure. […] Administering prescribed medications improves cardiac function. […] Positioning the patient to optimize cardiac function reduces cardiac workload. […] Effective patient education is crucial for managing cardiomyopathy, including medication management and activity modifications.

• #15 Heart Failure Nursing Care Plans: 12 Nursing Diagnosis – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/heart-failure-nursing-care-plans/

  Nurses greatly influence the outcomes of patients with heart failure through education and monitoring despite high morbidity and mortality rates. Education empowers patients, improving adherence and preventing complications. Vigilant monitoring enables early intervention, reducing risks. Nurses play a crucial role in reducing HF morbidity and mortality. […] The following are the nursing priorities for patients with congestive heart failure: Improve myocardial contractility and perfusion. Enhance hearts pumping function to ensure adequate blood flow to organs through medications, monitoring vital signs, and optimizing fluid balance. Manage fluid volume. Monitor fluid balance, assess for signs of retention, administer diuretics, monitor weight, and promote adherence to a low-sodium diet. Prevent complications. Monitor for and manage complications such as pulmonary edema, arrhythmias, and thromboembolism through close monitoring, medication administration, and patient education. Promote activity tolerance. Encourage 30 minutes of daily physical activity (as tolerated), collaborate on a schedule, and prioritize activities. Reduce anxiety. Provide comfort, psychological support, and teach anxiety management techniques. Minimize powerlessness. Encourage patient expression of concerns and involve them in decision-making. Provide disease information and prevention education. Educate patients about heart failure, its impact, prognosis, lifestyle modifications, medication adherence, and seeking timely care to prevent worsening of symptoms.

• #16 Cardiomyopathy Nursing Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/cardiomyopathy/

  Dilated or congestive cardiomyopathy (DC) is characterized by ventricular dilation and impaired systolic contractile function. Emboli may occur because of blood stasis in the dilated ventricles. This is the most common type cardiomyopathy. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Decreased cardiac output related to left ventricular dysfunction and dysrhythmias. […] Patient Monitoring: Obtain Bp hourly or more frequently if the patients condition is unstable. Monitor hourly urine output to evaluate effects of decreased cardiac output or pharmacologic intervention. […] Patient Management: Provide oxygen at 2 to 4 L/min to maintain or improve oxygenation. Minimize oxygen demand by maintaining the patient at bed rest. Administer diuretic as prescribed to reduce preload and afterload.

• #17 Heart Failure Nursing Care Plans: 12 Nursing Diagnosis – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/heart-failure-nursing-care-plans/

  Therapeutic interventions and nursing actions for patients with congestive heart failure may include: Initiating Interventions for Decrease in Cardiac Output, Monitoring Diagnostic Procedures and Laboratory Studies, Administering Medication and Providing Pharmacological Interventions, Maintaining or Improving Respiratory Function, Managing Fluid Volume and Electrolyte Imbalance, Providing Perioperative Nursing Care, Managing Acute Pain and Discomfort, Promoting Adequate Tissue Perfusion and Managing Decreased Cardiac Tissue Perfusion, Promoting Optimal Nutritional Balance and Adherence to Low-Sodium Diet, Maintaining Skin Integrity Preventing Pressure Ulcers, Managing Decreased Tolerance to Activity and Fatigue, Reducing Anxiety, Fear and Improving Coping, Initiating Health Teaching and Patient Education.

• #18 Advances in the treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2192756/

  The nursing care of the patient with dilated cardiomyopathy focuses on (1) improving right and left heart function, i.e., titrating vasoactive drugs to maintain acceptable cardiac index with minimum side effects (and/or monitoring the operation of a left ventricular assist device when left heart function is refractory to vasoactive drugs), (2) reducing cardiac filling pressures with diuretics, vasodilators, and/or restriction of dietary sodium, oral and IV fluids, (3) maintaining optimum oxygenation, (4) preventing complications associated with either the disease or treatment, and (5) assisting the patient/family to maintain hope during the often lengthy and crisis-filled wait for a donor heart. […] The critical care nurse is challenged, often for weeks or months at a time, by the complexity of this patient’s physical and emotional needs and functions in a collaborative role with the entire health team in an attempt to maintain both cardiovascular and psychological stability until a donor heart is available.

• #19 Heart Failure Nursing Care Plans: 12 Nursing Diagnosis – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/heart-failure-nursing-care-plans/

  Maintaining or improving respiratory function is necessary for the care of patients with heart failure. As heart failure progresses, it can lead to fluid accumulation in the lungs, causing respiratory symptoms and compromising breathing. Nurses play a vital role in maintaining and improving respiratory function in patients with heart failure. […] The patients fluid status is closely monitored through methods like auscultating the lungs, tracking daily body weight, and supporting the patient in following a low-sodium diet. […] Providing perioperative nursing care for patients with heart failure requires special attention and consideration to ensure their safety and optimize outcomes. […] Heart failure can cause a variety of symptoms that can lead to distress and discomfort for patients. Acute pain may arise from factors such as angina (chest pain) due to reduced blood flow to the heart, musculoskeletal strain, or complications of heart failure, such as pleural effusion or edema.

• #20 Heart Failure Nursing Care Plans: 12 Nursing Diagnosis – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/heart-failure-nursing-care-plans/

  Promoting adequate tissue perfusion and effectively managing decreased cardiac tissue perfusion are crucial aspects of caring for patients with heart failure. […] Nursing interventions for heart failure nutrition include educating patients about a low-sodium diet, monitoring adherence, involving family support, collaborating with a dietitian, and evaluating the patients response. […] Maintaining skin integrity is a critical aspect of care for patients with heart failure. […] Managing decreased tolerance to activity and fatigue in congestive heart failure is important to improve the patients quality of life. […] Patients with heart failure may display signs and symptoms of anxiety. […] Treating heart failure involves intricate therapeutic regimens that necessitate substantial lifestyle adjustments for both the patient and their family.

• #21 Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Blood Pressure Control, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/152696-treatment

  Treatment of DCM is essentially the same as treatment of chronic HF and pulmonary edema; however, obtaining a thorough history from patients with DCM helps determine the etiology. […] Mainstays of medical therapy are preload reduction, afterload reduction, diuresis, and airway support. […] Appropriate control of blood pressure is essential to effective therapy for persons with HF. […] Use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors has been the criterion standard in the treatment of left ventricular dysfunction. […] The dosage necessary for maximal benefit has been a matter of debate. […] Authorities have generally accepted that maximizing ACE inhibitor therapy is important and should be accomplished in conjunction with other necessary therapies. […] Data have demonstrated that angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are as effective as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in the treatment of HF.

• #22 Dilated Cardiomyopathy – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/dilated-cardiomyopathy.html

  Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) develops when one or both ventricles (lower chambers of your heart) are damaged and become enlarged. The enlarged ventricles are too weak to pump enough blood to your body for your usual daily activities. […] Cardiac rehab is a program that will help you safely strengthen your heart. This plan includes exercise, relaxation, stress management, and heart-healthy nutrition instructions. Healthcare providers will make sure your medicines are helping to reduce your symptoms. […] Weigh yourself every morning. Use the same scale, in the same spot. Weigh yourself after you use the bathroom, but before you eat or drink anything. Wear the same type of clothing each day. Do not wear shoes. Keep a record of your daily weights so you will notice sudden weight gain. Bring the record to appointments with your healthcare providers. Swelling and weight gain are signs of fluid retention. If you are overweight, ask your healthcare provider how to lose weight safely.

• #23 Dilated Cardiomyopathy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441911/

  Patient education regarding medication compliance, dietary restrictions and regular follow-up, is critical for management of dilated cardiomyopathy. […] A dietitian or a nurse is vital because one of the best ways to prevent progression to heart failure is by restricting fluid and salt intake. The family must be told to weigh the patient and offer foods that are low in salt. The pharmacist must ensure that the patient remains compliant with the medications. […] The outcomes of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy depend on the cause, ejection fraction, and comorbidity. At least 50% are dead within five years, and many others go on to develop heart failure. Despite many treatments available, the majority remain experimental. In view of the lack of data on treatments, it is imperative that the education of the patient and family be done to ensure that they comply with fluid and salt restriction.

• #24 Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Blood Pressure Control, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/152696-treatment

  For biventricular pacing, a pulse generator is implanted under the skin, with leads positioned in the right atrium, right ventricle, and coronary sinus to pace the left ventricle. […] Automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (AICDs) are designed to detect and correct ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation. […] When progressive end-stage HF occurs despite maximal medical therapy, when the prognosis is poor, and when there is no viable therapeutic alternative, the criterion standard for therapy has been heart transplantation. […] The importance of patient education cannot be overemphasized, especially regarding dietary restrictions. […] Benefits of cardiac rehabilitation include a 20-30% reduction in all-cause mortality; decreased mortality up to 5 years following rehabilitation; reduced symptoms of dyspnea, angina, and fatigue; reduction in nonfatal recurrent myocardial infarction over follow-up period of 12 months; and increased exercise performance. […] Consult an internist, an intensivist, or a cardiologist as indicated for admission when a patient has been diagnosed with DCM for the first time or for continued inpatient treatment or monitoring.

• #25 Prevention and Treatment of Cardiomyopathy | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/cardiomyopathy/prevention-and-treatment-of-cardiomyopathy

  People who have cardiomyopathy, but no signs or symptoms, may not need treatment. Sometimes, dilated cardiomyopathy that comes on suddenly may go away on its own. […] In other instances, treatment is needed. Treatment hinges on a few factors: […] When treating cardiomyopathy, objectives include: […] Treatment for cardiomyopathy may include one or more of the following: […] Lifestyle changes may help manage a condition that’s causing your cardiomyopathy. […] Many medications are used to treat cardiomyopathy. Depending on the type of cardiomyopathy, your health care professional may prescribe medicines to: […] A range of surgical and nonsurgical procedures can be used to treat cardiomyopathy: […] Cardiomyopathy can be acquired when it develops due to other diseases or conditions or it may be inherited. The cause is not always known. Prevention is taking steps to lower your risk for conditions that may lead to (or complicate) cardiomyopathy, such as coronary heart disease, high blood pressure and heart attack. […] Treating that initial problem early may help prevent the complications presented by cardiomyopathy.

• #26 Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.dilated-cardiomyopathy-care-instructions.abr7812

  Be active. Exercise regularly, but don’t exercise too hard. If you aren’t already active, your doctor may want you to start exercising. […] If you smoke, vape, or use other tobacco or nicotine products, try to quit. […] Limit alcohol and if you use drugs, quit or cut back as much as you can. […] Eat a heart-healthy diet. […] Stay at a weight that’s healthy for you. Talk to your doctor if you need help losing weight. […] If your doctor recommends it, limit sodium. This helps keep fluid from building up in your body. It may help you feel better. […] Manage other health problems. These include diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol. […] Weigh yourself without clothing at the same time each day. Record your weight. Call your doctor if you have a sudden weight gain, such as more than 2 to 3 pounds in a day or 5 pounds in a week. […] Call 911 anytime you think you may need emergency care. […] Call your doctor now or seek immediate medical care if you have new or changed symptoms of heart failure. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if you have any problems.

• #27 Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Blood Pressure Control, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/152696-treatment

  An integral part of managing patients with cardiomyopathy is identifying and managing their risk factors and comorbid conditions. […] Treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is essentially the same as treatment of chronic HF, a complex clinical syndrome for which many treatment modalities have emerged. […] Drug classes used to manage cardiomyopathies include, but are not limited to, the following: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), Beta-blockers, Aldosterone antagonists, Cardiac glycosides, Diuretics, Nitrates, Vasodilators, Human B-type natriuretic peptide, Inotropic agents, Anticoagulants (may be used in selected patients). […] Various surgical options are available for patients with disease refractory to medical therapy. […] In cases of severe acute HF, emergency medical services personnel may initiate treatment with oxygen, nitrates, and furosemide en route to the hospital.

• #28 Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Blood Pressure Control, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/152696-treatment

  Previously believed to be contraindicated in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, this class of medications has moved to the forefront of HF treatment. […] The 1993 Metoprolol in Dilated Cardiomyopathy (MDC) study reported a 34% reduction in primary endpoints (ie, need for heart transplant, death) in HF patients who were treated with metoprolol in addition to conventional therapies. […] Spironolactone acts as an aldosterone receptor blocker and, with concomitant use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, helps break the cycle of sodium retention and fluid overload via the renin-aldosterone axis. […] Loop diuretics are necessary adjuncts in the medical therapy for HF when symptoms are due to sodium and water retention. […] Antiarrhythmics are useful in patients with supraventricular and nonsustained ventricular tachycardias.

• #29 Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Blood Pressure Control, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/152696-treatment

  In 1986, the US Veterans Administration Cooperative study showed a 36% mortality risk reduction in patients treated with preload and afterload reducers (eg, isosorbide dinitrate, hydralazine) in addition to conventional HF medications. […] Human B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) (nesiritide [Natrecor]) is a relatively new class of drug in the treatment of HF. […] Long-term use of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor milrinone has deleterious effects on survival in patients with HF. […] Restrict the use of anticoagulants to those patients in atrial fibrillation, with artificial valves, or with known mural thrombus. […] Implantable left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) have been proven as a standard of care for suitable candidates with advanced HF when a bridge to transplantation (BTT) is needed.

• #30 Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.dilated-cardiomyopathy-care-instructions.abr7812

  Dilated cardiomyopathy is a condition that weakens your heart muscle and causes it to stretch (dilate). Your heart can’t pump out blood as well as it should. More blood stays in your heart after each heartbeat. […] Treatment goals are to slow the disease and help you feel better. You may take medicines or get a device such as a pacemaker. There are things you can do every day to feel better and stay as healthy as possible. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Be safe with medicines. Take your medicines exactly as prescribed. Call your doctor if you think you are having a problem with your medicine.

• #31 Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16932-dilated-cardiomyopathy

  Dilated cardiomyopathy causes tissue in your hearts main pumping chamber to expand (dilate) and thin out. This makes it unable to pump as strongly as it should. […] Fortunately, treatments are available for this heart condition. And there are things you can do to help manage this condition. […] You may need a variety of dilated cardiomyopathy treatments. In most cases, they wont cure the disease, but they can help you manage the symptoms and live longer. Treating dilated cardiomyopathy may involve medicines, changes to your lifestyle or surgeries. […] Changes to your daily routine can improve how well medications work and possibly help you delay or avoid the need for a procedure. […] You may need a procedure or surgery if you have advanced dilated cardiomyopathy and limited heart function.

• #32 Cardiomyopathy

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cardiomyopathy/

  Not everyone with cardiomyopathy will need treatment. Some people only have a mild form of the condition they can control after making a few lifestyle changes. […] Whether the cause of cardiomyopathy is genetic or not, it should generally help to eat a healthy diet and do gentle exercise. […] Medicines may be needed to control blood pressure, correct an abnormal heart rhythm, remove excess fluid or prevent blood clots. […] In some people with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, the wall dividing the left and right side of the heart (septum) is thickened and bulges into the main heart chamber. They may need to have either an injection of alcohol into their heart this is to reduce part of the muscle in the septum or a septal myectomy heart surgery to remove part of the thickened septum.

• #33 Cardiomyopathy

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cardiomyopathy/

  Those with heart rhythm problems may need to have arrhythmia ablation. This treatment carefully alters the diseased heart tissue that causes the heart rhythm problems. […] Or they may have a device implanted, such as a pacemaker to regulate the heart rate or an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) to prevent a life-threatening abnormal heart rhythm.

• #34 Dilated Cardiomyopathy | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/blood-heart-circulation/dilated-cardiomyopathy.html

  Depending on your needs, your care plan may include one or a combination of these treatment options: […] Some people may need only regular checkups to discuss possible symptoms and look for signs of cardiomyopathy via heart testing and physical examination. […] Your medical team may recommend medications to stabilize or improve your heart function. […] Lifestyle changes can also help manage symptoms. […] To keep your heartbeat normal, your medical team may recommend a pacemaker, which is an implanted device that uses electricity to regulate your heartbeat. […] We understand that living with a chronic heart condition can present challenges. Our team includes psychologists who are specially trained in the needs of cardiovascular patients. […] Genetic counselors guide you and your family through the process of learning who else may develop cardiomyopathy.

• #35 Dilated Cardiomyopathy | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/blood-heart-circulation/dilated-cardiomyopathy.html

  Genetic testing is typically used to clarify which members of your family are also at risk, but sometimes these results can guide your treatment plan, too. […] In rare cases, advanced dilated cardiomyopathy may lead to severe heart failure, which requires more significant interventions such as a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) or heart transplant. […] These experts provide behavioral therapy and other services to promote your resilience and help you adjust to your diagnosis.

• #36 Teen pregnancy in the setting of familial dilated cardiomyopathy: a case report | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-022-04427-2

  Women with pre-existing forms of familial cardiomyopathy are at increased risk for morbidity and mortality due to hemodynamic changes of pregnancy. […] This case report adds to the literature on pregnancy complicated by familial dilated cardiomyopathy and describes management best practices and considerations during the antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum periods. […] Pregnancy in FDC can hold serious morbidity and mortality and ideally requires preconception counseling and close management of prenatal care. Multi-disciplinary management with obstetricians, cardiologists, and anesthesia is crucial in the delivery and postpartum setting to achieve optimal outcomes. […] Known FDC does allow providers an advantage in that proper care can ideally be delivered from the preconception period onward.

• #37 Teen pregnancy in the setting of familial dilated cardiomyopathy: a case report | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-022-04427-2

  A systematic review of various types of inherited cardiomyopathy in pregnancy states that asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic patients have a low risk of adverse events, although long-term studies are noted to be limited. […] This case presented is the first reported case of placement of a WCD in a pediatric patient in the postpartum setting. […] Follow up care for patients is crucial to monitor need for ICD placement and conversations with family members on the importance of screening and possible genetic testing.

• #38 Dilated cardiomyopathy in the young: a patient-scientist informed review of unmet needs | Cardiology in the Young | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cardiology-in-the-young/article/dilated-cardiomyopathy-in-the-young-a-patientscientist-informed-review-of-unmet-needs/860B5034211C1E9647D898AC8697A86B

  Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a leading cause of heart failure and the most common indication for a heart transplant. Guidelines are regularly based on studies of adults and applied to the young. Children and adolescents diagnosed with DCM face different lifestyle challenges from individuals diagnosed in adulthood that include medical trauma and are influenced by maturity levels and confidence with advocacy to adults. […] We highlight the importance of (i) the transition clinic from paediatric to adult services, (ii) repeated signposting to mental health services, (iii) standardised guidance on physical activity, (iv) caution surrounding alcohol and smoking, (v) the dangers of illegal drugs, and (vi) reproductive options and health. […] Further research is needed to address the many uncertainties in these areas with respect to young age, particularly for physical activity, and such guidance would be welcomed by the young with DCM who must come to terms with being different and more limited amongst healthy peers.

• #39 Dilated cardiomyopathy in the young: a patient-scientist informed review of unmet needs | Cardiology in the Young | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cardiology-in-the-young/article/dilated-cardiomyopathy-in-the-young-a-patientscientist-informed-review-of-unmet-needs/860B5034211C1E9647D898AC8697A86B

  The transition from paediatric to adult services is important to children diagnosed with DCM. Transition clinics aim to equip young people with the knowledge, independence, and responsibility for their health and management of their condition. […] Access to counselling and other psychological services should be offered regularly to the person with cardiomyopathy and their families throughout routine care, not only at the point of diagnosis, hospital admission, or when mental health is worsening. […] Exercise plans should be organised by the child’s cardiac team to help them make decisions regarding inclusion in activities. […] The unique experience of the young with DCM and their families complicates the availability of specific guidance and treatment responses. […] The care team should offer genetic counselling and discussions surrounding reproductive options (with both parties) if one person has DCM (regardless of sex) before family planning commences.

• #40 Cardiomyopathy | Conditions | UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospitals

  https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/conditions/cardiomyopathy

  Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) Also know as congestive cardiomyopathy, this is the most common form of the disease. It occurs when heart muscle tissue is stretched and enlarged, making it difficult for the heart to function and often causing congestive heart failure. For the most part, the cause of DCM in children remains unknown. It is sometimes caused by viruses such as Coxsackie B viruses, certain diseases, severe anemia or nutritional deficiencies, and rare pregnancy complications. Other cases may be genetic. […] Symptoms in infants include difficulty breathing, poor appetite and slow weight gain. Older children may also have trouble being physically active and become excessively fatigued when exercising. […] Children diagnosed with cardiomyopathy often require aggressive treatment specific to the type of cardiomyopathy they have and the extent of the damage to their hearts. The goal of treatment is to control or prevent congestive heart failure, improve heart function and prevent complications, such as arrhythmias and blood clots.

• #41 Cardiomyopathy | Conditions | UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospitals

  https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/conditions/cardiomyopathy

  Treatment options include: Drug Therapy Medications may be used to treat the symptoms of cardiomyopathy. The specific drugs vary by the type of cardiomyopathy. […] At this time, there is no cure or treatment for cardiomyopathy that is able to restore the heart to normal. However, some symptoms and complications can be controlled with the treatments listed above. The prognosis for children with cardiomyopathy varies considerably depending on the type of the disease they have and the severity of their symptoms.

• #42

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=abr7812

  Dilated cardiomyopathy is a condition that weakens your heart muscle and causes it to stretch, or dilate. When your heart muscle is weak, it can’t pump out blood as well as it should. More blood stays in your heart after each heartbeat. As more blood fills and stays in the heart, the heart muscle stretches even more and gets even weaker. […] The goal of treatment is to slow the disease and help you feel better. You may also have treatment for the cause of the cardiomyopathy. You will probably take a few medicines. If your doctor thinks it will help your heart and prevent problems, you may get a device such as a pacemaker. Self-care is another important part of your treatment. It includes the things you can do every day to feel better and stay as healthy as possible. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take.

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