Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Bladder Stones Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Stone Dissolution, Surgical Fragmentation and Removal

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2120102-treatment

  Because a bladder stone is in itself a sign of an underlying problem, both removal of the stone and treatment of the underlying abnormality are nearly always indicated. Management of the underlying cause of stone formation (eg, bladder outlet obstruction, infections, foreign body, or diet) is integral to prevention of recurrence. The only contraindication to bladder stone removal would be existence of the stone in a medically unstable or near-terminal asymptomatic patient. […] In general, most vesical calculi procedures are performed via endoscopy. However, if the stone is too large or too hard or if the patients urethra is too small (eg, in children) or has been surgically altered in such a way as to complicate access to the bladder, an open or percutaneous suprapubic surgical approach is preferable. The presence of bladder calculi in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an absolute indication for surgery.

• #2 Bladder stones – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bladder-stones/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354345

  Drinking lots of water may help a small stone pass naturally. However, because bladder stones are often caused by difficulty emptying your bladder completely, extra water may not be enough to make the stone pass. […] Most of the time, you’ll need to have the stones removed. There are a few ways to do this. […] In one method, you’re first given numbing medication or general anesthesia to make you unconscious. After that, a small tube with a camera at the end is inserted into your bladder to let your doctor see the stone. Then, a laser, ultrasound or other device breaks the stone into small pieces and flushes them from the bladder. […] Occasionally, bladder stones are large or too hard to break up. In these cases, your doctor will surgically remove the stones from your bladder. […] If your bladder stones are the result of a bladder outlet obstruction or an enlarged prostate, these problems need to be treated at the same time as your bladder stones, typically with surgery.

• #3 Bladder Stones: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/kidney-stones/what-are-bladder-stones

  If you have small bladder stones, you might be able to drink a lot of water to get them to pass through on their own. But if you cant empty your bladder, this may not work. […] If they dont pass on their own, your doctor may suggest: […] Breaking the stones into pieces. This is a procedure called cystolitholapaxy. Your doctor first does a cystoscopy to find the stones. Then, they use ultrasound, laser, or some other tool through the cystoscope to break up the stones and flush out the tiny pieces. […] Surgery. If the stones are too large to break up, you may need to have surgery to open your bladder and remove them. […] Ideally, you prevent them by treating the cause of the bladder stones. Thats not always possible, but there are some options: […] Aside from that, make sure to drink plenty of water to help keep the minerals in your urine from turning into crystals and forming bladder stones. Ask your doctor how much you should drink each day.

• #4 Bladder Stones: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Removal

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16312-bladder-stones

  If you have a small bladder stone, you may be able to naturally pass it by increasing the amount of fluids you drink. However, bladder stones often develop because pee remains in your bladder for too long. Drinking more fluids may not help. […] Its very rare that you can dissolve a bladder stone. It depends on what materials make up your stone, and it can take a long time. […] Most people recover a week or two after a cystolitholapaxy or surgery.

• #5 Bladder Stones Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Stone Dissolution, Surgical Fragmentation and Removal

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2120102-treatment

  The only potentially effective medical treatment for bladder calculi is urinary alkalization for the dissolution of uric acid stones. Stone dissolution may be possible if the urinary pH can be raised to 6.5 or higher. Potassium citrate 60 mEq/day is the treatment of choice. However, overly aggressive alkalization may lead to calcium phosphate deposits on the stone surface, making further medical therapy ineffective. […] Currently, 3 different surgical approaches to this problem are used: Transurethral cystolitholapaxy, Percutaneous suprapubic cystolitholapaxy, Open suprapubic cystotomy. […] A systematic review and meta-analysis concluded that a transurethral approach, when feasible, is the intervention of choice for bladder stones in adults and children, because of shorter procedure duration and hospital stay. The evidence suggested that endoscopic surgery is as effective as open surgery.

• #6 Bladder Stones Medication: Urinary Alkalinizing Agents

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2120102-medication

  The goals of pharmacotherapy are to dissolve the stone, reduce morbidity, and prevent complications. In patients with uric acid stones, urinary alkalinization may help dissolve the stone. […] The only potentially effective medical treatment for bladder calculi is urinary alkalization for the dissolution of uric acid stones. However, overly aggressive alkalization may lead to calcium phosphate deposits on the stone surface, making further medical therapy ineffective. […] Stone dissolution may be possible if the urinary pH can be made greater than or equal to 6.5. Potassium citrate 60 mEq/day is the treatment of choice.

• #7 Bladder Stones Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Stone Dissolution, Surgical Fragmentation and Removal

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2120102-treatment

  The only potentially effective medical treatment for bladder calculi is urinary alkalization for the dissolution of uric acid stones. Stone dissolution may be possible if the urinary pH can be raised to 6.5 or higher. Potassium citrate 60 mEq/day is the treatment of choice. However, overly aggressive alkalization may lead to calcium phosphate deposits on the stone surface, making further medical therapy ineffective. […] Currently, 3 different surgical approaches to this problem are used: Transurethral cystolitholapaxy, Percutaneous suprapubic cystolitholapaxy, Open suprapubic cystotomy. […] A systematic review and meta-analysis concluded that a transurethral approach, when feasible, is the intervention of choice for bladder stones in adults and children, because of shorter procedure duration and hospital stay. The evidence suggested that endoscopic surgery is as effective as open surgery.

• #8

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bladder-stones/treatment/

  Surgery will usually be needed to remove bladder stones. […] A transurethral cystolitholapaxy is the most common procedure used to treat adults with bladder stones. […] A crushing device, lasers or ultrasound waves transmitted from the cystoscope can be used to break up the stones into smaller fragments, which can be washed out of your bladder with fluids. […] A percutaneous suprapubic cystolitholapaxy is mainly used to treat children to avoid damaging their urethra. […] An open cystostomy is often used to remove bladder stones in men with a very large prostate, or if the stone itself is very large. […] The disadvantage of an open cystostomy is that it causes more pain afterwards and has a longer recovery time than the other types of surgery. […] After having a transurethral cystolitholapaxy or percutaneous suprapubic cystolitholapaxy, you’ll usually need to stay in hospital for a few days to recover. […] Once the bladder stones have been removed, the underlying cause will need to be treated to avoid new bladder stones forming. […] If you have bladder diverticula (pouches that develop in the wall of the bladder), surgery may be needed to remove them.

• #9 Cystolitholapaxy: Purpose, Procedure, Risks & Results

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/procedures/16497-cystolitholapaxy

  A cystolitholapaxy is a procedure to remove bladder stones. Surgeons use an instrument called a cystoscope to locate the stone or stones. A laser crushes the stones into smaller pieces so your surgeon can remove them. […] A cystolitholapaxy is a surgical procedure that treats bladder stones, which are hard deposits of minerals that can form inside your bladder. During a cystolitholapaxy, a surgeon inserts an instrument called a cystoscope into your bladder to locate the stone or stones. A cystoscope is a tube with a camera on the end. A laser then breaks up the bladder stones into smaller pieces, which your surgeon then removes. […] Cystolitholapaxy is a minimally invasive procedure surgeons use to break up and remove bladder stones. […] A cystolitholapaxy is a minimally invasive treatment for bladder stones with a quick recovery time. […] Cystolitholapaxy is generally a safe and effective procedure. […] Most people make a full recovery within two weeks. […] Cystolitholapaxy is a safe, minimally invasive treatment for bladder stones.

• #10 Bladder Stones: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Removal

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16312-bladder-stones

  Typically, a urologist must remove bladder stones. A urologist is a doctor who specializes in conditions that affect the urinary system and male and female reproductive systems. Bladder stone treatment options typically include: […] During this minimally invasive procedure, a provider inserts a cystoscope into your bladder through your urethra to locate the bladder stone. They then use a laser or high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) to break the stone into smaller pieces. They then wash out your bladder with fluids to remove the smaller pieces. […] If your bladder stone is especially large, you may need open surgery to remove it. The urologist will use a sharp knife (scalpel) to make a small cut (incision) in your abdomen and take out the stone. If your stone develops because of benign prostate hyperplasia, the urologist may also remove prostate tissue that blocks your urethra.

• #11 Cystolitholapaxy: Purpose, Procedure, Risks & Results

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/procedures/16497-cystolitholapaxy

  A cystolitholapaxy is a procedure to remove bladder stones. Surgeons use an instrument called a cystoscope to locate the stone or stones. A laser crushes the stones into smaller pieces so your surgeon can remove them. […] A cystolitholapaxy is a surgical procedure that treats bladder stones, which are hard deposits of minerals that can form inside your bladder. During a cystolitholapaxy, a surgeon inserts an instrument called a cystoscope into your bladder to locate the stone or stones. A cystoscope is a tube with a camera on the end. A laser then breaks up the bladder stones into smaller pieces, which your surgeon then removes. […] Cystolitholapaxy is a minimally invasive procedure surgeons use to break up and remove bladder stones. […] A cystolitholapaxy is a minimally invasive treatment for bladder stones with a quick recovery time. […] Cystolitholapaxy is generally a safe and effective procedure. […] Most people make a full recovery within two weeks. […] Cystolitholapaxy is a safe, minimally invasive treatment for bladder stones.

• #12 Bladder stones – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bladder-stones/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354345

  Drinking lots of water may help a small stone pass naturally. However, because bladder stones are often caused by difficulty emptying your bladder completely, extra water may not be enough to make the stone pass. […] Most of the time, you’ll need to have the stones removed. There are a few ways to do this. […] In one method, you’re first given numbing medication or general anesthesia to make you unconscious. After that, a small tube with a camera at the end is inserted into your bladder to let your doctor see the stone. Then, a laser, ultrasound or other device breaks the stone into small pieces and flushes them from the bladder. […] Occasionally, bladder stones are large or too hard to break up. In these cases, your doctor will surgically remove the stones from your bladder. […] If your bladder stones are the result of a bladder outlet obstruction or an enlarged prostate, these problems need to be treated at the same time as your bladder stones, typically with surgery.

• #13

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bladder-stones/

  Surgery is usually needed to remove the stones from the bladder. The most common procedure is a cystolitholapaxy, where a thin tube (cystoscope) with a camera at the end is used to find the bladder stones. […] The cystoscope will then use stone-crushing devices, lasers or ultrasound to break up the stones before they’re removed. […] Where possible, it’s important to treat the underlying causes of bladder stones to prevent new stones developing in the future. […] Read more about treating bladder stones.

• #14 St George Urology | Lithopaxy (removal of bladder stones)

  https://www.stgeorgeurology.com.au/lithopaxy-removal-of-bladder-stones

  Lithopaxy (removal of bladder stones) is a procedure in which bladder stones are fragmented or crushed through a telescope (cystoscope) that has been inserted into the bladder. The surgeon may use a lithotrite (crushing tool) or laser to disintegrate the stone(s). […] Bladder stones do not always cause symptoms and may not need treatment, however whilst present they do pose a risk for developing a bladder infection. […] You will usually be given antibiotics during the procedure, after checking for any allergies you will usually go home with a script for some more a preventative measure against possible infection. […] A telescope is inserted into the bladder up the urethra (water pipe) to see the stones. These are then broken up using a crushing instrument the lithotrite, a mechanical disintegration probe or a laser. The stone fragments are removed from the bladder and, occasionally, a catheter is inserted.

• #15

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bladder-stones/treatment/

  Surgery will usually be needed to remove bladder stones. […] A transurethral cystolitholapaxy is the most common procedure used to treat adults with bladder stones. […] A crushing device, lasers or ultrasound waves transmitted from the cystoscope can be used to break up the stones into smaller fragments, which can be washed out of your bladder with fluids. […] A percutaneous suprapubic cystolitholapaxy is mainly used to treat children to avoid damaging their urethra. […] An open cystostomy is often used to remove bladder stones in men with a very large prostate, or if the stone itself is very large. […] The disadvantage of an open cystostomy is that it causes more pain afterwards and has a longer recovery time than the other types of surgery. […] After having a transurethral cystolitholapaxy or percutaneous suprapubic cystolitholapaxy, you’ll usually need to stay in hospital for a few days to recover. […] Once the bladder stones have been removed, the underlying cause will need to be treated to avoid new bladder stones forming. […] If you have bladder diverticula (pouches that develop in the wall of the bladder), surgery may be needed to remove them.

• #16 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Prevention-and-Management-of-Bladder-Stones.aspx

  The first step in the prevention and management of bladder stones is to drink a large volume of water to help flush out any small stones in the bladder to be excreted in the urine. […] However, a surgical procedure may be required to remove bladder stones, particularly if the stones are large or the bladder does not empty entirely. Following the removal of stones, any underlying cause should be identified and appropriately managed to prevent the recurrence of bladder stones. […] Transurethral cystolitholapaxy is a procedure that is commonly used to remove bladder stones in adults. […] This procedure occurs under a local or general anesthetic so that it is painless for most patients. […] Percutaneous suprapubic cystolitholapaxy is a procedure usually used for young children to reduce the risk of urethral damage but can also be used for some adult patients.

• #17 EAU Guidelines on Urolithiasis – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/urolithiasis/chapter/bladder-stones

  Open suprapubic cystolithotomy is very effective but is associated with a need for catheterisation and longer hospital stay in both adults and children compared to all other stone removal modalities. […] In both adults and children, transurethral cystolithotripsy provides high SFRs and appears to be safe, with a very low risk of unplanned procedures and major post-operative and late complications. […] Extracorporeal SWL is the least invasive therapeutic procedure. […] Stones may be removed by open or endoscopic surgery in patients with bladder augmentation or diversion. However, often access cannot be obtained through a continent vesico-entero-cystostomy without damaging the continence apparatus; hence a percutaneous or open approach is typically preferred. […] Regular bladder irrigation reduces the chances of bladder stone recurrence in adults and children with bladder augmentation or continent cutaneous urinary diversion and adults with spinal cord injury who perform CISC. […] The risk of bladder stone formation in spinal cord injury, bladder augmentation or continent urinary diversion patients is reduced by performing regular bladder irrigation.

• #18 Bladder Stones: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Removal

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16312-bladder-stones

  If you have a small bladder stone, you may be able to naturally pass it by increasing the amount of fluids you drink. However, bladder stones often develop because pee remains in your bladder for too long. Drinking more fluids may not help. […] Its very rare that you can dissolve a bladder stone. It depends on what materials make up your stone, and it can take a long time. […] Most people recover a week or two after a cystolitholapaxy or surgery.

• #19

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bladder-stones/treatment/

  Surgery will usually be needed to remove bladder stones. […] A transurethral cystolitholapaxy is the most common procedure used to treat adults with bladder stones. […] A crushing device, lasers or ultrasound waves transmitted from the cystoscope can be used to break up the stones into smaller fragments, which can be washed out of your bladder with fluids. […] A percutaneous suprapubic cystolitholapaxy is mainly used to treat children to avoid damaging their urethra. […] An open cystostomy is often used to remove bladder stones in men with a very large prostate, or if the stone itself is very large. […] The disadvantage of an open cystostomy is that it causes more pain afterwards and has a longer recovery time than the other types of surgery. […] After having a transurethral cystolitholapaxy or percutaneous suprapubic cystolitholapaxy, you’ll usually need to stay in hospital for a few days to recover. […] Once the bladder stones have been removed, the underlying cause will need to be treated to avoid new bladder stones forming. […] If you have bladder diverticula (pouches that develop in the wall of the bladder), surgery may be needed to remove them.

• #20

  https://www.mountelizabeth.com.sg/conditions-diseases/bladder-stones/diagnosis-treatment

  Traditionally, bladder stones are treated via surgical methods. […] Treatment options include: […] Transurethral cystolitholapaxy. This is the most common surgical procedure to remove bladder stones. A cystoscope will be inserted via the urethra into the bladder. Your doctor will be able to see the bladder stones and shatter them using lasers or ultrasonic devices. These bladder stone fragments can then be washed out. […] Percutaneous suprapubic cystolitholapaxy. This is a minimally invasive surgery (MIS) that is used for large bladder stones in adults and children with a smaller urethra. Your doctor will make a small cut of less than 1cm at the lower abdomen to take out the bladder stones from your bladder. […] Open cystostomy. This surgical procedure is rarely used. It is used to remove very large bladder stones or for patients with a very large prostate. The process is similar to percutaneous suprapubic cystolitholapaxy, but an open cystostomy requires a bigger cut, resulting in longer recovery time and an extended hospital stay.

• #21 Pediatric Stone Disease | Children’s Hospital Pittsburgh

  https://www.chp.edu/our-services/urology/conditions/stone-disease

  Surgery for Bladder Stones: Bladder stones in the United States are most commonly associated with urinary tract reconstruction, either for bladder exstrophy or neurogenic bladder. […] Percutaneous techniques are now used routinely to remove such stones, often on an outpatient basis. […] We have shown that the use of percutaneous techniques to remove bladder stones results in an average hospital stay of one day, as opposed to approximately five days for open surgery. […] When available, we feel that percutaneous bladder stone surgery is superior to open surgery.

• #22 Pediatric Stone Disease Symptoms & Treatment | UPMC

  https://www.upmc.com/services/urology/conditions/pediatric-stone-disease

  Recently, UPMC pediatric urologists have developed a technique referred to as the „mini-perc”, which was specifically designed for pediatric PCNL and also has been applied to adults. […] Bladder stones in the United States are most commonly associated with urinary tract reconstruction, either for bladder exstropy or neurogenic bladder. […] Percutaneous techniques are now used routinely to remove such stones, often on an outpatient basis. The use of percutaneous techniques to remove bladder stones results in an average hospital stay of one day, as opposed to approximately five days for open surgery. […] The Department of Pediatric Urology at UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh is a multidisciplinary clinic that treats and manages pediatric stones. A team of specialists, including a urologist with specialty training in the management of stone disease, a nephrologist, and a nutrition specialist, create a treatment plan and follow the patient’s progress over the long term.

• #23 Pediatric Stone Disease Symptoms & Treatment | UPMC

  https://www.upmc.com/services/urology/conditions/pediatric-stone-disease

  There have been remarkable breakthroughs in the past 20 years in the treatment of urinary stones. Prior to this time, the only option for removal of stones was an open operation. Now, open surgery is very rarely performed for stone disease. […] If open surgery is proposed for your child’s stone disease, ask about less invasive treatments that might be available. […] The most cutting-edge treatment for urinary stones is ESWL: breaking urinary stones with shock waves from outside the body. In this form of treatment, x-rays or ultrasound are used to focus shock waves on the stone, breaking it without damaging the body’s normal tissues. […] The safety of ESWL on the developing kidney has not been established beyond a doubt, but it seems from many large studies that this is a safe and effective way to treat pediatric kidney and ureteral stones.

• #24 Bladder Stones

  https://comprehensive-urology.com/general-urology/bladder-stones/

  Our urologists can locate stones using an X-ray and break them up with shock waves from a lithotriptor. The device can be safely used outside the body, making it ideal. It can also successfully break up the stone mass into small enough pieces that can pass through the urinary tract. […] Our urologists can enter through the urethra using a long, thin fiber-optic instrument. This instrument allows them to locate and remove bladder stones with a laser and/or small scooping basket. […] Occasionally, a stone is too large to be broken up with transurethral methods. The same situation applies when treating young children. In these cases, making a small incision in the patient’s lower abdominal wall may be necessary. This allows for the use of larger instruments to break up the mass. An indwelling catheter may be placed to assist with urination.

• #25 Bladder Stones | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/18358

  Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) can be equally effective for bladder stones, but the treatment head must be positioned above the patient (or the patient placed in a prone position) and may require multiple treatment sessions (up to 3) to achieve comparable results.[60][61][62][63][64][65][66] An advantage of ESWL is that it is the least invasive surgical option.[61][67] ESWL may also be used in children with bladder calculi.[60][68] Stones impacted in the urethra can be repositioned into the bladder and treated with ESWL.[65](A1) […] In cases of extremely large bladder stones or prostates, open suprapubic surgery may be considered. This approach allows for the removal of the intact stone, followed by an open suprapubic prostatectomy, typically for prostates larger than 75 grams. The main advantages of open suprapubic cystostomy for bladder stone removal include reduced overall surgery time (approximately half the duration of endoscopic procedures), easy removal of large or multiple stones, the ability to remove stones difficult to fragment endoscopically, and the capability to handle stones adhered to the bladder lining. However, the disadvantages of this approach include longer hospital stays, additional postoperative pain, the need for an abdominal incision and drains, possible wound complications, and prolonged Foley catheterization time.

• #26 Bladder Stones – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441944/

  Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) can be equally effective for bladder stones, but the treatment head must be positioned above the patient (or the patient placed in a prone position) and may require multiple treatment sessions (up to 3) to achieve comparable results. […] In cases of extremely large bladder stones or prostates, open suprapubic surgery may be considered. […] The prognosis for bladder stones is generally favorable when treated appropriately. […] Once bladder stones have developed in a patient, the risk of recurrence increases. Identifying and addressing the underlying cause is crucial in preventing future stone formation.

• #27 Treatment of Urinary Bladder Stones with Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4757-1977-2_51

  With the Siemens Lithostar, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) can be performed without anesthesia, and the patient can be treated in the prone position. These characteristics allow treatment of urinary bladder stones. […] In all patients, treatment was well tolerated using intravenous analgesia/sedation. Stone fragmentation and fragment elimination were successful in all cases. In two cases, we obtained fragmentation of the stone with three treatments; in three cases, with two treatments; and in three cases, with one treatment. In one patient endoscopy and surgery were not options, leaving ESWL as the only possible treatment choice.

• #28

  https://mji.ui.ac.id/journal/index.php/mji/article/view/1602

  Bladder stones management has evolved over the last decades from open bladder surgery (sectio alta) to intracorporeal cystholithotripsy as well as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). […] ESWL presents to be a promising modality in the management of bladder calculi due to its simplicity and well tolerability. […] Majority of the patients underwent ESWL (49 out of 92, 53.3%). […] The stone free rates for ESWL, intracorporeal lithotripsy, and sectio alta are 93.9%, 97.0% and 100% respectively. […] The ESWL group had the smallest stone size average compared to the intracorporeal lithotripsy and section alta group (2.5 cm2.0 cm vs 4.8 cm3.7 cm vs 7.4 cm5.4 cm respectively). […] The ESWL sessions were conducted in the outpatient clinic, and thus no hospital stay was required. […] ESWL can be suggested as an effective non-invasive approach in the disintegration of bladder stone of 25 mm with a promisingly high stone-free rate (93.9%) Furthermore, ESWL can be performed on an outpatient basis with minimal complications.

• #29

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bladder-stones/treatment/

  Surgery will usually be needed to remove bladder stones. […] A transurethral cystolitholapaxy is the most common procedure used to treat adults with bladder stones. […] A crushing device, lasers or ultrasound waves transmitted from the cystoscope can be used to break up the stones into smaller fragments, which can be washed out of your bladder with fluids. […] A percutaneous suprapubic cystolitholapaxy is mainly used to treat children to avoid damaging their urethra. […] An open cystostomy is often used to remove bladder stones in men with a very large prostate, or if the stone itself is very large. […] The disadvantage of an open cystostomy is that it causes more pain afterwards and has a longer recovery time than the other types of surgery. […] After having a transurethral cystolitholapaxy or percutaneous suprapubic cystolitholapaxy, you’ll usually need to stay in hospital for a few days to recover. […] Once the bladder stones have been removed, the underlying cause will need to be treated to avoid new bladder stones forming. […] If you have bladder diverticula (pouches that develop in the wall of the bladder), surgery may be needed to remove them.

• #30 Bladder Stones Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Stone Dissolution, Surgical Fragmentation and Removal

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2120102-treatment

  In open suprapubic cystotomy, stones are not fragmented but are removed intact. This approach can be used with larger and harder stones and in cases where open prostatectomy or bladder diverticulectomy is indicated. Open prostatectomy is generally indicated when the prostate volume exceeds 80-100 g. […] Typical follow-up is 3-4 weeks postoperatively with kidney-ureter-bladder (KUB) radiography or bladder ultrasonography to document clearing of all the fragments. Thereafter, metabolic evaluation may be pursued as indicated, and KUB radiography may be done at 6- to 12-month intervals as warranted. A metabolic stone profile analysis is indicated in patients with uric acid stones, concurrent upper tract calculi, a strong family history of stone disease, calculi without obstruction, and recurrent calculi.

• #31 Bladder Stones: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Removal

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16312-bladder-stones

  Typically, a urologist must remove bladder stones. A urologist is a doctor who specializes in conditions that affect the urinary system and male and female reproductive systems. Bladder stone treatment options typically include: […] During this minimally invasive procedure, a provider inserts a cystoscope into your bladder through your urethra to locate the bladder stone. They then use a laser or high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) to break the stone into smaller pieces. They then wash out your bladder with fluids to remove the smaller pieces. […] If your bladder stone is especially large, you may need open surgery to remove it. The urologist will use a sharp knife (scalpel) to make a small cut (incision) in your abdomen and take out the stone. If your stone develops because of benign prostate hyperplasia, the urologist may also remove prostate tissue that blocks your urethra.

• #32 Bladder Stones | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/18358

  Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) can be equally effective for bladder stones, but the treatment head must be positioned above the patient (or the patient placed in a prone position) and may require multiple treatment sessions (up to 3) to achieve comparable results.[60][61][62][63][64][65][66] An advantage of ESWL is that it is the least invasive surgical option.[61][67] ESWL may also be used in children with bladder calculi.[60][68] Stones impacted in the urethra can be repositioned into the bladder and treated with ESWL.[65](A1) […] In cases of extremely large bladder stones or prostates, open suprapubic surgery may be considered. This approach allows for the removal of the intact stone, followed by an open suprapubic prostatectomy, typically for prostates larger than 75 grams. The main advantages of open suprapubic cystostomy for bladder stone removal include reduced overall surgery time (approximately half the duration of endoscopic procedures), easy removal of large or multiple stones, the ability to remove stones difficult to fragment endoscopically, and the capability to handle stones adhered to the bladder lining. However, the disadvantages of this approach include longer hospital stays, additional postoperative pain, the need for an abdominal incision and drains, possible wound complications, and prolonged Foley catheterization time.

• #33

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bladder-stones/treatment/

  Surgery will usually be needed to remove bladder stones. […] A transurethral cystolitholapaxy is the most common procedure used to treat adults with bladder stones. […] A crushing device, lasers or ultrasound waves transmitted from the cystoscope can be used to break up the stones into smaller fragments, which can be washed out of your bladder with fluids. […] A percutaneous suprapubic cystolitholapaxy is mainly used to treat children to avoid damaging their urethra. […] An open cystostomy is often used to remove bladder stones in men with a very large prostate, or if the stone itself is very large. […] The disadvantage of an open cystostomy is that it causes more pain afterwards and has a longer recovery time than the other types of surgery. […] After having a transurethral cystolitholapaxy or percutaneous suprapubic cystolitholapaxy, you’ll usually need to stay in hospital for a few days to recover. […] Once the bladder stones have been removed, the underlying cause will need to be treated to avoid new bladder stones forming. […] If you have bladder diverticula (pouches that develop in the wall of the bladder), surgery may be needed to remove them.

• #34

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bladder-stones/treatment/

  Surgery will usually be needed to remove bladder stones. […] A transurethral cystolitholapaxy is the most common procedure used to treat adults with bladder stones. […] A crushing device, lasers or ultrasound waves transmitted from the cystoscope can be used to break up the stones into smaller fragments, which can be washed out of your bladder with fluids. […] A percutaneous suprapubic cystolitholapaxy is mainly used to treat children to avoid damaging their urethra. […] An open cystostomy is often used to remove bladder stones in men with a very large prostate, or if the stone itself is very large. […] The disadvantage of an open cystostomy is that it causes more pain afterwards and has a longer recovery time than the other types of surgery. […] After having a transurethral cystolitholapaxy or percutaneous suprapubic cystolitholapaxy, you’ll usually need to stay in hospital for a few days to recover. […] Once the bladder stones have been removed, the underlying cause will need to be treated to avoid new bladder stones forming. […] If you have bladder diverticula (pouches that develop in the wall of the bladder), surgery may be needed to remove them.

• #35 Bladder stones – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bladder-stones/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354345

  Drinking lots of water may help a small stone pass naturally. However, because bladder stones are often caused by difficulty emptying your bladder completely, extra water may not be enough to make the stone pass. […] Most of the time, you’ll need to have the stones removed. There are a few ways to do this. […] In one method, you’re first given numbing medication or general anesthesia to make you unconscious. After that, a small tube with a camera at the end is inserted into your bladder to let your doctor see the stone. Then, a laser, ultrasound or other device breaks the stone into small pieces and flushes them from the bladder. […] Occasionally, bladder stones are large or too hard to break up. In these cases, your doctor will surgically remove the stones from your bladder. […] If your bladder stones are the result of a bladder outlet obstruction or an enlarged prostate, these problems need to be treated at the same time as your bladder stones, typically with surgery.

• #36 Bladder Stones Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Stone Dissolution, Surgical Fragmentation and Removal

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2120102-treatment

  Because a bladder stone is in itself a sign of an underlying problem, both removal of the stone and treatment of the underlying abnormality are nearly always indicated. Management of the underlying cause of stone formation (eg, bladder outlet obstruction, infections, foreign body, or diet) is integral to prevention of recurrence. The only contraindication to bladder stone removal would be existence of the stone in a medically unstable or near-terminal asymptomatic patient. […] In general, most vesical calculi procedures are performed via endoscopy. However, if the stone is too large or too hard or if the patients urethra is too small (eg, in children) or has been surgically altered in such a way as to complicate access to the bladder, an open or percutaneous suprapubic surgical approach is preferable. The presence of bladder calculi in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an absolute indication for surgery.

• #37 Bladder Stones | Melbourne Bladder Clinic

  https://bladderclinic.com.au/conditions/bladder/bladder-stones

  Treatments are aimed at removing the stones and also treating the underlying cause. […] Most bladder stones can be fragmented during a cystoscopy with a laser fibre, a pneumatic device or a stone crusher device. The fragments are then washed out. Some big bladder stones are removed using open surgery. […] If the cause of the stone formation is not treated, the bladder stones may recur. Some patients with prostatic enlargement may need a resection of the prostate (TURP transurethral resection of the prostate). […] Those with chronic bladder infections must be treated with the appropriate antibiotics. If the bladder cannot empty itself fully, the treatments are covered here (underactive bladder). […] Foreign bodies in the bladder must be removed. A bladder diverticulum can be managed with a catheter programme or surgery to remove the bladder pouch.

• #38 Laser therapy for bladder stones with pulse laser and greenlight laser

  https://www.prostata-therapie.de/en/the-health-concept-for-men/bladder-stones/combined-laser-therapy-for-treating-bladder-stones

  Lithotripsy, the term also used for the fragmentation of a bladder stone using a laser, is a very gentle procedure, which enables patients to regain their quality of life after just a short stay in the clinic. […] In the Clinic for Prostate Therapy, a double laser procedure is used to treat bladder stones. Firstly, the painful bladder stones are fragmented and secondly, the cause of the bladder stones – namely a benign enlargement of the prostate – is effectively and sustainably eliminated. […] Using this method of „laser lithotripsy”, stone remnants are extracted using suction or pass out with the urine. […] The enlargement of the prostate that is responsible for the urine retention is treated a few weeks later. […] The state-of-the-art Greenlight laser is used here. […] The green laser light gently removes the excess tissue according to the principle of photoselective vaporisation, so that the patient can already resume normal activities the day after treatment and return to work – without having to undergo a lengthy and demanding operation with serious side-effects.

• #39 Bladder Stones | Melbourne Bladder Clinic

  https://bladderclinic.com.au/conditions/bladder/bladder-stones

  Treatments are aimed at removing the stones and also treating the underlying cause. […] Most bladder stones can be fragmented during a cystoscopy with a laser fibre, a pneumatic device or a stone crusher device. The fragments are then washed out. Some big bladder stones are removed using open surgery. […] If the cause of the stone formation is not treated, the bladder stones may recur. Some patients with prostatic enlargement may need a resection of the prostate (TURP transurethral resection of the prostate). […] Those with chronic bladder infections must be treated with the appropriate antibiotics. If the bladder cannot empty itself fully, the treatments are covered here (underactive bladder). […] Foreign bodies in the bladder must be removed. A bladder diverticulum can be managed with a catheter programme or surgery to remove the bladder pouch.

• #40 St George Urology | Lithopaxy (removal of bladder stones)

  https://www.stgeorgeurology.com.au/lithopaxy-removal-of-bladder-stones

  Lithopaxy (removal of bladder stones) is a procedure in which bladder stones are fragmented or crushed through a telescope (cystoscope) that has been inserted into the bladder. The surgeon may use a lithotrite (crushing tool) or laser to disintegrate the stone(s). […] Bladder stones do not always cause symptoms and may not need treatment, however whilst present they do pose a risk for developing a bladder infection. […] You will usually be given antibiotics during the procedure, after checking for any allergies you will usually go home with a script for some more a preventative measure against possible infection. […] A telescope is inserted into the bladder up the urethra (water pipe) to see the stones. These are then broken up using a crushing instrument the lithotrite, a mechanical disintegration probe or a laser. The stone fragments are removed from the bladder and, occasionally, a catheter is inserted.

• #41 Bladder Stones in Pets: Painful But Treatable – St. Francis Animal Hospital

  https://saintfrancisanimalhospital.com/2020/09/28/bladder-stones-in-pets-painful-but-treatable/

  Surgery is the fastest way to treat bladder stones and is often needed if stones are blocking the urethra and preventing your pet from being able to urinate. […] If your pet is put on a special diet, he or she will likely need antibiotics for the duration of therapy to help resolve and prevent bacterial infection. […] Dietary therapy may be needed for several weeks or months, and your veterinarian will need to check progress of stone dissolution through urinalysis and x-rays or ultrasound. […] We can’t necessarily prevent bladder stones from forming, but we can take steps that may help, including: Encouraging your pet to drink more water (either by adding water to your pet’s food or switching to canned food). […] If you notice any signs of bladder stones in your pet, give us a call. […] Early diagnosis and treatment can make a difference in the outcome and recovery of a pet with bladder stones.

• #42 EAU Guidelines on Urolithiasis – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/urolithiasis/chapter/bladder-stones

  Open suprapubic cystolithotomy is very effective but is associated with a need for catheterisation and longer hospital stay in both adults and children compared to all other stone removal modalities. […] In both adults and children, transurethral cystolithotripsy provides high SFRs and appears to be safe, with a very low risk of unplanned procedures and major post-operative and late complications. […] Extracorporeal SWL is the least invasive therapeutic procedure. […] Stones may be removed by open or endoscopic surgery in patients with bladder augmentation or diversion. However, often access cannot be obtained through a continent vesico-entero-cystostomy without damaging the continence apparatus; hence a percutaneous or open approach is typically preferred. […] Regular bladder irrigation reduces the chances of bladder stone recurrence in adults and children with bladder augmentation or continent cutaneous urinary diversion and adults with spinal cord injury who perform CISC. […] The risk of bladder stone formation in spinal cord injury, bladder augmentation or continent urinary diversion patients is reduced by performing regular bladder irrigation.

• #43 EAU Guidelines on Urolithiasis – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/urolithiasis/chapter/bladder-stones

  Open suprapubic cystolithotomy is very effective but is associated with a need for catheterisation and longer hospital stay in both adults and children compared to all other stone removal modalities. […] In both adults and children, transurethral cystolithotripsy provides high SFRs and appears to be safe, with a very low risk of unplanned procedures and major post-operative and late complications. […] Extracorporeal SWL is the least invasive therapeutic procedure. […] Stones may be removed by open or endoscopic surgery in patients with bladder augmentation or diversion. However, often access cannot be obtained through a continent vesico-entero-cystostomy without damaging the continence apparatus; hence a percutaneous or open approach is typically preferred. […] Regular bladder irrigation reduces the chances of bladder stone recurrence in adults and children with bladder augmentation or continent cutaneous urinary diversion and adults with spinal cord injury who perform CISC. […] The risk of bladder stone formation in spinal cord injury, bladder augmentation or continent urinary diversion patients is reduced by performing regular bladder irrigation.

• #44

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bladder-stones/treatment/

  Surgery will usually be needed to remove bladder stones. […] A transurethral cystolitholapaxy is the most common procedure used to treat adults with bladder stones. […] A crushing device, lasers or ultrasound waves transmitted from the cystoscope can be used to break up the stones into smaller fragments, which can be washed out of your bladder with fluids. […] A percutaneous suprapubic cystolitholapaxy is mainly used to treat children to avoid damaging their urethra. […] An open cystostomy is often used to remove bladder stones in men with a very large prostate, or if the stone itself is very large. […] The disadvantage of an open cystostomy is that it causes more pain afterwards and has a longer recovery time than the other types of surgery. […] After having a transurethral cystolitholapaxy or percutaneous suprapubic cystolitholapaxy, you’ll usually need to stay in hospital for a few days to recover. […] Once the bladder stones have been removed, the underlying cause will need to be treated to avoid new bladder stones forming. […] If you have bladder diverticula (pouches that develop in the wall of the bladder), surgery may be needed to remove them.

• #45 Bladder Stones | Melbourne Bladder Clinic

  https://bladderclinic.com.au/conditions/bladder/bladder-stones

  Treatments are aimed at removing the stones and also treating the underlying cause. […] Most bladder stones can be fragmented during a cystoscopy with a laser fibre, a pneumatic device or a stone crusher device. The fragments are then washed out. Some big bladder stones are removed using open surgery. […] If the cause of the stone formation is not treated, the bladder stones may recur. Some patients with prostatic enlargement may need a resection of the prostate (TURP transurethral resection of the prostate). […] Those with chronic bladder infections must be treated with the appropriate antibiotics. If the bladder cannot empty itself fully, the treatments are covered here (underactive bladder). […] Foreign bodies in the bladder must be removed. A bladder diverticulum can be managed with a catheter programme or surgery to remove the bladder pouch.

• #46 Bladder Stones | Melbourne Bladder Clinic

  https://bladderclinic.com.au/conditions/bladder/bladder-stones

  Treatments are aimed at removing the stones and also treating the underlying cause. […] Most bladder stones can be fragmented during a cystoscopy with a laser fibre, a pneumatic device or a stone crusher device. The fragments are then washed out. Some big bladder stones are removed using open surgery. […] If the cause of the stone formation is not treated, the bladder stones may recur. Some patients with prostatic enlargement may need a resection of the prostate (TURP transurethral resection of the prostate). […] Those with chronic bladder infections must be treated with the appropriate antibiotics. If the bladder cannot empty itself fully, the treatments are covered here (underactive bladder). […] Foreign bodies in the bladder must be removed. A bladder diverticulum can be managed with a catheter programme or surgery to remove the bladder pouch.

• #47 Bladder Stones Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Stone Dissolution, Surgical Fragmentation and Removal

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2120102-treatment

  In open suprapubic cystotomy, stones are not fragmented but are removed intact. This approach can be used with larger and harder stones and in cases where open prostatectomy or bladder diverticulectomy is indicated. Open prostatectomy is generally indicated when the prostate volume exceeds 80-100 g. […] Typical follow-up is 3-4 weeks postoperatively with kidney-ureter-bladder (KUB) radiography or bladder ultrasonography to document clearing of all the fragments. Thereafter, metabolic evaluation may be pursued as indicated, and KUB radiography may be done at 6- to 12-month intervals as warranted. A metabolic stone profile analysis is indicated in patients with uric acid stones, concurrent upper tract calculi, a strong family history of stone disease, calculi without obstruction, and recurrent calculi.

• #48 Bladder Stones Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Stone Dissolution, Surgical Fragmentation and Removal

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2120102-treatment

  In open suprapubic cystotomy, stones are not fragmented but are removed intact. This approach can be used with larger and harder stones and in cases where open prostatectomy or bladder diverticulectomy is indicated. Open prostatectomy is generally indicated when the prostate volume exceeds 80-100 g. […] Typical follow-up is 3-4 weeks postoperatively with kidney-ureter-bladder (KUB) radiography or bladder ultrasonography to document clearing of all the fragments. Thereafter, metabolic evaluation may be pursued as indicated, and KUB radiography may be done at 6- to 12-month intervals as warranted. A metabolic stone profile analysis is indicated in patients with uric acid stones, concurrent upper tract calculi, a strong family history of stone disease, calculi without obstruction, and recurrent calculi.

• #49 Bladder Stones Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Stone Dissolution, Surgical Fragmentation and Removal

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2120102-treatment

  In open suprapubic cystotomy, stones are not fragmented but are removed intact. This approach can be used with larger and harder stones and in cases where open prostatectomy or bladder diverticulectomy is indicated. Open prostatectomy is generally indicated when the prostate volume exceeds 80-100 g. […] Typical follow-up is 3-4 weeks postoperatively with kidney-ureter-bladder (KUB) radiography or bladder ultrasonography to document clearing of all the fragments. Thereafter, metabolic evaluation may be pursued as indicated, and KUB radiography may be done at 6- to 12-month intervals as warranted. A metabolic stone profile analysis is indicated in patients with uric acid stones, concurrent upper tract calculi, a strong family history of stone disease, calculi without obstruction, and recurrent calculi.

• #50 Bladder Stones Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Stone Dissolution, Surgical Fragmentation and Removal

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2120102-treatment

  In open suprapubic cystotomy, stones are not fragmented but are removed intact. This approach can be used with larger and harder stones and in cases where open prostatectomy or bladder diverticulectomy is indicated. Open prostatectomy is generally indicated when the prostate volume exceeds 80-100 g. […] Typical follow-up is 3-4 weeks postoperatively with kidney-ureter-bladder (KUB) radiography or bladder ultrasonography to document clearing of all the fragments. Thereafter, metabolic evaluation may be pursued as indicated, and KUB radiography may be done at 6- to 12-month intervals as warranted. A metabolic stone profile analysis is indicated in patients with uric acid stones, concurrent upper tract calculi, a strong family history of stone disease, calculi without obstruction, and recurrent calculi.

• #51 Urinary Bladder Stones – Bladder Calculi: Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.urology-textbook.com/bladder-stones.html

  The decision between endoscopic or open cystolithotomy depends on the size of the stones, the number of calculi, and the size of the prostate if simultaneous surgical BPH therapy is sought. […] After surgical removal of the bladder stones (see above), a change in diet is needed to prevent the recurrence of bladder stones: a diet rich in proteins and mixed cereals.

• #52 Bladder Stones: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/kidney-stones/what-are-bladder-stones

  If you have small bladder stones, you might be able to drink a lot of water to get them to pass through on their own. But if you cant empty your bladder, this may not work. […] If they dont pass on their own, your doctor may suggest: […] Breaking the stones into pieces. This is a procedure called cystolitholapaxy. Your doctor first does a cystoscopy to find the stones. Then, they use ultrasound, laser, or some other tool through the cystoscope to break up the stones and flush out the tiny pieces. […] Surgery. If the stones are too large to break up, you may need to have surgery to open your bladder and remove them. […] Ideally, you prevent them by treating the cause of the bladder stones. Thats not always possible, but there are some options: […] Aside from that, make sure to drink plenty of water to help keep the minerals in your urine from turning into crystals and forming bladder stones. Ask your doctor how much you should drink each day.

• #53 Bladder stones – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bladder-stones/symptoms-causes/syc-20354339

  Bladder stones may need medications or surgery. […] Left untreated, bladder stones may lead to infections and other complications. […] Bladder stones can develop when your bladder doesn’t empty completely. […] Some infections can lead to bladder stones. […] An enlarged prostate can obstruct the flow of urine, preventing the bladder from emptying completely. […] If these nerves are damaged from a stroke, spinal cord injury or other health problem your bladder may not empty completely. […] Bladder inflammation, sometimes caused by urinary tract infections or radiation therapy to the pelvis, can lead to bladder stones. […] Bladder catheters slender tubes inserted through the urethra to help urine drain from your bladder may cause bladder stones. […] Drinking more fluids, especially water, may help prevent bladder stones because fluids dilute the concentration of minerals in your bladder.

• #54 Urinary Bladder Stones – Bladder Calculi: Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.urology-textbook.com/bladder-stones.html

  The decision between endoscopic or open cystolithotomy depends on the size of the stones, the number of calculi, and the size of the prostate if simultaneous surgical BPH therapy is sought. […] After surgical removal of the bladder stones (see above), a change in diet is needed to prevent the recurrence of bladder stones: a diet rich in proteins and mixed cereals.

• #55 Struvite bladder stones in dogs | Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine

  https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-information/struvite-bladder-stones-dogs

  Struvite stones are treated medically with antibiotics and a therapeutic diet to dissolve the stones, such as Hills c/d, Royal Canin Urinary SO, and Purina Pro Plan UR. These diets have a reduction in magnesium, phosphorus and protein. They also help to acidify and dilute the urine. Dissolving struvite stones can be effective in 8-12 weeks or sooner. […] If the stones are not dissolving entirely or there is a risk of urinary tract obstruction, bladder surgery to remove the stones (cystotomy) may be necessary. In other cases, a nonsurgical procedure can be performed by a specialist called lithotripsy, which aims to break down the stones into tiny fragments. […] Struvite stone prevention focuses on preventing recurrent UTIs by frequently monitoring urine samples, making dietary changes, encouraging water consumption with canned food and adding water to dry food. Therapeutic diets used to prevent struvite stones aim to make the urine more acidic, increase diuresis (thirst and urination) and are generally lower in protein, phosphorus and magnesium.

• #56 List of 13 Urinary Tract Stones Medications Compared

  https://www.drugs.com/condition/renal-stones.html

  Bladder stones are hard buildups of mineral that form in the urinary bladder. […] The medications listed below are related to or used in the treatment of this condition. […] The drug class for tamsulosin is alpha blockers. […] The drug class for allopurinol is antigout agents, antihyperuricemic agents. […] The drug class for magnesium oxide is minerals and electrolytes. […] The drug class for citric acid/potassium citrate is minerals and electrolytes. […] The drug class for citric acid/sodium citrate is minerals and electrolytes. […] The drug class for citric acid / glucono-delta-lactone / magnesium carbonate is sterile irrigating solutions.

• #57 Bladder Stones Medication: Urinary Alkalinizing Agents

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2120102-medication

  The goals of pharmacotherapy are to dissolve the stone, reduce morbidity, and prevent complications. In patients with uric acid stones, urinary alkalinization may help dissolve the stone. […] The only potentially effective medical treatment for bladder calculi is urinary alkalization for the dissolution of uric acid stones. However, overly aggressive alkalization may lead to calcium phosphate deposits on the stone surface, making further medical therapy ineffective. […] Stone dissolution may be possible if the urinary pH can be made greater than or equal to 6.5. Potassium citrate 60 mEq/day is the treatment of choice.

• #58 List of 13 Urinary Tract Stones Medications Compared

  https://www.drugs.com/condition/renal-stones.html

  Bladder stones are hard buildups of mineral that form in the urinary bladder. […] The medications listed below are related to or used in the treatment of this condition. […] The drug class for tamsulosin is alpha blockers. […] The drug class for allopurinol is antigout agents, antihyperuricemic agents. […] The drug class for magnesium oxide is minerals and electrolytes. […] The drug class for citric acid/potassium citrate is minerals and electrolytes. […] The drug class for citric acid/sodium citrate is minerals and electrolytes. […] The drug class for citric acid / glucono-delta-lactone / magnesium carbonate is sterile irrigating solutions.

• #59 List of 13 Urinary Tract Stones Medications Compared

  https://www.drugs.com/condition/renal-stones.html

  Bladder stones are hard buildups of mineral that form in the urinary bladder. […] The medications listed below are related to or used in the treatment of this condition. […] The drug class for tamsulosin is alpha blockers. […] The drug class for allopurinol is antigout agents, antihyperuricemic agents. […] The drug class for magnesium oxide is minerals and electrolytes. […] The drug class for citric acid/potassium citrate is minerals and electrolytes. […] The drug class for citric acid/sodium citrate is minerals and electrolytes. […] The drug class for citric acid / glucono-delta-lactone / magnesium carbonate is sterile irrigating solutions.

• #60 List of 13 Urinary Tract Stones Medications Compared

  https://www.drugs.com/condition/renal-stones.html

  Bladder stones are hard buildups of mineral that form in the urinary bladder. […] The medications listed below are related to or used in the treatment of this condition. […] The drug class for tamsulosin is alpha blockers. […] The drug class for allopurinol is antigout agents, antihyperuricemic agents. […] The drug class for magnesium oxide is minerals and electrolytes. […] The drug class for citric acid/potassium citrate is minerals and electrolytes. […] The drug class for citric acid/sodium citrate is minerals and electrolytes. […] The drug class for citric acid / glucono-delta-lactone / magnesium carbonate is sterile irrigating solutions.

• #61 Pediatric Stone Disease Symptoms & Treatment | UPMC

  https://www.upmc.com/services/urology/conditions/pediatric-stone-disease

  There have been remarkable breakthroughs in the past 20 years in the treatment of urinary stones. Prior to this time, the only option for removal of stones was an open operation. Now, open surgery is very rarely performed for stone disease. […] If open surgery is proposed for your child’s stone disease, ask about less invasive treatments that might be available. […] The most cutting-edge treatment for urinary stones is ESWL: breaking urinary stones with shock waves from outside the body. In this form of treatment, x-rays or ultrasound are used to focus shock waves on the stone, breaking it without damaging the body’s normal tissues. […] The safety of ESWL on the developing kidney has not been established beyond a doubt, but it seems from many large studies that this is a safe and effective way to treat pediatric kidney and ureteral stones.

• #62

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bladder-stones/treatment/

  Surgery will usually be needed to remove bladder stones. […] A transurethral cystolitholapaxy is the most common procedure used to treat adults with bladder stones. […] A crushing device, lasers or ultrasound waves transmitted from the cystoscope can be used to break up the stones into smaller fragments, which can be washed out of your bladder with fluids. […] A percutaneous suprapubic cystolitholapaxy is mainly used to treat children to avoid damaging their urethra. […] An open cystostomy is often used to remove bladder stones in men with a very large prostate, or if the stone itself is very large. […] The disadvantage of an open cystostomy is that it causes more pain afterwards and has a longer recovery time than the other types of surgery. […] After having a transurethral cystolitholapaxy or percutaneous suprapubic cystolitholapaxy, you’ll usually need to stay in hospital for a few days to recover. […] Once the bladder stones have been removed, the underlying cause will need to be treated to avoid new bladder stones forming. […] If you have bladder diverticula (pouches that develop in the wall of the bladder), surgery may be needed to remove them.

• #63 Pediatric Stone Disease Symptoms & Treatment | UPMC

  https://www.upmc.com/services/urology/conditions/pediatric-stone-disease

  There have been remarkable breakthroughs in the past 20 years in the treatment of urinary stones. Prior to this time, the only option for removal of stones was an open operation. Now, open surgery is very rarely performed for stone disease. […] If open surgery is proposed for your child’s stone disease, ask about less invasive treatments that might be available. […] The most cutting-edge treatment for urinary stones is ESWL: breaking urinary stones with shock waves from outside the body. In this form of treatment, x-rays or ultrasound are used to focus shock waves on the stone, breaking it without damaging the body’s normal tissues. […] The safety of ESWL on the developing kidney has not been established beyond a doubt, but it seems from many large studies that this is a safe and effective way to treat pediatric kidney and ureteral stones.

• #64 Pediatric Stone Disease Symptoms & Treatment | UPMC

  https://www.upmc.com/services/urology/conditions/pediatric-stone-disease

  There have been remarkable breakthroughs in the past 20 years in the treatment of urinary stones. Prior to this time, the only option for removal of stones was an open operation. Now, open surgery is very rarely performed for stone disease. […] If open surgery is proposed for your child’s stone disease, ask about less invasive treatments that might be available. […] The most cutting-edge treatment for urinary stones is ESWL: breaking urinary stones with shock waves from outside the body. In this form of treatment, x-rays or ultrasound are used to focus shock waves on the stone, breaking it without damaging the body’s normal tissues. […] The safety of ESWL on the developing kidney has not been established beyond a doubt, but it seems from many large studies that this is a safe and effective way to treat pediatric kidney and ureteral stones.

• #65 Bladder stones – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bladder-stones/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354345

  Drinking lots of water may help a small stone pass naturally. However, because bladder stones are often caused by difficulty emptying your bladder completely, extra water may not be enough to make the stone pass. […] Most of the time, you’ll need to have the stones removed. There are a few ways to do this. […] In one method, you’re first given numbing medication or general anesthesia to make you unconscious. After that, a small tube with a camera at the end is inserted into your bladder to let your doctor see the stone. Then, a laser, ultrasound or other device breaks the stone into small pieces and flushes them from the bladder. […] Occasionally, bladder stones are large or too hard to break up. In these cases, your doctor will surgically remove the stones from your bladder. […] If your bladder stones are the result of a bladder outlet obstruction or an enlarged prostate, these problems need to be treated at the same time as your bladder stones, typically with surgery.

• #66 Bladder Stones Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Stone Dissolution, Surgical Fragmentation and Removal

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2120102-treatment

  In open suprapubic cystotomy, stones are not fragmented but are removed intact. This approach can be used with larger and harder stones and in cases where open prostatectomy or bladder diverticulectomy is indicated. Open prostatectomy is generally indicated when the prostate volume exceeds 80-100 g. […] Typical follow-up is 3-4 weeks postoperatively with kidney-ureter-bladder (KUB) radiography or bladder ultrasonography to document clearing of all the fragments. Thereafter, metabolic evaluation may be pursued as indicated, and KUB radiography may be done at 6- to 12-month intervals as warranted. A metabolic stone profile analysis is indicated in patients with uric acid stones, concurrent upper tract calculi, a strong family history of stone disease, calculi without obstruction, and recurrent calculi.

• #67 Laser therapy for bladder stones with pulse laser and greenlight laser

  https://www.prostata-therapie.de/en/the-health-concept-for-men/bladder-stones/combined-laser-therapy-for-treating-bladder-stones

  Lithotripsy, the term also used for the fragmentation of a bladder stone using a laser, is a very gentle procedure, which enables patients to regain their quality of life after just a short stay in the clinic. […] In the Clinic for Prostate Therapy, a double laser procedure is used to treat bladder stones. Firstly, the painful bladder stones are fragmented and secondly, the cause of the bladder stones – namely a benign enlargement of the prostate – is effectively and sustainably eliminated. […] Using this method of „laser lithotripsy”, stone remnants are extracted using suction or pass out with the urine. […] The enlargement of the prostate that is responsible for the urine retention is treated a few weeks later. […] The state-of-the-art Greenlight laser is used here. […] The green laser light gently removes the excess tissue according to the principle of photoselective vaporisation, so that the patient can already resume normal activities the day after treatment and return to work – without having to undergo a lengthy and demanding operation with serious side-effects.

• #68 EAU Guidelines on Urolithiasis – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/urolithiasis/chapter/bladder-stones

  Open suprapubic cystolithotomy is very effective but is associated with a need for catheterisation and longer hospital stay in both adults and children compared to all other stone removal modalities. […] In both adults and children, transurethral cystolithotripsy provides high SFRs and appears to be safe, with a very low risk of unplanned procedures and major post-operative and late complications. […] Extracorporeal SWL is the least invasive therapeutic procedure. […] Stones may be removed by open or endoscopic surgery in patients with bladder augmentation or diversion. However, often access cannot be obtained through a continent vesico-entero-cystostomy without damaging the continence apparatus; hence a percutaneous or open approach is typically preferred. […] Regular bladder irrigation reduces the chances of bladder stone recurrence in adults and children with bladder augmentation or continent cutaneous urinary diversion and adults with spinal cord injury who perform CISC. […] The risk of bladder stone formation in spinal cord injury, bladder augmentation or continent urinary diversion patients is reduced by performing regular bladder irrigation.

• #69 EAU Guidelines on Urolithiasis – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/urolithiasis/chapter/bladder-stones

  Open suprapubic cystolithotomy is very effective but is associated with a need for catheterisation and longer hospital stay in both adults and children compared to all other stone removal modalities. […] In both adults and children, transurethral cystolithotripsy provides high SFRs and appears to be safe, with a very low risk of unplanned procedures and major post-operative and late complications. […] Extracorporeal SWL is the least invasive therapeutic procedure. […] Stones may be removed by open or endoscopic surgery in patients with bladder augmentation or diversion. However, often access cannot be obtained through a continent vesico-entero-cystostomy without damaging the continence apparatus; hence a percutaneous or open approach is typically preferred. […] Regular bladder irrigation reduces the chances of bladder stone recurrence in adults and children with bladder augmentation or continent cutaneous urinary diversion and adults with spinal cord injury who perform CISC. […] The risk of bladder stone formation in spinal cord injury, bladder augmentation or continent urinary diversion patients is reduced by performing regular bladder irrigation.

• #70 EAU Guidelines on Urolithiasis – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/urolithiasis/chapter/bladder-stones

  Open suprapubic cystolithotomy is very effective but is associated with a need for catheterisation and longer hospital stay in both adults and children compared to all other stone removal modalities. […] In both adults and children, transurethral cystolithotripsy provides high SFRs and appears to be safe, with a very low risk of unplanned procedures and major post-operative and late complications. […] Extracorporeal SWL is the least invasive therapeutic procedure. […] Stones may be removed by open or endoscopic surgery in patients with bladder augmentation or diversion. However, often access cannot be obtained through a continent vesico-entero-cystostomy without damaging the continence apparatus; hence a percutaneous or open approach is typically preferred. […] Regular bladder irrigation reduces the chances of bladder stone recurrence in adults and children with bladder augmentation or continent cutaneous urinary diversion and adults with spinal cord injury who perform CISC. […] The risk of bladder stone formation in spinal cord injury, bladder augmentation or continent urinary diversion patients is reduced by performing regular bladder irrigation.

• #71 Bladder Stones Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Stone Dissolution, Surgical Fragmentation and Removal

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2120102-treatment

  The only potentially effective medical treatment for bladder calculi is urinary alkalization for the dissolution of uric acid stones. Stone dissolution may be possible if the urinary pH can be raised to 6.5 or higher. Potassium citrate 60 mEq/day is the treatment of choice. However, overly aggressive alkalization may lead to calcium phosphate deposits on the stone surface, making further medical therapy ineffective. […] Currently, 3 different surgical approaches to this problem are used: Transurethral cystolitholapaxy, Percutaneous suprapubic cystolitholapaxy, Open suprapubic cystotomy. […] A systematic review and meta-analysis concluded that a transurethral approach, when feasible, is the intervention of choice for bladder stones in adults and children, because of shorter procedure duration and hospital stay. The evidence suggested that endoscopic surgery is as effective as open surgery.

• #72 Bladder Stones Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Stone Dissolution, Surgical Fragmentation and Removal

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2120102-treatment

  The only potentially effective medical treatment for bladder calculi is urinary alkalization for the dissolution of uric acid stones. Stone dissolution may be possible if the urinary pH can be raised to 6.5 or higher. Potassium citrate 60 mEq/day is the treatment of choice. However, overly aggressive alkalization may lead to calcium phosphate deposits on the stone surface, making further medical therapy ineffective. […] Currently, 3 different surgical approaches to this problem are used: Transurethral cystolitholapaxy, Percutaneous suprapubic cystolitholapaxy, Open suprapubic cystotomy. […] A systematic review and meta-analysis concluded that a transurethral approach, when feasible, is the intervention of choice for bladder stones in adults and children, because of shorter procedure duration and hospital stay. The evidence suggested that endoscopic surgery is as effective as open surgery.

• #73 Bladder Stones Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Stone Dissolution, Surgical Fragmentation and Removal

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2120102-treatment

  The only potentially effective medical treatment for bladder calculi is urinary alkalization for the dissolution of uric acid stones. Stone dissolution may be possible if the urinary pH can be raised to 6.5 or higher. Potassium citrate 60 mEq/day is the treatment of choice. However, overly aggressive alkalization may lead to calcium phosphate deposits on the stone surface, making further medical therapy ineffective. […] Currently, 3 different surgical approaches to this problem are used: Transurethral cystolitholapaxy, Percutaneous suprapubic cystolitholapaxy, Open suprapubic cystotomy. […] A systematic review and meta-analysis concluded that a transurethral approach, when feasible, is the intervention of choice for bladder stones in adults and children, because of shorter procedure duration and hospital stay. The evidence suggested that endoscopic surgery is as effective as open surgery.

• #74 Struvite stone – Symptoms, causes, treatment | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/struvite-stones

  For many people with kidney stones, drinking more water may be the first recommendation. […] Medications can also be used either for pain or to help the stone pass. […] However, in the case with struvite stones, passage of the stone is rare. […] In many cases, the stone is too large to pass through, and surgical procedures are needed to break down larger stones or remove them. […] A ureteroscopy uses a small scope to remove the stone. […] Shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) uses high-energy acoustic pulses to break up the stone into smaller pieces for passing. […] Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) removes the stone surgically through the back. […] In the case with struvite stones, surgical management requires complete stone removal, usually with a procedure such as PCNL.

• #75 Struvite stone – Symptoms, causes, treatment | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/struvite-stones

  For many people with kidney stones, drinking more water may be the first recommendation. […] Medications can also be used either for pain or to help the stone pass. […] However, in the case with struvite stones, passage of the stone is rare. […] In many cases, the stone is too large to pass through, and surgical procedures are needed to break down larger stones or remove them. […] A ureteroscopy uses a small scope to remove the stone. […] Shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) uses high-energy acoustic pulses to break up the stone into smaller pieces for passing. […] Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) removes the stone surgically through the back. […] In the case with struvite stones, surgical management requires complete stone removal, usually with a procedure such as PCNL.

• #76

  https://mji.ui.ac.id/journal/index.php/mji/article/view/1602

  Bladder stones management has evolved over the last decades from open bladder surgery (sectio alta) to intracorporeal cystholithotripsy as well as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). […] ESWL presents to be a promising modality in the management of bladder calculi due to its simplicity and well tolerability. […] Majority of the patients underwent ESWL (49 out of 92, 53.3%). […] The stone free rates for ESWL, intracorporeal lithotripsy, and sectio alta are 93.9%, 97.0% and 100% respectively. […] The ESWL group had the smallest stone size average compared to the intracorporeal lithotripsy and section alta group (2.5 cm2.0 cm vs 4.8 cm3.7 cm vs 7.4 cm5.4 cm respectively). […] The ESWL sessions were conducted in the outpatient clinic, and thus no hospital stay was required. […] ESWL can be suggested as an effective non-invasive approach in the disintegration of bladder stone of 25 mm with a promisingly high stone-free rate (93.9%) Furthermore, ESWL can be performed on an outpatient basis with minimal complications.

• #77 Pediatric Stone Disease Symptoms & Treatment | UPMC

  https://www.upmc.com/services/urology/conditions/pediatric-stone-disease

  There have been remarkable breakthroughs in the past 20 years in the treatment of urinary stones. Prior to this time, the only option for removal of stones was an open operation. Now, open surgery is very rarely performed for stone disease. […] If open surgery is proposed for your child’s stone disease, ask about less invasive treatments that might be available. […] The most cutting-edge treatment for urinary stones is ESWL: breaking urinary stones with shock waves from outside the body. In this form of treatment, x-rays or ultrasound are used to focus shock waves on the stone, breaking it without damaging the body’s normal tissues. […] The safety of ESWL on the developing kidney has not been established beyond a doubt, but it seems from many large studies that this is a safe and effective way to treat pediatric kidney and ureteral stones.

• #78 Bladder stones: what they are, causes, symptoms and treatment

  https://www.operarme.com/blog/bladder-stones-what-they-are-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Bladder stones are solid mineral masses that appear in the bladder. […] Holmium laser lithotripsy is the best treatment for bladder stones. […] The choice of a particular treatment for bladder stones depends on the size, position and number of stones. […] For larger stones, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy or ESWL is used. This technique uses a shock wave machine to break up the stone and expel it during urination. […] Another option is to insert a very thin instrument that fits through the urethra and bladder. With this instrument, the stones can be found, removed and broken up. […] In these cases, surgery is necessary. Surgery is very useful for stones that are growing, or when the pain is unbearable. […] To get rid of bladder stones, the best treatment is lithotripsy with holmium laser surgery. This procedure allows the stone to disappear without the patient having to undergo any incisions.

• #79 Bladder stones: what they are, causes, symptoms and treatment

  https://www.operarme.com/blog/bladder-stones-what-they-are-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Holmium laser lithotripsy and extracorporeal lithotripsy differ in that holmium laser lithotripsy allows most stones to be removed at the same time as the procedure. […] In the vast majority of cases, bladder stone surgery results in the complete disappearance of the stones and their symptoms. […] Only in very rare cases can the stones reappear. The recurrence is usually caused by a lack of knowledge of the particular causes of the case and therefore a personalised treatment cannot be established.

• #80 Bladder Stones | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/18358

  Cystolitholapaxy can be performed cystoscopically for most types of bladder stones. Various disruptive or ablative therapies, including lasers, pneumatic-powered mechanical contact devices, ultrasound, and direct mechanical crushing with a lithotrite, can be used. Electrohydraulic devices are generally not used for bladder stones due to the tendency of the calculi to move, resulting in higher rates of mucosal bladder injury. Ultrasound and lithoclast devices typically fragment bladder stones more quickly than lasers, although all methods are considered effective. Laser treatment of bladder stones is increasingly becoming the standard due to its high stone-free success rate, low complication rate, and the ability to perform other endourological procedures, such as prostate resections and ureteroscopy.[58][59](A1)

• #81 EAU Guidelines on Urolithiasis – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/urolithiasis/chapter/bladder-stones

  Bladder stones will form in 3-4.7% of men undergoing surgery for benign prostatic obstruction (BPO) […] Primary and secondary bladder stones are usually symptomatic and are unlikely to pass spontaneously: active treatment of such stones is therefore indicated. […] There is a paucity of evidence on chemolitholysis of bladder stones. However, guidance on the medical management of urinary tract stones in section 3.4.9 Specific stone management of ureteral stones, can be applied to urinary stones in all locations. […] Minimally invasive techniques for the removal of bladder stones have been widely adopted to reduce the risk of complications and shorten hospital stay and convalescence. Bladder stones can be treated with open, laparoscopic, robotic-assisted laparoscopic, endoscopic (transurethral or percutaneous) surgery or ESWL.

• #82 EAU Guidelines on Urolithiasis – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/urolithiasis/chapter/bladder-stones

  Bladder stones will form in 3-4.7% of men undergoing surgery for benign prostatic obstruction (BPO) […] Primary and secondary bladder stones are usually symptomatic and are unlikely to pass spontaneously: active treatment of such stones is therefore indicated. […] There is a paucity of evidence on chemolitholysis of bladder stones. However, guidance on the medical management of urinary tract stones in section 3.4.9 Specific stone management of ureteral stones, can be applied to urinary stones in all locations. […] Minimally invasive techniques for the removal of bladder stones have been widely adopted to reduce the risk of complications and shorten hospital stay and convalescence. Bladder stones can be treated with open, laparoscopic, robotic-assisted laparoscopic, endoscopic (transurethral or percutaneous) surgery or ESWL.

• #83 Pediatric Stone Disease Symptoms & Treatment | UPMC

  https://www.upmc.com/services/urology/conditions/pediatric-stone-disease

  Recently, UPMC pediatric urologists have developed a technique referred to as the „mini-perc”, which was specifically designed for pediatric PCNL and also has been applied to adults. […] Bladder stones in the United States are most commonly associated with urinary tract reconstruction, either for bladder exstropy or neurogenic bladder. […] Percutaneous techniques are now used routinely to remove such stones, often on an outpatient basis. The use of percutaneous techniques to remove bladder stones results in an average hospital stay of one day, as opposed to approximately five days for open surgery. […] The Department of Pediatric Urology at UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh is a multidisciplinary clinic that treats and manages pediatric stones. A team of specialists, including a urologist with specialty training in the management of stone disease, a nephrologist, and a nutrition specialist, create a treatment plan and follow the patient’s progress over the long term.

• #84 Pediatric Stone Disease Symptoms & Treatment | UPMC

  https://www.upmc.com/services/urology/conditions/pediatric-stone-disease

  Recently, UPMC pediatric urologists have developed a technique referred to as the „mini-perc”, which was specifically designed for pediatric PCNL and also has been applied to adults. […] Bladder stones in the United States are most commonly associated with urinary tract reconstruction, either for bladder exstropy or neurogenic bladder. […] Percutaneous techniques are now used routinely to remove such stones, often on an outpatient basis. The use of percutaneous techniques to remove bladder stones results in an average hospital stay of one day, as opposed to approximately five days for open surgery. […] The Department of Pediatric Urology at UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh is a multidisciplinary clinic that treats and manages pediatric stones. A team of specialists, including a urologist with specialty training in the management of stone disease, a nephrologist, and a nutrition specialist, create a treatment plan and follow the patient’s progress over the long term.

• #85 Pediatric Stone Disease Symptoms & Treatment | UPMC

  https://www.upmc.com/services/urology/conditions/pediatric-stone-disease

  Recently, UPMC pediatric urologists have developed a technique referred to as the „mini-perc”, which was specifically designed for pediatric PCNL and also has been applied to adults. […] Bladder stones in the United States are most commonly associated with urinary tract reconstruction, either for bladder exstropy or neurogenic bladder. […] Percutaneous techniques are now used routinely to remove such stones, often on an outpatient basis. The use of percutaneous techniques to remove bladder stones results in an average hospital stay of one day, as opposed to approximately five days for open surgery. […] The Department of Pediatric Urology at UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh is a multidisciplinary clinic that treats and manages pediatric stones. A team of specialists, including a urologist with specialty training in the management of stone disease, a nephrologist, and a nutrition specialist, create a treatment plan and follow the patient’s progress over the long term.

• #86

  https://mji.ui.ac.id/journal/index.php/mji/article/view/1602

  Bladder stones management has evolved over the last decades from open bladder surgery (sectio alta) to intracorporeal cystholithotripsy as well as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). […] ESWL presents to be a promising modality in the management of bladder calculi due to its simplicity and well tolerability. […] Majority of the patients underwent ESWL (49 out of 92, 53.3%). […] The stone free rates for ESWL, intracorporeal lithotripsy, and sectio alta are 93.9%, 97.0% and 100% respectively. […] The ESWL group had the smallest stone size average compared to the intracorporeal lithotripsy and section alta group (2.5 cm2.0 cm vs 4.8 cm3.7 cm vs 7.4 cm5.4 cm respectively). […] The ESWL sessions were conducted in the outpatient clinic, and thus no hospital stay was required. […] ESWL can be suggested as an effective non-invasive approach in the disintegration of bladder stone of 25 mm with a promisingly high stone-free rate (93.9%) Furthermore, ESWL can be performed on an outpatient basis with minimal complications.

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