Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Prevention-and-Management-of-Bladder-Stones.aspx

  The first step in the prevention and management of bladder stones is to drink a large volume of water to help flush out any small stones in the bladder to be excreted in the urine. […] Individuals with recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) are at an increased risk for bladder stones forming and may benefit from techniques to prevent them. These include: […] Increasing fluid intake to lower urine concentration (2-3 liters a day) […] Regular emptying of the bladder […] Double voiding to increasing emptying of urine from the bladder […] Using laxatives to avoid constipation. […] These techniques are often beneficial and help to stop the formation of bladder stones with minimal adverse effects on the individual. […] Following the removal of the bladder stones, it is important to identify any underlying causes that may lead to the formation of new stones in the bladder. These can then be prevented by:

• #2 Bladder stones | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/bladder-stones?content_id=CON-20198838

  Bladder stones are usually caused by an underlying condition that’s hard to prevent, but you can decrease your chances of bladder stones by following these tips: […] Tell your doctor about unusual urinary symptoms. Early diagnosis and treatment of an enlarged prostate or another urologic condition may reduce your risk of developing bladder stones. […] Drink plenty of fluids. Drinking more fluids, especially water, may help prevent bladder stones because fluids dilute the concentration of minerals in your bladder. How much water you should drink depends on your age, size, health and level of activity. Ask your doctor what’s an appropriate amount of fluid for you.

• #3 What Causes Bladder Stones and How Are They Treated? – Advanced Urology Institute

  https://www.advancedurologyinstitute.com/what-causes-bladder-stones-and-how-are-they-treated/

  Early diagnosis and treatment is essential in the fight against bladder stone. Treatment options include increasing fluid intake, modifying diet, using medications, and high-end surgical procedures. Prevention involves eating a healthy diet, drinking lots of water, and keeping regular follow-ups and monitoring. […] They say prevention is better than cure, and this holds especially true for bladder stone. Some lifestyle modifications and preventive measures can go a long way. This includes eating a healthy diet, drinking lots of water, and keeping regular follow-ups and monitoring.

• #4 Kidney Stone Diet Plan and Prevention | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/kidney-stone-diet-plan-and-prevention

  One of the best things you can do to avoid kidney stones is to drink plenty of water every day. This will help make sure that you urinate frequently to avoid any build up of calcium or uric acid. […] Hydrate with water. Be sure to keep well hydrated, especially when doing exercise or activities that cause a lot of sweating. You should drink 2-3 quarts of liquid or 8-12 cups per day to produce a good amount of urine. […] There is no single diet plan for stone prevention. Most diet recommendations are based on stone types and individualized for each person. […] Limiting intake of these foods may be beneficial for people who form calcium oxalate stones which is the leading type of kidney stone. […] Don’t reduce the calcium in your diet. Work to cut back on the sodium in your diet and to pair calcium-rich foods with oxalate-rich foods.

• #5

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bladder-stones/

  If you have had bladder stones, they can come back. There are things you can do to try to prevent this happening. […] You can try to: […] increase your daily fluid intake to 2 to 3 litres to lower the concentration of your urine […] regularly empty your bladder without delaying […] urinate again 10 to 20 seconds after your first attempt (if you’re unable to empty your bladder completely first time); this is called double voiding and helps empty the bladder more efficiently […] avoid constipation (regular laxatives may be recommended).

• #6 Kidney Stones: Treatment and Prevention | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0415/p490.html

  Measures to prevent recurrence of kidney stones include lifestyle modifications, citrate supplementation, and medications. Lifestyle modifications are the cornerstone of prevention after a first kidney stone in patients with low risk of recurrence, whereas citrate supplementation and medications are reserved for patients with recurrent stones. Patients at high risk of stone recurrence should receive preventive measures tailored to the results of the metabolic assessment. […] The most important lifestyle modification to prevent recurrent kidney stones is to increase fluid intake to 2.5 to 3 L per day to guarantee diuresis of 2 to 2.5 L per day and a urine specific gravity lower than 1.010. Fluids should be consumed throughout the day and should consist of beverages with a neutral pH. Decreasing intake of carbonated drinks, especially those acidified with phosphoric acid (e.g., colas), further reduces risk of stone recurrence.

• #7 Water for preventing urinary stones

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7012319/

  Increased water intake may decrease stone recurrences (RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.84; 199 participants; low certainty evidence); this corresponds to 149 fewer (43 fewer to 205 fewer) stone recurrences per 1000 participants with 270 stone recurrence per 1000 participants over five years in the control group. […] Increased water intake may also prolong the time to urinary stone recurrence compared to standard water intake (HR 0.40, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.79; 199 participants; low certainty evidence); based on a stone recurrence rate of 270 per 1000 participants over five years, this corresponds to 152 fewer (209 fewer to 50 fewer) recurrences per 1000 participants. […] For secondary prevention, increased water intake achieving a urine volume of at least 2.0 L/day may reduce urinary stone recurrence and prolong time to recurrence for people with a history of urinary stone disease.

• #8 Bladder stones: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/184998

  Because a range of medical conditions can cause bladder stones, there are no specific ways to prevent them. […] Drinking plenty of fluids will help break down any developing stones. Experts recommend drinking at least 8 cups of water a day. […] Some people with urinary tract infections may feel like there is urine left in the bladder after urinating. In these cases, it is best to try urinating again 10-20 seconds after the first attempt. This is called double voiding and can help prevent stones from forming. […] A 2014 meta-analysis suggests that if a person has an enlarged prostate, sitting down to urinate can help make sure that the bladder is completely emptied. This may help prevent or slow the buildup of bladder stones.

• #9 Bladder stone – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_stone

  The best way to prevent bladder stones is to drink plenty of liquids. Juices containing citrate are thought to reduce the risk of stone formation. A study published in the Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology indicate orange juice is more effective at preventing stone formation than other citrus juices. […] Men who have difficulty with urination due to prostate enlargement should seek treatment, however, urinating in a sitting position appears to improve bladder emptying which might decrease the risk of bladder stones forming. […] Prevention in newborn children, especially in the first three months of life when most stones begin, is critical. Studies show that feeding newborn infants milk (mother’s, cow or goat) with no substitutes or supplements until at least the third month has proven successful in preventing most stones.

• #10 Bladder Stones: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2120102-overview

  Bladder outlet obstruction remains the most common cause of bladder calculi in adults. Prostatic enlargement, elevation of the bladder neck, and high postvoid residual urine volume cause stasis, which leads to crystal nucleation and accretion. This ultimately results in overt calculi. In addition, patients who have static urine and develop urinary tract infections are more likely to form bladder calculi. […] Aggressive treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms with alpha-blockers and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors should further decrease the overall incidence of bladder stones by improving bladder emptying. Removal of bladder stones will continue to progress toward minimally invasive techniques, thus decreasing hospital stay and recovery times. Continued advances in surgical equipment and the ability to downsize without the sacrifice of effectiveness could eventually render open surgery for stones obsolete.

• #11 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Prevention-and-Management-of-Bladder-Stones.aspx

  Reduction of prostate enlargement with medication or surgery to decrease the pressure on the bladder. […] Use of catheter to help drain bladder if it doesnt empty entirely (e.g. neurogenic bladder) […] Use of pessary or surgical procedures to hold the bladder in position if cystocele is present […] Surgical removal of bladder diverticula. […] This is an important step, as patients with these conditions are susceptible to the recurrence of bladder stones.

• #12 Bladder stones – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/bladder-stones

  Prompt treatment of a UTI or other urinary tract conditions may help prevent bladder stones.

• #13 Bladder Stones: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Removal

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16312-bladder-stones

  You may not be able to prevent bladder stones. But you can lower your risk by drinking plenty of water. Water dilutes minerals in your pee, so theyre less likely to clump together and form bladder stones. Talk to a healthcare provider about how much water you should drink every day. […] It’s a good idea to talk to a healthcare provider if you’re over 50 and have an enlarged prostate. They may recommend specific techniques or medications to help empty your bladder. […] You can also help lower your risk of developing certain types of stones by modifying your diet or taking specific medications.

• #14 Stones in the Urinary Tract – Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/kidney-and-urinary-tract-disorders/stones-in-the-urinary-tract/stones-in-the-urinary-tract

  In a person who has passed a calcium stone for the first time, the likelihood of forming another stone is about 11% at 2 years, and 39% at 15 years. Measures to prevent the formation of new stones vary, depending on the composition of the existing stones. […] Drinking large amounts of fluids 8 to 10 ten-ounce (300-milliliter) glasses a day is recommended for prevention of all stones. People should drink enough fluid to produce more than about 2 quarts of urine per day. Other preventive measures depend somewhat on the type of stone. […] People with calcium stones may have a condition called hypercalciuria, in which excess calcium is excreted in the urine. For these people, measures that decrease the amount of calcium in the urine can help prevent formation of new stones. One such measure is a diet that is low in sodium and high in potassium. Calcium intake should be about normal 1,000 to 1,500 milligrams daily (about 2 to 3 servings of dairy per day). The risk of a new stone forming is actually higher if the diet contains too little calcium, so people should not try to eliminate calcium from their diet. However, people may need to avoid sources of excess calcium, such as antacids that contain calcium.

• #15 Kidney Stone Diet Plan and Prevention | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/kidney-stone-diet-plan-and-prevention

  Extra sodium causes you to lose more calcium in your urine. […] To prevent uric acid stones, cut down on high-purine foods such as red meat, organ meats, beer/alcoholic beverages, meat-based gravies, sardines, anchovies and shellfish. […] Drink plenty of fluid: 2-3 quarts/day […] Limit foods with high oxalate content […] Eat enough dietary calcium […] Avoid extra calcium supplements […] Eat a moderate amount of protein […] Avoid high salt intake […] Avoid high doses of vitamin C supplements.

• #16 EAU Guidelines on Urolithiasis – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/urolithiasis/chapter/metabolic-evaluation-and-recurrence-prevention

  Excessive intake of oxalate-rich products should be limited or avoided to prevent high oxalate load, particularly in patients who have high oxalate excretion. […] Animal protein should not be consumed in excess and limited to 0.8-1.0 g/kg body weight. Excessive consumption of animal protein has several effects that favour stone formation, including hypocitraturia, low urine pH, hyperoxaluria, and hyperuricosuria. […] Calcium should not be restricted, unless there are strong reasons for doing so, due to the inverse relationship between dietary calcium and stone formation. The daily requirement for calcium is 1,000 to 1,200 mg. […] Daily sodium (NaCl) intake should not exceed 4-5g. High intake adversely affects urine composition: Calcium excretion is increased by reduced tubular re-absorption; urinary citrate is reduced due to loss of bicarbonate; increased risk of sodium urate crystal formation.

• #17 Stones in the Urinary Tract – Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/kidney-and-urinary-tract-disorders/stones-in-the-urinary-tract/stones-in-the-urinary-tract

  Thiazide diuretics, such as chlorthalidone or indapamide, also reduce the concentration of calcium in the urine in such people. Potassium citrate may be given to increase a low urine level of citrate, a substance that inhibits calcium stone formation. Restricting animal protein in the diet may help reduce urinary calcium and the risk of stone formation in many people with calcium stones. […] A high level of oxalate in the urine, which contributes to calcium stone formation, may result from excess consumption of foods high in oxalate, such as rhubarb, spinach, cocoa, nuts, pepper, and tea, or from certain intestinal disorders (including some kinds of weight loss surgery). Calcium citrate, cholestyramine, and a diet that is low in fat and in oxalate-containing food may help to reduce urinary oxalate levels in some people. Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) decreases the amount of oxalate the body makes.

• #18 Kidney stones – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-stones/symptoms-causes/syc-20355755

  Prevention of kidney stones may include a mix of lifestyle changes and medicines. […] You may lower your risk of kidney stones if you: […] Drink water throughout the day. This is the most important lifestyle change you can make. If you’ve had kidney stones before, your healthcare professional may tell you to drink enough fluids to pass about 2.1 quarts (2 liters) of urine a day or more. […] Eat fewer oxalate-rich foods. If you tend to form calcium oxalate stones, your healthcare professional may recommend limiting foods rich in oxalates. […] Choose a diet low in sodium and animal protein. Lower the amount of sodium you eat. […] Keep eating calcium-rich foods, but use caution with calcium supplements. Calcium in food doesn’t have an effect on your risk of kidney stones. […] Ask your healthcare professional to refer you to a dietitian. The dietitian can help you make an eating plan that lowers your risk of kidney stones. […] Medicines can control the amount of minerals and salts in the urine. They may be helpful in people who form certain kinds of stones. The type of medicine that your healthcare professional prescribes depends on the kind of kidney stones you have.

• #19 Six Easy Ways to Prevent Kidney Stones | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/six-easy-ways-to-prevent-kidney-stones

  One of the best measures you can take to avoid kidney stones is to drink plenty of water, leading you to urinate a lot. So, be sure to keep well hydrated, especially when engaging in exercise or activities that cause a lot of sweating. […] Moderating intake of these foods may be beneficial for people who form calcium oxalate stones, the leading type of kidney stones. […] It is important to eat and drink calcium and oxalate-rich foods together during a meal. In doing so, oxalate and calcium are more likely to bind to one another in the stomach and intestines before the kidneys begin processing, making it less likely that kidney stones will form. […] Don’t reduce the calcium. Work to cut back on the sodium in your diet and to pair calcium-rich foods with oxalate-rich foods. […] Research conducted by Dr. Jhagroo shows that those with kidney stones do not always heed the advice of their nephrologists and urinary specialists. About 15% of kidney stone patients didn’t take prescribed medications and 41% did not follow the nutritional advice that would keep stones from recurring. Without the right medications and diet adjustments, stones can come back, and recurring kidney stones also could be an indicator of other problems, including kidney disease.

• #20 Stones in the Urinary Tract – Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/kidney-and-urinary-tract-disorders/stones-in-the-urinary-tract/stones-in-the-urinary-tract

  Uric acid stones are almost always caused by excessive acid levels in the urine. Potassium citrate should be given to all people who have uric acid stones to make the urine alkaline and neutralize the high acid levels that cause uric acid stones. Occasionally, a low animal protein diet or allopurinol may be used to reduce uric acid levels in the urine. Maintaining a large fluid intake is also very important. […] For stones made of cystine, urinary cystine levels must be kept low by maintaining a large fluid intake and sometimes taking alpha-mercaptopropionylglycine (tiopronin) or penicillamine. […] People with recurrent struvite stones may need to take antibiotics continually to prevent urinary tract infections. Acetohydroxamic acid may also be helpful in people with struvite stones.

• #21 Six Easy Ways to Prevent Kidney Stones | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/six-easy-ways-to-prevent-kidney-stones

  To prevent uric acid stones, cut down on high-purine foods such as red meat, organ meats, and shellfish, and follow a healthy diet that contains mostly vegetables and fruits, whole grains, and low fat dairy products. Limit sugar-sweetened foods and drinks, especially those that contain high fructose corn syrup. Limit alcohol because it can increase uric acid levels in the blood and avoid crash diets for the same reason. Eating less animal-based protein and eating more fruits and vegetables will help decrease urine acidity and this will help reduce the chance for stone formation.

• #22 Kidney Stones: Treatment and Prevention | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0415/p490.html

  Allopurinol should be started at 100 mg once per day and increased gradually to 100 mg three times per day. Citrate supplementation is used not only for calcium stones, but also for uric acid (urine pH target 6.0 to 7.5 or greater) and cystine stones (urine pH target of 7.0 to 7.5 or greater). The preferred salt for supplementation is potassium citrate at a target dosage of 5 to 12 g per day.

• #23 10 Best Foods to Prevent Bladder Stones

  https://urologistahmedabad.com/top-10-foods-to-prevent-bladder-stones/

  Bladder stones are hard mineral deposits formed inside the bladder. However, there are various reasons why bladder stones form; one of the main contributors is a balanced diet which does not allow the formation of stones and maintains bladder health. You can prevent painful stones by focusing on particular foods and nutrients. Here is the list of top 10 foods to prevent bladder stones and encourage healthy urinary functions. […] Watermelon is not only refreshing but also highly hydrating, which plays a role in bladder stone prevention. When you keep your urinary tract clear, you support bladder health. […] Berries like cranberries, blueberries, and strawberries are full of antioxidants and vitamin C, making them the best for your bladder. Cranberries, in particular, may significantly reduce the risk of bladder infections. This would indirectly act as bladder stone prevention as well.

• #24 10 Best Foods to Prevent Bladder Stones

  https://urologistahmedabad.com/top-10-foods-to-prevent-bladder-stones/

  Adding plenty of magnesium-rich leafy greens like spinach, kale, and arugula reduces the amount of oxalate that may cause the formation of bladder stones. […] Citrus fruits such as lemon, orange, and lime contain citric acid, which may break down small-sized bladder stones and help in bladder stones prevention. […] The fiber in apples promotes healthy digestion and helps flush toxins from the body; it will not allow minerals to get collected in the bladder. […] These are sources of magnesium but have low oxalate content and include lentils, and kidney beans, among others. […] Potassium in bananas keeps the kidneys working and helps the body regulate fluid levels. Thus, it might reduce the risk of formation of bladder stones. […] Magnesium prevents the formation of oxalate; fiber present in whole grains helps the body to digest them perfectly, hence it reduces the formation of bladder stones.

• #25 10 Best Foods to Prevent Bladder Stones

  https://urologistahmedabad.com/top-10-foods-to-prevent-bladder-stones/

  Celery is full of water and diuretic properties, which are very good for flushing toxins and preventing bladder stone formation. […] These studies demonstrated that there are many catechins in green tea, which have high antioxidant activity for reducing and combating the irritation that helps develop bladder stones; the process may not lead directly but has shown possible outcomes such as less or reduced likelihood of experiencing bladder stone and/or bladder infections in one who drinks green tea regularly. […] Drinking enough water will wash out minerals and prevent their concentration in stones. […] Too much salt can cause increased calcium excretion in urine, which may help form bladder stones. […] Excessive intake of red meat and other proteins from animal sources can boost the risks of developing a stone in the bladder.

• #26 Urinary Stones | Department of Urology

  https://www.med.unc.edu/urology/patientcare/adult-non-cancer/urinary-stones/

  Given the high recurrence rate in stone disease, development of preventive strategies to minimize recurrence is almost as important as the treatment of an individual stone. […] Any patient who has had at least one stone should have a few basic tests including serum labs to check for systemic causes of stones and a stone analysis to determine stone composition. Patients with recurrent stones or those at high risk for recurrence should perform a 24-hour urine test (Litholink) to tailor preventive strategies to their individual risks. […] Because many risk factors for kidney stones are diet related, nutritional changes are the cornerstone of any stone prevention strategy. Stone patients should increase fluid intake to 2 to 2.5 liters per day. Additionally, other common recommendations include a low salt diet, moderate calcium intake, low animal protein diet, low oxalate diet, and increased dietary citrate. […] Medication therapy such as thiazide diuretics and alkalinization medications may also be used for stone prevention. Generally, these are started following a trial of dietary changes in high-risk patients or those with stone recurrence based on persistent risk factors noted on 24-hour urine testing.

• #27 EAU Guidelines on Urolithiasis – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/urolithiasis/chapter/metabolic-evaluation-and-recurrence-prevention

  Lifestyle factors may influence the risk of stone formation, for example, those causing obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. […] Advise patients that a generous intake of fluids, preferably water, is to be maintained, allowing for a 24-hour urine volume 2.5 L. […] Prescribe thiazide or alkaline citrates or both in case of hypercalciuria. […] Advise oxalate restriction if hyperoxaluria is present. […] Offer alkaline citrates in enteric hyperoxaluria. […] Offer calcium supplement in enteric hyperoxaluria. […] Advise reduced dietary fat and oxalate in enteric hyperoxaluria. […] Prescribe alkaline citrates or sodium bicarbonate in case of hypocitraturia. […] Prescribe allopurinol in case of hyperuricosuria. […] Offer febuxostat as second-line treatment of hyperuricosuria. […] Avoid excessive intake of animal protein in hyperuricosuria. […] Advise restricted intake of salt if there is high urinary sodium excretion.

• #28 Kidney Stones: Treatment and Prevention | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0415/p490.html

  Overall, a balanced diet is ideal for preventing stone recurrence. The diet should be high in fiber and vegetables, with normal calcium content (1.0 to 1.2 g per day) and limited sodium (4 to 5 g per day) and animal protein (0.8 to 1.0 g per kg per day). Patients who are obese or over-weight should pursue a normal body weight through dietary modification and increased physical activity. […] Thiazide diuretics, allopurinol, and citrate supplementation are effective in preventing calcium stones that recur despite lifestyle modification, even in the absence of hyperuricemia, urinary acidosis, hypocitraturia, or hyperuricosuria. The effectiveness of thiazide diuretics has been documented only with high dosages (e.g., hydrochlorothiazide, 50 mg per day; chlorthalidone, 25 to 50 mg per day; indapamide, 2.5 mg per day); lower dosages have fewer adverse effects, but their effectiveness is unknown.

• #29 5 steps to reduce the recurrence of bladder stones

  https://www.dvm360.com/view/5-steps-reduce-recurrence-bladder-stones-1

  Monitoring changes to a pets urine concentration (USG) and pH (either in the clinic or at home) may provide helpful indicators of the effects of lifestyle or diet changes. […] Routine testing of blood and urine as well as imaging of the bladder even when the pet isnt showing any clinical signs allow veterinarians to screen for indicators of subclinical bladder health issues that may not be visible or causing symptoms.

• #30 Bladder Stones in Cats | VCA Animal Hospitals

  https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/bladder-stones-in-cats

  Prevention is possible in many cases. […] If bladder stones are removed surgically or if small ones pass in the urine, they should be analyzed for their chemical composition. This allows your veterinarian to determine if a special diet or medication is appropriate. Regular checks of urine samples, or ultrasound examination of the bladder are helpful in all cases to detect early return of the problem and allow adjustments in diet or treatment.

• #31 Treatment and Prevention of Kidney Stones: An Update | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/1201/p1234.html

  Measures to prevent kidney stones include dietary modifications, nutritional supplements, and medications, depending on the specific type of kidney stone and urine characteristics. […] For prevention of calcium oxalate, cystine, and uric acid stones, urine should be alkalinized. […] For prevention of calcium phosphate and struvite stones, urine should be acidified. […] To prevent kidney stones, medication use should be evaluated and modified as needed. […] General concepts on prevention are presented below. […] Urine pH is an important factor in the production of kidney stones. […] A 24-hour urine collection can be analyzed for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, uric acid, and oxalate to determine stone composition, and for the stone-inhibiting factors citrate and phytate. […] Obesity contributes to risk of kidney stones more than dietary factors.

• #32 Stone Prevention Clinic | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/adult-urology/stone-prevention-clinic

  The Stone Prevention Clinic is held on the 2nd Thursday and Friday of each month for patients who are prone to kidney stones. […] Our team is committed to not only treating the kidney stones, but preventing their recurrence and growth. […] In order to prevent the formation of new stones, we perform a complete medical, metabolic, nutritional and lifestyle assessment. […] The vast majority of our patients take medication to help prevent stone formation. […] Together with our urologists, the goal of the Stone Prevention Clinic is to develop an individualized strategy for the most effective way to treat the stones and then develop a course of treatment that will prevent the stones from recurring.

• #33 Bladder Stones in Dogs | VCA Animal Hospitals

  https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/bladder-stones-in-dogs

  If the stones formed because of a bacterial infection, it is recommended that periodic urinalyses and urine cultures be performed to detect subclinical recurrences and determine if antibiotics should be prescribed. Periodic bladder X-rays or ultrasounds may be helpful in some cases to determine if bladder stones are recurring.

• #34 Dietary treatment of bladder stones – Petfoodology

  https://sites.tufts.edu/petfoodology/2017/07/26/dietary-treatment-of-bladder-stones/

  Owners of all pets with a history of stones even those on stone-prevention diets should work with their veterinarians to develop a regular monitoring plan for urine testing and either x-rays or ultrasound examination to look for new stones while they are small enough that they may be able to be treated without surgery.

• #35 EAU Guidelines on Urolithiasis – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/urolithiasis/chapter/bladder-stones

  Bladder stones will form in 3-4.7% of men undergoing surgery for benign prostatic obstruction (BPO) [720,721], 19-39% and 36-67% of motor-incomplete and motor-complete spinal cord injury patients, respectively [722], and 2.2% of patients with long-term catheters [723]. […] The metabolic abnormalities which predispose patients to form secondary bladder stones are poorly understood. Stone analysis of 86 men with a BPO-related bladder stone demonstrated that 42% had calcium-based stones (oxalate, phosphate), 33% had magnesium ammonium phosphate, 10% had mixed stones and 14% had urate stones [711]. […] Low urine volume (poor hydration) is the most consistently demonstrable abnormality [729-731]. […] Regular bladder irrigation reduces the chances of bladder stone recurrence in adults and children with bladder augmentation or continent cutaneous urinary diversion and adults with spinal cord injury who perform CISC (see section 6.4.5 Special Situations) [773,778,803]. […] In children with primary (endemic) bladder stones maintenance of hydration, avoidance of diarrhoea, and a mixed cereal diet with milk and Vitamins A and B supplements, with the addition of eggs, meat, and boiled cows milk after one year of age are recommended to prevent a recurrence [729].

• #36 Bladder Stones: Risk Factors, Treatment and Prevention – New Mobility

  https://newmobility.com/bladder-stones-risk-factors-treatment-and-prevention/

  Bladder stones are common in people with a spinal cord injury a 2006 study from Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation states that bladder stones are the second most common urological complication in people with SCI (urinary tract infections are the first). The Kessler study says that approximately 36 percent of people using indwelling catheters develop stones within eight years. […] One of the ways to help reduce the risk of bladder stones is to make sure you are completely emptying your bladder. Residual urine left in the bladder allows minerals in the urine to crystallize and can lead to stones. It also provides a Petri dish for bacteria to grow into a UTI. […] The steps you can take to reduce the chance of developing a bladder stone or at least catch it in its early stages are the same steps for all good bladder health. Get a yearly urology exam. If you have an indwelling catheter or bladder augmentation, be sure to irrigate to flush out mucus. Catheterize on a regular basis and make sure your bladder is fully drained to avoid stagnant urine. Catheterize often enough to keep your bladder volumes less than about 400cc (about 1.7 cups). Last, but never least, drink plenty of fluid water is best to stay hydrated and help flush everything out of the bladder. The rule of thumb is, drink enough fluid to keep your pee clear to straw colored.

• #37 Bladder Stones (Calculi): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/bladder-stones-7553140

  Cut back on purines: If you are prone to recurrent bladder stones, limit your intake of high-purine food, including beer, red meat, organ meats, anchovies, sardines, and shellfish. […] Practice catheter safety: If you use a urinary catheter, clean it every day. Wash your drainage bags daily and replace them weekly. […] […] […] Summary […] Bladder stones are hardened clumps of minerals that usually form when the bladder doesn’t empty as it should. Causes of this include an enlarged prostate, bladder obstruction, bladder prolapse, and neurogenic bladder. Chronic dehydration, a high-purine diet, and long-term catheter use can also contribute. […] Bladder stones don’t always cause symptoms. Larger ones can lead to extreme lower abdominal and back pain, frequent urination, painful urination, and blood in the urine. […] Bladder stones can be diagnosed with urine tests and imaging studies and may or may not require treatment. If a stone cannot be passed on its own, specialist procedures or surgeries may be used to break up the stone or remove it physically.

• #38 Kidney Stones in Children | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/kidney-stones-children

  There are things you can do to help prevent kidney stones from forming. The best ways to do that depends on the type of stone produced, underlying risk factors and how willing your child is to stick with a long-term prevention plan. Your child may need to change certain habits, such as drinking more fluids and changing his diet. […] We recommend children with stone disease: […] Drink a minimum of half of their body weight in ounces of water daily. For example, an 80-pound child would drink 40 oz. of water each day. Proper hydration helps prevent the urine from becoming concentrated with crystals, which can lead to stones forming. It also reduces the risk for urinary tract infections, which can cause struvite stones. […] Limit meat, salt and foods high in oxalate, such as green leafy vegetables, chocolate and nuts. Do not limit calcium in your child’s diet. Doing this can actually increase the risk of kidney stones. […] We also may give your child medication to prevent kidney stones. If your child has an underlying condition that causes kidney stones, we will treat that as well.

• #39 Stone Prevention: Dietary Factors, Current Evidence, and Metabolic Workup | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/87426

  Urolithiasis is a highly recurrent disease. The incidence of urolithiasis is on the rise. Although stone prevention is highly desirable, there is significant controversy and lack of quality evidence to suggest a standard approach to prevention. […] This chapter looks at the various preventive strategies, the contemporary evidence in support and influence of diet on urolithiasis prevention. […] Preventing stone recurrence involves identifying the underlying causes of the stones and implementing strategies to address those causes. […] Dietary and social habits such as dehydration, a high intake of sodium, and animal protein all increase the risk of stone recurrence. […] The fact that stones are the outcome of multiple genetic, dietary, and environmental causes along with difficulties in identifying specific factors and targeting them for stone prevention has shifted focus toward a more generic empiric therapy. […] A Cochrane review published in 2019 evaluated the effectiveness of increasing water intake as a prevention strategy for kidney stones. The review found that increasing water intake reduced the risk of kidney stone formation by 50%.

• #40 Preventing kidney stones from forming – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/preventing-kidney-stones

  Continue eating calcium-rich foods, but use caution with calcium supplements. Calcium in food can actually lower your risk of kidney stones. Continue eating calcium-rich foods unless your healthcare team recommends otherwise. Talk with your healthcare team before taking calcium supplements, however, because these may be linked to an increased risk of kidney stones. […] Take steps to reduce urinary tract infections. Some people are more susceptible to developing recurrent urinary tract infections. Fewer infections can reduce the risk of developing struvite stones. Get tips for preventing urinary tract infections. […] Medications can control the amount of minerals and salts in the urine and may be helpful in people who form certain kinds of stones. The type of medication your doctor prescribes will depend on the type of kidney stones you have and the specific makeup of your urine, which is determined by testing. Some medications can reduce uric acid levels in the blood and reduce your risk of uric acid stones, while others increase the solubility of cystine in your urine and lower your risk of cystine stones. […] Kidney stone formation is specific to each person, so it’s important to work with your healthcare team to develop a personalized treatment plan. That plan should consider what kind of kidney stones you have, possible causes for their formation and specific steps to prevent them.

• #41 EAU Guidelines on Urolithiasis – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/urolithiasis/chapter/metabolic-evaluation-and-recurrence-prevention

  All stone formers, independent of their individual risk, should follow the preventive measures in Table 4.5. The main focus is the normalisation of dietary habits and lifestyle risks. Stone formers at high risk need specific prophylaxis for recurrence, which is usually pharmacological treatment based on stone analysis and urinary risk profile. […] An inverse relationship between high fluid intake and stone formation has been repeatedly demonstrated. The beneficial effect of fruit juices is mainly determined by the presence of citrate or bicarbonate. Citrus fruit juices seem to protect against stone disease either by increasing urinary citrate levels or by having an alkalinising effect on it. […] A common-sense approach to diet should be taken, that is, a mixed, balanced diet with contributions from all food groups, without any excesses. Sufficient calcium intake is needed especially in vegetarian and vegan diets.

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