Materiały źródłowe

• #1 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Pinworm Infection

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6522669/

  Enterobius (syn. Oxyuris) vermicularis is a human-pathogenic intestinal parasite belonging to the nematodes (Nematoda). Symptomatic pinworm infection is referred to as enterobiasis (older term: oxyuriasis). The first description of the typically configured worm eggs by the Swedish natural scientist, Carl von Linn, dates back 1758. One can assume that E. vermicularis has been successfully established as a parasite in the host organism since the evolution of human hominids. The distinguishing feature of these worms is their eponymous thread-like appearance. The extensive uterine reproductive system of the fertilized female worm is often completely filled with eggs (10 000/worm). Like all nematodes, E. vermicularis has a thick outer protective covering (cuticle). The double-layered, elongate-oval eggs are 5060 25 m in size, translucent, and asymmetrical in shape. The parasite eggs are able to survive for a number of days outside the body (tenacity).

• #2 Pinworm (Enterobiasis): Practice Essentials, Etiology, Transmission

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225652-overview

  Pinworm infection, caused by the nematode Enterobius vermicularis, is prevalent in temperate regions worldwide. […] Pinworm infection, also called enterobiasis, is caused by Enterobius vermicularis, a white slender nematode with a pointed tail. In humans, they reside in the cecum, appendix, and ascending colon. […] Pinworms reside in the cecum, appendix, and ascending colon. Unlike other parasites, they do not lay eggs within the intestines. Instead, female worms accumulate around 10,000 eggs in their uterus. […] At night, gravid female worms migrate to the anus, lay eggs on the perianal skin, and then die. Within 4-6 hours, the larvae develop inside the eggs, becoming infectious. The movement of the female and the ova cause intense local itching. […] Eggs can be transmitted via contaminated surfaces or hands, and once ingested, the larvae hatch in the small intestine, migrate to the cecum, and mature. The entire cycle, from infection to egg release, takes about 3-4 weeks. […] Retroinfection: There also is a possibility of retroinfection, where larvae hatch around the anus and migrate back into the colon. However, the frequency of this occurrence is not well known.

• #3 Pinworms (Threadworms): Symptoms, How You Get Them & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21137-pinworms

  Pinworm larvae clustered inside the small intestine Swallowed pinworm eggs eventually hatch into larvae inside the small intestine. […] Pinworms are called Enterobius vermicularis. A pinworm infection is called enterobiasis. […] Pinworm infection occurs when your child swallows pinworm eggs. They become the host for the pinworm life cycle. […] Each female worm can produce 10,000 or more eggs. Your child may have anywhere from a few worms to hundreds of them. […] While serious complications are rare, pinworms can lead to: Bacterial infections: Scratching too much can break your skin, causing it to bleed and become infected. […] Your child will need to take an oral (taken by mouth) anti-parasitic medication to kill the worms. […] No. Untreated pinworms lay more eggs, making it easier to spread the infection. Your child will need medicine to get rid of them. […] The most effective way to prevent a pinworm infection (or reinfection) is by preventing the eggs from reaching your childs (or your) mouth. […] Medications cure pinworms 90% to 100% of the time. With proper treatment, pinworms go away and dont cause long-term health problems.

• #4 Enterobius Vermicularis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536974/

  Enterobius vermicularis is an organism that primarily lives in the ileum and cecum. Once E. vermicularis eggs are ingested, they take about 1 to 2 months to develop into adult worms which happens in the small intestine. These do not usually cause any symptoms when confined to the ileocecal area. The female adult worms and ova migrate to the anal area mostly at night time and deposit thousands of eggs in the perianal area. This migration causes pruritus. Eggs hatch near the anal area causing perianal pruritus. This leads to contamination of the fingers and results in ingestion of the eggs (autoinfection) and restarting of the life cycle of the worm. Occasionally, the larvae migrate back into the rectum and to the small intestine and begin the life cycle (retro infection). […] Infection is caused by the ingestion of the pinworm eggs. Transmission is most commonly through the fecal-oral route.

• #5 Pinworm Infestation – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/nematodes-roundworms/pinworm-infestation

  Pinworm ova become infective within a few hours of reaching the perineum. Infestation usually results from transfer of ova from the perianal area to fomites (clothing, bedding, furniture, rugs, toys, toilet seats), from which the ova are picked up by the new host, transmitted to the mouth, and swallowed. […] The female worm migrates out of the anus to the perianal region (usually at night) to deposit ova. The sticky, gelatinous substance in which the ova are deposited and the movements of the female worm cause perianal pruritus. […] Pinworms reach maturity in the lower gastrointestinal tract within 2 to 6 weeks.

• #6 Enterobiasis (Pinworm Infestation): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/997814-overview

  E vermicularis is an obligate parasite; humans are the only natural host. Fecal-oral contamination via hand-mouth contact or via fomites (toys, clothes) are common methods of infestation. After ingestion, eggs usually hatch in the duodenum within 6 hours. Worms mature in as little as 2 weeks and have a life span of approximately 2 months. […] Adult worms normally inhabit the terminal ileum, cecum, vermiform appendix, and proximal ascending colon. The worms live free in the intestinal lumen. Little evidence supports invasion of healthy tissue under normal conditions. The female worm migrates to the rectum after copulation and, if not expelled during defecation, migrates to the perineum (often at night) where an average of 11,000 eggs are released. Eggs become infectious within 6-8 hours and, under optimum conditions, remain infectious in the environment for as long as 3 weeks. […] Because of the short incubation time until the ova are infectious, eggs that are deposited under the fingernails during scratching and then placed in the mouth may be a mode of reinfestation.

• #7 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Pinworm Infection

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6522669/

  E. vermicularis has a simple direct life cycle, which takes place in the gastrointestinal lumen. Infection occurs via oral ingestion of infective eggs—the larvae contained in the eggs become infective within as little as 46 h following oviposition. Once in the digestive system of the host organism, the external membrane of the eggs softens. After passing through the pylorus, the pinworm larvae hatch in the small intestine. After molting twice, the worms copulate and then migrate downwards to the large intestine, where they can be found in large numbers particularly in the cecum, appendix, or ascending colon. The time interval between ingestion of infective eggs and oviposition by the adult female pinworm is 26 weeks. Oviposition occurs primarily while the host is resting, i.e., predominantly at night while they sleep. The migratory movements of the worms during this process often cause uncomfortable pruritus, as a result of which children in particular tend to relieve the itching by using their fingers to scratch the perianal region. The disintegration of the worm cuticle caused by fingers and finger nails leads to a massive release and spreading of eggs into underwear and the surrounding area. The contaminated hands of the host play an important role in maintaining the chain of infection (autoinfection). The already-hatched larvae can also enter the anus retrogradely, thereby causing renewed infection (retrograde infection).

• #8 Pinworm (Enterobiasis): Practice Essentials, Etiology, Transmission

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225652-overview

  Pinworm infection, caused by the nematode Enterobius vermicularis, is prevalent in temperate regions worldwide. […] Pinworm infection, also called enterobiasis, is caused by Enterobius vermicularis, a white slender nematode with a pointed tail. In humans, they reside in the cecum, appendix, and ascending colon. […] Pinworms reside in the cecum, appendix, and ascending colon. Unlike other parasites, they do not lay eggs within the intestines. Instead, female worms accumulate around 10,000 eggs in their uterus. […] At night, gravid female worms migrate to the anus, lay eggs on the perianal skin, and then die. Within 4-6 hours, the larvae develop inside the eggs, becoming infectious. The movement of the female and the ova cause intense local itching. […] Eggs can be transmitted via contaminated surfaces or hands, and once ingested, the larvae hatch in the small intestine, migrate to the cecum, and mature. The entire cycle, from infection to egg release, takes about 3-4 weeks. […] Retroinfection: There also is a possibility of retroinfection, where larvae hatch around the anus and migrate back into the colon. However, the frequency of this occurrence is not well known.

• #9 Pinworm Infection: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/pinworm_infection/article.htm

  Pinworm infection is an infestation of the large intestine and anal area by a small, white parasite that resembles a „worm.” The medical name for the parasite is Enterobius vermicularis, but it is commonly termed a pinworm in both the lay and medical literature. […] Pinworms and other helminthic parasitic worms (which, as a group, are termed helminths) feed off of the host animal by absorbing nutrients from the host animal. […] Pinworm infection is spread from person to person mostly in crowded places or in places where people live in institutions. Pinworm infection symptoms are caused by the female pinworm moving and laying her eggs, and this usually occurs at night. Within a few hours of being deposited on the skin around the anus, pinworm eggs become infective (capable of infecting another person).

• #10 Pinworm Infestation – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/nematodes-roundworms/pinworm-infestation

  Pinworm ova become infective within a few hours of reaching the perineum. Infestation usually results from transfer of ova from the perianal area to fomites (clothing, bedding, furniture, rugs, toys, toilet seats), from which the ova are picked up by the new host, transmitted to the mouth, and swallowed. […] The female worm migrates out of the anus to the perianal region (usually at night) to deposit ova. The sticky, gelatinous substance in which the ova are deposited and the movements of the female worm cause perianal pruritus. […] Pinworms reach maturity in the lower gastrointestinal tract within 2 to 6 weeks.

• #11 Pinworm Infection – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/parasitic-infections-roundworms-nematodes/pinworm-infection

  Pinworm infection is caused by the intestinal roundworm (nematode) Enterobius vermicularis. […] People acquire the infection when they swallow eggs of the roundworm. […] Infection occurs after pinworm eggs (ova) are swallowed. The larvae in the eggs hatch in the small intestine, then move to the large intestine. There, the larvae mature within 2 to 6 weeks, and the adult worms mate. After the eggs develop, the adult female worm moves to the rectum and exits through the anus to lay eggs. The eggs are deposited in a sticky, gel-like substance that sticks to the skin around the anus. […] Eggs are often introduced into the mouth from fingers or from contaminated food. […] Infection can also be transmitted through anal-oral contact with an infected partner during sex. […] The diagnosis of pinworm infection is made by finding the eggs or adult pinworms around the anus.

• #12 Pinworm Infection

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/pinworm/fact_sheet.htm

  Pinworms are white, parasitic worms that can live in the large intestine of humans. They are about one-half inch long. While the infected person sleeps, female pinworms leave the intestinal tract and lay their eggs on the skin around the anus. The eggs may hatch while still attached to the skin around the anus. They then move through the rectum to the lower intestine, where they grow to adult size within two to six weeks. Pinworm infections can be spread as long as either worms or eggs are present. […] Finding the female worm or the eggs confirms the diagnosis of pinworms. […] Pinworms are spread when an infected person, most often a child, has scratched his/her bare anal area and the eggs get under his/her fingernails. Pinworms can then be spread in the following ways: By an infected child not washing hands after using the bathroom. If the child then touches playmates or toys, he/she may pass on the eggs.

• #13 Enterobius Vermicularis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536974/

  Enterobius vermicularis is an organism that primarily lives in the ileum and cecum. Once E. vermicularis eggs are ingested, they take about 1 to 2 months to develop into adult worms which happens in the small intestine. These do not usually cause any symptoms when confined to the ileocecal area. The female adult worms and ova migrate to the anal area mostly at night time and deposit thousands of eggs in the perianal area. This migration causes pruritus. Eggs hatch near the anal area causing perianal pruritus. This leads to contamination of the fingers and results in ingestion of the eggs (autoinfection) and restarting of the life cycle of the worm. Occasionally, the larvae migrate back into the rectum and to the small intestine and begin the life cycle (retro infection). […] Infection is caused by the ingestion of the pinworm eggs. Transmission is most commonly through the fecal-oral route.

• #14 Post-Travel Parasitic Disease Including Evaluation of Eosinophilia | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/infections-diseases/enterobiasis-pinworm

  Enterobiasis is also known as pinworm infection. Pinworm eggs deposit on human perianal folds and infect via self-inoculation (hand-to-mouth contact after scratching infected area) and close person-to-person contact. The most common symptom is perianal itching, especially at night, which can lead to excoriations and bacterial superinfection. Adult worms may be visible near the anus within 2-3 hours of self-inoculation or close person-to-person contact. All travelers to endemic areas are at risk of infection, especially if in close contact with children.

• #15 Pinworm infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pinworm/symptoms-causes/syc-20376382

  Pinworm infection occurs most often in school-age children, and the tiny (microscopic) eggs are easily spread from child to child. […] Accidentally swallowing or breathing in pinworm eggs causes a pinworm infection. The tiny (microscopic) eggs can be carried to your mouth by contaminated food, drink or your fingers. Once swallowed, the eggs hatch in the intestines and mature into adult worms within a few weeks. […] Female pinworms move to the anal area to lay their eggs, which often results in anal itching. When you scratch the itchy area, the eggs cling to your fingers and get under your fingernails. The eggs then get transferred to other surfaces, such as toys, bedding or toilet seats. The eggs can also be transferred from contaminated fingers to food, liquids, clothes or other people.

• #16 Pinworm infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pinworm/symptoms-causes/syc-20376382

  Pinworm infection occurs most often in school-age children, and the tiny (microscopic) eggs are easily spread from child to child. […] Accidentally swallowing or breathing in pinworm eggs causes a pinworm infection. The tiny (microscopic) eggs can be carried to your mouth by contaminated food, drink or your fingers. Once swallowed, the eggs hatch in the intestines and mature into adult worms within a few weeks. […] Female pinworms move to the anal area to lay their eggs, which often results in anal itching. When you scratch the itchy area, the eggs cling to your fingers and get under your fingernails. The eggs then get transferred to other surfaces, such as toys, bedding or toilet seats. The eggs can also be transferred from contaminated fingers to food, liquids, clothes or other people.

• #17 Pinworms: Infection, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pinworms

  Pinworm infection is caused by accidentally swallowing pinworm eggs, which are transparent and too small to see with the naked eye. […] An individual acquires an infection by ingesting or inhaling pinworm eggs. These microscopic eggs are usually deposited onto a surface by a person with the infection. […] The eggs remain in the intestine until they hatch and mature. […] Adult female pinworms move into the colon and exit the body through the anus at night. They lay eggs in the folds of skin around the anus and then return to the colon. These eggs often cause itching and irritation. […] Scratching an affected area and then eating can lead to unintentionally ingesting pinworm eggs. This can lead to a repeat pinworm infection. […] Sometimes eggs on the anus hatch, and the larvae can reenter the large intestine. If not treated, this can cause the infection to continue indefinitely.

• #18 Pinworms: Infection, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/pinworms-infection

  A pinworm infection is an intestinal illness that’s very common in elementary school-aged children. Pinworms are small, thin, pin-shaped worms that sometimes live in the human colon and rectum. […] You get pinworms by accidentally swallowing or breathing in their eggs. You could eat or drink something that’s contaminated with them and not know it. The eggs can also live on surfaces like clothing, bedding, or other objects. If you touch one of these items and then put your fingers in your mouth, you’ll swallow the eggs. […] About a month later, the eggs hatch in your intestines and grow into adult worms. Female pinworms move to your anal area to lay their eggs. This causes anal itching. If you scratch the area, the eggs cling to your fingers and get under your nails. If you touch other surfaces or objects, you could spread the worms.

• #19 Pinworm infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pinworm/symptoms-causes/syc-20376382

  Pinworm eggs can survive for two to three weeks on surfaces. […] Typical pinworm infections don’t cause serious problems. In rare circumstances, heavy infestations can cause infection of female genitals. […] The parasite can travel from the anal area up the vagina to the uterus, fallopian tubes and around the pelvic organs. This can cause problems such as inflammation of the vagina (vaginitis) and inflammation of the inner lining of the uterus (endometritis).

• #20 Pinworm infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinworm_infection

  The cause of a pinworm infection is the worm Enterobius vermicularis. The entire lifecycle from egg to adult takes place in the human gastrointestinal tract of a single human host. This process is two to eight weeks. […] Pinworm infection spreads through human-to-human transmission, by swallowing infectious pinworm eggs. The eggs are hardy and can remain infectious in a moist environment for up to three weeks, though in a warm dry environment they usually last only 12 days. […] Although pinworms do not strictly multiply inside the body of their human host, some of the pinworm larvae may hatch on the anal mucosa, and migrate up the bowel and back into the gastrointestinal tract of the original host. This process is called retroinfection. According to Burkhart (2005), when this retroinfection occurs, it leads to a heavy parasitic load and ensures that the pinworm infestation continues. […] Despite the limited, 13-week lifespan of individual pinworms, autoinfection (infection from the original host to itself), either through the anus-to-mouth route or through retroinfection, causes the pinworms to inhabit the same host indefinitely.

• #21 Pinworms: Infection, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/pinworms-infection

  Pinworm eggs can live on hard surfaces and in your clothes and bedding for two to three weeks. In addition to your regular household cleaning, you’ll want to take these steps to stop the spread: Wash your hands with soap and water, especially after using the bathroom, touching someone who has a pinworm infection, or changing diapers and before handling food. […] Pinworm infections are very common in school-aged children. Signs that your child has a pinworm infection include if they’re itching around their anus or vagina, feeling irritable, and having belly pain.

• #22 Pinworms: Infection, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pinworms

  Pinworm infections are highly contagious. The infection cycle typically follows these steps: […] While uncommon, it is also possible to inhale airborne eggs, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). This may happen when shaking contaminated bedding, towels, or clothing. […] A pinworm infection can be acquired again when a pinworm larva hatches and reenters the anus. Reinfection can also occur if pinworm eggs are ingested. This can happen if pinworm eggs are on the hands or if the eggs become airborne.

• #23 Enterobiasis (pinworm) and trichuriasis (whipworm) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/enterobiasis-pinworm-and-trichuriasis-whipworm

  Enterobiasis occurs in both temperate and tropical climates; it is the most common helminthic infection in the United States and Western Europe. […] Life cycle and transmission — E. vermicularis has a simple life cycle (figure 1). The cycle begins with egg deposition by gravid adult female worms on the perianal folds. Autoinfection occurs by scratching the perianal area and transferring infective eggs to the mouth with contaminated hands. Person-to-person transmission can occur by eating food touched by contaminated hands or by handling contaminated clothes or bed linens. Infection may also be acquired via contact with environmental surfaces (curtains, carpeting) that are contaminated with eggs. In addition, eggs may become airborne, inhaled, and swallowed.

• #24 Pinworm infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinworm_infection

  The cause of a pinworm infection is the worm Enterobius vermicularis. The entire lifecycle from egg to adult takes place in the human gastrointestinal tract of a single human host. This process is two to eight weeks. […] Pinworm infection spreads through human-to-human transmission, by swallowing infectious pinworm eggs. The eggs are hardy and can remain infectious in a moist environment for up to three weeks, though in a warm dry environment they usually last only 12 days. […] Although pinworms do not strictly multiply inside the body of their human host, some of the pinworm larvae may hatch on the anal mucosa, and migrate up the bowel and back into the gastrointestinal tract of the original host. This process is called retroinfection. According to Burkhart (2005), when this retroinfection occurs, it leads to a heavy parasitic load and ensures that the pinworm infestation continues. […] Despite the limited, 13-week lifespan of individual pinworms, autoinfection (infection from the original host to itself), either through the anus-to-mouth route or through retroinfection, causes the pinworms to inhabit the same host indefinitely.

• #25 Enterobius Vermicularis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536974/

  Enterobius vermicularis is an organism that primarily lives in the ileum and cecum. Once E. vermicularis eggs are ingested, they take about 1 to 2 months to develop into adult worms which happens in the small intestine. These do not usually cause any symptoms when confined to the ileocecal area. The female adult worms and ova migrate to the anal area mostly at night time and deposit thousands of eggs in the perianal area. This migration causes pruritus. Eggs hatch near the anal area causing perianal pruritus. This leads to contamination of the fingers and results in ingestion of the eggs (autoinfection) and restarting of the life cycle of the worm. Occasionally, the larvae migrate back into the rectum and to the small intestine and begin the life cycle (retro infection). […] Infection is caused by the ingestion of the pinworm eggs. Transmission is most commonly through the fecal-oral route.

• #26 Pinworm (Enterobiasis): Practice Essentials, Etiology, Transmission

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225652-overview

  Pinworm infection, caused by the nematode Enterobius vermicularis, is prevalent in temperate regions worldwide. […] Pinworm infection, also called enterobiasis, is caused by Enterobius vermicularis, a white slender nematode with a pointed tail. In humans, they reside in the cecum, appendix, and ascending colon. […] Pinworms reside in the cecum, appendix, and ascending colon. Unlike other parasites, they do not lay eggs within the intestines. Instead, female worms accumulate around 10,000 eggs in their uterus. […] At night, gravid female worms migrate to the anus, lay eggs on the perianal skin, and then die. Within 4-6 hours, the larvae develop inside the eggs, becoming infectious. The movement of the female and the ova cause intense local itching. […] Eggs can be transmitted via contaminated surfaces or hands, and once ingested, the larvae hatch in the small intestine, migrate to the cecum, and mature. The entire cycle, from infection to egg release, takes about 3-4 weeks. […] Retroinfection: There also is a possibility of retroinfection, where larvae hatch around the anus and migrate back into the colon. However, the frequency of this occurrence is not well known.

• #27 Pinworm infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinworm_infection

  The cause of a pinworm infection is the worm Enterobius vermicularis. The entire lifecycle from egg to adult takes place in the human gastrointestinal tract of a single human host. This process is two to eight weeks. […] Pinworm infection spreads through human-to-human transmission, by swallowing infectious pinworm eggs. The eggs are hardy and can remain infectious in a moist environment for up to three weeks, though in a warm dry environment they usually last only 12 days. […] Although pinworms do not strictly multiply inside the body of their human host, some of the pinworm larvae may hatch on the anal mucosa, and migrate up the bowel and back into the gastrointestinal tract of the original host. This process is called retroinfection. According to Burkhart (2005), when this retroinfection occurs, it leads to a heavy parasitic load and ensures that the pinworm infestation continues. […] Despite the limited, 13-week lifespan of individual pinworms, autoinfection (infection from the original host to itself), either through the anus-to-mouth route or through retroinfection, causes the pinworms to inhabit the same host indefinitely.

• #28 Enterobius (Pinworm) | Johns Hopkins ABX Guide

  https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540202/all/Enterobius__Pinworm_?q=E+Hepatitis

  Pinworms are intestinal nematodes (aka roundworms). The disease is also known as enterobiasis or threadworm disease, caused by Enterobius vermicularis. The lifespan of a worm is 11-35 days, so the chronic disease is due to reinfection rather than persistent infection. Eggs are deposited nocturnally in perianal/perineal regions. Self-infection can occur by transferring eggs to the mouth after scratching the affected area. Eggs are transferred under contaminated fingernails, in dust and through contaminated clothes or linens. Eggs are deposited on perianal folds by gravid females and transferred to the mouth by contamination of hands, clothes or bed linens. Ingested eggs hatch into larvae in the small intestine. Larvae mature into adults in the colon, and gravid females migrate nocturnally outside the anus to lay eggs. Each female worm can produce more than 10,000 eggs. Eggs remain viable for an average of 1-2 weeks. Infectivity decreases within 1 to 2 days in dry, warm environments.

• #29

  https://www.parasite.org.au/para-site/text/enterobius-text.html

  While many infections remain asymptomatic, worm burdens may increase with time resulting in damage to the intestines by adult worms and/or damage to the perineum resulting from egg deposition. […] Adult worms attach to the mucosa and feed on intestinal content, bacteria and possibly epithelial cells, causing minute ulcerations which may lead to mild catarrhal inflammation with diarrhoea, eosinophilia and bacterial infection. […] More commonly, however, infections are characterized by intense perianal itching (pruritis ani) caused by host sensations and reactions to female worms depositing sticky eggs on the skin. […] Heavy infections in children may cause restlessness, irritability, anorexia, insomnia, nightmares, bed-wetting, nausea and vomiting. […] Occasionally, wandering worms have been associated with appendicitis, vaginitis, and rarely, extra-intestinal granulomas in ectopic sites.

• #30 Enterobiasis pathophysiology – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Enterobiasis_pathophysiology

  It is postulated that Enterobius vermicularis triggers an inflammatory response which is associated with the low-grade eosinophilia. […] Allergic response to the worm protein is considered the cause of pruritus; usually pruritus ani (perianal pruritus).

• #31 Pinworm Infestation – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/nematodes-roundworms/pinworm-infestation

  Pinworm ova become infective within a few hours of reaching the perineum. Infestation usually results from transfer of ova from the perianal area to fomites (clothing, bedding, furniture, rugs, toys, toilet seats), from which the ova are picked up by the new host, transmitted to the mouth, and swallowed. […] The female worm migrates out of the anus to the perianal region (usually at night) to deposit ova. The sticky, gelatinous substance in which the ova are deposited and the movements of the female worm cause perianal pruritus. […] Pinworms reach maturity in the lower gastrointestinal tract within 2 to 6 weeks.

• #32 Pinworm Infection

  https://health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/pinworm/fact_sheet.htm

  Pinworms are white, parasitic worms that can live in the large intestine of humans. They are about one-half inch long. While the infected person sleeps, female pinworms leave the intestinal tract and lay their eggs on the skin around the anus. The eggs are laid in a sticky, jelly-like substance that, along with the wriggling of the female pinworm, causes severe itching. […] Pinworms are spread when an infected person, most often a child, has scratched his/her bare anal area and the eggs get under his/her fingernails. Pinworms can then be spread in the following ways: By an infected child not washing hands after using the bathroom. If the child then touches playmates or toys, he/she may pass on the eggs. […] The eggs may hatch while still attached to the skin around the anus. They then move through the rectum to the lower intestine, where they grow to adult size within two to six weeks. Pinworm infections can be spread as long as either worms or eggs are present.

• #33 Pinworm (threadworm) infection

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/pinworm-threadworm-infection

  Enterobius vermicularis is an intestinal nematode. […] The migration of the female worm from the rectum and then the anus to lay eggs on the perianal skin during the night can lead to perianal pruritus or disturbed sleep or irritability. […] Pinworms are transmitted by direct transfer of infected eggs by hand from the anus to the mouth of the same or another person. […] Communicability continues as long as the eggs are being discharged onto the perianal area. […] Infection does not confer immunity.

• #34

  https://www.parasite.org.au/para-site/text/enterobius-text.html

  While many infections remain asymptomatic, worm burdens may increase with time resulting in damage to the intestines by adult worms and/or damage to the perineum resulting from egg deposition. […] Adult worms attach to the mucosa and feed on intestinal content, bacteria and possibly epithelial cells, causing minute ulcerations which may lead to mild catarrhal inflammation with diarrhoea, eosinophilia and bacterial infection. […] More commonly, however, infections are characterized by intense perianal itching (pruritis ani) caused by host sensations and reactions to female worms depositing sticky eggs on the skin. […] Heavy infections in children may cause restlessness, irritability, anorexia, insomnia, nightmares, bed-wetting, nausea and vomiting. […] Occasionally, wandering worms have been associated with appendicitis, vaginitis, and rarely, extra-intestinal granulomas in ectopic sites.

• #35 Enterobiasis pathophysiology – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Enterobiasis_pathophysiology

  It is postulated that Enterobius vermicularis triggers an inflammatory response which is associated with the low-grade eosinophilia. […] Allergic response to the worm protein is considered the cause of pruritus; usually pruritus ani (perianal pruritus).

• #36 Immune responses in children infected with the pinworm Enterobius vermicularis in central Greece | Journal of Helminthology | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-helminthology/article/immune-responses-in-children-infected-with-the-pinworm-enterobius-vermicularis-in-central-greece/C4F6F0618D27419D1B763D330506191B

  Previous studies have suggested an immunomodulatory and even protective role for Enterobius vermicularis, the least pathogenic human intestinal helminth. […] Eosinophils, ECP and IgE were found to be higher in infected than in uninfected children, indicating a type-2 immune response activation during infection. […] The type-2 oriented immune response elicited against E. vermicularis could contribute to a balanced activation of the immune system in the examined children. […] Interestingly, although the atopic children showed a stronger activation, they did not exhibit any symptoms and, moreover, there seemed to be some indication of immunosuppression in those children with a positive history of allergic disease.

• #37 Immune responses in children infected with the pinworm Enterobius vermicularis in central Greece | Journal of Helminthology | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-helminthology/article/immune-responses-in-children-infected-with-the-pinworm-enterobius-vermicularis-in-central-greece/C4F6F0618D27419D1B763D330506191B

  Previous studies have suggested an immunomodulatory and even protective role for Enterobius vermicularis, the least pathogenic human intestinal helminth. […] Eosinophils, ECP and IgE were found to be higher in infected than in uninfected children, indicating a type-2 immune response activation during infection. […] The type-2 oriented immune response elicited against E. vermicularis could contribute to a balanced activation of the immune system in the examined children. […] Interestingly, although the atopic children showed a stronger activation, they did not exhibit any symptoms and, moreover, there seemed to be some indication of immunosuppression in those children with a positive history of allergic disease.

• #38 Understanding and treating pinworm infection in mouse colonies

  https://www.jax.org/news-and-insights/2002/october/understanding-and-treating-pinworm-infection-in-mouse-colonies

  Pinworms are nematode parasites (Family Oxyuridae) which have simple, direct life cycles and are frequent contaminants of both specific pathogen-free (SPF) and conventional colonies of laboratory mice. […] Infections with pinworms are generally considered to be mildly pathogenic or non-pathogenic in animals with normal immune systems. However, pinworm infection may interfere with research goals in a number of ways. Pinworm infection has been shown to increase the host humoral immune response to nonparasitic antigenic stimuli and accelerate the development of the hepatic monooxygenase system. […] In athymic mice, pinworm infection may instigate the development of a lymphoproliferative disorder that eventually leads to lymphoma.

• #39 Immune responses in children infected with the pinworm Enterobius vermicularis in central Greece | Journal of Helminthology | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-helminthology/article/immune-responses-in-children-infected-with-the-pinworm-enterobius-vermicularis-in-central-greece/C4F6F0618D27419D1B763D330506191B

  Previous studies have suggested an immunomodulatory and even protective role for Enterobius vermicularis, the least pathogenic human intestinal helminth. […] Eosinophils, ECP and IgE were found to be higher in infected than in uninfected children, indicating a type-2 immune response activation during infection. […] The type-2 oriented immune response elicited against E. vermicularis could contribute to a balanced activation of the immune system in the examined children. […] Interestingly, although the atopic children showed a stronger activation, they did not exhibit any symptoms and, moreover, there seemed to be some indication of immunosuppression in those children with a positive history of allergic disease.

• #40 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Pinworm Infection

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6522669/

  Approximately 40% of affected individuals are oligo- or asymptomatic. If autoinfection does not occur, pinworm infection is self-limiting due to the short life span of adult worms. The main symptom of infection is pronounced (peri-)anal pruritus, which occurs primarily at nighttime while the affected individual sleeps. This can lead to disturbed sleep, childhood enuresis and impaired concentration during the day. Scratching in the perianal region can cause ulceration (excoriation) that shows a tendency toward bacterial superinfection. The role of E. vermicularis in relation to the pathogenesis of some cases of acute appendicitis has been the subject of controversy for many years, despite the fact that no causality has been reliably demonstrated. […] The anthelmintic efficacy of benzimidazole is based on binding to -tubulin, which inhibits tubulin polymerization and depletes the worms glycogen reserves. Due to the structural similarity between parasitic and human -tubulins, side effects may be seen in some cases and are due to impaired cell division. In most cases, the above-mentioned drugs are well-tolerated, causing at most harmless and short-term side effects such as headache, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. The majority of residual Enterobius eggs (in house dust) are no longer infective 5 days following oviposition.

• #41

  https://www.parasite.org.au/para-site/text/enterobius-text.html

  While many infections remain asymptomatic, worm burdens may increase with time resulting in damage to the intestines by adult worms and/or damage to the perineum resulting from egg deposition. […] Adult worms attach to the mucosa and feed on intestinal content, bacteria and possibly epithelial cells, causing minute ulcerations which may lead to mild catarrhal inflammation with diarrhoea, eosinophilia and bacterial infection. […] More commonly, however, infections are characterized by intense perianal itching (pruritis ani) caused by host sensations and reactions to female worms depositing sticky eggs on the skin. […] Heavy infections in children may cause restlessness, irritability, anorexia, insomnia, nightmares, bed-wetting, nausea and vomiting. […] Occasionally, wandering worms have been associated with appendicitis, vaginitis, and rarely, extra-intestinal granulomas in ectopic sites.

• #42 How to Treat Pinworm Infection: Symptoms, Home Remedies & Diagnosis

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/pinworms/article_em.htm

  Pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis) infections are the most common worm infection in America. […] The very simple life cycle of E. vermicularis ensures a high human prevalence. Tiny eggs deposited around the anus by a female worm spread the infection. Each female worm can produce more than 10,000 eggs during her lifespan. […] Over the next several weeks, newly ingested eggs hatch and mature into adult worms. The new worms migrate to the junction between the small and large intestine. Following further maturation, the newly „pregnant” worm migrates from this region to the rectum. From here she will make the trip to the anal area (commonly at night) and deposit her eggs. The life cycle has now come full circle. Adult females live for approximately three months in their human host. […] The most common symptom of pinworms is itching around the anus.

• #43 Pinworm infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pinworm/symptoms-causes/syc-20376382

  Pinworm eggs can survive for two to three weeks on surfaces. […] Typical pinworm infections don’t cause serious problems. In rare circumstances, heavy infestations can cause infection of female genitals. […] The parasite can travel from the anal area up the vagina to the uterus, fallopian tubes and around the pelvic organs. This can cause problems such as inflammation of the vagina (vaginitis) and inflammation of the inner lining of the uterus (endometritis).

• #44 Pinworms: Infection, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/pinworms-infection

  Yes. It’s very easy to spread a pinworm infection. This is how it passes from one person to another: Female pinworms hatch in your intestine. They travel from your intestine to your anus and lay eggs on the skin around the anus. […] Pinworm infections are most common in children aged 5-10 years. That’s because children in this age group often put their fingers in their mouths. Plus, they may not wash their hands as often as they should. […] You’ll need to take medications that kill the worms. […] Most of the time, pinworm infections don’t cause serious problems. In rare cases, and especially if you have a lot of them, pinworms can travel from the anal area up the vagina to the uterus, fallopian tubes, and around the pelvic organs. This can cause inflammation of the vagina what doctors call vulvovaginitis.

• #45 Pinworm infection | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/pinworm-infection

  Pinworm eggs can survive for two to three weeks on surfaces. […] The parasite can travel from the anal area up the vagina to the uterus, fallopian tubes and around the pelvic organs. This can cause problems such as inflammation of the vagina (vaginitis) and inflammation of the inner lining of the uterus (endometritis). […] To treat pinworm infection, your doctor may recommend over-the-counter pyrantel pamoate or prescribe medication to all members of your household to prevent infection and reinfection.

• #46 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Pinworm Infection (29.03.2019)

  https://di.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/206305

  Enterobius (syn. Oxyuris) vermicularis is a human-pathogenic intestinal parasite belonging to the nematodes (Nematoda). Symptomatic pinworm infection is referred to as enterobiasis (older term: oxyuriasis). The distinguishing feature of these worms is their eponymous thread-like appearance. The extensive uterine reproductive system of the fertilized female worm is often completely filled with eggs (10 000/worm). The time interval between ingestion of infective eggs and oviposition by the adult female pinworm is 2-6 weeks. Oviposition occurs primarily while the host is resting, i.e., predominantly at night while they sleep. The migratory movements of the worms during this process often cause uncomfortable pruritus, as a result of which children in particular tend to relieve the itching by using their fingers to scratch the perianal region. The disintegration of the worm cuticle caused by fingers and finger nails leads to a massive release and spreading of eggs into underwear and the surrounding area. The contaminated hands of the host play an important role in maintaining the chain of infection (autoinfection). The already-hatched larvae can also enter the anus retrogradely, thereby causing renewed infection (retrograde infection). The considerable potential for E. vermicularis transmission is explained by the tenacity and adhesive property of the eggs, which adhere particularly well to hands and under fingernails, thereby easily maintaining the chain of infection (continuous exposure, contact infection, autoinfection). The main symptom of infection is pronounced (peri-)anal pruritus, which occurs primarily at nighttime while the affected individual sleeps. Scratching in the perianal region can cause ulceration (excoriation) that shows a tendency toward bacterial superinfection. The role of E. vermicularis in relation to the pathogenesis of some cases of acute appendicitis has been the subject of controversy for many years, despite the fact that no causality has been reliably demonstrated. Extraintestinal infection patterns in the vagina, urinary bladder, peritoneum, kidneys, liver, and eye have been described in isolated cases. Alongside the intense itch, the disease is also characterized by marked psychosocial strain.

• #47 SciELO Brazil – Pinworm infection in school children of four districts of Malakand region, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Pinworm infection in school children of four districts of Malakand region, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

  https://www.scielo.br/j/bjb/a/QCQhkfmyMNZKQfLddbvsJtJ/

  Enterobiosis is acquired by eating of eggs having the 3rd stage larvae and infection is often directly transmitted from anus to mouth via hands, water or food contaminated by the eggs. Larvae emerges from the ingested eggs in the duodenum and travel to the caecum to become sexually mature. Males die after copulation, while egg-bearing females travel to the perianal and perineal regions, where they lay up to 11,000 eggs. The female usually return to the colon or die after laying eggs. Eggs may also be deposited on clothing and bed linen, and are subsequently either ingested or inhaled. […] Enterobiosis is often described as a childhood infection caused by E. vermicularis (human pinworm), also known as oxyuriasis. E. vermicularis is the pinworm of the large intestine of man, which causes perianal itching and irritability, abdominal discomfort, loss of appetite, weight loss, insomnia, restlessness, enuresis and recurrent urinary tract infections and appendicitis. Occasionally, pinworms penetrate into the submucosa resulting to a fatal diseases. They may also, penetrate extraintestinal sites like vulva, vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovary, peritoneum, lung, liver, breast, spleen, male urinary tract, nose and conjunctival sacs and leads to ectopian enterobiosis.

• #48 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Pinworm Infection

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6522669/

  Approximately 40% of affected individuals are oligo- or asymptomatic. If autoinfection does not occur, pinworm infection is self-limiting due to the short life span of adult worms. The main symptom of infection is pronounced (peri-)anal pruritus, which occurs primarily at nighttime while the affected individual sleeps. This can lead to disturbed sleep, childhood enuresis and impaired concentration during the day. Scratching in the perianal region can cause ulceration (excoriation) that shows a tendency toward bacterial superinfection. The role of E. vermicularis in relation to the pathogenesis of some cases of acute appendicitis has been the subject of controversy for many years, despite the fact that no causality has been reliably demonstrated. […] The anthelmintic efficacy of benzimidazole is based on binding to -tubulin, which inhibits tubulin polymerization and depletes the worms glycogen reserves. Due to the structural similarity between parasitic and human -tubulins, side effects may be seen in some cases and are due to impaired cell division. In most cases, the above-mentioned drugs are well-tolerated, causing at most harmless and short-term side effects such as headache, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. The majority of residual Enterobius eggs (in house dust) are no longer infective 5 days following oviposition.

• #49 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Pinworm Infection (29.03.2019)

  https://di.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/206305

  Enterobius (syn. Oxyuris) vermicularis is a human-pathogenic intestinal parasite belonging to the nematodes (Nematoda). Symptomatic pinworm infection is referred to as enterobiasis (older term: oxyuriasis). The distinguishing feature of these worms is their eponymous thread-like appearance. The extensive uterine reproductive system of the fertilized female worm is often completely filled with eggs (10 000/worm). The time interval between ingestion of infective eggs and oviposition by the adult female pinworm is 2-6 weeks. Oviposition occurs primarily while the host is resting, i.e., predominantly at night while they sleep. The migratory movements of the worms during this process often cause uncomfortable pruritus, as a result of which children in particular tend to relieve the itching by using their fingers to scratch the perianal region. The disintegration of the worm cuticle caused by fingers and finger nails leads to a massive release and spreading of eggs into underwear and the surrounding area. The contaminated hands of the host play an important role in maintaining the chain of infection (autoinfection). The already-hatched larvae can also enter the anus retrogradely, thereby causing renewed infection (retrograde infection). The considerable potential for E. vermicularis transmission is explained by the tenacity and adhesive property of the eggs, which adhere particularly well to hands and under fingernails, thereby easily maintaining the chain of infection (continuous exposure, contact infection, autoinfection). The main symptom of infection is pronounced (peri-)anal pruritus, which occurs primarily at nighttime while the affected individual sleeps. Scratching in the perianal region can cause ulceration (excoriation) that shows a tendency toward bacterial superinfection. The role of E. vermicularis in relation to the pathogenesis of some cases of acute appendicitis has been the subject of controversy for many years, despite the fact that no causality has been reliably demonstrated. Extraintestinal infection patterns in the vagina, urinary bladder, peritoneum, kidneys, liver, and eye have been described in isolated cases. Alongside the intense itch, the disease is also characterized by marked psychosocial strain.

• #50 Understanding and treating pinworm infection in mouse colonies

  https://www.jax.org/news-and-insights/2002/october/understanding-and-treating-pinworm-infection-in-mouse-colonies

  Pinworms are nematode parasites (Family Oxyuridae) which have simple, direct life cycles and are frequent contaminants of both specific pathogen-free (SPF) and conventional colonies of laboratory mice. […] Infections with pinworms are generally considered to be mildly pathogenic or non-pathogenic in animals with normal immune systems. However, pinworm infection may interfere with research goals in a number of ways. Pinworm infection has been shown to increase the host humoral immune response to nonparasitic antigenic stimuli and accelerate the development of the hepatic monooxygenase system. […] In athymic mice, pinworm infection may instigate the development of a lymphoproliferative disorder that eventually leads to lymphoma.

• #51

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/11126

  In the past decades, infections have been regarded as the environmental stimuli with the most impact in the etiology of childhood B-ALL. Common pathogens may drive secondary mutations in genetically predisposed subjects. […] Through a serendipitous observation, we found that the impact of pinworm infection on leukemogenesis was markedly different depending on the presence or absence of a common human somatic genetic change. […] We previously reported that ETV6::RUNX1 expression cooperates with Cdkn2a deletion to promote the development of B-ALL in mice. […] Review of the infection records in the SPF facility revealed that an outbreak of the pinworm Aspicularis was detected by fecal floatation testing of sentinels during the timeframe when decreased latency for leukemia/lymphoma had been observed in E6R1+ Cdkn2a-/- mice in comparison with Cdkn2a-/- mice.

• #52

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/11126

  The diminished effect of E6R1 on promoting leukemia/lymphoma development was observed after the eradication of pinworm. […] In the context of pinworm infection, E6R1+ Cdkn2a-/- mice developed leukemia/lymphoma earlier and with a higher incidence than Cdkn2a-/- mice. […] Taken together, this work demonstrates a protective effect of an infection on leukemia/lymphoma development of Cdkn2a null mice in the absence of the E6R1 mutation, but that this protection is reversed in the presence of this common prenatally acquired genetic change. […] Interestingly, pinworms have immunomodulatory properties, and their decades-long decline in western societies is inversely correlated with the rising incidence of B-ALL and other childhood immune disorders. […] This will be an important step toward leveraging the full potential of preventative strategies in children who are genetically predisposed to B-ALL.

• #53

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/11126

  The diminished effect of E6R1 on promoting leukemia/lymphoma development was observed after the eradication of pinworm. […] In the context of pinworm infection, E6R1+ Cdkn2a-/- mice developed leukemia/lymphoma earlier and with a higher incidence than Cdkn2a-/- mice. […] Taken together, this work demonstrates a protective effect of an infection on leukemia/lymphoma development of Cdkn2a null mice in the absence of the E6R1 mutation, but that this protection is reversed in the presence of this common prenatally acquired genetic change. […] Interestingly, pinworms have immunomodulatory properties, and their decades-long decline in western societies is inversely correlated with the rising incidence of B-ALL and other childhood immune disorders. […] This will be an important step toward leveraging the full potential of preventative strategies in children who are genetically predisposed to B-ALL.

• #54 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Pinworm Infection

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6522669/

  Approximately 40% of affected individuals are oligo- or asymptomatic. If autoinfection does not occur, pinworm infection is self-limiting due to the short life span of adult worms. The main symptom of infection is pronounced (peri-)anal pruritus, which occurs primarily at nighttime while the affected individual sleeps. This can lead to disturbed sleep, childhood enuresis and impaired concentration during the day. Scratching in the perianal region can cause ulceration (excoriation) that shows a tendency toward bacterial superinfection. The role of E. vermicularis in relation to the pathogenesis of some cases of acute appendicitis has been the subject of controversy for many years, despite the fact that no causality has been reliably demonstrated. […] The anthelmintic efficacy of benzimidazole is based on binding to -tubulin, which inhibits tubulin polymerization and depletes the worms glycogen reserves. Due to the structural similarity between parasitic and human -tubulins, side effects may be seen in some cases and are due to impaired cell division. In most cases, the above-mentioned drugs are well-tolerated, causing at most harmless and short-term side effects such as headache, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. The majority of residual Enterobius eggs (in house dust) are no longer infective 5 days following oviposition.

• #55 How to Recognize and Treat Pinworms in Children | Banner

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/healthcareblog/teach-me/how-to-recognize-and-treat-pinworms-in-children

  Most pinworm infections are mild and easy to treat. There are several over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription anti-parasitic medications that can be taken by mouth for treatment. […] Three oral drugs are primarily used: mebendazole, zentel and pyrantel. The first two medications block glucose from the worm, the primary source of the worms energy. The third drug, pyrantel, paralyzes the worm so it can be easily removed (pooped) from the body. […] Since pinworm infections are highly contagious and there is a risk others can be infected, family members and anyone else in close contact should also be treated, Dr. Olson said. Additionally, because autoinfection (eggs being re-ingested) can occur after treatment, re-treatment is needed two weeks after the initial medication is given to ensure the worms and eggs have been killed.

• #56 Pinworms (Oxyuris Equi) in Horses: Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention | Mad Barn

  https://madbarn.com/pinworms-in-horses/?srsltid=AfmBOopIQfO5AKQAtfvl6VKsMKEYgDhufaOz5alsslSt4ez77UhzJ_21

  However, there is a growing trend of adult and geriatric horses developing oxyuriasis. This may be due to genetic adaptation in pinworms that allows them to evade detection by the horses immune system. […] Anthelmintics, also known as dewormers, are a class of medications specifically designed to eliminate parasitic worms. […] Various anthelmintics have proven efficacy against pinworms. […] Benzimidazoles are considered the most effective anthelmintics for combating pinworms. […] These dewormers can eliminate 90-100% of mature pinworms. […] If pinworms exhibit resistance to macrocyclic lactones, treatment with a benzimidazole dewormer may be used as an alternative approach. […] Macrocyclic lactones exert their effects on parasites by targeting and binding to glutamate-gated chloride channel receptors in the cells. […] This leads to an influx of chloride ions into the cells, resulting in paralysis of the parasites and, ultimately, death.

• #57 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Pinworm Infection

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6522669/

  Approximately 40% of affected individuals are oligo- or asymptomatic. If autoinfection does not occur, pinworm infection is self-limiting due to the short life span of adult worms. The main symptom of infection is pronounced (peri-)anal pruritus, which occurs primarily at nighttime while the affected individual sleeps. This can lead to disturbed sleep, childhood enuresis and impaired concentration during the day. Scratching in the perianal region can cause ulceration (excoriation) that shows a tendency toward bacterial superinfection. The role of E. vermicularis in relation to the pathogenesis of some cases of acute appendicitis has been the subject of controversy for many years, despite the fact that no causality has been reliably demonstrated. […] The anthelmintic efficacy of benzimidazole is based on binding to -tubulin, which inhibits tubulin polymerization and depletes the worms glycogen reserves. Due to the structural similarity between parasitic and human -tubulins, side effects may be seen in some cases and are due to impaired cell division. In most cases, the above-mentioned drugs are well-tolerated, causing at most harmless and short-term side effects such as headache, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. The majority of residual Enterobius eggs (in house dust) are no longer infective 5 days following oviposition.

• #58 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Pinworm Infection

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6522669/

  Treatment-refractory cases or multiple recurrences can be managed with repeat treatment (pulse regimen): Patients and all household members or sexual partners receive a single dose of preferably mebendazole every 14 days for a period of 16 weeks. The authors have achieved good results with this intensified treatment schedule.

• #59 Pinworms: Infection, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/pinworms-infection

  Yes. It’s very easy to spread a pinworm infection. This is how it passes from one person to another: Female pinworms hatch in your intestine. They travel from your intestine to your anus and lay eggs on the skin around the anus. […] Pinworm infections are most common in children aged 5-10 years. That’s because children in this age group often put their fingers in their mouths. Plus, they may not wash their hands as often as they should. […] You’ll need to take medications that kill the worms. […] Most of the time, pinworm infections don’t cause serious problems. In rare cases, and especially if you have a lot of them, pinworms can travel from the anal area up the vagina to the uterus, fallopian tubes, and around the pelvic organs. This can cause inflammation of the vagina what doctors call vulvovaginitis.

• #60 Pinworms: Infection, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pinworms

  Pinworm infection is caused by accidentally swallowing pinworm eggs, which are transparent and too small to see with the naked eye. […] An individual acquires an infection by ingesting or inhaling pinworm eggs. These microscopic eggs are usually deposited onto a surface by a person with the infection. […] The eggs remain in the intestine until they hatch and mature. […] Adult female pinworms move into the colon and exit the body through the anus at night. They lay eggs in the folds of skin around the anus and then return to the colon. These eggs often cause itching and irritation. […] Scratching an affected area and then eating can lead to unintentionally ingesting pinworm eggs. This can lead to a repeat pinworm infection. […] Sometimes eggs on the anus hatch, and the larvae can reenter the large intestine. If not treated, this can cause the infection to continue indefinitely.

• #61 How to Recognize and Treat Pinworms in Children | Banner

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/healthcareblog/teach-me/how-to-recognize-and-treat-pinworms-in-children

  Pinworm infections are the most common type of intestinal infection in the United States and are most common in children ages 5 to 10. […] A pinworm is a common name for a tiny, white roundworm infection known as Enterobiasis vermicularis. It is the most common helminthic, or parasitic worm, infection that only affects humans, said Scott Olson, MD, a pediatric infectious disease specialist with Banner Children’s. Helminths are worm-like parasites that can live, feed and reproduce in the human intestine. […] You can become infected with pinworms by accidentally swallowing or breathing in pinworm eggs. […] Once they are taken in, the eggs live in the intestines until they hatch and mature, Dr. Olson said. After a few weeks, adult females migrate or move to the infected persons perianal skin, or skin around the anus, to lay eggs, which can cause irritation and itching.

• #62

  https://www.parasite.org.au/para-site/text/enterobius-text.html

  While many infections remain asymptomatic, worm burdens may increase with time resulting in damage to the intestines by adult worms and/or damage to the perineum resulting from egg deposition. […] Adult worms attach to the mucosa and feed on intestinal content, bacteria and possibly epithelial cells, causing minute ulcerations which may lead to mild catarrhal inflammation with diarrhoea, eosinophilia and bacterial infection. […] More commonly, however, infections are characterized by intense perianal itching (pruritis ani) caused by host sensations and reactions to female worms depositing sticky eggs on the skin. […] Heavy infections in children may cause restlessness, irritability, anorexia, insomnia, nightmares, bed-wetting, nausea and vomiting. […] Occasionally, wandering worms have been associated with appendicitis, vaginitis, and rarely, extra-intestinal granulomas in ectopic sites.

• #63 Pinworm Infection: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/pinworm_infection/article.htm

  While an infected person is asleep, female pinworms leave the intestines through the anus and deposit eggs on the skin around the anus. This causes itching and irritation of the surrounding area; children especially will scratch the rectal/anal area, get eggs on their fingers or underneath their fingernails and transport the infective eggs to bedding, toys, other humans, or back to themselves. The eggs hatch into larval forms in the small intestines and then progress to the large intestine where they mature and mate, and then progress to the rectal/anal area where females deposit about 10,000-15,000 eggs. […] Untreated pinworms may cause or have a role in causing: Diarrhea, Significant malabsorption of food, Weight loss, Genital itching, Bedwetting (enuresis), Pain during urination (dysuria), Vaginal discharge can be associated with genital skin irritation and rash. […] Most pinworm infections are treated at home with the above medications. However, reinfection is fairly common. To both reduce the chances for reinfection and to help prevent others from getting pinworms, see the prevention section.

• #64

  https://www.parasite.org.au/para-site/text/enterobius-text.html

  While many infections remain asymptomatic, worm burdens may increase with time resulting in damage to the intestines by adult worms and/or damage to the perineum resulting from egg deposition. […] Adult worms attach to the mucosa and feed on intestinal content, bacteria and possibly epithelial cells, causing minute ulcerations which may lead to mild catarrhal inflammation with diarrhoea, eosinophilia and bacterial infection. […] More commonly, however, infections are characterized by intense perianal itching (pruritis ani) caused by host sensations and reactions to female worms depositing sticky eggs on the skin. […] Heavy infections in children may cause restlessness, irritability, anorexia, insomnia, nightmares, bed-wetting, nausea and vomiting. […] Occasionally, wandering worms have been associated with appendicitis, vaginitis, and rarely, extra-intestinal granulomas in ectopic sites.

• #65 Common Intestinal Parasites | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0301/p1161.html

  Ingested eggs hatch in the duodenum, and larvae mature during their migration to the large intestine. Fortunately, most eggs desiccate within 72 hours. In the absence of host autoinfection, infestation usually lasts only four to six weeks. […] Disease secondary to E. vermicularis is relatively innocuous, with egg deposition causing perineal, perianal, and vaginal irritation. The patient’s constant itching in an attempt to relieve irritation can lead to potentially debilitating sleep disturbance. Rarely, more serious disease can result, including weight loss, urinary tract infection, and appendicitis. […] Pinworm infection should be suspected in children who exhibit perianal pruritus and nocturnal restlessness. Direct visualization of the adult worm or microscopic detection of eggs confirms the diagnosis, but only 5 percent of infected persons have eggs in their stool. The cellophane tape test can serve as a quick way to clinch the diagnosis.

• #66 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Pinworm Infection

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6522669/

  E. vermicularis has a simple direct life cycle, which takes place in the gastrointestinal lumen. Infection occurs via oral ingestion of infective eggs—the larvae contained in the eggs become infective within as little as 46 h following oviposition. Once in the digestive system of the host organism, the external membrane of the eggs softens. After passing through the pylorus, the pinworm larvae hatch in the small intestine. After molting twice, the worms copulate and then migrate downwards to the large intestine, where they can be found in large numbers particularly in the cecum, appendix, or ascending colon. The time interval between ingestion of infective eggs and oviposition by the adult female pinworm is 26 weeks. Oviposition occurs primarily while the host is resting, i.e., predominantly at night while they sleep. The migratory movements of the worms during this process often cause uncomfortable pruritus, as a result of which children in particular tend to relieve the itching by using their fingers to scratch the perianal region. The disintegration of the worm cuticle caused by fingers and finger nails leads to a massive release and spreading of eggs into underwear and the surrounding area. The contaminated hands of the host play an important role in maintaining the chain of infection (autoinfection). The already-hatched larvae can also enter the anus retrogradely, thereby causing renewed infection (retrograde infection).

• #67 Enterobiasis pathophysiology – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Enterobiasis_pathophysiology

  It is postulated that Enterobius vermicularis triggers an inflammatory response which is associated with the low-grade eosinophilia. […] Allergic response to the worm protein is considered the cause of pruritus; usually pruritus ani (perianal pruritus).

• #68 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Pinworm Infection (29.03.2019)

  https://di.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/206305

  Enterobius (syn. Oxyuris) vermicularis is a human-pathogenic intestinal parasite belonging to the nematodes (Nematoda). Symptomatic pinworm infection is referred to as enterobiasis (older term: oxyuriasis). The distinguishing feature of these worms is their eponymous thread-like appearance. The extensive uterine reproductive system of the fertilized female worm is often completely filled with eggs (10 000/worm). The time interval between ingestion of infective eggs and oviposition by the adult female pinworm is 2-6 weeks. Oviposition occurs primarily while the host is resting, i.e., predominantly at night while they sleep. The migratory movements of the worms during this process often cause uncomfortable pruritus, as a result of which children in particular tend to relieve the itching by using their fingers to scratch the perianal region. The disintegration of the worm cuticle caused by fingers and finger nails leads to a massive release and spreading of eggs into underwear and the surrounding area. The contaminated hands of the host play an important role in maintaining the chain of infection (autoinfection). The already-hatched larvae can also enter the anus retrogradely, thereby causing renewed infection (retrograde infection). The considerable potential for E. vermicularis transmission is explained by the tenacity and adhesive property of the eggs, which adhere particularly well to hands and under fingernails, thereby easily maintaining the chain of infection (continuous exposure, contact infection, autoinfection). The main symptom of infection is pronounced (peri-)anal pruritus, which occurs primarily at nighttime while the affected individual sleeps. Scratching in the perianal region can cause ulceration (excoriation) that shows a tendency toward bacterial superinfection. The role of E. vermicularis in relation to the pathogenesis of some cases of acute appendicitis has been the subject of controversy for many years, despite the fact that no causality has been reliably demonstrated. Extraintestinal infection patterns in the vagina, urinary bladder, peritoneum, kidneys, liver, and eye have been described in isolated cases. Alongside the intense itch, the disease is also characterized by marked psychosocial strain.

• #69

  https://journals.lww.com/acgcr/fulltext/2024/11000/pinworm_infection_misdiagnosed_with_primary.3.aspx

  Based on the presented cases, a pinworm infection should always be ruled out for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in all patients with suspected EGID, through a night-time application of cellophane tape in the perianal area, ideally for 35 consecutive days. […] Future guidelines should better address this aspect.

• #70 What Is a Pinworm Infection? – Consensus: AI Search Engine for Research

  https://consensus.app/home/blog/what-is-a-pinworm-infection/

  Pinworm infection, also known as enterobiasis, is a common parasitic disease caused by small, white, thread-like worms called pinworms. […] The infection spreads through the ingestion of pinworm eggs, which can be found on contaminated surfaces, bedding, clothing, or even in the air. […] One of the main challenges in treating pinworm infections is the resilience of the eggs, which can lead to reinfection if proper hygiene measures are not followed. […] Proper hygiene and repeated treatments are crucial in managing and preventing pinworm infections.

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