Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology and control of enterobiasis in a developmental center

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1070873/

  Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) is a common helminthic infection, affecting almost 1 billion people worldwide from all socioeconomic classes. In the United States, it affects 20 to 42 million people, with a high prevalence among children, institutional populations, homosexuals, and family contacts. Enterobiasis may remain asymptomatic or cause perianal pruritus, insomnia, restlessness, irritability, and rarely, impetigo of scratched skin, vulvovaginitis, or enuresis. Although effective medications have been available for decades, control of enterobiasis has been difficult because of reinfection, incomplete cure of infected people, and its ready transmissibility. […] Several researchers have experimented with mass medication for enterobiasis, but their studies have been marred by high rates of reinfection, lack of a cost-benefit analysis, short follow-ups, and inadequate surveillance data. Consequently, mass medication has not become the standard of care. We describe our positive experience with mass medication, a 3-year follow-up with surveillance, and a financial analysis.

• #2 What is Enterobiasis? How to Prevent Pinworm Infections | GIDEON

  https://www.gideononline.com/blogs/enterobiasis/

  Pinworm infections are caused by the parasitic worm Enterobius vermicularis. Also known as Enterobiasis, it is one of the most common parasitic diseases in the world. Enterobiasis affects almost one billion people worldwide, regardless of socioeconomic status. […] Enterobiasis is spread through fecal-oral transmission and is highly contagious. […] Individuals at risk are pre-school and school-aged children, institutionalized individuals and their caregivers, and people who may be around any infected children. […] The best way to prevent pinworm infections is to develop good personal hygiene.

• #3 Enterobius Vermicularis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536974/

  Enterobius vermicularis, also called pinworm, is one of the most common helminth infections in the world, with most cases occurring in children. […] Describe the epidemiology of Enterobius vermicularis infection. […] The male to female infection frequency is 2 to 1. However, a female predominance of infection is seen in those between the ages of 5 and 14 years. It most commonly affects children younger than 18 years of age. It is also commonly seen in adults who take care of children and institutionalized children. Center for Disease Control and Prevention data indicates that there are about 40 million people estimated to have been infected in the United States. Transmission can occur via contact with contaminated clothes, bedding, personal care products, and furniture. Fecal-oral is the most common mode of transmission. Rarely, transmission can occur via inhalation mode when eggs are inhaled and then subsequently swallowed. […] Eradicating pinworms from institutions is very difficult and long term surveillance is required.

• #4 Pinworm Infection: Symptoms, Treatment, Infestation & Causes

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/infections-and-contagious-diseases/pinworm-infection

  A pinworm infection is a parasitic intestinal infestation. The medical name for it is enterobiasis. It’s very common worldwide and is the most common intestinal worm infection in the United States. Estimates suggest about 42 million Americans—or 13% of the population—have pinworms. In other areas of the world, the infection rate is as high as 61%. […] Pinworm infections affect people of all ages and socioeconomic levels. School-aged children between 5 and 10 years of age are most likely to have a pinworm infection. The microscopic eggs spread easily to other people, putting family members, caretakers, friends and schoolmates at risk of becoming infected. This also makes pinworm infections more common in crowded or institutional living. […] Pinworms spread via the oral-fecal route—the eggs transfer from the anus to the mouth. This can happen directly, by scratching or touching the area and then your mouth, or indirectly, by touching contaminated bedding, clothing, food, or other objects and then your mouth.

• #5 Global prevalence of enterobiasis in young children over the past 20 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis

  https://ophrp.org/journal/view.php?number=748

  Enterobiasis or oxyuriasis, a nematode infection caused by Enterobius vermicularis (E. vermicularis, pinworm, oxyure) is common among children and their family members. E. vermicularis is a cosmopolitan parasite and one of the most common parasitic infections in many countries. The World Health Organization reported that the prevalence of enterobiasis in children is between 4% and 28%. It has been estimated that approximately 200 million people are infected worldwide, and over 30% of cases are children aged 5 to 10 years. The prevalence of oxyuriasis among children has been reported as 2.5% to 45% in Latin America, 18% in Norway, 18.5% in the Republic of Korea, 17.2% in Iran, and 2.9% in north-central Ethiopia. […] The prevalence of this infection is mainly related to public health and personal hygiene. Therefore, surveying enterobiasis infections in children can help us assess personal, familial, and social health status. The identification and prevention of pinworm transmission among children can promote infection control and benefit the health of children and the community.

• #6 Pinworm (threadworm) infection

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/pinworm-threadworm-infection

  The pinworm is the most common helminth parasite of temperate regions. These infections are found worldwide and affect all socioeconomic groups. […] The pinworm is the most common helminth parasite of temperate regions. These infections are found worldwide and affect all socioeconomic groups. […] Pinworm infections predominantly affect paediatric populations, in which the prevalence is reported to be 1050 per cent in some groups. […] Pinworms are transmitted by direct transfer of infected eggs by hand from the anus to the mouth of the same or another person. They can also be transmitted indirectly through bedding, clothing, food or other articles. Spread is facilitated by overcrowding. […] Communicability continues as long as the eggs are being discharged onto the perianal area. The eggs can survive for several days in the right conditions. Reinfection from contaminated hands is common. […] Infection does not confer immunity. […] Public health education on the importance of handwashing may assist. […] Not applicable.

• #7 Pinworm infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinworm_infection

  Pinworm infection occurs worldwide, and is the most common helminth (i.e., parasitic worm) infection in the United States and Western Europe. In the United States, a study by the Center of Disease Control reported an overall incidence rate of 11.4% among people of all ages. Pinworms are particularly common in children with approximately 30% of children being infected and most commonly seen in children between 7 and 11 years old. The prevalence rates in children having been reported as high as 61% in India, 50% in England, 39% in Thailand, 37% in Sweden, and 29% in Denmark. […] Because it spreads from host to host through contamination, enterobiasis is common among people living in close contact, and tends to occur in all people within a household. The prevalence of pinworms is not associated with gender, nor with any particular social class, race, or culture. Pinworms are an exception to the tenet that intestinal parasites are uncommon in affluent communities.

• #8 Pinworm: A Common Human Parasite

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/pinworm-a-common-human-parasite

  Infestation with pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis) is known as enterobiasis. This is the most common helminth infestation in the United States, with an estimated 42 million infested, translating to 14% of the population. Investigators in other countries report much higher prevalences, such as 29% (Denmark), 39% (Thailand), 50% (England), and 61% (India). […] Pinworm infestation is linked to age, being most common in children of school age, followed by preschool children. Adults are the least common age-group to experience enterobiasis, with the exception of mothers whose children are infested. […] Children attending day care and other institutions are at greater risk for pinworm because of the high potential for transmission to those who are closely associated with the first case in the household. While some authors assert that pinworm crosses all social barriers, others state that poverty and poor personal hygiene increase the risk of infestation.

• #9 Global prevalence of enterobiasis in young children over the past 20 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis

  https://ophrp.org/journal/view.php?number=748

  According to our review results, the global pooled estimated of children infected with enterobiasis was 12.9%. Several regional studies on the prevalence of Enterobius infection have been conducted, showing enterobiasis prevalence among school children as follows: approximately 55% in China, 8.8% in Thailand, 47.2% in Myanmar, 4.4% in the Republic of Korea, and 19.3% in Kyrgyzstan. […] The major risk factors for enterobiasis include the personal hygiene habits of children, such as thumb-sucking and putting toys into their mouths; the overcrowded conditions in schools, kindergartens, and childcare centers; and inadequate sanitation. […] Our systematic review and meta-analysis estimated that 12.9% of children around the world are infected with E. vermicularis. Health education for children and their families is a cost-effective and safe control strategy that can decrease the burden of enterobiasis infection.

• #10 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Pinworm Infection (29.03.2019)

  https://di.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/206305/The-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-pinworm-infection

  More than one billion people worldwide are thought to be infected with pinworm. […] Estimates of its prevalence among kindergarten and primary-school pupils in Europe are generally near 20%. […] A recent German study conducted in the greater Berlin area showed that the rate of positive detections doubled during the period 20072017 (from 12.7% to 23.6%), with a seasonal peak between October and December. […] Rough estimates put the worldwide E. vermicularis infection rate at more than a billion people. […] Pinworm infection is also common in moderate climates and industrial countries, where it is seen at all social levels. […] Frequency analyses in children have been conducted for some European countries: a Norwegian study found that 18% of 395 children tested positive for Enterobius eggs using the Scotch tape test, with the highest prevalence (34%) among 6- to 11-year-olds.

• #11 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Pinworm Infection (29.03.2019)

  https://di.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/206305/The-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-pinworm-infection

  A large Estonian study of 954 kindergarten children found a comparable prevalence of 24.4%. […] Despite a high disease incidence, there is surprisingly scant systematically proven knowledge on treatment not to mention a German-language guideline. […] There are no data on risk factors in adults. […] The considerable potential for E. vermicularis transmission is explained by the tenacity and adhesive property of the eggs, which adhere particularly well to hands and under fingernails, thereby easily maintaining the chain of infection. […] The epidemiological relevance of persistent infective pinworm eggs in the environment (e.g., in house dust) is repeatedly emphasized in secondary sources.

• #12 Global prevalence of enterobiasis in young children over the past 20 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis

  https://ophrp.org/journal/view.php?number=748

  Enterobiasis or oxyuriasis, a nematode infection caused by Enterobius vermicularis (E. vermicularis, pinworm, oxyure) is common among children and their family members. E. vermicularis is a cosmopolitan parasite and one of the most common parasitic infections in many countries. The World Health Organization reported that the prevalence of enterobiasis in children is between 4% and 28%. It has been estimated that approximately 200 million people are infected worldwide, and over 30% of cases are children aged 5 to 10 years. The prevalence of oxyuriasis among children has been reported as 2.5% to 45% in Latin America, 18% in Norway, 18.5% in the Republic of Korea, 17.2% in Iran, and 2.9% in north-central Ethiopia. […] The prevalence of this infection is mainly related to public health and personal hygiene. Therefore, surveying enterobiasis infections in children can help us assess personal, familial, and social health status. The identification and prevention of pinworm transmission among children can promote infection control and benefit the health of children and the community.

• #13 Pinworm infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pinworm/symptoms-causes/syc-20376382

  Pinworm infection is the most common type of intestinal worm infection in the United States and one of the most common worldwide. […] Pinworm infection occurs most often in school-age children, and the tiny (microscopic) eggs are easily spread from child to child. […] Pinworm eggs can survive for two to three weeks on surfaces. […] Risk factors for pinworm infection include: Being young. Pinworm infections are most likely to occur in children ages 5 to 10. The tiny (microscopic) eggs are easily spread to family members, caregivers, or other children at school or child care centers. […] Typical pinworm infections don’t cause serious problems. In rare circumstances, heavy infestations can cause infection of female genitals. […] Pinworm eggs can cling to surfaces, including toys, faucets, bedding and toilet seats, for two weeks.

• #14 Enterobius Vermicularis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536974/

  Enterobius vermicularis, also called pinworm, is one of the most common helminth infections in the world, with most cases occurring in children. […] Describe the epidemiology of Enterobius vermicularis infection. […] The male to female infection frequency is 2 to 1. However, a female predominance of infection is seen in those between the ages of 5 and 14 years. It most commonly affects children younger than 18 years of age. It is also commonly seen in adults who take care of children and institutionalized children. Center for Disease Control and Prevention data indicates that there are about 40 million people estimated to have been infected in the United States. Transmission can occur via contact with contaminated clothes, bedding, personal care products, and furniture. Fecal-oral is the most common mode of transmission. Rarely, transmission can occur via inhalation mode when eggs are inhaled and then subsequently swallowed. […] Eradicating pinworms from institutions is very difficult and long term surveillance is required.

• #15 Pinworm (Enterobiasis): Practice Essentials, Etiology, Transmission

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225652-overview

  Of all age groups, school-aged children are most at risk for pinworm infections. In adults, pinworm infection is most common in parents aged 30-39 years, typically owing to transmission from their children aged 5-9 years. […] Overall, males are affected twice as often as females, except in people aged 5-14 years, when infection is predominantly in females. […] Risk factors for pinworms include living with a person who is egg-positive, eating before washing hands, and poor personal or group hygiene.

• #16 Enterobiasis (Pinworm Infestation): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/997814-overview

  Prevalence is approximately 5-15% in the general population; however, this rate has declined in recent years. Prevalence rates are probably higher in institutionalized individuals. Humans are the only known host. […] Infestation rate increases with increased population density, and with personal habits such as thumb sucking and nail biting. […] E vermicularis infestation occurs worldwide. Prevalence data vary by country. […] A study that aimed to determine the extent of enterobiasis, strongyloidiasis, and other helminth infections in infants, preschool-aged, and school-aged children from rural coastal Tanzania reported that E vermicularis infestations were found in 4.2% of infants, 16.7%, of preschool-aged children, and 26.3% of school-aged children. […] A study of kindergarten students in the Republic of the Marshall Islands found that the overall prevalence of E vermicularis infestation was 22.4%. The prevalence was higher among boys (24.5%) than among girls (20.31%) in the study.

• #17 Pinworm (Enterobiasis): Practice Essentials, Etiology, Transmission

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225652-overview

  Of all age groups, school-aged children are most at risk for pinworm infections. In adults, pinworm infection is most common in parents aged 30-39 years, typically owing to transmission from their children aged 5-9 years. […] Overall, males are affected twice as often as females, except in people aged 5-14 years, when infection is predominantly in females. […] Risk factors for pinworms include living with a person who is egg-positive, eating before washing hands, and poor personal or group hygiene.

• #18 Enterobius Vermicularis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536974/

  Enterobius vermicularis, also called pinworm, is one of the most common helminth infections in the world, with most cases occurring in children. […] Describe the epidemiology of Enterobius vermicularis infection. […] The male to female infection frequency is 2 to 1. However, a female predominance of infection is seen in those between the ages of 5 and 14 years. It most commonly affects children younger than 18 years of age. It is also commonly seen in adults who take care of children and institutionalized children. Center for Disease Control and Prevention data indicates that there are about 40 million people estimated to have been infected in the United States. Transmission can occur via contact with contaminated clothes, bedding, personal care products, and furniture. Fecal-oral is the most common mode of transmission. Rarely, transmission can occur via inhalation mode when eggs are inhaled and then subsequently swallowed. […] Eradicating pinworms from institutions is very difficult and long term surveillance is required.

• #19 Enterobius vermicularis infection in schoolchildren: a large-scale survey 6 years after a population-based control | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/enterobius-vermicularis-infection-in-schoolchildren-a-largescale-survey-6-years-after-a-populationbased-control/E5AD91C097DBD09D443CDD6DA3155850

  In the present study, we revealed a sex difference in prevalence by univariate and multivariate analysis. This finding is contrary to the general understanding that sex incidence is equal. […] Enterobius has a simple and short life-cycle. These special characteristics easily enable the spread and re-infection of enterobiasis. In Taiwan, the overall prevalence of this infection in schoolchildren was reduced from 199% in 1986 to 25% in 2001 after a 15-year population-based control. After transferring the control programme to the local governments, the overall prevalence of this infection remains at a low level of 24%. Mass examination, treatment, and follow-up should be continued until eradication of the infection.

• #20 What is Enterobiasis? How to Prevent Pinworm Infections | GIDEON

  https://www.gideononline.com/blogs/enterobiasis/

  Pinworm infections are caused by the parasitic worm Enterobius vermicularis. Also known as Enterobiasis, it is one of the most common parasitic diseases in the world. Enterobiasis affects almost one billion people worldwide, regardless of socioeconomic status. […] Enterobiasis is spread through fecal-oral transmission and is highly contagious. […] Individuals at risk are pre-school and school-aged children, institutionalized individuals and their caregivers, and people who may be around any infected children. […] The best way to prevent pinworm infections is to develop good personal hygiene.

• #21 Post-Travel Parasitic Disease Including Evaluation of Eosinophilia | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/post-travel-evaluation/post-travel-parasitic-disease.html

  Pinworm infection is also known as enterobiasis. Pinworm eggs deposit on human perianal folds and infect via self-inoculation (hand-to-mouth contact after scratching infected area) and close person-to-person contact. The most common symptom is perianal itching, especially at night, which can lead to excoriations and bacterial superinfection. Adult worms may be visible near the anus within 2-3 hours of self-inoculation or close person-to-person contact. All travelers to endemic areas are at risk of infection, especially if in close contact with children. […] Pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis) is a parasitic infection that can occur worldwide, with an incubation period of 2-3 hours, primarily through ingesting contaminated human feces found on hands, clothing, etc., or person-to-person contact.

• #22 Post-Travel Parasitic Disease Including Evaluation of Eosinophilia | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/post-travel-evaluation/post-travel-parasitic-disease.html

  Pinworm infection is also known as enterobiasis. Pinworm eggs deposit on human perianal folds and infect via self-inoculation (hand-to-mouth contact after scratching infected area) and close person-to-person contact. The most common symptom is perianal itching, especially at night, which can lead to excoriations and bacterial superinfection. Adult worms may be visible near the anus within 2-3 hours of self-inoculation or close person-to-person contact. All travelers to endemic areas are at risk of infection, especially if in close contact with children. […] Pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis) is a parasitic infection that can occur worldwide, with an incubation period of 2-3 hours, primarily through ingesting contaminated human feces found on hands, clothing, etc., or person-to-person contact.

• #23 Post-Travel Parasitic Disease Including Evaluation of Eosinophilia | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/post-travel-evaluation/post-travel-parasitic-disease.html

  Pinworm infection is also known as enterobiasis. Pinworm eggs deposit on human perianal folds and infect via self-inoculation (hand-to-mouth contact after scratching infected area) and close person-to-person contact. The most common symptom is perianal itching, especially at night, which can lead to excoriations and bacterial superinfection. Adult worms may be visible near the anus within 2-3 hours of self-inoculation or close person-to-person contact. All travelers to endemic areas are at risk of infection, especially if in close contact with children. […] Pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis) is a parasitic infection that can occur worldwide, with an incubation period of 2-3 hours, primarily through ingesting contaminated human feces found on hands, clothing, etc., or person-to-person contact.

• #24 Pinworm (threadworm) infection

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/pinworm-threadworm-infection

  The pinworm is the most common helminth parasite of temperate regions. These infections are found worldwide and affect all socioeconomic groups. […] The pinworm is the most common helminth parasite of temperate regions. These infections are found worldwide and affect all socioeconomic groups. […] Pinworm infections predominantly affect paediatric populations, in which the prevalence is reported to be 1050 per cent in some groups. […] Pinworms are transmitted by direct transfer of infected eggs by hand from the anus to the mouth of the same or another person. They can also be transmitted indirectly through bedding, clothing, food or other articles. Spread is facilitated by overcrowding. […] Communicability continues as long as the eggs are being discharged onto the perianal area. The eggs can survive for several days in the right conditions. Reinfection from contaminated hands is common. […] Infection does not confer immunity. […] Public health education on the importance of handwashing may assist. […] Not applicable.

• #25 Enterobius Vermicularis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536974/

  Enterobius vermicularis, also called pinworm, is one of the most common helminth infections in the world, with most cases occurring in children. […] Describe the epidemiology of Enterobius vermicularis infection. […] The male to female infection frequency is 2 to 1. However, a female predominance of infection is seen in those between the ages of 5 and 14 years. It most commonly affects children younger than 18 years of age. It is also commonly seen in adults who take care of children and institutionalized children. Center for Disease Control and Prevention data indicates that there are about 40 million people estimated to have been infected in the United States. Transmission can occur via contact with contaminated clothes, bedding, personal care products, and furniture. Fecal-oral is the most common mode of transmission. Rarely, transmission can occur via inhalation mode when eggs are inhaled and then subsequently swallowed. […] Eradicating pinworms from institutions is very difficult and long term surveillance is required.

• #26 CDC – Enterobiasis – Epidemiology & Risk Factors

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/parasites/pinworm/epi.html

  The people most likely to be infected with pinworm are children under 18, people who take care of infected children and people who are institutionalized. In these groups, the prevalence can reach 50%. […] Pinworm infections are more common within families with school-aged children, in primary caregivers of infected children, and in institutionalized children. […] Pinworm is the most common worm infection in the United States. Humans are the only species that can transfer this parasite. […] Pinworm eggs can survive in the indoor environment for 2 to 3 weeks. […] A person is infected with pinworms by ingesting pinworm eggs either directly or indirectly. […] People who are infected with pinworm can transfer the parasite to others for as long as there is a female pinworm depositing eggs on the perianal skin.

• #27 Pinworm infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pinworm/symptoms-causes/syc-20376382

  Pinworm infection is the most common type of intestinal worm infection in the United States and one of the most common worldwide. […] Pinworm infection occurs most often in school-age children, and the tiny (microscopic) eggs are easily spread from child to child. […] Pinworm eggs can survive for two to three weeks on surfaces. […] Risk factors for pinworm infection include: Being young. Pinworm infections are most likely to occur in children ages 5 to 10. The tiny (microscopic) eggs are easily spread to family members, caregivers, or other children at school or child care centers. […] Typical pinworm infections don’t cause serious problems. In rare circumstances, heavy infestations can cause infection of female genitals. […] Pinworm eggs can cling to surfaces, including toys, faucets, bedding and toilet seats, for two weeks.

• #28 Pinworm (threadworm) infection

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/pinworm-threadworm-infection

  The pinworm is the most common helminth parasite of temperate regions. These infections are found worldwide and affect all socioeconomic groups. […] The pinworm is the most common helminth parasite of temperate regions. These infections are found worldwide and affect all socioeconomic groups. […] Pinworm infections predominantly affect paediatric populations, in which the prevalence is reported to be 1050 per cent in some groups. […] Pinworms are transmitted by direct transfer of infected eggs by hand from the anus to the mouth of the same or another person. They can also be transmitted indirectly through bedding, clothing, food or other articles. Spread is facilitated by overcrowding. […] Communicability continues as long as the eggs are being discharged onto the perianal area. The eggs can survive for several days in the right conditions. Reinfection from contaminated hands is common. […] Infection does not confer immunity. […] Public health education on the importance of handwashing may assist. […] Not applicable.

• #29 Global prevalence of enterobiasis in young children over the past 20 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis

  https://ophrp.org/journal/view.php?number=748

  Enterobiasis or oxyuriasis, a nematode infection caused by Enterobius vermicularis (E. vermicularis, pinworm, oxyure) is common among children and their family members. E. vermicularis is a cosmopolitan parasite and one of the most common parasitic infections in many countries. The World Health Organization reported that the prevalence of enterobiasis in children is between 4% and 28%. It has been estimated that approximately 200 million people are infected worldwide, and over 30% of cases are children aged 5 to 10 years. The prevalence of oxyuriasis among children has been reported as 2.5% to 45% in Latin America, 18% in Norway, 18.5% in the Republic of Korea, 17.2% in Iran, and 2.9% in north-central Ethiopia. […] The prevalence of this infection is mainly related to public health and personal hygiene. Therefore, surveying enterobiasis infections in children can help us assess personal, familial, and social health status. The identification and prevention of pinworm transmission among children can promote infection control and benefit the health of children and the community.

• #30 Pinworm Infection

  https://health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/pinworm/fact_sheet.htm

  Pinworm is the most common worm infection in the United States. School-age children, followed by preschoolers, have the highest rates of infection. Cases of pinworm infection are seen most often at schools, daycare centers and other institutional settings. […] Pinworms can survive up to two weeks on clothing, bedding or other objects, if kept at room temperature. […] Pinworm infections can be spread as long as either worms or eggs are present. […] Pinworm eggs continue to be present (excreted) in the feces of an infected person for up to a week after the treatment, so precautions should be taken to prevent reinfection by washing hands thoroughly, especially under the nails.

• #31 Pinworm (Enterobiasis): Practice Essentials, Etiology, Transmission

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225652-overview

  Of all age groups, school-aged children are most at risk for pinworm infections. In adults, pinworm infection is most common in parents aged 30-39 years, typically owing to transmission from their children aged 5-9 years. […] Overall, males are affected twice as often as females, except in people aged 5-14 years, when infection is predominantly in females. […] Risk factors for pinworms include living with a person who is egg-positive, eating before washing hands, and poor personal or group hygiene.

• #32 Enterobius Vermicularis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536974/

  Enterobius vermicularis, also called pinworm, is one of the most common helminth infections in the world, with most cases occurring in children. […] Describe the epidemiology of Enterobius vermicularis infection. […] The male to female infection frequency is 2 to 1. However, a female predominance of infection is seen in those between the ages of 5 and 14 years. It most commonly affects children younger than 18 years of age. It is also commonly seen in adults who take care of children and institutionalized children. Center for Disease Control and Prevention data indicates that there are about 40 million people estimated to have been infected in the United States. Transmission can occur via contact with contaminated clothes, bedding, personal care products, and furniture. Fecal-oral is the most common mode of transmission. Rarely, transmission can occur via inhalation mode when eggs are inhaled and then subsequently swallowed. […] Eradicating pinworms from institutions is very difficult and long term surveillance is required.

• #33 Global prevalence of enterobiasis in young children over the past 20 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis

  https://ophrp.org/journal/view.php?number=748

  According to our review results, the global pooled estimated of children infected with enterobiasis was 12.9%. Several regional studies on the prevalence of Enterobius infection have been conducted, showing enterobiasis prevalence among school children as follows: approximately 55% in China, 8.8% in Thailand, 47.2% in Myanmar, 4.4% in the Republic of Korea, and 19.3% in Kyrgyzstan. […] The major risk factors for enterobiasis include the personal hygiene habits of children, such as thumb-sucking and putting toys into their mouths; the overcrowded conditions in schools, kindergartens, and childcare centers; and inadequate sanitation. […] Our systematic review and meta-analysis estimated that 12.9% of children around the world are infected with E. vermicularis. Health education for children and their families is a cost-effective and safe control strategy that can decrease the burden of enterobiasis infection.

• #34 Pinworm (Enterobiasis): Practice Essentials, Etiology, Transmission

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225652-overview

  Of all age groups, school-aged children are most at risk for pinworm infections. In adults, pinworm infection is most common in parents aged 30-39 years, typically owing to transmission from their children aged 5-9 years. […] Overall, males are affected twice as often as females, except in people aged 5-14 years, when infection is predominantly in females. […] Risk factors for pinworms include living with a person who is egg-positive, eating before washing hands, and poor personal or group hygiene.

• #35 Pinworm (Enterobiasis): Practice Essentials, Etiology, Transmission

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225652-overview

  Of all age groups, school-aged children are most at risk for pinworm infections. In adults, pinworm infection is most common in parents aged 30-39 years, typically owing to transmission from their children aged 5-9 years. […] Overall, males are affected twice as often as females, except in people aged 5-14 years, when infection is predominantly in females. […] Risk factors for pinworms include living with a person who is egg-positive, eating before washing hands, and poor personal or group hygiene.

• #36 WHO EMRO | Prevalence of and risk factors for Enterobius vermicularis infestation in preschool children, West Bank, Palestine, 2015 | Volume 27 issue 12 | EMHJ volume 27 2021

  https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-27-2021/volume-27-issue-12/prevalence-of-and-risk-factors-for-enterobius-vermicularis-infestation-in-preschool-children-west-bank-palestine-2015.html

  A statistically significant association was found between the prevalence of E. vermicularis infestation and age (P = 0.04), governorate (P = 0.01), residency (P = 0.03), and number of household members (P < 0.05). [...] The prevalence of E. vermicularis was found to be 22.1%. [...] Infestation with E. vermicularis is clearly an important parasitic disease among preschool children in north West Bank. [...] Our study shows that E. vermicularis infestation is an important parasitic infectious disease among Palestinian preschool children in north West Bank. The high prevalence of infestation was clearly associated with age of children, increased number of household members, hygiene behaviour and certain geodemographic distribution in north West Bank.

• #37 Enterobius vermicularis infection: prevalence and risk factors among preschool children in kindergarten in the capital area, Republic of the Marshall Islands | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-019-4159-0

  Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) is one of the most common human parasitic helminths, and children are the most susceptible group. […] In the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), the status of pinworm infections among children remains unknown. […] The overall prevalence of pinworm infection was 22.4% (88/392). […] A univariate analysis indicated that PSC who lived in urban areas (22.95%) had a higher prevalence than those who lived in rural areas (20.69%) (p=0.69). […] A logistic regression analysis indicated that having an older sister produced a higher risk of acquiring pinworm infection for PSC compared to those who did not have an older sister (OR=2.02; 95%CI=1.05~3.88; p=0.04). […] In the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), the status of pinworm infection among children is supposedly high; nevertheless, until recently its exact prevalence has remained unknown.

• #38 Pinworm infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinworm_infection

  Pinworm infection occurs worldwide, and is the most common helminth (i.e., parasitic worm) infection in the United States and Western Europe. In the United States, a study by the Center of Disease Control reported an overall incidence rate of 11.4% among people of all ages. Pinworms are particularly common in children with approximately 30% of children being infected and most commonly seen in children between 7 and 11 years old. The prevalence rates in children having been reported as high as 61% in India, 50% in England, 39% in Thailand, 37% in Sweden, and 29% in Denmark. […] Because it spreads from host to host through contamination, enterobiasis is common among people living in close contact, and tends to occur in all people within a household. The prevalence of pinworms is not associated with gender, nor with any particular social class, race, or culture. Pinworms are an exception to the tenet that intestinal parasites are uncommon in affluent communities.

• #39 Pinworm: A Common Human Parasite

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/pinworm-a-common-human-parasite

  Infestation with pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis) is known as enterobiasis. This is the most common helminth infestation in the United States, with an estimated 42 million infested, translating to 14% of the population. Investigators in other countries report much higher prevalences, such as 29% (Denmark), 39% (Thailand), 50% (England), and 61% (India). […] Pinworm infestation is linked to age, being most common in children of school age, followed by preschool children. Adults are the least common age-group to experience enterobiasis, with the exception of mothers whose children are infested. […] Children attending day care and other institutions are at greater risk for pinworm because of the high potential for transmission to those who are closely associated with the first case in the household. While some authors assert that pinworm crosses all social barriers, others state that poverty and poor personal hygiene increase the risk of infestation.

• #40 Global prevalence of enterobiasis in young children over the past 20 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis

  https://ophrp.org/journal/view.php?number=748

  According to our review results, the global pooled estimated of children infected with enterobiasis was 12.9%. Several regional studies on the prevalence of Enterobius infection have been conducted, showing enterobiasis prevalence among school children as follows: approximately 55% in China, 8.8% in Thailand, 47.2% in Myanmar, 4.4% in the Republic of Korea, and 19.3% in Kyrgyzstan. […] The major risk factors for enterobiasis include the personal hygiene habits of children, such as thumb-sucking and putting toys into their mouths; the overcrowded conditions in schools, kindergartens, and childcare centers; and inadequate sanitation. […] Our systematic review and meta-analysis estimated that 12.9% of children around the world are infected with E. vermicularis. Health education for children and their families is a cost-effective and safe control strategy that can decrease the burden of enterobiasis infection.

• #41 Is pinworm infection still a public health concern among children in resource-rich regions? Trends in pinworm infection prevalence and associated factors among children in Hualien County, Taiwan: a retrospective cross-sectional study | BMC Public Health |

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-14641-4

  Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) is a common intestinal parasitic infection in children. A gradual decrease in the prevalence of pinworm infection has been noted in resource-rich settings, such as Taiwan. […] This study aimed to evaluate the trend of pinworm infection prevalence and the associated factors among children in Hualien County, Taiwan. […] A significant decrease in the overall prevalence rate of pinworm infection was observed among children in 2009-2018 (P<0.001). However, there was no obvious change in the pinworm infection rate in rural areas during this period (P=0.953), and it was higher than that in urban and suburban areas. [...] The overall prevalence of pinworm infection gradually decreased from 2009 to 2018 among school-age children in Hualien. However, there was no declining trend in pinworm infection in rural areas.

• #42 Pinworm (Enterobiasis): Practice Essentials, Etiology, Transmission

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225652-overview

  Pinworm infection, caused by the nematode Enterobius vermicularis, is prevalent in temperate regions worldwide. It primarily affects children, with transmission often occurring to parents via their children. In the US, general prevalence in children ranges from 0.2-20%, whereas in institutional settings, it can be as high as 50-100%. […] E vermicularis is the most common helminthic infestation in the United States. General prevalence in children is reported to be 0.2-20%. Pinworm infection is most common in persons who live in crowded living conditions and in individuals who are institutionalized. Prevalence in institutionalized persons is reported to be 50-100%. A similar prevalence of pinworm infestation has been reported in European countries. […] The general prevalence of pinworm infection in some regions may be as high as 12%. Pinworm infection is most common in cosmopolitan areas in cool and temperate regions. Egg carrier rates vary by country, from 0.1-98.4%.

• #43 Pinworm (Enterobiasis): Practice Essentials, Etiology, Transmission

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225652-overview

  Pinworm infection, caused by the nematode Enterobius vermicularis, is prevalent in temperate regions worldwide. It primarily affects children, with transmission often occurring to parents via their children. In the US, general prevalence in children ranges from 0.2-20%, whereas in institutional settings, it can be as high as 50-100%. […] E vermicularis is the most common helminthic infestation in the United States. General prevalence in children is reported to be 0.2-20%. Pinworm infection is most common in persons who live in crowded living conditions and in individuals who are institutionalized. Prevalence in institutionalized persons is reported to be 50-100%. A similar prevalence of pinworm infestation has been reported in European countries. […] The general prevalence of pinworm infection in some regions may be as high as 12%. Pinworm infection is most common in cosmopolitan areas in cool and temperate regions. Egg carrier rates vary by country, from 0.1-98.4%.

• #44 Is pinworm infection still a public health concern among children in resource-rich regions? Trends in pinworm infection prevalence and associated factors among children in Hualien County, Taiwan: a retrospective cross-sectional study | BMC Public Health |

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-14641-4

  Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) is a common intestinal parasitic infection in children. A gradual decrease in the prevalence of pinworm infection has been noted in resource-rich settings, such as Taiwan. […] This study aimed to evaluate the trend of pinworm infection prevalence and the associated factors among children in Hualien County, Taiwan. […] A significant decrease in the overall prevalence rate of pinworm infection was observed among children in 2009-2018 (P<0.001). However, there was no obvious change in the pinworm infection rate in rural areas during this period (P=0.953), and it was higher than that in urban and suburban areas. [...] The overall prevalence of pinworm infection gradually decreased from 2009 to 2018 among school-age children in Hualien. However, there was no declining trend in pinworm infection in rural areas.

• #45 Enterobius vermicularis infection in schoolchildren: a large-scale survey 6 years after a population-based control | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/enterobius-vermicularis-infection-in-schoolchildren-a-largescale-survey-6-years-after-a-populationbased-control/E5AD91C097DBD09D443CDD6DA3155850

  In the present study, we revealed a sex difference in prevalence by univariate and multivariate analysis. This finding is contrary to the general understanding that sex incidence is equal. […] Enterobius has a simple and short life-cycle. These special characteristics easily enable the spread and re-infection of enterobiasis. In Taiwan, the overall prevalence of this infection in schoolchildren was reduced from 199% in 1986 to 25% in 2001 after a 15-year population-based control. After transferring the control programme to the local governments, the overall prevalence of this infection remains at a low level of 24%. Mass examination, treatment, and follow-up should be continued until eradication of the infection.

• #46 Is pinworm infection still a public health concern among children in resource-rich regions? Trends in pinworm infection prevalence and associated factors among children in Hualien County, Taiwan: a retrospective cross-sectional study | BMC Public Health |

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-14641-4

  Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) is a common intestinal parasitic infection in children. A gradual decrease in the prevalence of pinworm infection has been noted in resource-rich settings, such as Taiwan. […] This study aimed to evaluate the trend of pinworm infection prevalence and the associated factors among children in Hualien County, Taiwan. […] A significant decrease in the overall prevalence rate of pinworm infection was observed among children in 2009-2018 (P<0.001). However, there was no obvious change in the pinworm infection rate in rural areas during this period (P=0.953), and it was higher than that in urban and suburban areas. [...] The overall prevalence of pinworm infection gradually decreased from 2009 to 2018 among school-age children in Hualien. However, there was no declining trend in pinworm infection in rural areas.

• #47 Prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis among preschool children in 2003 and 2013 in Xinxiang city, Henan province, Central China | Parasite

  https://www.parasite-journal.org/articles/parasite/full_html/2016/01/parasite160028/parasite160028.html

  This study found that the overall prevalence of E. vermicularis infection in preschool children was 12.75% in 2003 and 5.13% in 2013 in Xinxiang. […] In conclusion, the prevalence of E. vermicularis infection among preschool children decreased significantly over a period of 10 years in Xinxiang city, but E. vermicularis infection was still prevalent. Therefore, specific control measures are required to interrupt the transmission cycle of E. vermicularis.

• #48 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Pinworm Infection (29.03.2019)

  https://di.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/206305/The-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-pinworm-infection

  More than one billion people worldwide are thought to be infected with pinworm. […] Estimates of its prevalence among kindergarten and primary-school pupils in Europe are generally near 20%. […] A recent German study conducted in the greater Berlin area showed that the rate of positive detections doubled during the period 20072017 (from 12.7% to 23.6%), with a seasonal peak between October and December. […] Rough estimates put the worldwide E. vermicularis infection rate at more than a billion people. […] Pinworm infection is also common in moderate climates and industrial countries, where it is seen at all social levels. […] Frequency analyses in children have been conducted for some European countries: a Norwegian study found that 18% of 395 children tested positive for Enterobius eggs using the Scotch tape test, with the highest prevalence (34%) among 6- to 11-year-olds.

• #49 Enterobius vermicularis infection in schoolchildren: a large-scale survey 6 years after a population-based control | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/enterobius-vermicularis-infection-in-schoolchildren-a-largescale-survey-6-years-after-a-populationbased-control/E5AD91C097DBD09D443CDD6DA3155850

  Of the 124 238 children selected, perianal swab specimens were obtained from 118 190 (951%) children. Of the children examined, 2825 (24%) were found to be infected with E. vermicularis. […] The prevalence was significantly different in the counties/cities (P0001). Taitung County had the highest rate of 66% and Taipei County the lowest of 06%. […] The positive rate was found to be significantly higher in boys (boys 28% vs. girls 23%), children in grades 13 [grades 13 (34%) vs. grades 46 (16%)], children having parents with lower educational level (secondary or below 27% vs. university or above 20%), and children of labourers or farmers (labourers or farmers 32% vs. others 22%) (P0001). […] The positive rate of pinworm infection was found to be significantly higher in children infrequently washing their hands before eating (infrequent 31% vs. frequent 21%) or after using toilet facilities (infrequent 38% vs. frequent 23%) (P0001).

• #50 WHO EMRO | Prevalence of and risk factors for Enterobius vermicularis infestation in preschool children, West Bank, Palestine, 2015 | Volume 27 issue 12 | EMHJ volume 27 2021

  https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-27-2021/volume-27-issue-12/prevalence-of-and-risk-factors-for-enterobius-vermicularis-infestation-in-preschool-children-west-bank-palestine-2015.html

  Background: Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) infestation is a common condition that primarily affects children. […] The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of and the risk factors for E. vermicularis infestation in preschool children in north West Bank. […] Of the 384 children, 85 (22.1%) had E. vermicularis infestation. […] E. vermicularis is an important helminthic infestation among preschool children in Palestine. Efforts are needed to ensure the availability of treatment for infected children at primary care centres and to reinforce hygiene behaviour. […] Enterobius vermicularis is most common in crowded residences among all ages, but is particularly common in children and affects between 4% and 28% of children worldwide. […] The prevalence of E. vermicularis infestation was the highest in Tubas (30.4%), followed by Tulkarm (29.5%), Jenin (28.8%) and Qalqilia (26.3%).

• #51 . Enterobiasis (Pinworm) | Obgyn Key

  https://obgynkey.com/enterobiasis-pinworm/

  Enterobiasis is caused by the pinworm Enterobius vermicularis, a strictly human parasite infecting the gastrointestinal tract. Infection occurs worldwide, and clustering of cases in families is common. […] In the United States, infection rates in young school children vary from 10% to 45%. Infection is unrelated to poor sanitary facilities or tropical climates. Young girls have pinworm more frequently than boys of the same age, and whites are more often infected than African Americans. Infection is most common between early fall and late spring, perhaps related to transmission in schools. For unknown reasons, some individuals seem to be predisposed or vulnerable to reinfection.

• #52 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Pinworm Infection (29.03.2019)

  https://di.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/206305/The-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-pinworm-infection

  More than one billion people worldwide are thought to be infected with pinworm. […] Estimates of its prevalence among kindergarten and primary-school pupils in Europe are generally near 20%. […] A recent German study conducted in the greater Berlin area showed that the rate of positive detections doubled during the period 20072017 (from 12.7% to 23.6%), with a seasonal peak between October and December. […] Rough estimates put the worldwide E. vermicularis infection rate at more than a billion people. […] Pinworm infection is also common in moderate climates and industrial countries, where it is seen at all social levels. […] Frequency analyses in children have been conducted for some European countries: a Norwegian study found that 18% of 395 children tested positive for Enterobius eggs using the Scotch tape test, with the highest prevalence (34%) among 6- to 11-year-olds.

• #53 Characterization of antigens of Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) eggs | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-18303-8

  Diagnosis of enterobiasis is done routinely by microscopic detection of the characteristic eggs of E. vermicularis in adhesive perianal swabs. […] Hence, a diagnostic method which is easy to perform as well as being equally or more sensitive and specific than microscopy for the diagnosis of enterobiasis would be most useful for the control of pinworm infection. […] The current study was conducted to identify potential antigens of E. vermicularis as a preliminary step towards the development of such an immunodiagnostic tool. […] A point-of-care diagnostic tool for enterobiasis could allow for screening and initiation of treatment during a single encounter. […] However, the prevalence of enterobiasis continues to remain over 20% amongst these schoolchildren. […] As such, a point-of-care diagnostic tool would improve the ease in conduct of epidemiological surveys required to inform public health policy and for implementation of population targeted interventions. […] The methods used in this study were effective in obtaining E. vermicularis egg antigens which were immunogenic. […] These findings may pave the way for the development of effective immunodiagnostics.

• #54 Common Intestinal Parasites | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0301/p1161.html

  Pinworm infection should be suspected in children who exhibit perianal pruritus and nocturnal restlessness. Direct visualization of the adult worm or microscopic detection of eggs confirms the diagnosis, but only 5 percent of infected persons have eggs in their stool. The cellophane tape test can serve as a quick way to clinch the diagnosis. […] This test consists of touching tape to the perianal area several times, removing it, and examining the tape under direct microscopy for eggs. The test should be conducted right after awakening on at least three consecutive days. This technique can increase the test’s sensitivity to roughly 90 percent.

• #55 Common Intestinal Parasites | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0301/p1161.html

  Pinworm infection should be suspected in children who exhibit perianal pruritus and nocturnal restlessness. Direct visualization of the adult worm or microscopic detection of eggs confirms the diagnosis, but only 5 percent of infected persons have eggs in their stool. The cellophane tape test can serve as a quick way to clinch the diagnosis. […] This test consists of touching tape to the perianal area several times, removing it, and examining the tape under direct microscopy for eggs. The test should be conducted right after awakening on at least three consecutive days. This technique can increase the test’s sensitivity to roughly 90 percent.

• #56 Common Intestinal Parasites | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0301/p1161.html

  Pinworm infection should be suspected in children who exhibit perianal pruritus and nocturnal restlessness. Direct visualization of the adult worm or microscopic detection of eggs confirms the diagnosis, but only 5 percent of infected persons have eggs in their stool. The cellophane tape test can serve as a quick way to clinch the diagnosis. […] This test consists of touching tape to the perianal area several times, removing it, and examining the tape under direct microscopy for eggs. The test should be conducted right after awakening on at least three consecutive days. This technique can increase the test’s sensitivity to roughly 90 percent.

• #57 Characterization of antigens of Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) eggs | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-18303-8

  Diagnosis of enterobiasis is done routinely by microscopic detection of the characteristic eggs of E. vermicularis in adhesive perianal swabs. […] Hence, a diagnostic method which is easy to perform as well as being equally or more sensitive and specific than microscopy for the diagnosis of enterobiasis would be most useful for the control of pinworm infection. […] The current study was conducted to identify potential antigens of E. vermicularis as a preliminary step towards the development of such an immunodiagnostic tool. […] A point-of-care diagnostic tool for enterobiasis could allow for screening and initiation of treatment during a single encounter. […] However, the prevalence of enterobiasis continues to remain over 20% amongst these schoolchildren. […] As such, a point-of-care diagnostic tool would improve the ease in conduct of epidemiological surveys required to inform public health policy and for implementation of population targeted interventions. […] The methods used in this study were effective in obtaining E. vermicularis egg antigens which were immunogenic. […] These findings may pave the way for the development of effective immunodiagnostics.

• #58 Do Not Let Pinworms Spoil Your Experiments

  https://www.jax.org/news-and-insights/jax-blog/2015/february/do-not-let-pinworms-spoil-your-experiments

  Oxyuriasis is an infection by one or more species of parasitic nematodes, commonly call pinworms, in the family Oxyuridae. […] Pinworm outbreaks occur when the parasites take residence in the gastrointestinal tracts of the animals, and although even low-barrier rooms at JAX are pinworm-free, it is a relatively common occurrence in research facilities worldwide. […] Because pinworm eggs are intermittently shed in the feces of infected animals, testing feces at multiple time points or from multiple individuals at a single time point is recommended for more effective surveillance. […] JAX maintains strict protocols for the surveillance and monitoring of pathogenic and opportunistic pathogens in all of our facilities. […] The last pinworm infection at JAX dates back to the 1970s. […] Should an outbreak occur, pinworms are one of the pathogens excluded from all JAX mouse rooms, and therefore, all mice shipments would stop to contain the infection.

• #59 Fatal Case of a Child Harboring Enterobius vermicularis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/11/6/917

  Enterobius vermicularis, also known as “pinworms”, is considered the most common helminth infection (although being the least pathogenic), affecting the gastrointestinal tract of children worldwide. […] Enterobius vermicularis infections can occur asymptomatically among one third of infected people, which makes early diagnosis and intervention challenging. […] Enterobius vermicularis has been associated with appendicitis, with young girls being the most vulnerable group, although appendicitis by pinworms is still debatable. […] A cross sectional study conducted on 200 patients who had an appendectomy showed that 30 of 200 appendices (15.0 %) had Enterobius vermicularis in histopathological examination; this was found to be more common in females compared to males. […] Cases have been reported showing the diversity of the pathophysiology and mode of infestation of Enterobius vermicularis, which may cause serious complications, with significant morbidity and mortality, and patients may present with atypical signs and symptoms.

• #60 Epidemiology and control of enterobiasis in a developmental center

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1070873/

  Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) is a common helminthic infection, affecting almost 1 billion people worldwide from all socioeconomic classes. In the United States, it affects 20 to 42 million people, with a high prevalence among children, institutional populations, homosexuals, and family contacts. Enterobiasis may remain asymptomatic or cause perianal pruritus, insomnia, restlessness, irritability, and rarely, impetigo of scratched skin, vulvovaginitis, or enuresis. Although effective medications have been available for decades, control of enterobiasis has been difficult because of reinfection, incomplete cure of infected people, and its ready transmissibility. […] Several researchers have experimented with mass medication for enterobiasis, but their studies have been marred by high rates of reinfection, lack of a cost-benefit analysis, short follow-ups, and inadequate surveillance data. Consequently, mass medication has not become the standard of care. We describe our positive experience with mass medication, a 3-year follow-up with surveillance, and a financial analysis.

• #61 Pinworm control and risk factors of pinworm infection among primary-school children in Taiwan. in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 65 Issue 5 (2001)

  https://www.ajtmh.org/abstract/journals/tpmd/65/5/article-p558.xml

  Longitudinal pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis) infection rates were estimated at a mass screening for first-grade children during 1991-1996; children were provided medication at the screening. This campaign was able to decrease the infection rates for the 1991 cohort from 16.3% to 0.6%. […] A case-control study was further conducted for the investigation of risk factors among fourth-graders. Cases comprised 429 children with at least one infection between September 1996 to June 1999, and controls were 280 randomly selected uninfected classmates. Parents were asked to complete a questionnaire survey to report students’ personnel hygiene habits. The case-control study revealed that significant factors associated with the infection included playing on the floor (odds ratio [OR], 2.5), nail biting (OR, 2.1), failure to wash hands before meals (OR, 1.7) and living in nonapartment dwellings (OR, 1.6). Girls were at a higher, but not significant, risk (OR, 1.4), than boys. In conclusion, inadequate personal hygiene increases the risk for pinworm infection. The mass screening-medication campaign can be adapted to countries with a similar parasitic problem.

• #62 Enterobius vermicularis infection in schoolchildren: a large-scale survey 6 years after a population-based control | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/enterobius-vermicularis-infection-in-schoolchildren-a-largescale-survey-6-years-after-a-populationbased-control/E5AD91C097DBD09D443CDD6DA3155850

  In the present study, we revealed a sex difference in prevalence by univariate and multivariate analysis. This finding is contrary to the general understanding that sex incidence is equal. […] Enterobius has a simple and short life-cycle. These special characteristics easily enable the spread and re-infection of enterobiasis. In Taiwan, the overall prevalence of this infection in schoolchildren was reduced from 199% in 1986 to 25% in 2001 after a 15-year population-based control. After transferring the control programme to the local governments, the overall prevalence of this infection remains at a low level of 24%. Mass examination, treatment, and follow-up should be continued until eradication of the infection.

• #63 Epidemiology and control of enterobiasis in a developmental center

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1070873/

  The initiation of mass medication in 1995 progressively reduced the prevalence from 21% in 1994 to 1% in 1998. […] Our study supports the recommendation of other investigators that for the effective control of enterobiasis, all household contacts should be treated with two anthelminth doses, 14 days apart. However, current prescribing recommendations are silent about mass medication of the contacts and recommend the use of a second dose only if the case is not cured. Clearly, these guidelines should be amended. […] Despite mass medication, enterobiasis has not been eradicated in our center. Moreover, it took 3 years for its prevalence to decrease from 21% to 1%. This may be because some eggs may take more than 14 days to mature and, consequently, escape harm from the second anthelminth dose administered on the 14th day. Alternatively, some persons are being reinfected due to unhygienic lifestyles.

• #64 CDC – Enterobiasis – General Information – Frequently Asked Questions

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/parasites/pinworm/gen_info/faqs.html

  Pinworm infection occurs worldwide and affects persons of all ages and socioeconomic levels. It is the most common worm infection in the United States. Pinworm infection occurs most commonly among […] Pinworm infection often occurs in more than one person in household and institutional settings. Child care centers often are the site of cases of pinworm infection. […] Pinworm infection is spread by the fecal-oral route, that is by the transfer of infective pinworm eggs from the anus to someone’s mouth, either directly by hand or indirectly through contaminated clothing, bedding, food, or other articles. […] Pinworm infections are rarely spread through the use of swimming pools. […] Good hand hygiene is the most effective means of prevention. If pinworm infection occurs again, the infected person should be retreated with the same two-dose treatment. […] Control can be difficult in child care centers and schools because the rate of reinfection is high. In institutions, mass and simultaneous treatment, repeated in 2 weeks, can be effective. Hand hygiene is the most effective method of prevention.

• #65 Epidemiology and control of enterobiasis in a developmental center

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1070873/

  The initiation of mass medication in 1995 progressively reduced the prevalence from 21% in 1994 to 1% in 1998. […] Our study supports the recommendation of other investigators that for the effective control of enterobiasis, all household contacts should be treated with two anthelminth doses, 14 days apart. However, current prescribing recommendations are silent about mass medication of the contacts and recommend the use of a second dose only if the case is not cured. Clearly, these guidelines should be amended. […] Despite mass medication, enterobiasis has not been eradicated in our center. Moreover, it took 3 years for its prevalence to decrease from 21% to 1%. This may be because some eggs may take more than 14 days to mature and, consequently, escape harm from the second anthelminth dose administered on the 14th day. Alternatively, some persons are being reinfected due to unhygienic lifestyles.

• #66 Global prevalence of enterobiasis in young children over the past 20 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis

  https://ophrp.org/journal/view.php?number=748

  According to our review results, the global pooled estimated of children infected with enterobiasis was 12.9%. Several regional studies on the prevalence of Enterobius infection have been conducted, showing enterobiasis prevalence among school children as follows: approximately 55% in China, 8.8% in Thailand, 47.2% in Myanmar, 4.4% in the Republic of Korea, and 19.3% in Kyrgyzstan. […] The major risk factors for enterobiasis include the personal hygiene habits of children, such as thumb-sucking and putting toys into their mouths; the overcrowded conditions in schools, kindergartens, and childcare centers; and inadequate sanitation. […] Our systematic review and meta-analysis estimated that 12.9% of children around the world are infected with E. vermicularis. Health education for children and their families is a cost-effective and safe control strategy that can decrease the burden of enterobiasis infection.

• #67 Pinworm Infection: Symptoms, Treatment, Infestation & Causes

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/infections-and-contagious-diseases/pinworm-infection

  Pinworm infection treatment is straightforward and effective. Over-the-counter and prescription antiworm medicines can clear the infection. Doctors often recommend treating the whole family to prevent the spread. Frequent laundering of clothing, towels and bedsheets can help prevent reinfection. […] Pinworm infection doesn’t cause serious harm. Heavy infections may trigger bedwetting due to urethral irritation and can lead to infection of the female genitals in rare cases.

• #68 Epidemiology and control of enterobiasis in a developmental center

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1070873/

  The initiation of mass medication in 1995 progressively reduced the prevalence from 21% in 1994 to 1% in 1998. […] Our study supports the recommendation of other investigators that for the effective control of enterobiasis, all household contacts should be treated with two anthelminth doses, 14 days apart. However, current prescribing recommendations are silent about mass medication of the contacts and recommend the use of a second dose only if the case is not cured. Clearly, these guidelines should be amended. […] Despite mass medication, enterobiasis has not been eradicated in our center. Moreover, it took 3 years for its prevalence to decrease from 21% to 1%. This may be because some eggs may take more than 14 days to mature and, consequently, escape harm from the second anthelminth dose administered on the 14th day. Alternatively, some persons are being reinfected due to unhygienic lifestyles.

• #69 Enterobius vermicularis infection in schoolchildren: a large-scale survey 6 years after a population-based control | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/enterobius-vermicularis-infection-in-schoolchildren-a-largescale-survey-6-years-after-a-populationbased-control/E5AD91C097DBD09D443CDD6DA3155850

  In the present study, we revealed a sex difference in prevalence by univariate and multivariate analysis. This finding is contrary to the general understanding that sex incidence is equal. […] Enterobius has a simple and short life-cycle. These special characteristics easily enable the spread and re-infection of enterobiasis. In Taiwan, the overall prevalence of this infection in schoolchildren was reduced from 199% in 1986 to 25% in 2001 after a 15-year population-based control. After transferring the control programme to the local governments, the overall prevalence of this infection remains at a low level of 24%. Mass examination, treatment, and follow-up should be continued until eradication of the infection.

• #70 WHO EMRO | Prevalence of and risk factors for Enterobius vermicularis infestation in preschool children, West Bank, Palestine, 2015 | Volume 27 issue 12 | EMHJ volume 27 2021

  https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-27-2021/volume-27-issue-12/prevalence-of-and-risk-factors-for-enterobius-vermicularis-infestation-in-preschool-children-west-bank-palestine-2015.html

  A statistically significant association was found between the prevalence of E. vermicularis infestation and age (P = 0.04), governorate (P = 0.01), residency (P = 0.03), and number of household members (P < 0.05). [...] The prevalence of E. vermicularis was found to be 22.1%. [...] Infestation with E. vermicularis is clearly an important parasitic disease among preschool children in north West Bank. [...] Our study shows that E. vermicularis infestation is an important parasitic infectious disease among Palestinian preschool children in north West Bank. The high prevalence of infestation was clearly associated with age of children, increased number of household members, hygiene behaviour and certain geodemographic distribution in north West Bank.

• #71 Epidemiology and control of enterobiasis in a developmental center

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1070873/

  Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) is a common helminthic infection, affecting almost 1 billion people worldwide from all socioeconomic classes. In the United States, it affects 20 to 42 million people, with a high prevalence among children, institutional populations, homosexuals, and family contacts. Enterobiasis may remain asymptomatic or cause perianal pruritus, insomnia, restlessness, irritability, and rarely, impetigo of scratched skin, vulvovaginitis, or enuresis. Although effective medications have been available for decades, control of enterobiasis has been difficult because of reinfection, incomplete cure of infected people, and its ready transmissibility. […] Several researchers have experimented with mass medication for enterobiasis, but their studies have been marred by high rates of reinfection, lack of a cost-benefit analysis, short follow-ups, and inadequate surveillance data. Consequently, mass medication has not become the standard of care. We describe our positive experience with mass medication, a 3-year follow-up with surveillance, and a financial analysis.

• #72 Post-Travel Parasitic Disease Including Evaluation of Eosinophilia | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/post-travel-evaluation/post-travel-parasitic-disease.html

  Pinworm infection is also known as enterobiasis. Pinworm eggs deposit on human perianal folds and infect via self-inoculation (hand-to-mouth contact after scratching infected area) and close person-to-person contact. The most common symptom is perianal itching, especially at night, which can lead to excoriations and bacterial superinfection. Adult worms may be visible near the anus within 2-3 hours of self-inoculation or close person-to-person contact. All travelers to endemic areas are at risk of infection, especially if in close contact with children. […] Pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis) is a parasitic infection that can occur worldwide, with an incubation period of 2-3 hours, primarily through ingesting contaminated human feces found on hands, clothing, etc., or person-to-person contact.

• #73 Pinworm Infection: Symptoms, Treatment, Infestation & Causes

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/infections-and-contagious-diseases/pinworm-infection

  Pinworm infection treatment is straightforward and effective. Over-the-counter and prescription antiworm medicines can clear the infection. Doctors often recommend treating the whole family to prevent the spread. Frequent laundering of clothing, towels and bedsheets can help prevent reinfection. […] Pinworm infection doesn’t cause serious harm. Heavy infections may trigger bedwetting due to urethral irritation and can lead to infection of the female genitals in rare cases.

• #74 The Relationship Between Enterobius Vermicularis Infection And Nocturnal Enuresis – Electronic Journal of General Medicine

  https://www.ejgm.co.uk/article/the-relationship-between-enterobius-vermicularis-infection-and-nocturnal-enuresis-6542

  Aim: The possible association between certain childhood infections and the propensity to develop nocturnal enuresis may include intestinal helminth infections. […] Objective: To explore the association between Enterobius vermicularis and nocturnal enuresis among children 4 to 7 years of age in a Turkish orphanage. […] Results: The occurrence of Enterobius vermicularis was examined by perianal tape tests in 80 children. Total egg positivity rates of Enterobius vermicularis were 71.3% (57/80). […] Conclusion: In this study, it was shown that Enterobius vermicularis infection was quite prevalent among orphan children in Antakya. […] It was concluded that nocturnal enuresis may be related with pinworm infestation.

• #75 Fatal Case of a Child Harboring Enterobius vermicularis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/11/6/917

  Enterobius vermicularis, also known as “pinworms”, is considered the most common helminth infection (although being the least pathogenic), affecting the gastrointestinal tract of children worldwide. […] Enterobius vermicularis infections can occur asymptomatically among one third of infected people, which makes early diagnosis and intervention challenging. […] Enterobius vermicularis has been associated with appendicitis, with young girls being the most vulnerable group, although appendicitis by pinworms is still debatable. […] A cross sectional study conducted on 200 patients who had an appendectomy showed that 30 of 200 appendices (15.0 %) had Enterobius vermicularis in histopathological examination; this was found to be more common in females compared to males. […] Cases have been reported showing the diversity of the pathophysiology and mode of infestation of Enterobius vermicularis, which may cause serious complications, with significant morbidity and mortality, and patients may present with atypical signs and symptoms.

• #76 Pinworms | Charles River

  https://www.criver.com/products-services/research-models-services/animal-health-surveillance/infectious-agent-information/pinworms

  Pinworms are common in wild and pet animals, with varying prevalence in laboratory animals. […] Pinworms have a direct life cycle, meaning they do not require passage through an intermediate host to become infective. […] Pinworm infection in a colony may also be considered a marker of inadequate biosecurity techniques. […] Pinworm infections are best prevented by excluding infected animals from facilities. […] Treatment regimens for mice and rats are described in the reference literature.

• #77 Global prevalence of enterobiasis in young children over the past 20 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis

  https://ophrp.org/journal/view.php?number=748

  Enterobiasis or oxyuriasis, a nematode infection caused by Enterobius vermicularis (E. vermicularis, pinworm, oxyure) is common among children and their family members. E. vermicularis is a cosmopolitan parasite and one of the most common parasitic infections in many countries. The World Health Organization reported that the prevalence of enterobiasis in children is between 4% and 28%. It has been estimated that approximately 200 million people are infected worldwide, and over 30% of cases are children aged 5 to 10 years. The prevalence of oxyuriasis among children has been reported as 2.5% to 45% in Latin America, 18% in Norway, 18.5% in the Republic of Korea, 17.2% in Iran, and 2.9% in north-central Ethiopia. […] The prevalence of this infection is mainly related to public health and personal hygiene. Therefore, surveying enterobiasis infections in children can help us assess personal, familial, and social health status. The identification and prevention of pinworm transmission among children can promote infection control and benefit the health of children and the community.

• #78 Global prevalence of enterobiasis in young children over the past 20 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis

  https://ophrp.org/journal/view.php?number=748

  According to our review results, the global pooled estimated of children infected with enterobiasis was 12.9%. Several regional studies on the prevalence of Enterobius infection have been conducted, showing enterobiasis prevalence among school children as follows: approximately 55% in China, 8.8% in Thailand, 47.2% in Myanmar, 4.4% in the Republic of Korea, and 19.3% in Kyrgyzstan. […] The major risk factors for enterobiasis include the personal hygiene habits of children, such as thumb-sucking and putting toys into their mouths; the overcrowded conditions in schools, kindergartens, and childcare centers; and inadequate sanitation. […] Our systematic review and meta-analysis estimated that 12.9% of children around the world are infected with E. vermicularis. Health education for children and their families is a cost-effective and safe control strategy that can decrease the burden of enterobiasis infection.

• #79 Characterization of antigens of Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) eggs | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-18303-8

  Enterobiasis (pinworm infection) caused by Enterobius vermicularis is a common parasitic infection prevalent worldwide especially in children. […] Enterobiasis is prevalent worldwide occurring in both temperate and tropical regions with over 1 billion people estimated to be infected. […] Prevalence of infection is high among young children, and it is commonly a family or group infection, particularly in overcrowded living conditions with poor personal hygiene. […] An island wide survey conducted recently in Sri Lanka revealed the prevalence of enterobiasis to be 22% among schoolchildren attending Grades 1-3. […] Although effective medications are available, control of enterobiasis is difficult because of autoinfection, reinfection, incomplete cure of infected people, and its high transmissibility.

• #80 Pinworm (threadworm) infection

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/pinworm-threadworm-infection

  The pinworm is the most common helminth parasite of temperate regions. These infections are found worldwide and affect all socioeconomic groups. […] The pinworm is the most common helminth parasite of temperate regions. These infections are found worldwide and affect all socioeconomic groups. […] Pinworm infections predominantly affect paediatric populations, in which the prevalence is reported to be 1050 per cent in some groups. […] Pinworms are transmitted by direct transfer of infected eggs by hand from the anus to the mouth of the same or another person. They can also be transmitted indirectly through bedding, clothing, food or other articles. Spread is facilitated by overcrowding. […] Communicability continues as long as the eggs are being discharged onto the perianal area. The eggs can survive for several days in the right conditions. Reinfection from contaminated hands is common. […] Infection does not confer immunity. […] Public health education on the importance of handwashing may assist. […] Not applicable.

• #81 Fatal Case of a Child Harboring Enterobius vermicularis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/11/6/917

  Enterobius vermicularis, also known as “pinworms”, is considered the most common helminth infection (although being the least pathogenic), affecting the gastrointestinal tract of children worldwide. […] Enterobius vermicularis infections can occur asymptomatically among one third of infected people, which makes early diagnosis and intervention challenging. […] Enterobius vermicularis has been associated with appendicitis, with young girls being the most vulnerable group, although appendicitis by pinworms is still debatable. […] A cross sectional study conducted on 200 patients who had an appendectomy showed that 30 of 200 appendices (15.0 %) had Enterobius vermicularis in histopathological examination; this was found to be more common in females compared to males. […] Cases have been reported showing the diversity of the pathophysiology and mode of infestation of Enterobius vermicularis, which may cause serious complications, with significant morbidity and mortality, and patients may present with atypical signs and symptoms.

• #82 Characterization of antigens of Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) eggs | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-18303-8

  Enterobiasis (pinworm infection) caused by Enterobius vermicularis is a common parasitic infection prevalent worldwide especially in children. […] Enterobiasis is prevalent worldwide occurring in both temperate and tropical regions with over 1 billion people estimated to be infected. […] Prevalence of infection is high among young children, and it is commonly a family or group infection, particularly in overcrowded living conditions with poor personal hygiene. […] An island wide survey conducted recently in Sri Lanka revealed the prevalence of enterobiasis to be 22% among schoolchildren attending Grades 1-3. […] Although effective medications are available, control of enterobiasis is difficult because of autoinfection, reinfection, incomplete cure of infected people, and its high transmissibility.

• #83 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Pinworm Infection (29.03.2019)

  https://di.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/206305/The-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-pinworm-infection

  A large Estonian study of 954 kindergarten children found a comparable prevalence of 24.4%. […] Despite a high disease incidence, there is surprisingly scant systematically proven knowledge on treatment not to mention a German-language guideline. […] There are no data on risk factors in adults. […] The considerable potential for E. vermicularis transmission is explained by the tenacity and adhesive property of the eggs, which adhere particularly well to hands and under fingernails, thereby easily maintaining the chain of infection. […] The epidemiological relevance of persistent infective pinworm eggs in the environment (e.g., in house dust) is repeatedly emphasized in secondary sources.

• #84 Characterization of antigens of Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) eggs | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-18303-8

  Diagnosis of enterobiasis is done routinely by microscopic detection of the characteristic eggs of E. vermicularis in adhesive perianal swabs. […] Hence, a diagnostic method which is easy to perform as well as being equally or more sensitive and specific than microscopy for the diagnosis of enterobiasis would be most useful for the control of pinworm infection. […] The current study was conducted to identify potential antigens of E. vermicularis as a preliminary step towards the development of such an immunodiagnostic tool. […] A point-of-care diagnostic tool for enterobiasis could allow for screening and initiation of treatment during a single encounter. […] However, the prevalence of enterobiasis continues to remain over 20% amongst these schoolchildren. […] As such, a point-of-care diagnostic tool would improve the ease in conduct of epidemiological surveys required to inform public health policy and for implementation of population targeted interventions. […] The methods used in this study were effective in obtaining E. vermicularis egg antigens which were immunogenic. […] These findings may pave the way for the development of effective immunodiagnostics.

• #85 Characterization of antigens of Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) eggs | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-18303-8

  Diagnosis of enterobiasis is done routinely by microscopic detection of the characteristic eggs of E. vermicularis in adhesive perianal swabs. […] Hence, a diagnostic method which is easy to perform as well as being equally or more sensitive and specific than microscopy for the diagnosis of enterobiasis would be most useful for the control of pinworm infection. […] The current study was conducted to identify potential antigens of E. vermicularis as a preliminary step towards the development of such an immunodiagnostic tool. […] A point-of-care diagnostic tool for enterobiasis could allow for screening and initiation of treatment during a single encounter. […] However, the prevalence of enterobiasis continues to remain over 20% amongst these schoolchildren. […] As such, a point-of-care diagnostic tool would improve the ease in conduct of epidemiological surveys required to inform public health policy and for implementation of population targeted interventions. […] The methods used in this study were effective in obtaining E. vermicularis egg antigens which were immunogenic. […] These findings may pave the way for the development of effective immunodiagnostics.

• #86

  https://journals.lww.com/acgcr/fulltext/2024/11000/pinworm_infection_misdiagnosed_with_primary.3.aspx

  No current guideline is available for EGID in adults. So, while excluding a parasitic infection is indeed essential in the differential diagnosis of mucosal eosinophilia to formulate a diagnosis of EGID, a more comprehensive recommendation regarding the parasitic species to consider is currently lacking. […] Based on the presented cases, a pinworm infection should always be ruled out for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in all patients with suspected EGID, through a night-time application of cellophane tape in the perianal area, ideally for 35 consecutive days. […] Future guidelines should better address this aspect.

• #87 Pinworm (threadworm) infection

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/pinworm-threadworm-infection

  The pinworm is the most common helminth parasite of temperate regions. These infections are found worldwide and affect all socioeconomic groups. […] The pinworm is the most common helminth parasite of temperate regions. These infections are found worldwide and affect all socioeconomic groups. […] Pinworm infections predominantly affect paediatric populations, in which the prevalence is reported to be 1050 per cent in some groups. […] Pinworms are transmitted by direct transfer of infected eggs by hand from the anus to the mouth of the same or another person. They can also be transmitted indirectly through bedding, clothing, food or other articles. Spread is facilitated by overcrowding. […] Communicability continues as long as the eggs are being discharged onto the perianal area. The eggs can survive for several days in the right conditions. Reinfection from contaminated hands is common. […] Infection does not confer immunity. […] Public health education on the importance of handwashing may assist. […] Not applicable.

• #88 Enterobius vermicularis infection: prevalence and risk factors among preschool children in kindergarten in the capital area, Republic of the Marshall Islands | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-019-4159-0

  This information will help establish baseline data for the Marshallese Ministry of Health (MOH) to enact effective measures against pinworm infection and transmission. […] In the present study, the overall prevalence of pinworm infection was 22.2% (88/392) in Marshallese PSC, and this infection rate is higher than those reported in Seoul, South Korea (9.5%, 113/1191) […] Therefore, children who exhibit perianal pruritus and nocturnal restlessness should be suspected of having pinworm infection. […] Taken together, mass screening should continue, and infected PSC and their family members should be treated, both of which are important measures for controlling pinworm infection in the RMI.

• #89 Epidemiology and control of enterobiasis in a developmental center

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1070873/

  The initiation of mass medication in 1995 progressively reduced the prevalence from 21% in 1994 to 1% in 1998. […] Our study supports the recommendation of other investigators that for the effective control of enterobiasis, all household contacts should be treated with two anthelminth doses, 14 days apart. However, current prescribing recommendations are silent about mass medication of the contacts and recommend the use of a second dose only if the case is not cured. Clearly, these guidelines should be amended. […] Despite mass medication, enterobiasis has not been eradicated in our center. Moreover, it took 3 years for its prevalence to decrease from 21% to 1%. This may be because some eggs may take more than 14 days to mature and, consequently, escape harm from the second anthelminth dose administered on the 14th day. Alternatively, some persons are being reinfected due to unhygienic lifestyles.

• #90 Enterobius vermicularis infection: prevalence and risk factors among preschool children in kindergarten in the capital area, Republic of the Marshall Islands | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-019-4159-0

  This information will help establish baseline data for the Marshallese Ministry of Health (MOH) to enact effective measures against pinworm infection and transmission. […] In the present study, the overall prevalence of pinworm infection was 22.2% (88/392) in Marshallese PSC, and this infection rate is higher than those reported in Seoul, South Korea (9.5%, 113/1191) […] Therefore, children who exhibit perianal pruritus and nocturnal restlessness should be suspected of having pinworm infection. […] Taken together, mass screening should continue, and infected PSC and their family members should be treated, both of which are important measures for controlling pinworm infection in the RMI.

• #91 Characterization of antigens of Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) eggs | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-18303-8

  Diagnosis of enterobiasis is done routinely by microscopic detection of the characteristic eggs of E. vermicularis in adhesive perianal swabs. […] Hence, a diagnostic method which is easy to perform as well as being equally or more sensitive and specific than microscopy for the diagnosis of enterobiasis would be most useful for the control of pinworm infection. […] The current study was conducted to identify potential antigens of E. vermicularis as a preliminary step towards the development of such an immunodiagnostic tool. […] A point-of-care diagnostic tool for enterobiasis could allow for screening and initiation of treatment during a single encounter. […] However, the prevalence of enterobiasis continues to remain over 20% amongst these schoolchildren. […] As such, a point-of-care diagnostic tool would improve the ease in conduct of epidemiological surveys required to inform public health policy and for implementation of population targeted interventions. […] The methods used in this study were effective in obtaining E. vermicularis egg antigens which were immunogenic. […] These findings may pave the way for the development of effective immunodiagnostics.

• #92

  https://journals.lww.com/acgcr/fulltext/2024/11000/pinworm_infection_misdiagnosed_with_primary.3.aspx

  No current guideline is available for EGID in adults. So, while excluding a parasitic infection is indeed essential in the differential diagnosis of mucosal eosinophilia to formulate a diagnosis of EGID, a more comprehensive recommendation regarding the parasitic species to consider is currently lacking. […] Based on the presented cases, a pinworm infection should always be ruled out for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in all patients with suspected EGID, through a night-time application of cellophane tape in the perianal area, ideally for 35 consecutive days. […] Future guidelines should better address this aspect.

• #93 Is pinworm infection still a public health concern among children in resource-rich regions? Trends in pinworm infection prevalence and associated factors among children in Hualien County, Taiwan: a retrospective cross-sectional study | BMC Public Health |

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-14641-4

  Pinworm infection remains a major public health concern among children in rural areas of Hualien. […] However, pinworm infection is still an important public health issue in some areas of resource-rich regions, regardless of the decreasing prevalence rates. […] This study revealed the prevalence, time-trend analysis, and associated sociodemographic factors among school-age children in Hualien, Taiwan, from 2009 to 2018. […] These findings indicate that pinworm infection is still an important issue in Taiwan, especially in Hualien. […] This study highlighted the fact that pinworm infection remains a vital public issue among school-age children in the rural areas of Hualien.

• #94 Global prevalence of enterobiasis in young children over the past 20 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis

  https://ophrp.org/journal/view.php?number=748

  Enterobiasis or oxyuriasis, a nematode infection caused by Enterobius vermicularis (E. vermicularis, pinworm, oxyure) is common among children and their family members. E. vermicularis is a cosmopolitan parasite and one of the most common parasitic infections in many countries. The World Health Organization reported that the prevalence of enterobiasis in children is between 4% and 28%. It has been estimated that approximately 200 million people are infected worldwide, and over 30% of cases are children aged 5 to 10 years. The prevalence of oxyuriasis among children has been reported as 2.5% to 45% in Latin America, 18% in Norway, 18.5% in the Republic of Korea, 17.2% in Iran, and 2.9% in north-central Ethiopia. […] The prevalence of this infection is mainly related to public health and personal hygiene. Therefore, surveying enterobiasis infections in children can help us assess personal, familial, and social health status. The identification and prevention of pinworm transmission among children can promote infection control and benefit the health of children and the community.

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