Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Parvovirus infection | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/parvovirus-infection

  For an uncomplicated parvovirus infection, self-care treatment at home is generally sufficient. People with severe anemia may need to stay in the hospital and receive blood transfusions. Those with weakened immune systems may receive antibodies, via immune globulin injections, to treat the infection.

• #2 About Parvovirus B19 | Parvovirus B19 and Fifth Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/parvovirus-b19/about/index.html

  Parvovirus B19 infections are usually mild and will go away on their own. […] Treatment usually involves relieving symptoms, such as fever, itching, and joint pain and swelling. For persons who develop a low blood count, treatment may include supportive care, blood products, and other specialized therapies.

• #3 Parvovirus in Humans: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/parvovirus-in-humans

  Parvovirus B19 usually goes away on its own and often doesn’t require any specific treatment. […] For most people, human parvovirus will go away on its own without any need for treatment. However, medications such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Advil) can help relieve discomfort. […] People or fetuses who develop severe anemia may need a blood transfusion. […] Patients with weakened immune systems may receive special antibodies to treat the infection.

• #4 Parvovirus B19 Infection Medication: Antipyretic agents, Immunologic effectors, Antihistamines

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/961063-medication

  No antiviral therapy is available to treat parvovirus B19 (B19V) infections. Children rarely require specific therapy other than acetaminophen for fever. […] In patients with postinfectious arthritis, acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) usually provide symptomatic relief. Because the use of aspirin in children with other viral illnesses has been associated with Reye syndrome, aspirin use is not recommended in children with B19V infection. If children have pruritus from the parvovirus B19 rash, oral antihistamines (eg, diphenhydramine) and starch baths typically provide relief.

• #5 Fifth disease (parvovirus infection) | HealthLink BC

  https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/healthlinkbc-files/fifth-disease-parvovirus-infection

  For generally healthy people, home treatment is usually the only care needed for fifth disease. Antibiotics are not used to treat fifth disease because it is caused by a virus. Antibiotics only work against infections caused by bacteria. […] The following home treatment tips may help you to be more comfortable while you rest and recover: Drink plenty of liquids to prevent dehydration. Reduce fever, and relieve headache and joint pain with acetaminophen or ibuprofen. […] Acetaminophen (e.g. Tylenol) or ibuprofen* (e.g. Advil) can be given for fever or soreness. ASA (e.g. Aspirin) should not be given to anyone under 18 years of age due to the risk of Reye syndrome. […] Prevent scratching by trimming fingernails, and wear gloves at night to help prevent scratching during sleep. Reduce itchiness by applying a lotion or cream to the rash and wear loose-fitting cotton clothing. Ask your health care provider about lotions and other remedies for the itching. Taking a non-prescription antihistamine may help if the itching is very bothersome. These are not recommended for children under 6 years of age. These medications can make children and adults sleepy.

• #6 Medical Definition of Parvovirus infection

  https://www.rxlist.com/parvovirus_infection/definition.htm

  Adults with parvovirus commonly have joint pains and swelling. This form of arthritis usually resolves within weeks, but about 10% of patients can have a more prolonged arthritis that does mimic rheumatoid arthritis. (The rheumatoid factor blood test is usually negative, but can be positive.) Treatment involves medications that reduce inflammation in the joints.

• #7 Parvovirus B19 infection in children: a comprehensive review of clinical manifestations and management | Italian Journal of Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13052-024-01831-6

  Parvovirus B19 can lead to severe complications, including transient aplastic crisis in individuals with chronic hemolytic anemias, arthralgia, and more severe joint diseases. […] These manifestations can range from mild to life-threatening, necessitating a broad spectrum of therapeutic approaches, including symptomatic care, immunoglobulins, corticosteroids, and supportive therapies. […] Despite the significant clinical burden posed by B19V, no specific antiviral treatment or vaccine is currently available, making early recognition and prompt management crucial for improving patient outcomes. […] There is no specific therapy for the fifth disease. Treatment is symptomatic, with antipyretics for fever and possibly antihistamines if the rash is associated with intense itching. […] Currently, there are no clear guidelines for the treatment of chronic parvovirus arthropathy. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or short courses of corticosteroids may be effective in managing symptoms.

• #8 Clinical Presentations of Parvovirus B19 Infection | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0201/p373.html

  Treatment is usually supportive, although some patients may require transfusions or intravenous immune globulin therapy. Most patients recover completely. […] Patients in transient aplastic crisis may require erythrocyte transfusions while the marrow recovers. […] Chronic red cell aplasia, if severe, may require intravenous immune globulin therapy. This treatment may improve anemia symptoms, but it may precipitate a rash or arthropathy. Intravenous immune globulin also has been used in several case reports of severe illness. […] A vaccine has been developed but is not yet available.

• #9 Parvovirus B19 Infection – Together by St. Jude™

  https://together.stjude.org/en-us/conditions/infectious-diseases/parvovirus-infection.html

  There is no medicine to treat parvovirus infection. It usually goes away on its own in about 10 days. […] If your child’s blood count drops too low during an aplastic crisis, they may need a blood transfusion.

• #10 Parvovirus B19 Infection Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Consultations, Diet and Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/961063-treatment

  Treatment may include the following: […] Acetaminophen or ibuprofen is effective for treating fever in patients with parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection. Fever does not always require treatment with antipyretics; however, consider antipyretics if a patient appears clinically uncomfortable. […] Resolution of infection depends on the presence of immunoglobulins against parvovirus B19. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) has been used with good results for patients suffering pure red cell aplasia (PRCA). Patients should be monitored for relapsed viremia. […] Patients in aplastic crisis require packed RBC transfusions. […] In patients receiving immunosuppressive agents, temporarily decreasing the dose of immunosuppressive agents usually enables the immune system to produce sufficient immunoglobulin G (IgG) to eradicate the infection and confer lifelong protection. In some individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, highly active antiretroviral therapy restores immune function, enabling resolution of chronic parvovirus B19 infection.

• #11 Parvovirus B19–Related Diseases – Viral Diseases – Infectious Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.18.1.10.

  No antiviral treatment is available. In immunocompromised patients with chronic infection, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is suggested. Evidence 1 Weak recommendation (benefits likely outweigh downsides, but the balance is close or uncertain; an alternative course of action may be better for some patients). Low Quality of Evidence (low confidence that we know true effects of the intervention). Quality of Evidence lowered due to the only observational nature of the existing data. Crabol Y, Terrier B, Rozenberg F, et al; Groupe dexperts de lAssistance Publique-Hpitaux de Paris. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for pure red cell aplasia related to human parvovirus b19 infection: a retrospective study of 10 patients and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Apr;56(7):968-77. doi: 10.1093/cid/cis1046. Epub 2012 Dec 12. Review. PMID: 23243178. No standard dosage has been established; the recommended doses are 1 to 1.5 g/kg for 3 days or 400 mg/kg for 5 to 10 days. The use of IVIG in immunocompetent individuals with arthritis is controversial. In patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy, consider reducing immunosuppression. IVIG dosed 400 mg/kg daily for 5 to 10 days is used to treat parvovirus B19 associated transient aplastic crisis.

• #12 Parvovirus B19 – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvovirus_B19

  At the moment, there are no treatments that directly target parvovirus B19 virus. […] Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy (IVIG) therapy has been a popular alternative because doctors can administer it without stopping chemotherapy drugs like MEL-ASCT. […] Also, the treatment’s side effects are rare as only 4 out of 133 patients had complications (2 had acute kidney injury and 2 had pulmonary edema) even though 69 of the patients had organ transplants and 39 of them were HIV positive. […] However, it is important to note that IVIG therapy is not perfect as 34% of treated patients will have a relapse after 4 months.

• #13 Treatment Strategies and Outcome of Parvovirus B19 Infection in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Case Series and Literature Review of 128 Patients

  http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-83762019000400265

  Treatment Strategies and Outcome of Parvovirus B19 Infection in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Case Series and Literature Review of 128 Patients […] There is no specific antiviral treatment for parvovirus B19 (PVB19) infection. […] Management of PVB19 infection is primarily symptomatic since there is no specific antiviral drug available for its treatment. In 1989, Kurtzman, et al. reported the first successful treatment of PVB19 human infection with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), and it later became the treatment of choice. […] The American Society of Transplantation recommends a reduction of immunosuppression at the time of diagnosis and 400 mg/kg/day of IVIG for 5 consecutive days. However, there is no consensus in clinical practice on the ideal treatment of PVB19 infection. […] In our cohort of eight patients, all were treated with a reduction in their immunosuppressive regimen and the administration of single-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). […] Among 128 patients (including our cohort of 8 and 120 reported in literature), therapeutic strategies included: 43% IVIG alone, 39% IVIG and reduced immunosuppression, 9% reduction of immunosuppression, and 9% conservative therapy.

• #14

  https://journals.lww.com/ijjt/fulltext/2023/17010/treating_parvovirus_triggered_refractory_hemolytic.29.aspx

  Parvovirus B19 is directly cytotoxic to erythroid precursor cells of the colony- and burst-forming units. […] Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is the standard treatment for parvovirus-induced cytopenias. […] They did not respond to conventional treatment with intravenous gamma globulin. Both patients were treated with rituximab with which they had improvement in clinical and hematological parameters. […] They were treated with rituximab following there was an improvement in clinical and hematological parameters. […] Both patients were treated with immunoglobulin 400 mg/kg body weight for 5 days, but there was no response. Since rituximab was used as off labeled drug in cases of refractory AIHA and was used in the treatment of EBV, we thought to give rituximab at 375 mg/m2 dose based on the fact that parovovirus-triggered AIHA in these two cases and immune-mediated etiopathogenesis was described in this setting.

• #15 Severe Anemia Due to Parvovirus Infection Following Treatment with Rituximab in a Pediatric Kidney Transplant Recipient : Anemia after Treatment of Rituximab in Kidney Recipient Patient

  https://www.chikd.org/journal/view.php?viewtype=pubreader&number=622

  Rituximab (RTX), a monoclonal antibody against the B-cell marker CD20, is commonly used as a treatment for antibody-mediated diseases or B-lymphocyte-mediated diseases. […] Here, we report one such case. A 7-year-old renal allograft recipient presented with severe anemia due to parvovirus infection after RTX treatment. […] Intravenous immunoglobulin (200 mg/kgd) treatment controlled the progression of anemia and parvovirus infection. […] Close monitoring of infection is required after RTX therapy. […] In this case, the bone marrow biopsy was not performed due to prompt recovery of anemia with treatment. […] Many cases of the secondary PRCAs are attribute to medications and disappear when the medication is stopped. Those secondary to parvovirus B19 can be treated by administration of intravenous immunoglobulin.

• #16 Parvovirus B19 Infection and Pregnancy: Review of the Current Knowledge

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/14/2/139

  Parvovirus B19, a member of the Parvoviridae family, is a human pathogenic virus. […] There is no vaccine for parvovirus B19, and fetal management focuses on detecting moderate/severe anemia by fetal PVS-MCA Doppler, which, if diagnosed, should be treated with intrauterine transfusion by cordocentesis. […] Treatment of a fetus infected with parvovirus B19 mainly consists of management of fetal anemia. Cases of mild-to-moderate anemia are generally well tolerated and resolve without sequelae and do not require invasive interventions during the fetal period. Severe anemia, although uncommon, may result in fetal hydrops and death. […] If US findings are suggestive of severe fetal anemia, fetal hematocrit should be determined by cordocentesis. However, severe thrombocytopenia can also be present, which could lead to exsanguination at the time of intrauterine red blood cell transfusion.

• #17 What to Know About Parvovirus: Symptoms and Treatments – Women’s Health

  https://healthmatters.nyp.org/what-to-know-about-parvovirus-symptoms-treatments-and-whos-at-risk/

  The treatment is similar to other viruses. Over-the-counter fever reducers, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), can reduce a child’s temperature and make them more comfortable. If the rash is itchy, you can apply hydrocortisone cream. […] Treatment of acute maternal infection is primarily supportive with managing symptoms. […] To assess for complications due to fetal infection, ultrasound tests may be recommended to monitor the fetus for signs of anemia. If severe fetal anemia is suspected, fetal blood sampling and an intrauterine blood transfusion may be considered for treatment.

• #18 Erythema infectiosum. Fifth disease. Parvovirus

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/erythema-infectiosum

  Erythema infectiosum is not generally a serious condition. There is no specific treatment. Affected children may remain at school, as the infectious stage or viraemia occurs before the rash is evident. […] Red blood cell transfusions and immunoglobulin therapy can be successful in chronic parvovirus infection or during an aplastic crisis. […] Hydrops fetalis due to parvovirus infection is treated by intrauterine transfusion.

• #19 Parvovirus B19 Infection and Pregnancy: Review of the Current Knowledge

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/14/2/139

  If fetal status is confirmed, intrauterine fetal blood transfusion is indicated. […] Intrauterine red blood cell transfusion is indicated to prevent fetal death due to severe anemia. […] Due to the lack of relevant studies, immunoglobulin is not recommended as fetal therapy, but it may be considered as a promising alternative. […] Delivery and management of a pregnant women with a history of acute parvovirus B19 infection should be performed in a tertiary center with an experienced multidisciplinary team and specialized neonatal care.

• #20 Parvovirus: Transmission to treatment | Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine

  https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-information/parvovirus-transmission-treatment

  Parvovirus: Transmission to treatment […] IV fluids and management of electrolytes are the cornerstone of treatment for parvo. Antibiotics are given to prevent secondary infections, along with medications to help relieve vomiting, nausea and pain. De-wormer should be given since many puppies also have intestinal parasites that can worsen diarrhea. If the sugar levels are low, IV supplementation will be required. […] A newer treatment option for parvovirus is monoclonal antibody therapy. Canine parvovirus monoclonal antibody (CPMA) is a one-time intravenous injection that neutralizes parvovirus by binding and blocking the virus from entering and destroying cells. When administered at the time of diagnosis, CPMA can help lessen the severity of clinical signs of parvovirus in dogs. […] Nutrition is a very important part of treatment. Since most patients are not eating enough on their own, some may require a temporary feeding tube that goes into their nose and directly into the esophagus or stomach to provide nutrients. […] Severe cases may also need a treatment called a plasma transfusion, which helps replenish loss of clotting factors and blood proteins, such as albumin which are important for maintaining blood pressure. […] Patients with parvo require close monitoring and should ideally be hospitalized where they can receive the care and attention they need. However, in situations where there may be financial barriers to hospitalization, outpatient therapy has been successful for many dogs as long as the owner can give medications and adhere to a rigorous schedule of daily checks with their veterinarian to ensure the dog is responding to treatment. […] Survival from a parvovirus infection is possible, but depends on age, size and how sick the dog is when owners first seek care. Most patients will not survive without treatment. Starting medical treatments when illness first sets in will increase the likelihood of recovery.

• #21

  https://veterinarypartner.vin.com/doc/?id=4951460

  Treatment for parvovirus infection centers on what is called supportive care. This means that the veterinarians job is to keep the patient hydrated, comfortable, and as strong as possible so that the puppy has time and ability to generate an effective immune response. We cannot kill the virus inside the patient’s body; only the patient’s own immune system can do that. […] Be prepared for a five to seven-day hospital stay and substantial expense. Intensive care is needed to treat this infection. […] There are certain basic treatment principles that can be viewed as must haves in addressing the parvo puppy. Beyond these basics are some added pluses that may or may not contribute to the chance of survival. In order to achieve the usual survival rate of approximately 75-80 percent, the basics must be delivered.

• #22 Canine Parvovirus – Digestive System – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/digestive-system/diseases-of-the-stomach-and-intestines-in-small-animals/canine-parvovirus

  Treatment is largely supportive on an inpatient or outpatient basis because specific therapies are not available. […] Treatment is based on supportive care, including fluid and electrolyte therapy, nutritional support, anti-emetics, and antibiotics. […] The main goals of treatment for canine parvovirus enteritis include restoration of fluid, electrolyte, and metabolic abnormalities and prevention of secondary bacterial infection. […] Antibiotics are indicated because of the risk of bacterial translocation across the disrupted intestinal epithelium and the likelihood of concurrent neutropenia. […] Antiemetic therapy is indicated if vomiting is protracted, perpetuates dehydration and electrolyte abnormalities, or limits oral administration of medications and nutritional support. […] A successful protocol for outpatient treatment (used in-hospital) of dogs with parvoviral enteritis, consisting of maropitant (1 mg/kg/day, SC), cefovecin (8 mg/kg, SC, every 14 days), and SC crystalloid fluids (three times daily), has been described, with a survival rate of 80% compared with 90% with an inpatient protocol.

• #23

  https://veterinarypartner.vin.com/doc/?id=4951460

  Fluid Therapy […] One of the ways parvo can kill is via the metabolic derangements that occur with extreme dehydration. It is crucial to replace the vast fluid losses (from vomiting and diarrhea) with intravenous fluids. […] Antibiotics […] The second way parvo kills is through bacterial invasion of the circulatory system (sepsis). […] Control of Nausea […] Patient comfort is an important part of treatment for any disease but is especially important for parvo treatment as these puppies feel extremely nauseated. […] Heat Support […] You might expect your pet would have a fever with such a serious infection (and sometimes there indeed is a fever), but usually, the opposite is the problem. […] Nutritional Support […] Originally, patients treated for parvo were kept off food in an effort to minimize nausea since they cant digest much food anyway.

• #24 Treatment of severe parvoviral enteritis (Proceedings)

  https://www.dvm360.com/view/treatment-severe-parvoviral-enteritis-proceedings

  Without treatment, canine parvovirus (CPV) infection is often a fatal disease ending in severe dehydration, endotoxic or septic shock, and multiple organ failure. […] With aggressive therapy and supportive care, however, a survival rate of 85-95% has been achieved at our hospital. Following are recommendations which should be considered in the treatment of all dogs infected with CPV. […] Fluid replacement for losses incurred through vomiting and diarrhea is the cornerstone of treatment for dogs with CPV enteritis and should be continued until oral intake is resumed. […] The initial fluid of choice is a balanced electrolyte solution. […] If CPV infection has resulted in hypovolemic shock, a rapid intravenous fluid bolus of up to 90 ml/kg/hr may be necessary to restore perfusion. […] Once perfusion has been restored, the fluid rate can be decreased to 4 – 6 ml/kg/h in most patients. […] Many puppies, particularly toy breeds or septic animals, are prone to hypoglycemia with CPV enteritis. Following rehydration, 2.5 – 5% dextrose can be added to the balanced electrolyte solution. […] Serum potassium should be monitored daily in these patients. If it is low, potassium chloride should be added to the fluids according to recommendations in medical texts. […] If the albumin decreases below 1.5 g/dl, the total protein decreases below 3.5 g/dl, or the animal develops evidence of pitting edema, administration of a colloid fluid is indicated to maintain intravascular oncotic pressure. […] A dosage of 10 – 20 ml/kg can safely be administered to most puppies over a 4 hour period. […] If natural colloids are not available, puppies with decreased total protein and edema should receive a synthetic colloid, such as hetastarch or dextran 70.

• #25 Treatment of severe parvoviral enteritis (Proceedings)

  https://www.dvm360.com/view/treatment-severe-parvoviral-enteritis-proceedings

  For these reasons, intravenous broad-spectrum, bacteriocidal antibiotics are indicated in severely affected puppies. […] A combination of an aminoglycoside with a beta lactam antibiotic provides excellent coverage against gram negative and anaerobic bacteria which may originate from the gut. […] Enrofloxacin is an alternative choice to the aminoglycosides. […] The two antiemetics most commonly used in dogs with CPV enteritis are metoclopramide and chlorpromazine. […] If metoclopramide is ineffective in controlling vomiting, a more effective antiemetic is chlorpromazine. […] In dogs with intractable vomiting, metoclopramide and chlorpromazine may be used together, but only with caution because the potential for side effects may increase. […] A polyvalent equine origin antiserum against LPS endotoxin is available for use in small animals. […] It is recommended that the product be administered over 30 – 60 minutes at the dosage of 4.4 ml/kg and diluted 1:1 with intravenous crystalloid fluids.

• #26 Parvovirus Infection: The Disease and How it’s Treated

  https://urbananimalveterinary.com/disease/parvovirus-infection-the-disease-and-how-its-treated/

  One of the ways parvo can kill is via problems that occur with extreme dehydration. It is crucial to replace the vast fluid losses (from vomiting and diarrhea) with intravenous fluids. […] The second way parvo kills is through bacterial invasion of the circulatory system (sepsis.) […] Patient comfort is an important part of treatment for any disease but is especially important for parvo treatment as these puppies feel extremely nauseated. […] Originally, patients treated for parvo were kept off food in an effort to minimize the nausea since can’t digest much food anyway. More recently it has been found that intestinal cells survive and recover better if they receive some nutrients. […] This powerful anti-nauseal is now fully approved for puppies over age 8 weeks. It is given once daily.

• #27 Canine Parvovirus – Digestive System – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/digestive-system/diseases-of-the-stomach-and-intestines-in-small-animals/canine-parvovirus

  Previous anecdotal recommendations for nutritional management of CPV enteritis included withholding food and water until cessation of vomiting. However, evidence suggests early enteral nutrition is associated with earlier clinical improvement, weight gain, and improved gut barrier function. […] In a recent study, fecal microbiota transplantation using 10 g of feces from a healthy dog diluted in 10 mL of saline and administered rectally 612 hours after admission in dogs with parvovirus infection was associated with a faster resolution of diarrhea and shorter hospitalization time (median 3 days, vs 6 days with a standard therapy). […] With appropriate supportive care, 70%90% of dogs with CPV enteritis will survive.

• #28 Treatment of severe parvoviral enteritis (Proceedings)

  https://www.dvm360.com/view/treatment-severe-parvoviral-enteritis-proceedings

  The most recent adjunctive therapy to be recommended is oseltamivir. […] In a study done at Auburn University, dogs with CPV that were treated with Tamiflu had increased weight gain and 100% survival rate compared to dogs that received a placebo. […] Dogs with severe CPV enteritis may have a prolonged course of hospitalization and may require nutritional support to prevent catabolism and immune dysfunction associated with negative nitrogen balance. […] Early enteral nutrition is important to promote intestinal regeneration. […] The addition of glutamine powder to drinking water may promote GI healing in dogs recovering from CPV enteritis.

• #29

  https://veterinarypartner.vin.com/doc/?id=4951460

  Monitoring […] The following tests are helpful in adjusting parvovirus treatment: […] Extra Treatment Which May Help […] Tamiflu (Oseltamivir) […] Plasma Transfusions […] Septi-Serum […] Neupogen […] Fecal Transplantation […] Monoclonal Antibodies […] Home Treatment for Parvo […] Proper treatment for parvo involves intensive support and monitoring of numerous parameters that may require special, additional treatment. Survival statistics with hospitalization are high and there is no comparable treatment that can be performed at home.

• #30 Parvovirus Infection in Dogs – Part II: Treatment & Prevention

  https://criticalcaredvm.com/parvovirus-infection-dogs-treatment/

  I wont beat around the bush when it comes to treating canine parvovirus. This is a potentially deadly virus. Affected dogs typically require substantial intensive care. They often require hospitalization for at least a week. Effective treatment can be expensive. Some may attempt to treat these very sick pets conservatively due to a familys limited financial resources. […] The survival rate with appropriate care is approximately 80-90%. That means most will survive, but sadly some will die despite receiving the best possible veterinary healthcare. Partnering with a board-certified veterinary emergency and critical care specialist can be instrumental for maximizing the likelihood of a positive outcome. […] Traditional therapies for dogs with parvovirus include: Extensive monitoring […] Fluid therapy […] Antibiotic therapy […] Nutritional support […] Anti-nausea therapy […] Veterinarians may recommend other various non-traditional therapies depending on a patients overall condition. These treatments have shown consistent benefit in clinical studies, but anecdotal evidence suggests some patients may benefit from them. These interventions include: Transfusions of plasma […] Administration of oseltamivir (Tamiflu) […] Infusion of septi-serum […] Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (Neupogen) […]

• #31 Canine parvovirus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canine_parvovirus

  Survival rate depends on how quickly CPV is diagnosed, the age of the dog, and how aggressive the treatment is. There is no approved treatment, and the current standard of care is supportive care, involving extensive hospitalization, due to severe dehydration and potential damage to the intestines and bone marrow. A CPV test should be given as early as possible if CPV is suspected in order to begin early treatment and increase survival rate if the disease is found. […] Supportive care ideally also consists of crystalloid IV fluids and/or colloids (e.g., Hetastarch), antinausea injections (antiemetics) such as maropitant, metoclopramide, dolasetron, ondansetron and prochlorperazine, and broad-spectrum antibiotic injections such as cefazolin/enrofloxacin, ampicillin/enrofloxacin, metronidazole, timentin, or enrofloxacin.

• #32 Clinical evaluation of a single dose of immune plasma for treatment of canine parvovirus infection in: Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association Volume 240 Issue 6 ()

  https://avmajournals.avma.org/view/journals/javma/240/6/javma.240.6.700.xml

  Objective To evaluate the efficacy of administration of a single 12-mL dose of canine parvovirus (CPV)-immune plasma for treatment of CPV enteritis. […] Administration of a single 12-mL dose of immune plasma soon after the onset of CPV enteritis in dogs was not effective in ameliorating clinical signs, reducing viremia, or hastening hematologic recovery. […] Therefore, the purpose of the study reported here was to investigate the clinical effectiveness of immune plasma as adjunctive treatment for dogs with CPV enteritis. […] We hypothesized that administration of plasma with high anti-CPV antibody titers to dogs with naturally occurring CPV enteritis would significantly decrease circulating viral load and time to hematologic recovery and reduce the duration of hospitalization. […] In the study reported here, we found no evidence that the administration of a single dose of 12 mL of CPV-immune plasma to dogs within 24 hours after onset of clinical signs of CPV enteritis had any effect on the return of hematologic values to the reference range, CPV viremia, duration of hospitalization, or cost of treatment.

• #33 Canine parvovirus treatment receives conditional approval | American Veterinary Medical Associationmultiple-users-1

  https://www.avma.org/news/canine-parvovirus-treatment-receives-conditional-approval

  The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has granted a conditional license for the first therapeutic solution to treat canine parvovirus (CPV). Canine Parvovirus Monoclonal Antibody—Elanco’s first monoclonal antibody treatment—is a single, intravenous dose used to treat clinical signs caused by parvo in sick puppies and dogs, regardless of vaccination status. […] The Canine Parvovirus Monoclonal Antibody decreases mortality and may provide faster resolution of the symptoms, thus limiting the need for hospitalization and is less physically and emotionally taxing than traditional supportive therapy, according an announcement from Elanco. […] The treatment can be administered to dogs 8 weeks or older with CPV, according to a May 2 Elanco announcement. It is expected to be available to veterinarians for direct purchase through Elanco, pending individual state approvals.

• #34 Canine parvovirus treatment receives conditional approval | American Veterinary Medical Associationmultiple-users-1

  https://www.avma.org/news/canine-parvovirus-treatment-receives-conditional-approval

  No specific drug is available that will kill the virus in infected dogs, and treatment is intended to support the dog’s body systems until the dog’s immune system can defeat the viral infection. Treatment has generally consisted of intensive care efforts to combat dehydration by replacing electrolyte, protein and fluid losses, controlling vomiting and diarrhea, and preventing secondary infections. Treatment in private practice settings can cost up to several thousand dollars and last for days, making it an unaffordable option for many pet owners. […] In the treatment efficacy study, none of the 28 puppies treated with the Canine Parvovirus Monoclonal Antibody died and all had significantly faster times to resolution of vomiting, inappetence, and lethargy. […] Dr. O’Quin says she sees great potential for the use of monoclonal antibodies in treating canine parvovirus.

• #35 :: JVS :: Journal of Veterinary Science

  https://vetsci.org/DOIx.php?id=10.4142/jvs.23139

  Canine parvoviral enteritis (CPE) is a fatal disease worldwide. The treatment of CPE is based mainly on supportive and symptomatic treatment. Antiviral addition to the treatment may result in a higher survival. […] The gold standard for treating CPE involves administering IV fluids to restore intravascular fluid volume, replenish fluid losses, and maintain hydration, along with ancillary therapies, such as antiemetics, antibiotics, and nutrition. Previous studies have suggested that antiviral drugs may be included in the treatment of CPE to reduce clinical signs and mortality. […] Evidence suggests that recombinant feline IFN omega (rFeIFN-) has beneficial effects in treating CPE because of the rapid improvement of clinical signs, lowering mortality. Oseltamivir (OSEL) has been shown to prevent weight loss and improve white blood cells (WBCs) in CPE with no major adverse effects. Therefore, OSEL and rFeIFN- may be an antiviral therapy for CPE.

• #36

• #37 :: JVS :: Journal of Veterinary Science

  https://vetsci.org/DOIx.php?id=10.4142/jvs.23139

  Antiviral drugs may be valuable in treating CPE to improve the clinical signs and survival. In addition, the decrease in NLR in favor of LYM may be an indicator of the early prognosis before the improvement of leukocytes, cytokines, and acute phase proteins in CPE. […] These results show that the therapeutic efficacies of antiviral drugs accompanied by a supportive treatment may be a valuable part of supportive and symptomatic treatment of CPE that has been shown by improving the clinical scores and survival rates. Adding rFeIFN- (a cytokine drug) to the ST (symptomatic and supportive treatment) may improve clinical severity and survival.

• #38

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9930911/

  Canine Parvovirus infection is a disease caused by Canine Parvovirus (CPV) that results in hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and secondary infections, mainly in puppies between six weeks and six months old that are not immunized. Since there is no specific treatment for the condition, supportive therapy based on antibiotics, antiemetics, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is traditionally used. Ozone therapy is an economical treatment that has bactericidal, fungicidal, and antiviral properties, besides promoting oxygenation and tissue regeneration, as well as anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, and was used as a complementary therapy in this study. […] Although further studies are needed, ozone therapy showed promising results for the treatment of canine parvovirus. […] Conventional treatment of CPV infection is based on supportive therapy, which presents a good prognosis in most cases, but due to the high mortality rate related to sepsis and the high cost of treatment, many guardians opt for euthanasia. Even though medications such as antibiotics, antiemetics, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are widely used in supportive therapy, there is no specific treatment for the disease. […] An alternative treatment is ozone therapy, which has been proven to be an efficient therapy in several diseases and is widely used in human medicine in European and Asian countries. In veterinary medicine, it has been applied as an integrative form of efficient and economically viable treatment.

• #39

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9930911/

  Ozone therapy has bactericidal, fungicidal, and antiviral effects, which promote increased oxygen availability to the tissues, thus favoring their regeneration, reducing platelet aggregation, and also acting as an anti-inflammatory and providing analgesia. […] Thus, this study aims to propose a treatment protocol for dogs affected by Canine Parvovirus using ozonated Ringer’s Lactate Solution, in order to achieve clinical improvement and reduce the hospitalization time of these animals compared to animals that received only conventional treatment. […] In the animals evaluated in this study, it was possible to observe that the resolution of episodes of diarrhea was faster and satisfactory in animals that received ozone therapy, reflecting in a shorter hospital stay. More studies are needed to prove the efficacy of ozone therapy in animals affected by infectious and contagious diseases; however, the use of this integrative therapy is promising for the treatment of cases of canine parvovirus.

• #40 Parvo in Dogs and Puppies: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment for Canine Parvovirus | PetMD

  https://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/infectious-parasitic/parvo-in-dogs

  There is no specific cure for parvovirus in dogs and puppies, so treatment revolves around supporting a pup so their body can fight it off. […] Supportive care for parvo generally includes: Hospitalization with intravenous fluids, Antiemetics to stop vomiting, Focusing on nutrition, with a feeding tube, if necessary, Correction of any electrolyte imbalances or low blood glucose, Some vets may also recommend treatment with a canine parvo monoclonal antibody (CPMA). […] Puppies exhibiting signs of sepsis require antibiotic therapy. Puppies with a high fever or low white blood cell count may also receive antibiotics. […] Fortunately, with prompt and aggressive medical intervention and care, most (85-95%) puppies will survive parvovirus. […] If a parvo puppy is hospitalized, given lots of supportive care, and monitored closely, the survival rate is usually around 85-95%.

• #41 Canine Parvovirus Treatment – Shelter Animal Physical Health

  https://ufl.pb.unizin.org/shelteranimalphysicalhealth/chapter/canine-parvovirus-treatment/

  Treatment of canine parvoviral enteritis largely is supportive until clinical signs of vomiting and diarrhea resolve. The standard of care treatment in a hospital ICU setting includes intravenous fluid therapy to replace fluid losses, electrolyte and glucose supplementation, anti-emetics for vomiting, broad spectrum antibiotics to control secondary bacterial infections and sepsis, early nutrition via a nasogastric tube, and alleviating abdominal pain to improve welfare. […] In-shelter treatment of canine parvovirus should only be pursued if the shelter has sufficient resources, including good isolation housing to prevent spread of disease, daily veterinarian oversight, trained medical care staff for delivery of care and monitoring responses, and a budget to support care without compromising other healthcare practices for the population as a whole.

• #42 Canine Parvovirus Treatment – Shelter Animal Physical Health

  https://ufl.pb.unizin.org/shelteranimalphysicalhealth/chapter/canine-parvovirus-treatment/

  The success of the modified outpatient treatment protocol in the shelter is dependent upon careful selection of patients based on weight, degree of dehydration, and severity of other clinical parameters. […] Dr. Wright created a CPV Treatment Selection Flowchart for selection of dogs most likely to respond to her new CPV Treatment Protocol adapted from the outpatient protocol.

• #43 Parvovirus Infection: The Disease and How it’s Treated

  https://urbananimalveterinary.com/disease/parvovirus-infection-the-disease-and-how-its-treated/

  Neupogen is the brand name of a genetically engineered hormone called granulocyte colony stimulating factor. […] Transplanting fecal material from a healthy dog into the colon of an infected dog has been shown to reduce the number of days that parvo puppies have diarrhea. […] Proper treatment for parvo involves intensive support and monitoring of numerous parameters that may require special, additional treatment. Survival statistics with hospitalization are high and there is no comparable treatment that can be performed at home.

• #44 Preventing Parvovirus B19 | Parvovirus B19 and Fifth Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/parvovirus-b19/prevention-treatment/index.html

  There is no vaccine or treatment that can prevent parvovirus B19 infection. […] To prevent spread of parvovirus B19, follow general recommendations for respiratory viruses: […] Parvovirus B19 infection is usually mild for children and adults who are otherwise healthy, but some people may experience serious health complications.

• #45 Treating parvovirus (Proceedings)

  https://www.dvm360.com/view/treating-parvovirus-proceedings

  Parvovirus is a virulent infection that most commonly afflicts dogs less than one year of age. […] Treatment, consisting of aggressive supportive care and extended hospitalization, can improve survival rates from approximately 10% to 75-90%. […] Several specific treatment strategies have been investigated for the treatment of parvovirus. These can be divided into three categories: first, anti-viral approaches; second, strategies directed at bacteremia and endotoxemia; and third, strategies at improving immune function. […] The best anti-viral approach is prevention, through the use of vaccination. This is an extremely effective means to prevent parvovirus; it is however, not helpful in the treatment of clinical disease. […] Antibacterial treatment in one experimental study treatment of parvovirus infected dogs, treatment with fluids and antibiotics (procaine penicillin-G 20,000 IU/kg and dihydrostreptomycin 20 mg/kg) improved survival from 10% in untreated dogs to 90%.

• #46 AKC Canine Health Foundation | Progress Treating Parvo

  https://www.akcchf.org/educational-resources/library/articles/progress-treating-parvo.html

  Dog owners and veterinary professionals despise canine parvovirus. […] Therefore, effective treatments are needed to ensure the survival of puppies and adult dogs that develop clinical illness. […] Infection can be diagnosed by testing feces for viral antigen. Treatment involves supportive care such as intravenous fluids, antibiotics to prevent secondary bacterial infections, and medications to combat vomiting and diarrhea. Hospitalization for intensive care is often needed. […] In 2023, a new treatment for canine parvovirus was approved using monoclonal antibodies. This cutting-edge therapy uses proteins created in a laboratory that are designed to help the immune system recognize specific disease-causing germs, marking them for destruction. The new Canine Parvovirus Monoclonal Antibody selectively binds to the parvovirus, preventing it from entering and destroying intestinal cells. A single dose of the treatment is given intravenously and has been shown to reduce clinical signs and prevent death from this infection. This marks a substantial step forward in treating this deadly virus. […] Investigators hypothesize that adding Tasectin to standard parvo treatment protocols will decrease gut permeability and shield the intestine from harmful bacteria, resulting in faster recovery.

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