Infekcja parwowirusowa
Etiologia i przyczyny

Parwowirus B19 (B19V), należący do rodziny Parvoviridae, jest małym, nieotoczkowym wirusem DNA o tropizmie do prekursorów erytroidalnych w szpiku kostnym, co prowadzi do zahamowania erytropoezy. Zakażenie rozprzestrzenia się głównie drogą kropelkową przez wydzieliny dróg oddechowych, ale także przez transfuzje krwi, produkty krwiopochodne oraz wertykalnie z matki na płód. Wirus występuje w trzech genotypach o zróżnicowanym geograficznym rozkładzie. U osób z prawidłowym układem hematopoetycznym infekcja przebiega zwykle łagodnie lub bezobjawowo, manifestując się u dzieci jako rumień zakaźny, a u dorosłych jako zapalenie wielostawowe. Wysypka jest wynikiem odpowiedzi immunologicznej, a nie bezpośredniego działania wirusa. Wysoka zakaźność i możliwość transmisji przedobjawowej utrudniają kontrolę rozprzestrzeniania się wirusa.

Etiologia infekcji parwowirusowej

Infekcja parwowirusowa jest chorobą wywoływaną przez parwowirus B19 (B19V), należący do rodziny Parvoviridae, rodzaju Erythroparvovirus. Jest to mały, nieotoczkowy wirus DNA, zawierający pojedynczą nić DNA o długości około 5600 par zasad12. Wirus został odkryty przypadkowo w 1975 roku przez australijską wirusolożkę Yvonne Cossart podczas badań przesiewowych próbek surowicy pod kątem zakażenia wirusem zapalenia wątroby typu B. Nazwa B19 pochodzi od oznaczenia próbki surowicy – próbka numer 19 w panelu B34.

Parwowirus B19 jest jedynym znanym parwowirusem patogennym dla ludzi i należy do gatunku Erythroparvovirus primate156. Wirus B19 występuje w trzech genotypach: genotyp 1 (występujący globalnie), genotyp 2 (znajdowany głównie w krajach zachodnich, np. Stany Zjednoczone i Europa) oraz genotyp 3 (występujący głównie w Afryce Subsaharyjskiej i Ameryce Południowej, zwłaszcza w Brazylii)7.

Różnice między parwowirusem ludzkim a zwierzęcym

Ważne jest rozróżnienie ludzkiego parwowirusa B19 od parwowirusów występujących u zwierząt. Parwowirus B19 zakaża wyłącznie ludzi i nie jest tym samym wirusem, który powoduje choroby u psów, kotów czy innych zwierząt89. Oznacza to, że nie można zarazić się parwowirusem B19 od zwierzęcia domowego, ani zwierzę nie może zarazić się od człowieka10. Zwierzęcy parwowirus, taki jak psie CPV (Canine Parvovirus) czy kocie FPV (Feline Panleukopenia Virus), należą do innych rodzajów wirusów i mają odrębne cechy patogenne oraz gospodarzy11.

Biologia wirusa i mechanizmy patogenezy

Parwowirus B19 jest klasyfikowany jako erytrowirus ze względu na jego zdolność do infekowania prekursorów czerwonych krwinek w szpiku kostnym12. Cząsteczki zakaźne mogą zawierać zarówno dodatnie, jak i ujemne nici DNA13. Antygen P (znany również jako globozyd) jest komórkowym receptorem dla parwowirusa B19, który umożliwia wirusowi wnikanie do komórek1415.

Patogeneza parwowirusa B19 jest ściśle związana z jego tropizmem do komórek progenitorowych linii erytroidalnej. Wirus atakuje i niszczy prekursory czerwonych krwinek w szpiku kostnym, co prowadzi do zahamowania erytropoezy (produkcji czerwonych krwinek)1617. Manifestacja klinicznie jawnej choroby po zakażeniu parwowirusem zależy od dwóch współdziałających czynników: czasu przeżycia krążących erytrocytów u gospodarza oraz odpowiedzi immunologicznej na wirusa18.

U pacjentów z niedokrwistością hemolityczną czas życia erytrocytów jest znacznie krótszy niż normalnie, więc utrata prekursorów erytroidalnych w szpiku prowadzi do szybkiego spadku populacji krążących erytrocytów i rozwoju przełomu aplastycznego w przebiegu zakażenia B1919. W przypadku osób z prawidłowym systemem hematopoetycznym, przejściowe zatrzymanie erytropoezy zazwyczaj pozostaje bezobjawowe lub objawia się łagodnymi objawami grypopodobnymi20.

Drogi transmisji parwowirusa B19

Parwowirus B19 jest wysoce zakaźny i rozprzestrzenia się na różne sposoby. Główne drogi transmisji obejmują:

Transmisja drogą kropelkową

Najczęstszą drogą transmisji parwowirusa B19 jest rozprzestrzenianie się przez wydzieliny z dróg oddechowych21. Wirus przenosi się przez duże cząstki zakaźne z dróg oddechowych podczas kaszlu, kichania lub mówienia osoby zakażonej2223. Transmisja następuje głównie poprzez kontakt z wydzielinami z nosa, śliny lub plwociny od osób zakażonych2425.

Osoba zakażona jest najbardziej zakaźna we wczesnym stadium infekcji, zazwyczaj na 4-12 dni przed pojawieniem się wysypki, gdy występują jedynie objawy grypopodobne lub przeziębienia2627. To sprawia, że kontrola rozprzestrzeniania się wirusa jest szczególnie trudna, ponieważ osoby zakażone mogą nieświadomie zarażać innych przed wystąpieniem charakterystycznych objawów28.

Transmisja przez krew i produkty krwiopochodne

Parwowirus B19 może być również przenoszony przez krew i produkty krwiopochodne29. Zakażenie może nastąpić poprzez transfuzje krwi, przeszczep szpiku kostnego lub inne produkty krwiopochodne3031. Wirus został wykryty w różnych produktach krwiopochodnych, takich jak dożylne immunoglobuliny (IVIG), nierekombinowane czynniki krzepnięcia, płytki krwi, a w mniejszym stopniu również w koncentratach krwinek czerwonych32.

Transmisja przez krew jest szczególnie istotna dla pacjentów wymagających częstych transfuzji lub podawania produktów krwiopochodnych, takich jak osoby z hemofilią, anemią sierpowatą lub innymi zaburzeniami hematologicznymi3334.

Transmisja wertykalna (z matki na płód)

Parwowirus B19 może przenikać przez łożysko i zakażać płód3536. Transmisja wertykalna jest szczególnie niebezpieczna, gdy do zakażenia dochodzi w pierwszej połowie ciąży37. Wirus może zakazić płód w około 30% przypadków zakażeń ciężarnych3839.

Choroby płodu rozwijają się, gdy wirus przenika przez łożysko i zakaża prekursory erytroidalne płodu oraz miocyty serca. Ponieważ płód nie może wytworzyć odpowiedniej odpowiedzi immunologicznej, zakażenie parwowirusem B19 staje się przewlekłe i prowadzi do aplazji erytroidalnej i anemii, co w konsekwencji może prowadzić do utraty płodu we wczesnej ciąży oraz obrzęku płodu (hydrops fetalis) i martwych urodzeń po zakażeniu w późniejszych etapach ciąży40.

Ryzyko utraty płodu wynosi około 2-6% po zakażeniu matki i jest największe w pierwszej połowie ciąży4142. Natomiast podczas infekcji w pierwszym miesiącu ciąży nie uważa się, aby stanowiło to zagrożenie dla płodu43.

Czynniki ryzyka i epidemiologia infekcji parwowirusowej

Infekcja parwowirusem B19 jest powszechną chorobą występującą na całym świecie. Badania seroprewalencji wskazują, że 50-80% dorosłych posiada dowody wcześniejszego zakażenia parwowirusem B19, co prawdopodobnie zapewnia ochronną odporność u osób immunokompetentnych44.

Grupy wiekowe najczęściej dotknięte infekcją

Zakażenie parwowirusem B19 występuje najczęściej wśród dzieci w wieku szkolnym, szczególnie w okresie zimowym i wiosennym, chociaż zachorować może każdy i o każdej porze roku4546. Największy wzrost zakażeń obserwuje się wśród dzieci w wieku 5-9 lat47.

Według najnowszych danych z CDC, odsetek osób z przeciwciałami IgM przeciwko parwowirusowi B19 wzrósł z 3% w latach 2022-2024 do 10% w czerwcu 2024 roku, przy czym największy wzrost zaobserwowano wśród dzieci w wieku 5-9 lat – z 15% w latach 2022-2024 do 40% w czerwcu 2024 roku48.

Populacje wysokiego ryzyka powikłań

Chociaż parwowirus B19 zwykle powoduje łagodne objawy u większości osób, niektóre grupy są szczególnie narażone na ciężki przebieg zakażenia i powikłania:

  • Kobiety w ciąży – zakażenie podczas ciąży może prowadzić do poważnych komplikacji, w tym utraty płodu, ciężkiej niedokrwistości płodu i obrzęku płodu4950.
  • Osoby z zaburzeniami hematologicznymi – pacjenci z niedokrwistością sierpowatą, talasemią, wrodzoną sferocytozą i innymi chorobami powodującymi skrócenie czasu życia krwinek czerwonych są narażeni na przełom aplastyczny5152.
  • Osoby z osłabionym układem odpornościowym – pacjenci z białaczką, innymi nowotworami, po przeszczepach narządów lub z HIV są narażeni na przewlekłą niedokrwistość i długotrwałe zakażenie5354.

Sezonowość i ogniska zachorowań

Infekcje parwowirusem B19 wykazują sezonowość, z najwyższą częstością występowania w okresie późnej zimy i wczesnej wiosny5556. Ogniska epidemiczne często występują w szkołach i przedszkolach, gdzie bliska interakcja między dziećmi ułatwia przenoszenie wirusa57.

W ostatnim czasie CDC odnotowało zwiększoną aktywność parwowirusa B19 w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Wśród dawców osocza częstość występowania próbek z DNA parwowirusa B19 ≥10^4 IU/ml wzrosła z 1,5% w grudniu 2023 r. do 19,9% w czerwcu 2024 r.58. Podobnie Europejskie Centrum Zapobiegania i Kontroli Chorób zgłosiło zwiększoną aktywność parwowirusa B19 od wiosny 2024 roku59.

Mechanizmy patogenetyczne parwowirusa B19

Tropizm komórkowy i efekty cytopatyczne

Parwowirus B19 wykazuje wyraźny tropizm do komórek prekursorowych linii erytroidalnej w szpiku kostnym60. Wirus atakuje i niszczy prekursory czerwonych krwinek, co prowadzi do zahamowania erytropoezy61. Wirus replikuje się wyłącznie w komórkach progenitorowych erytroidalnych, szczególnie w późnym stadium normoblastów, a także w miocytach serca62.

Zakażenie parwowirusem B19 powoduje przejściowe zahamowanie produkcji czerwonych krwinek, co jest zwykle łagodne i bezobjawowe u osób z prawidłowym układem krwiotwórczym. Jednak u pacjentów z chorobami hematologicznymi, takimi jak niedokrwistość sierpowata lub wrodzona sferocytoza, zahamowanie erytropoezy może prowadzić do ostrego spadku liczby krążących erytrocytów i rozwoju przełomu aplastycznego63.

Mechanizmy immunologiczne w patogenezie

Wysypka charakterystyczna dla rumienia zakaźnego (piątej choroby) jest wynikiem reakcji immunologicznej, a nie bezpośredniego działania wirusa. Pojawienie się wysypki odpowiada pojawieniu się przeciwciał IgM w surowicy64. Zakażenie parwowirusem B19 może również prowadzić do wytworzenia autoprzeciwciał i obniżenia poziomu dopełniacza w ostrej fazie infekcji, co może powodować objawy przypominające toczeń65.

Infekcja parwowirusem B19 może powodować zapalenie stawów i ostre kłębuszkowe zapalenie nerek w wyniku mechanizmów immunologicznych66. U niektórych pacjentów zakażenie może prowadzić do przewlekłego zapalenia stawów przypominającego reumatoidalne zapalenie stawów67.

Mechanizmy patogenezy w ciąży i u płodu

W przypadku zakażenia w ciąży, parwowirus B19 może przenikać przez łożysko i zakażać komórki płodu. Głównym mechanizmem patogenezy jest zakażenie erytroidalnych komórek progenitorowych płodu, co prowadzi do anemii68. Wirus może również zakażać miocyty serca płodu, powodując zapalenie mięśnia sercowego (myocarditis)69.

U płodu, który nie posiada w pełni rozwiniętego układu odpornościowego, zakażenie parwowirusem B19 może stać się przewlekłe, powodując ciężką niedokrwistość, obrzęk płodu (hydrops fetalis), a w niektórych przypadkach śmierć płodu70. Ryzyko wystąpienia obrzęku płodu i innych powikłań jest największe, gdy zakażenie następuje między 9 a 20 tygodniem ciąży71.

Czynniki modyfikujące przebieg infekcji parwowirusowej

Wpływ stanu immunologicznego gospodarza

Stan układu odpornościowego gospodarza jest kluczowym czynnikiem determinującym przebieg infekcji parwowirusowej. U osób z prawidłowo funkcjonującym układem odpornościowym zakażenie parwowirusem B19 zwykle przebiega łagodnie lub bezobjawowo, a wirus jest skutecznie eliminowany72.

Natomiast osoby z obniżoną odpornością, takie jak pacjenci z HIV/AIDS, poddawani chemioterapii, po przeszczepach narządów lub z wrodzonymi niedoborami odporności, mają trudności z eliminacją wirusa, co może prowadzić do przewlekłego zakażenia i aplazji czerwonokrwinkowej7374. U tych pacjentów ciągła replikacja wirusa w szpiku kostnym prowadzi do zahamowania erytropoezy, co skutkuje przewlekłą ciężką niedokrwistością75.

Współistniejące choroby hematologiczne

Osoby z istniejącymi wcześniej chorobami hematologicznymi, szczególnie z hemoglobinopatiami lub innymi stanami powodującymi skrócony czas życia krwinek czerwonych, są narażone na ciężki przebieg zakażenia parwowirusem B1976.

U pacjentów z niedokrwistością sierpowatą, talasemią, wrodzoną sferocytozą lub innymi chorobami powodującymi zwiększone niszczenie krwinek czerwonych, przejściowe zahamowanie erytropoezy spowodowane przez parwowirus B19 może prowadzić do przełomu aplastycznego, który charakteryzuje się nagłym spadkiem produkcji krwinek czerwonych7778. Parwowirus B19 jest najczęstszą przyczyną przełomu aplastycznego u pacjentów z niedokrwistością sierpowatą i wykazano, że jest przyczyną przełomu aplastycznego u ponad 80% pacjentów z tą chorobą79.

U pacjentów z niedokrwistością sierpowatą zakażenie parwowirusem B19 może również zwiększać ryzyko rozwoju ostrego zespołu płucnego, potencjalnie zagrażającego życiu powikłania charakteryzującego się bólem w klatce piersiowej, dusznością i naciekami płucnymi80. Może również prowadzić do przełomu hiperhemolitycznego – szybkiego niszczenia komórek sierpowatych, co prowadzi do dalszego spadku poziomu hemoglobiny i pogorszenia niedokrwistości81.

Różnice w podatności związane z wiekiem i płcią

Wiek jest ważnym czynnikiem wpływającym na przebieg zakażenia parwowirusem B19. U dzieci infekcja najczęściej objawia się jako rumień zakaźny (piąta choroba), charakteryzujący się charakterystyczną wysypką na twarzy przypominającą „spoliczkowanie” oraz wysypką na tułowiu i kończynach82.

U dorosłych zakażenie parwowirusem B19 częściej manifestuje się jako zapalenie wielostawowe, które może przypominać reumatoidalne zapalenie stawów83. Kobiety są bardziej narażone na rozwój zapalenia stawów po zakażeniu parwowirusem B19 niż mężczyźni84.

Kobiety w ciąży stanowią szczególną grupę ryzyka ze względu na możliwość przekazania wirusa płodowi. Ryzyko zakażenia płodu jest szacowane na około 30% po zakażeniu matki85. Ryzyko utraty płodu wynosi około 2-6% po zakażeniu matki parwowirusem B19, przy czym ryzyko jest największe w pierwszej połowie ciąży86.

Podsumowanie etiologii infekcji parwowirusowej

Infekcja parwowirusowa jest wywoływana przez parwowirus B19, małego, nieotoczkowego wirusa DNA należącego do rodziny Parvoviridae. Wirus ma szczególny tropizm do prekursorowych komórek erytroidalnych w szpiku kostnym, co prowadzi do zahamowania erytropoezy87.

Parwowirus B19 rozprzestrzenia się głównie drogą kropelkową przez wydzieliny z dróg oddechowych, ale może być również przenoszony przez produkty krwiopochodne i wertykalnie z matki na płód88. Chociaż zakażenie jest zwykle łagodne u zdrowych osób, może prowadzić do poważnych powikłań u osób z obniżoną odpornością, chorobami hematologicznymi oraz u płodów zakażonych matek89.

Zrozumienie etiologii i patogenezy infekcji parwowirusowej jest kluczowe dla właściwego rozpoznania, leczenia i zapobiegania tej chorobie, szczególnie u grup wysokiego ryzyka. Pomimo że obecnie nie ma licencjonowanej szczepionki przeciwko parwowirusowi B1990, świadomość dróg transmisji i czynników ryzyka może pomóc w ograniczeniu rozprzestrzeniania się wirusa i minimalizacji jego skutków klinicznych.

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  1. 09.04.2026
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Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Parvovirus B19 – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvovirus_B19
    Parvovirus B19, also called B19 virus (B19V), Human parvovirus B19, or sometimes erythrovirus B19, is a human virus in the family Parvoviridae, genus Erythroparvovirus. […] The virus is assigned to the species Erythroparvovirus primate1. […] B19 virus is most known for causing disease in the pediatric population; however, it can also affect adults. […] It is the classic cause of the childhood rash called fifth disease or erythema infectiosum, or „slapped face syndrome”. […] The name comes from it being the fifth in a list of historical classifications of common skin rash illnesses in children. […] The virus was discovered by chance in 1975 by Australian virologist Yvonne Cossart. […] The name B19 originated from the coding of a serum sample, number 19 in panel B. […] Human parvovirus B19 is a non-enveloped, icosahedral virus that contains a single-stranded linear DNA genome of approximately 5,600 base pairs in length.
  • #2 Parvovirus Infection In Children — Pediatric EM Morsels
    https://pedemmorsels.com/parvovirus-infection-in-children/
    Parvovirus B19 is a small, non-enveloped DNA virus that infects humans. […] Responsible for a variety of diseases in humans, including the well-known fifth disease in children, but it can also lead to more severe complications in certain individuals, particularly those with compromised immune systems, or with underlying hematologic disorders. […] Parvovirus B19 is transmitted primarily through respiratory secretions. Other modes of transmission include: Vertical transmission: From mother to fetus during pregnancy, which can lead to serious complications. […] Individuals with pre-existing hematological disorders (e.g., sickle cell disease, thalassemia) can develop an aplastic crisis when the virus temporarily halts the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. […] Can cause severe fetal complications if the mother is infected during pregnancy.
  • #3 Parvovirus B19 – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvovirus_B19
    Parvovirus B19, also called B19 virus (B19V), Human parvovirus B19, or sometimes erythrovirus B19, is a human virus in the family Parvoviridae, genus Erythroparvovirus. […] The virus is assigned to the species Erythroparvovirus primate1. […] B19 virus is most known for causing disease in the pediatric population; however, it can also affect adults. […] It is the classic cause of the childhood rash called fifth disease or erythema infectiosum, or „slapped face syndrome”. […] The name comes from it being the fifth in a list of historical classifications of common skin rash illnesses in children. […] The virus was discovered by chance in 1975 by Australian virologist Yvonne Cossart. […] The name B19 originated from the coding of a serum sample, number 19 in panel B. […] Human parvovirus B19 is a non-enveloped, icosahedral virus that contains a single-stranded linear DNA genome of approximately 5,600 base pairs in length.
  • #4 Parvovirus B19 Infections | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1999/1001/p1455.html
    Infections caused by human parvovirus B19 can result in a wide spectrum of manifestations, which are usually influenced by the patient’s immunologic and hematologic status. […] Parvovirus B19 was discovered fortuitously in 1975 by Cossart and colleagues, who unexpectedly found viral particles in the sera of asymptomatic patients being screened for hepatitis B infection. […] Subsequently, the simultaneous reports of parvovirus B19 as the etiologic agent for transient aplastic crisis among patients with sickle cell disease and for erythema infectiosum among schoolchildren established the association between parvovirus infection and these two disorders. […] Epidemiologic and serologic data not only have confirmed the role of parvovirus B19 in erythema infectiosum and transient aplastic crisis but have also established the importance of this virus as a cause of asymptomatic infection, chronic anemia in the immunocompromised host, acute and chronic arthritis and hydrops fetalis.
  • #5 Parvovirus B19 – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvovirus_B19
    Parvovirus B19, also called B19 virus (B19V), Human parvovirus B19, or sometimes erythrovirus B19, is a human virus in the family Parvoviridae, genus Erythroparvovirus. […] The virus is assigned to the species Erythroparvovirus primate1. […] B19 virus is most known for causing disease in the pediatric population; however, it can also affect adults. […] It is the classic cause of the childhood rash called fifth disease or erythema infectiosum, or „slapped face syndrome”. […] The name comes from it being the fifth in a list of historical classifications of common skin rash illnesses in children. […] The virus was discovered by chance in 1975 by Australian virologist Yvonne Cossart. […] The name B19 originated from the coding of a serum sample, number 19 in panel B. […] Human parvovirus B19 is a non-enveloped, icosahedral virus that contains a single-stranded linear DNA genome of approximately 5,600 base pairs in length.
  • #6 Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of parvovirus B19 infection – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-parvovirus-b19-infection
    Human parvovirus B19 belongs to the Erythroparvovirus genus within the Parvoviridae family. It was first discovered in 1975 while screening units of blood for hepatitis B virus in asymptomatic donors. Sample 19 in panel B (hence the name parvovirus B19) was read as a false-positive result on a counterimmunoelectrophoresis assay. B19 is the predominant parvovirus pathogen in humans, first associated with clinical disease in 1981. The other less common and more recently described erythroviruses infecting humans include genotype 2 (prototype strain, LaLi) and genotype 3 (prototype strain, V9). Genotype 1 is found globally, while genotype 2 is typically found in Western countries (eg, the United States and Europe), and genotype 3 is found primarily in sub-Saharan Africa and South America (especially in Brazil).
  • #7 Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of parvovirus B19 infection – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-parvovirus-b19-infection
    Human parvovirus B19 belongs to the Erythroparvovirus genus within the Parvoviridae family. It was first discovered in 1975 while screening units of blood for hepatitis B virus in asymptomatic donors. Sample 19 in panel B (hence the name parvovirus B19) was read as a false-positive result on a counterimmunoelectrophoresis assay. B19 is the predominant parvovirus pathogen in humans, first associated with clinical disease in 1981. The other less common and more recently described erythroviruses infecting humans include genotype 2 (prototype strain, LaLi) and genotype 3 (prototype strain, V9). Genotype 1 is found globally, while genotype 2 is typically found in Western countries (eg, the United States and Europe), and genotype 3 is found primarily in sub-Saharan Africa and South America (especially in Brazil).
  • #8 Parvovirus infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parvovirus-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20376085
    Parvovirus infection is a common and highly contagious childhood illness. […] The human parvovirus B19 causes parvovirus infection. This is different from the parvovirus seen in dogs and cats, so you can’t get the infection from a pet or vice versa. […] Human parvovirus infection is most common among elementary school-age children during outbreaks in the winter and spring months, but anyone can become ill with it anytime of the year. It spreads from person to person, just like a cold, often through breathing, coughing and saliva, so it can spread through close contact between people and hand-to-hand contact. […] Parvovirus infection can also spread through blood. An infected pregnant woman can pass the virus to her baby.
  • #9 Parvoviruses – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482245/
    Parvovirus B19 is a virus that only infects humans. It is known to cause fifth disease, also known as erythema infectiosum or slapped cheek syndrome, which occurs mostly in young children but can occur in adults. […] Parvovirus B19 is a non-enveloped, icosahedral virus that contains single-stranded linear DNA. It only infects humans, so it cannot be caught from animals.
  • #10 Parvovirus B19​
    https://www.kanehealth.com/Pages/Parvovirus.aspx
    Parvovirus B19 only infects people, a person cannot get the virus from a dog or cat. […] An infection during pregnancy can sometimes lead to additional complications including miscarriage. […] No vaccine or treatment can prevent infection.
  • #11 What to Know: Can People Get Parvovirus From Dogs?
    https://www.webmd.com/pets/dogs/can-humans-get-parvo-from-dogs-what-to-know
    Parvovirus causes in humans are linked to transmission through the saliva, sputum, or nasal mucus of an infected person. When a person is contagious, a simple cough or sneeze is enough to infect others nearby with parvo. […] Parvovirus cases can also be linked to transmission through blood. If you’re pregnant and get infected with parvovirus B19, you have a chance of passing the virus to your child.
  • #12 Parvovirus B19 – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvovirus_B19
    It is classified as an erythrovirus because of its capability to invade red blood cell precursors in the bone marrow. […] The infectious particles may contain either positive or negative strands of DNA. […] The P antigen (also known as globoside) is the cellular receptor for parvovirus B19 virus that causes erythema infectiosum (fifth disease) in children. […] Parvovirus B19 causes an infection in humans only. […] There is no vaccine available for human parvovirus B19, though attempts have been made to develop one. […] Parvovirus B19 is a cause of chronic anemia in individuals with immunodeficiency, receiving immunosuppressive therapy or with HIV infection. […] Parvovirus infection in pregnant women is associated with hydrops fetalis due to severe fetal anemia, sometimes leading to miscarriage or stillbirth. […] The risk of fetal loss is about 10% if infection occurs before pregnancy week 20, but minimal after then.
  • #13 Parvovirus B19 – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvovirus_B19
    It is classified as an erythrovirus because of its capability to invade red blood cell precursors in the bone marrow. […] The infectious particles may contain either positive or negative strands of DNA. […] The P antigen (also known as globoside) is the cellular receptor for parvovirus B19 virus that causes erythema infectiosum (fifth disease) in children. […] Parvovirus B19 causes an infection in humans only. […] There is no vaccine available for human parvovirus B19, though attempts have been made to develop one. […] Parvovirus B19 is a cause of chronic anemia in individuals with immunodeficiency, receiving immunosuppressive therapy or with HIV infection. […] Parvovirus infection in pregnant women is associated with hydrops fetalis due to severe fetal anemia, sometimes leading to miscarriage or stillbirth. […] The risk of fetal loss is about 10% if infection occurs before pregnancy week 20, but minimal after then.
  • #14 Parvovirus B19 – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvovirus_B19
    It is classified as an erythrovirus because of its capability to invade red blood cell precursors in the bone marrow. […] The infectious particles may contain either positive or negative strands of DNA. […] The P antigen (also known as globoside) is the cellular receptor for parvovirus B19 virus that causes erythema infectiosum (fifth disease) in children. […] Parvovirus B19 causes an infection in humans only. […] There is no vaccine available for human parvovirus B19, though attempts have been made to develop one. […] Parvovirus B19 is a cause of chronic anemia in individuals with immunodeficiency, receiving immunosuppressive therapy or with HIV infection. […] Parvovirus infection in pregnant women is associated with hydrops fetalis due to severe fetal anemia, sometimes leading to miscarriage or stillbirth. […] The risk of fetal loss is about 10% if infection occurs before pregnancy week 20, but minimal after then.
  • #15
    https://step1.medbullets.com/microbiology/104057/parvovirus-b19
    parvovirus B19 is a non-enveloped, linear, single-stranded DNA virus […] causes a variety of diseases […] hydrops fetalis in fetuses if pregnant women are infected […] infects red blood cells through the P antigen […] viral replication in bone marrow causes the death of erythroid progenitor cells […] causes hydrops fetalis in fetuses due to severe fetal anemia.
  • #16 Parvoviruses – Medical Microbiology – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7715/
    Parvoviruses are a group of very small DNA viruses that are ubiquitous and infect many species of animals. […] The diseases caused by autonomous parvoviruses reflect their requirement for actively dividing cells. The human autonomous parvovirus, B19 virus, replicates in erythroid precursor cells and hence produces aplastic crisis in predisposed individuals with underlying hemolytic anemia or immunodeficiency. […] The manifestation of clinically apparent disease following parvovirus infection depends on two interacting factors: the survival time of the circulating erythrocytes in the host and the immune response to the virus. […] In patients with hemolytic anemia, however, the life span of erythrocytes is much shorter than normal, so that the loss of erythroid precursors in the marrow leads to a rapid fall in the circulating erythrocyte population and to development of the aplastic crisis of B19 infection.
  • #17 Parvovirus B19–Related Diseases – Viral Diseases – Infectious Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine
    https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.18.1.10.
    Parvovirus B19 is a DNA virus that causes viremia and replicates exclusively in erythroid progenitor cells. […] Humans are the only reservoir for parvovirus B19; the source of infection is an infected individual. Parvovirus B19 is transmitted predominantly via large infectious respiratory particles (IRPs) but may also spread via blood products and transplacental infection from mother to fetus. […] The disease is highly contagious, with attack rates of up to 60%. […] Parvovirus infection in pregnant women may result in fetal anemia and hydrops fetalis, or may lead to miscarriage, particularly when infection occurs before 20 weeks gestation. […] Chronic anemia occurs in immunocompromised patients as a consequence of a chronic parvovirus B19 infection of erythroid progenitor cells.
  • #18 Parvoviruses – Medical Microbiology – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7715/
    Parvoviruses are a group of very small DNA viruses that are ubiquitous and infect many species of animals. […] The diseases caused by autonomous parvoviruses reflect their requirement for actively dividing cells. The human autonomous parvovirus, B19 virus, replicates in erythroid precursor cells and hence produces aplastic crisis in predisposed individuals with underlying hemolytic anemia or immunodeficiency. […] The manifestation of clinically apparent disease following parvovirus infection depends on two interacting factors: the survival time of the circulating erythrocytes in the host and the immune response to the virus. […] In patients with hemolytic anemia, however, the life span of erythrocytes is much shorter than normal, so that the loss of erythroid precursors in the marrow leads to a rapid fall in the circulating erythrocyte population and to development of the aplastic crisis of B19 infection.
  • #19 Parvoviruses – Medical Microbiology – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7715/
    Parvoviruses are a group of very small DNA viruses that are ubiquitous and infect many species of animals. […] The diseases caused by autonomous parvoviruses reflect their requirement for actively dividing cells. The human autonomous parvovirus, B19 virus, replicates in erythroid precursor cells and hence produces aplastic crisis in predisposed individuals with underlying hemolytic anemia or immunodeficiency. […] The manifestation of clinically apparent disease following parvovirus infection depends on two interacting factors: the survival time of the circulating erythrocytes in the host and the immune response to the virus. […] In patients with hemolytic anemia, however, the life span of erythrocytes is much shorter than normal, so that the loss of erythroid precursors in the marrow leads to a rapid fall in the circulating erythrocyte population and to development of the aplastic crisis of B19 infection.
  • #20 Parvovirus B19 Infections | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1999/1001/p1455.html
    Infections caused by human parvovirus B19 can result in a wide spectrum of manifestations, which are usually influenced by the patient’s immunologic and hematologic status. […] Parvovirus B19 was discovered fortuitously in 1975 by Cossart and colleagues, who unexpectedly found viral particles in the sera of asymptomatic patients being screened for hepatitis B infection. […] Subsequently, the simultaneous reports of parvovirus B19 as the etiologic agent for transient aplastic crisis among patients with sickle cell disease and for erythema infectiosum among schoolchildren established the association between parvovirus infection and these two disorders. […] Epidemiologic and serologic data not only have confirmed the role of parvovirus B19 in erythema infectiosum and transient aplastic crisis but have also established the importance of this virus as a cause of asymptomatic infection, chronic anemia in the immunocompromised host, acute and chronic arthritis and hydrops fetalis.
  • #21 Parvovirus infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parvovirus-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20376085
    Parvovirus infection is a common and highly contagious childhood illness. […] The human parvovirus B19 causes parvovirus infection. This is different from the parvovirus seen in dogs and cats, so you can’t get the infection from a pet or vice versa. […] Human parvovirus infection is most common among elementary school-age children during outbreaks in the winter and spring months, but anyone can become ill with it anytime of the year. It spreads from person to person, just like a cold, often through breathing, coughing and saliva, so it can spread through close contact between people and hand-to-hand contact. […] Parvovirus infection can also spread through blood. An infected pregnant woman can pass the virus to her baby.
  • #22 Health Alert Network (HAN) – 00514 | Increase in Human Parvovirus B19 Activity in the United States
    https://www.cdc.gov/han/2024/han00514.html
    Parvovirus B19 is a seasonal respiratory virus that is transmitted through respiratory droplets by people with symptomatic or asymptomatic infection. […] Parvovirus B19 infection can be transmitted during pregnancy (i.e., from mother to the fetus) or through transfusion of blood components and certain plasma derivates. […] Parvovirus B19 infection can lead to adverse health outcomes among people without pre-existing immunity who are immunocompromised or have chronic hemolytic disorders and among pregnant women. […] The risk of an adverse fetal outcome (e.g., fetal anemia, non-immune hydrops, or fetal loss) is 5-10%, and is highest when acute infection occurs between gestational weeks 9-20. […] Parvovirus B19 can cause chronic or transient aplastic anemia among people with severely immunocompromising conditions (e.g., leukemia or other cancers, organ transplant, HIV infection, receiving chemotherapy) or chronic hemolytic disorders (e.g., sickle cell disease, thalassemia, hereditary spherocytosis).
  • #23 Parvovirus B19–Related Diseases – Viral Diseases – Infectious Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine
    https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.18.1.10.
    Parvovirus B19 is a DNA virus that causes viremia and replicates exclusively in erythroid progenitor cells. […] Humans are the only reservoir for parvovirus B19; the source of infection is an infected individual. Parvovirus B19 is transmitted predominantly via large infectious respiratory particles (IRPs) but may also spread via blood products and transplacental infection from mother to fetus. […] The disease is highly contagious, with attack rates of up to 60%. […] Parvovirus infection in pregnant women may result in fetal anemia and hydrops fetalis, or may lead to miscarriage, particularly when infection occurs before 20 weeks gestation. […] Chronic anemia occurs in immunocompromised patients as a consequence of a chronic parvovirus B19 infection of erythroid progenitor cells.
  • #24 Parvovirus in Humans: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
    https://www.healthline.com/health/parvovirus-in-humans
    Parvovirus B19 is an infectious virus that spreads from person to person. It spreads through nasal secretions, saliva, or spit when a person sneezes or coughs. […] It can also spread via: affected blood or blood products by plasma, bone marrow or organ transplant, a pregnant person to their baby. […] According to 2017 research, about 1% to 5% of pregnant people get a parvovirus B19 infection. But about 30% of those that do will pass it on to their babies.
  • #25 Fifth Disease: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and More
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/parvovirus-5115911
    Fifth disease occurs following exposure to parvovirus B19. […] The parvovirus B19 infection causes fifth disease. It is an airborne virus that can spread easily through respiratory secretions (salvia, sputum, and nasal mucus), which makes it common among elementary school students. […] According to the American Academy of Pediatricians, the virus can cause red blood cell counts to drop so low that a blood transfusion might be necessary. […] Parvovirus B19 may cause severe disease in immunocompromised adults. The virus can lead to acute, severe, or chronic anemia for this group. […] While rare, a pregnant person who has contracted parvovirus B19 can develop severe anemia, sometimes leading to a miscarriage (loss of pregnancy before the 20th week). […] The time between exposure to parvovirus B19 and the start of the illness is the most contagious period, which is four to 12 days.
  • #26 Fifth Disease: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and More
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/parvovirus-5115911
    Fifth disease occurs following exposure to parvovirus B19. […] The parvovirus B19 infection causes fifth disease. It is an airborne virus that can spread easily through respiratory secretions (salvia, sputum, and nasal mucus), which makes it common among elementary school students. […] According to the American Academy of Pediatricians, the virus can cause red blood cell counts to drop so low that a blood transfusion might be necessary. […] Parvovirus B19 may cause severe disease in immunocompromised adults. The virus can lead to acute, severe, or chronic anemia for this group. […] While rare, a pregnant person who has contracted parvovirus B19 can develop severe anemia, sometimes leading to a miscarriage (loss of pregnancy before the 20th week). […] The time between exposure to parvovirus B19 and the start of the illness is the most contagious period, which is four to 12 days.
  • #27 Fifth Disease | Erythema infectiosum | MedlinePlus
    https://medlineplus.gov/fifthdisease.html
    Fifth disease, also called erythema infectiosum, is a viral infection caused by parvovirus B19. […] Parvovirus B19, which causes fifth disease, can spread from person to person: […] You are most contagious early in your infection, when you usually only have a fever or cold-like symptoms. […] Sometimes the infection can cause serious health complications affecting the nerves, joints, or blood system. […] There is no specific treatment for fifth disease. […] Most people become immune to the virus after having it once.
  • #28 Parvovirus B19 Infection Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/961063-clinical
    Common symptoms of parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection include a mild nonspecific prodromal illness that may consist of fever (15-30% of patients), malaise, headache, myalgia, nausea, and rhinorrhea; typically beginning 5-7 days after initial infection. […] The cause of parvovirus B19 rash is believed to be immunologically mediated, and the rash corresponds to the appearance of immunoglobulin M (IgM) in the serum. […] Parvovirus B19 infection in pregnant women may result in hydrops fetalis, particularly when infection occurs before 20 weeks’ gestation. In the United States, the most common etiology of hydrops fetalis is parvovirus B19 infection. […] Rarely, parvovirus B19 infection manifests as myocarditis, vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, or encephalitis. […] Parvovirus B19 may cause a papular-purpuric „gloves-and-socks” syndrome (PPGSS), which manifests as an erythematous exanthem of the hands and feet with a distinct margin at the wrist and ankle joints.
  • #29 Parvovirus infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parvovirus-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20376085
    Parvovirus infection is a common and highly contagious childhood illness. […] The human parvovirus B19 causes parvovirus infection. This is different from the parvovirus seen in dogs and cats, so you can’t get the infection from a pet or vice versa. […] Human parvovirus infection is most common among elementary school-age children during outbreaks in the winter and spring months, but anyone can become ill with it anytime of the year. It spreads from person to person, just like a cold, often through breathing, coughing and saliva, so it can spread through close contact between people and hand-to-hand contact. […] Parvovirus infection can also spread through blood. An infected pregnant woman can pass the virus to her baby.
  • #30 Parvovirus B19 (Fifth Disease) | Disease Outbreak Control Division
    https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/disease_listing/fifth-disease-parvovirus-b19/
    Parvovirus B19, also known as Fifth Disease, causes a mild rash illness mostly associated in children, but adults can get it, too. […] Parvovirus is transmitted through respiratory secretions from an infected persons coughs or sneezes, through an infected persons blood or blood products, or through vertical transmission from a pregnant woman to her baby. […] People with weakened immune systems caused by leukemia, cancer, organ transplants, or HIV are at risk for chronic anemia if infected with parvovirus B19. […] Parvovirus B19 is primarily spread through respiratory secretions from when an infected person coughs or sneezes. […] Parvovirus B19 can also be spread through blood contact and from a pregnant woman to her infant. […] People who are immunocompromised due to cancer, HIV infection, sickle cell anemia, and organ transplants are at high risk for developing chronic anemia. […] It is especially important to monitor pregnant women who have become exposed or infected with parvovirus B19 because there is less than a 5% chance of them miscarrying.
  • #31 Parvovirus Infection (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)
    https://patient.info/doctor/parvovirus-infection
    Parvovirus B19 (B19V) is a common infection, usually presenting as erythema infectiosum in children. […] The only parvovirus known to be pathogenic in humans is parvovirus B19, discovered in 1974 whilst testing for serum hepatitis B antigens. […] Parvovirus is an extremely common infection. […] The most common clinical encounter with parvovirus B19 is as the causative agent of erythema infectiosum (fifth disease). […] Transmission is usually via respiratory secretions but it can also be passed on via blood transfusion, bone marrow transplant, other blood products and from mother to baby via the placenta. […] Parvovirus B19 has an affinity for red cell precursors, so a transient aplastic crisis can be provoked by parvovirus infection in any patient with reduced red cell production or increased red cell loss.
  • #32 Parvovirus B19 Infection: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/961063-overview
    Parvovirus B19 has been shown to be the etiologic agent of erythema infectiosum in hematologically normal persons. […] Classic fifth disease, aplastic crisis, and papular-purpuric „gloves-and-socks” syndrome (PPGSS) are caused almost exclusively by parvovirus B19. This virus, distributed worldwide, infects only humans. Transmission occurs via vertical transmission (birth), large droplet respiratory secretions, transfusion of blood products, and percutaneous exposure to blood. […] Parvovirus B19 has been spread by blood products, such as intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), nonrecombinant clotting factors, platelets, and, to a lesser extent, packed RBCs. […] Parvovirus B19 is the only infectious cause of TAC known and has been shown to be the cause of aplastic crisis in over 80% of patients with sickle cell disease. […] Parvovirus B19 infection is the most common cause of nonimmune hydrops fetalis and can result in fetal death in 2-6% of cases.
  • #33 Health Alert Network (HAN) – 00514 | Increase in Human Parvovirus B19 Activity in the United States
    https://www.cdc.gov/han/2024/han00514.html
    Parvovirus B19 is a seasonal respiratory virus that is transmitted through respiratory droplets by people with symptomatic or asymptomatic infection. […] Parvovirus B19 infection can be transmitted during pregnancy (i.e., from mother to the fetus) or through transfusion of blood components and certain plasma derivates. […] Parvovirus B19 infection can lead to adverse health outcomes among people without pre-existing immunity who are immunocompromised or have chronic hemolytic disorders and among pregnant women. […] The risk of an adverse fetal outcome (e.g., fetal anemia, non-immune hydrops, or fetal loss) is 5-10%, and is highest when acute infection occurs between gestational weeks 9-20. […] Parvovirus B19 can cause chronic or transient aplastic anemia among people with severely immunocompromising conditions (e.g., leukemia or other cancers, organ transplant, HIV infection, receiving chemotherapy) or chronic hemolytic disorders (e.g., sickle cell disease, thalassemia, hereditary spherocytosis).
  • #34 Parvovirus B19 Infection: What to Know | UPMC HealthBeat
    https://share.upmc.com/2024/08/parvovirus-disease/
    Parvovirus B19 is a seasonal respiratory virus that typically affects children. Most people get infected with this virus at some point during their lifetime. […] According to the CDCs bulletin, it had received reports of increased parvovirus B19 activity in the United States in 2024. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control reported increased parvovirus B19 activity beginning in spring 2024. […] Parvovirus B19 infection usually happens for the first time during childhood. […] Parvovirus B19 often spreads through respiratory droplets found in nasal mucus, saliva, or sputum (spit). […] Parvovirus B19 can also spread through contaminated blood or blood products. […] In immunocompromised people and people with blood disorders, parvovirus B19 can cause anemia. […] In pregnant people with parvovirus B19 infection, spreading the infection to your baby is possible. It can cause severe anemia in your baby if infection occurs during the first half of pregnancy. There’s also a slightly higher risk of miscarriage. […] There’s no vaccine for parvovirus B19.
  • #35 Parvovirus infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parvovirus-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20376085
    Parvovirus infection is a common and highly contagious childhood illness. […] The human parvovirus B19 causes parvovirus infection. This is different from the parvovirus seen in dogs and cats, so you can’t get the infection from a pet or vice versa. […] Human parvovirus infection is most common among elementary school-age children during outbreaks in the winter and spring months, but anyone can become ill with it anytime of the year. It spreads from person to person, just like a cold, often through breathing, coughing and saliva, so it can spread through close contact between people and hand-to-hand contact. […] Parvovirus infection can also spread through blood. An infected pregnant woman can pass the virus to her baby.
  • #36 About Parvovirus B19 | Parvovirus B19 and Fifth Disease | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/parvovirus-b19/about/index.html
    Parvovirus B19 infection is usually mild for children and adults who are otherwise healthy, but some people may experience serious health complications. […] Parvovirus B19 has been shown to cause a severe drop in blood count (anemia) in some patients with certain blood disorders or with a weakened immune system. […] If you get a parvovirus B19 infection during pregnancy, the virus could spread to the baby. This is not common but could cause a miscarriage.
  • #37 Parvovirus B19: Infection, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16633-parvovirus-infection
    Parvovirus B19 is a common virus that usually causes mild symptoms. […] You’re at a higher risk of serious complications from parvovirus infections if you’re pregnant, have a weakened immune system or have certain blood disorders. […] Getting a parvovirus infection while you’re pregnant can put you at a higher risk for miscarriage or stillbirth. […] Parvovirus can affect your body’s ability to make red blood cells. […] Anyone can get parvovirus B19. But you might be at a higher risk for complications if you: Are pregnant.
  • #38 Parvovirus in Humans: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
    https://www.healthline.com/health/parvovirus-in-humans
    Parvovirus B19 is an infectious virus that spreads from person to person. It spreads through nasal secretions, saliva, or spit when a person sneezes or coughs. […] It can also spread via: affected blood or blood products by plasma, bone marrow or organ transplant, a pregnant person to their baby. […] According to 2017 research, about 1% to 5% of pregnant people get a parvovirus B19 infection. But about 30% of those that do will pass it on to their babies.
  • #39 Fetal parvovirus B19 infection | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/fetal-parvovirus-b19-infection?lang=us
    Fetal parvovirus B19 infection is a type of in utero infection. In certain cases it can lead to intrauterine fetal death. […] Human parvovirus B19 is the only known parvovirus virus pathogenic to humans. It is a small single-stranded DNA virus and a potent inhibitor of erythropoiesis, due to its cytotoxicity to erythroid progenitor cells. The virus is able to cross the placenta of women infected during pregnancy. Parvovirus B19 may be transmitted from mother to fetus transplacentally in ~30% of maternal infections. […] The risk of maternal to fetal transmission is higher in the 1st and 2nd trimesters. Approximately one-quarter of the women infected during pregnancy may transmit the virus to the fetus. […] Parvovirus infection can cause up to 27% of cases of non-immune hydrops fetalis.
  • #40 Parvoviruses – Medical Microbiology – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7715/
    Fetal disease develops when the virus crosses the placenta and establishes infection in the fetal erythroid precursors and cardiac myocytes. Since the fetus cannot mount an adequate immune response, B19 infection becomes chronic and leads to erythroid aplasia and anemia, with consequent fetal loss early in pregnancy and hydrops fetalis and stillbirths following infection later in pregnancy.
  • #41 Parvovirus B19 Infection: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/961063-overview
    Parvovirus B19 has been shown to be the etiologic agent of erythema infectiosum in hematologically normal persons. […] Classic fifth disease, aplastic crisis, and papular-purpuric „gloves-and-socks” syndrome (PPGSS) are caused almost exclusively by parvovirus B19. This virus, distributed worldwide, infects only humans. Transmission occurs via vertical transmission (birth), large droplet respiratory secretions, transfusion of blood products, and percutaneous exposure to blood. […] Parvovirus B19 has been spread by blood products, such as intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), nonrecombinant clotting factors, platelets, and, to a lesser extent, packed RBCs. […] Parvovirus B19 is the only infectious cause of TAC known and has been shown to be the cause of aplastic crisis in over 80% of patients with sickle cell disease. […] Parvovirus B19 infection is the most common cause of nonimmune hydrops fetalis and can result in fetal death in 2-6% of cases.
  • #42 Erythema Infectiosum (Parvovirus B19 Infection) – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/common-viral-infections-in-infants-and-children/erythema-infectiosum-parvovirus-b19-infection
    Erythema infectiosum can be transmitted transplacentally, sometimes resulting in miscarriage, stillbirth, or severe fetal anemia with widespread edema (hydrops fetalis). […] The risk of fetal death is approximately 2 to 6% after maternal infection, with risk greatest during the first half of pregnancy. […] There is mild, transient suppression of erythropoiesis that is asymptomatic except sometimes in children with hemoglobinopathies (eg, sickle cell disease) or other red blood cell disorders (eg, hereditary spherocytosis), or immunosuppression.
  • #43 Parvovirus B19 | North Bristol NHS Trust
    https://www.nbt.nhs.uk/maternity-services/pregnancy/routine-screening-tests-scans/parvovirus-b19
    Parvovirus B19 is a virus that commonly infects children. […] Pregnant women are not routinely screened for past parvovirus B19 infection as there is no vaccine or preventative treatment available. […] Parvovirus B19 is not known to cause congenital abnormalities. However, the infection can be passed from mother to baby and may cause the baby to become anaemic. […] The greatest period of risk to the baby is between four to 20 weeks. Infection during this time can sometimes lead to serious complications such as fetal anaemia and sometimes fetal loss (miscarriage or stillbirth). […] There is a five to ten per cent risk of fetal loss if women develop this infection in the second trimester. […] Infection in the first month of pregnancy is not thought to carry any risk. […] After 20 weeks of pregnancy the risk of the baby developing severe anaemia is much lower but investigations are undertaken in all cases. […] It is important to remember that most babies will not be infected or affected by the virus.
  • #44 Erythema Infectiosum (Parvovirus B19 Infection) – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/common-viral-infections-in-infants-and-children/erythema-infectiosum-parvovirus-b19-infection
    Erythema infectiosum is caused by acute infection with human parvovirus B19. […] Erythema infectiosum, often referred to as fifth disease, is caused by human parvovirus B19. […] Spread seems to be by respiratory droplets and by percutaneous exposure to blood or blood products, with high rates of secondary infection among household contacts; infection can be asymptomatic. […] Based on seroprevalence surveys, 50 to 80% of adults have evidence of prior parvovirus B19 infection, which likely confers protective immunity for immunocompetent people. […] Parvovirus B19 is a single-stranded DNA virus that causes transient suppression of erythropoiesis that is mild and asymptomatic except in children with underlying hemoglobinopathies (eg, sickle cell disease) or other red blood cell (RBC) disorders (eg, hereditary spherocytosis), who may develop transient aplastic crisis.
  • #45 Parvovirus infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parvovirus-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20376085
    Parvovirus infection is a common and highly contagious childhood illness. […] The human parvovirus B19 causes parvovirus infection. This is different from the parvovirus seen in dogs and cats, so you can’t get the infection from a pet or vice versa. […] Human parvovirus infection is most common among elementary school-age children during outbreaks in the winter and spring months, but anyone can become ill with it anytime of the year. It spreads from person to person, just like a cold, often through breathing, coughing and saliva, so it can spread through close contact between people and hand-to-hand contact. […] Parvovirus infection can also spread through blood. An infected pregnant woman can pass the virus to her baby.
  • #46 Parvovirus infection | UM Health-Sparrow
    https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/parvovirus-infection
    Parvovirus infection is caused by the human parvovirus B19. […] Human parvovirus infection is most common among elementary school-age children during outbreaks in the winter and spring months, but anyone can become ill with it anytime of the year. It spreads from person to person, just like a cold, often through breathing, coughing and saliva, so it can spread through close contact between people and hand-to-hand contact. […] Parvovirus infection can also spread through blood. An infected pregnant woman can pass the virus to her baby.
  • #47 Parvovirus: What parents should know – CHOC – Children’s health hub
    https://health.choc.org/parvovirus-what-parents-should-know/
    Parvovirus B19 infection is on the rise in the United States, particularly for children ages 5 to 9, which has prompted the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to issue a health advisory. […] Parvovirus B19 – which causes a condition known as erythema infectiosum, fifth disease or “slapped cheek disease” – is a very common viral illness that most kids recover from quickly and without problems. […] First, Dr. Pellman says, the infection slows down red blood cell production temporarily. This is not a problem unless that child cannot tolerate a slowed down red blood cell production. This could be an issue in children that have hemolytic diseases such as sickle cell disease or that have illnesses that already have a slowed down blood cell production issue like many cancers, such as leukemia. […] Finally, infection during the first half of a pregnancy in a person who has never been infected and therefore has no immunity (and most adults have been previously infected and do have immunity) are at risk for having a miscarriage.
  • #48 Health Alert Network (HAN) – 00514 | Increase in Human Parvovirus B19 Activity in the United States
    https://www.cdc.gov/han/2024/han00514.html
    Recently, CDC has received reports indicating increased parvovirus B19 activity in the United States. […] The proportion of people with IgM antibodies increased among all ages from 3% during 2022-2024 to 10% in June 2024; the greatest increase was observed among children aged 5-9 years, from 15% during 2022-2024 to 40% in June 2024. […] Among plasma donors, the prevalence of pooled samples with parvovirus B19 DNA 10^4 IU/mL increased from 1.5% in December 2023 to 19.9% in June 2024.
  • #49 Parvovirus B19: Infection, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16633-parvovirus-infection
    Parvovirus B19 is a common virus that usually causes mild symptoms. […] You’re at a higher risk of serious complications from parvovirus infections if you’re pregnant, have a weakened immune system or have certain blood disorders. […] Getting a parvovirus infection while you’re pregnant can put you at a higher risk for miscarriage or stillbirth. […] Parvovirus can affect your body’s ability to make red blood cells. […] Anyone can get parvovirus B19. But you might be at a higher risk for complications if you: Are pregnant.
  • #50 About Parvovirus B19 | Parvovirus B19 and Fifth Disease | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/parvovirus-b19/about/index.html
    Parvovirus B19 infection is usually mild for children and adults who are otherwise healthy, but some people may experience serious health complications. […] Parvovirus B19 has been shown to cause a severe drop in blood count (anemia) in some patients with certain blood disorders or with a weakened immune system. […] If you get a parvovirus B19 infection during pregnancy, the virus could spread to the baby. This is not common but could cause a miscarriage.
  • #51 Erythema Infectiosum (Parvovirus B19 Infection) – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/common-viral-infections-in-infants-and-children/erythema-infectiosum-parvovirus-b19-infection
    Erythema infectiosum can be transmitted transplacentally, sometimes resulting in miscarriage, stillbirth, or severe fetal anemia with widespread edema (hydrops fetalis). […] The risk of fetal death is approximately 2 to 6% after maternal infection, with risk greatest during the first half of pregnancy. […] There is mild, transient suppression of erythropoiesis that is asymptomatic except sometimes in children with hemoglobinopathies (eg, sickle cell disease) or other red blood cell disorders (eg, hereditary spherocytosis), or immunosuppression.
  • #52 Erythema infectiosum (human parvovirus or slapped cheek)
    https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/erythema-infectiosum-human-parvovirus-or-slapped-cheek
    Erythema infectiosum is generally a mild disease. In adults, its symptoms can be long-lasting. […] The causative agent is human parvovirus B19. […] Parvovirus affects the development of red blood cells. […] Infection in the first half of pregnancy can cause fetal anaemia with hydrops fetalis (abnormal fluid accumulation in the fetus). Fetal death occurs in less than 10 per cent of these cases. […] People with haemolytic anaemia may develop transient aplastic crises (abnormal decrease in reticulocytes), often in the absence of a rash. […] Immunosuppressed people may develop severe chronic anaemia from red cell aplasia. […] Human parvovirus infection occurs worldwide and is a common childhood disease. […] The virus is transmitted by contact with infected respiratory secretions. It may be spread vertically from mother to fetus and, rarely, by transfusion of blood products. […] Infection generally confers immunity.
  • #53 Parvovirus B19 (Fifth Disease) | Disease Outbreak Control Division
    https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/disease_listing/fifth-disease-parvovirus-b19/
    Parvovirus B19, also known as Fifth Disease, causes a mild rash illness mostly associated in children, but adults can get it, too. […] Parvovirus is transmitted through respiratory secretions from an infected persons coughs or sneezes, through an infected persons blood or blood products, or through vertical transmission from a pregnant woman to her baby. […] People with weakened immune systems caused by leukemia, cancer, organ transplants, or HIV are at risk for chronic anemia if infected with parvovirus B19. […] Parvovirus B19 is primarily spread through respiratory secretions from when an infected person coughs or sneezes. […] Parvovirus B19 can also be spread through blood contact and from a pregnant woman to her infant. […] People who are immunocompromised due to cancer, HIV infection, sickle cell anemia, and organ transplants are at high risk for developing chronic anemia. […] It is especially important to monitor pregnant women who have become exposed or infected with parvovirus B19 because there is less than a 5% chance of them miscarrying.
  • #54 Health Alert Network (HAN) – 00514 | Increase in Human Parvovirus B19 Activity in the United States
    https://www.cdc.gov/han/2024/han00514.html
    Parvovirus B19 is a seasonal respiratory virus that is transmitted through respiratory droplets by people with symptomatic or asymptomatic infection. […] Parvovirus B19 infection can be transmitted during pregnancy (i.e., from mother to the fetus) or through transfusion of blood components and certain plasma derivates. […] Parvovirus B19 infection can lead to adverse health outcomes among people without pre-existing immunity who are immunocompromised or have chronic hemolytic disorders and among pregnant women. […] The risk of an adverse fetal outcome (e.g., fetal anemia, non-immune hydrops, or fetal loss) is 5-10%, and is highest when acute infection occurs between gestational weeks 9-20. […] Parvovirus B19 can cause chronic or transient aplastic anemia among people with severely immunocompromising conditions (e.g., leukemia or other cancers, organ transplant, HIV infection, receiving chemotherapy) or chronic hemolytic disorders (e.g., sickle cell disease, thalassemia, hereditary spherocytosis).
  • #55 Parvovirus infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parvovirus-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20376085
    Parvovirus infection is a common and highly contagious childhood illness. […] The human parvovirus B19 causes parvovirus infection. This is different from the parvovirus seen in dogs and cats, so you can’t get the infection from a pet or vice versa. […] Human parvovirus infection is most common among elementary school-age children during outbreaks in the winter and spring months, but anyone can become ill with it anytime of the year. It spreads from person to person, just like a cold, often through breathing, coughing and saliva, so it can spread through close contact between people and hand-to-hand contact. […] Parvovirus infection can also spread through blood. An infected pregnant woman can pass the virus to her baby.
  • #56 Parvovirus B19: A-to-Z Guide from Diagnosis to Treatment to Prevention | DrGreene
    https://www.drgreene.com/articles/parvovirus-b19
    Parvovirus B19 is a very common virus that causes infections in humans. […] Parvovirus B19 is a very common virus that causes infections in humans. The infection can take many forms, but the most commonly recognized is an illness called fifth disease or slap-cheek. […] Parvovirus B19 infections are most common during the late winter and early spring. […] Yes. Parvovirus B19 is spread by respiratory droplets. It can also be spread in blood and blood products, and from mother to unborn child. […] Most children need no treatment. Those with anemia or other complications may need transfusions or other specific treatment. Since this is a virus and not a bacteria, antibiotics are not useful in treating parvovirus infections.
  • #57 Mayo Clinic expert explains parvovirus B19, a common childhood infection – Mayo Clinic News Network
    https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/mayo-clinic-expert-explains-parvovirus-b19-a-common-childhood-infection/
    Cases of human parvovirus B19, commonly known as Fifth disease, are on the rise, prompting the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) this week to issue a health advisory. […] Parvovirus B19 is the cause of Fifth disease, a mild rash typically seen in children, although adults can contract the virus. […] „Fifth disease is a relatively common infection in childhood,” says Dr. Nipunie Rajapakse, a pediatric infectious diseases physician with the Mayo Clinic Children’s Center. „It’s caused by a virus called parvovirus B19.” […] Dr. Rajapakse says parvovirus B19 spreads through respiratory secretions, such as contact with droplets from an infected person’s cough or sneeze. […] „Parvovirus B19 is a viral infection that is quite common in childhood. If you test them, most adults show signs that they had this infection when they were a child,” says Dr. Rajapakse.
  • #58 Health Alert Network (HAN) – 00514 | Increase in Human Parvovirus B19 Activity in the United States
    https://www.cdc.gov/han/2024/han00514.html
    Recently, CDC has received reports indicating increased parvovirus B19 activity in the United States. […] The proportion of people with IgM antibodies increased among all ages from 3% during 2022-2024 to 10% in June 2024; the greatest increase was observed among children aged 5-9 years, from 15% during 2022-2024 to 40% in June 2024. […] Among plasma donors, the prevalence of pooled samples with parvovirus B19 DNA 10^4 IU/mL increased from 1.5% in December 2023 to 19.9% in June 2024.
  • #59 Parvovirus B19 Infection: What to Know | UPMC HealthBeat
    https://share.upmc.com/2024/08/parvovirus-disease/
    Parvovirus B19 is a seasonal respiratory virus that typically affects children. Most people get infected with this virus at some point during their lifetime. […] According to the CDCs bulletin, it had received reports of increased parvovirus B19 activity in the United States in 2024. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control reported increased parvovirus B19 activity beginning in spring 2024. […] Parvovirus B19 infection usually happens for the first time during childhood. […] Parvovirus B19 often spreads through respiratory droplets found in nasal mucus, saliva, or sputum (spit). […] Parvovirus B19 can also spread through contaminated blood or blood products. […] In immunocompromised people and people with blood disorders, parvovirus B19 can cause anemia. […] In pregnant people with parvovirus B19 infection, spreading the infection to your baby is possible. It can cause severe anemia in your baby if infection occurs during the first half of pregnancy. There’s also a slightly higher risk of miscarriage. […] There’s no vaccine for parvovirus B19.
  • #60 Parvoviruses – Medical Microbiology – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7715/
    Parvoviruses are a group of very small DNA viruses that are ubiquitous and infect many species of animals. […] The diseases caused by autonomous parvoviruses reflect their requirement for actively dividing cells. The human autonomous parvovirus, B19 virus, replicates in erythroid precursor cells and hence produces aplastic crisis in predisposed individuals with underlying hemolytic anemia or immunodeficiency. […] The manifestation of clinically apparent disease following parvovirus infection depends on two interacting factors: the survival time of the circulating erythrocytes in the host and the immune response to the virus. […] In patients with hemolytic anemia, however, the life span of erythrocytes is much shorter than normal, so that the loss of erythroid precursors in the marrow leads to a rapid fall in the circulating erythrocyte population and to development of the aplastic crisis of B19 infection.
  • #61 Parvovirus B19–Related Diseases – Viral Diseases – Infectious Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine
    https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.18.1.10.
    Parvovirus B19 is a DNA virus that causes viremia and replicates exclusively in erythroid progenitor cells. […] Humans are the only reservoir for parvovirus B19; the source of infection is an infected individual. Parvovirus B19 is transmitted predominantly via large infectious respiratory particles (IRPs) but may also spread via blood products and transplacental infection from mother to fetus. […] The disease is highly contagious, with attack rates of up to 60%. […] Parvovirus infection in pregnant women may result in fetal anemia and hydrops fetalis, or may lead to miscarriage, particularly when infection occurs before 20 weeks gestation. […] Chronic anemia occurs in immunocompromised patients as a consequence of a chronic parvovirus B19 infection of erythroid progenitor cells.
  • #62 📃 Parvovirus infection
    https://thefetus.net/content/parvovirus-infection
    fetal parvovirus infection is a congenital disorder, characterized by hydrops, ascites, ventriculomegaly, hypertrophic myocardiopathy, placentomegaly and other findings caused by transplacental transmission of parvovirus to the fetus. […] Parvovirus B19. It is a member of the family Parvoviridae. It can only infect humans. […] The primary site of Parvovirus B19 infections is within erythroid precursor cells and it has an affinity for the late normoblast stage and the cardiac myocytes and also causes a decrease in the number of platelets. […] Parvovirus B19 causes up to 27% cases of non-immune hydrops in anatomically normal fetuses. […] In pregnant woman, the primary infection with Parvovirus B19 may lead to fetal anemia and hydrops fetalis with variable outcomes: fetal death, hydrops fetalis, congenital anemia or spontaneous resolution.
  • #63 Erythema Infectiosum (Parvovirus B19 Infection) – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/common-viral-infections-in-infants-and-children/erythema-infectiosum-parvovirus-b19-infection
    Erythema infectiosum is caused by acute infection with human parvovirus B19. […] Erythema infectiosum, often referred to as fifth disease, is caused by human parvovirus B19. […] Spread seems to be by respiratory droplets and by percutaneous exposure to blood or blood products, with high rates of secondary infection among household contacts; infection can be asymptomatic. […] Based on seroprevalence surveys, 50 to 80% of adults have evidence of prior parvovirus B19 infection, which likely confers protective immunity for immunocompetent people. […] Parvovirus B19 is a single-stranded DNA virus that causes transient suppression of erythropoiesis that is mild and asymptomatic except in children with underlying hemoglobinopathies (eg, sickle cell disease) or other red blood cell (RBC) disorders (eg, hereditary spherocytosis), who may develop transient aplastic crisis.
  • #64 Parvovirus B19 Infection Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/961063-clinical
    Common symptoms of parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection include a mild nonspecific prodromal illness that may consist of fever (15-30% of patients), malaise, headache, myalgia, nausea, and rhinorrhea; typically beginning 5-7 days after initial infection. […] The cause of parvovirus B19 rash is believed to be immunologically mediated, and the rash corresponds to the appearance of immunoglobulin M (IgM) in the serum. […] Parvovirus B19 infection in pregnant women may result in hydrops fetalis, particularly when infection occurs before 20 weeks’ gestation. In the United States, the most common etiology of hydrops fetalis is parvovirus B19 infection. […] Rarely, parvovirus B19 infection manifests as myocarditis, vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, or encephalitis. […] Parvovirus B19 may cause a papular-purpuric „gloves-and-socks” syndrome (PPGSS), which manifests as an erythematous exanthem of the hands and feet with a distinct margin at the wrist and ankle joints.
  • #65 Various clinical symptoms in human parvovirus B19 infection
    https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsci/31/6/31_6_448/_article
    Human parvovirus B19 infection causes erythema infectiosum in child, aplastic crisis in patients with chronic hemolytic anemia, chronic pure red cell aplasia in immunocompromised patients and hydrops fetalis. […] Human parvovirus B19 causes arthritis and acute glomerulonephritis due to immunological mechanism. […] Other disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, vasculitis and thrombotic microangiopathy, are linked in human parvovirus B19 infection. […] Parvovirus B19 infection causes choronic rheumatoid-like arthropathy. […] Autoantibody and low complement were seen in acute human parvovirus infection, and parvovirus B19 infection present clinically lupus like tableau.
  • #66 Various clinical symptoms in human parvovirus B19 infection
    https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsci/31/6/31_6_448/_article
    Human parvovirus B19 infection causes erythema infectiosum in child, aplastic crisis in patients with chronic hemolytic anemia, chronic pure red cell aplasia in immunocompromised patients and hydrops fetalis. […] Human parvovirus B19 causes arthritis and acute glomerulonephritis due to immunological mechanism. […] Other disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, vasculitis and thrombotic microangiopathy, are linked in human parvovirus B19 infection. […] Parvovirus B19 infection causes choronic rheumatoid-like arthropathy. […] Autoantibody and low complement were seen in acute human parvovirus infection, and parvovirus B19 infection present clinically lupus like tableau.
  • #67 Various clinical symptoms in human parvovirus B19 infection
    https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsci/31/6/31_6_448/_article
    Human parvovirus B19 infection causes erythema infectiosum in child, aplastic crisis in patients with chronic hemolytic anemia, chronic pure red cell aplasia in immunocompromised patients and hydrops fetalis. […] Human parvovirus B19 causes arthritis and acute glomerulonephritis due to immunological mechanism. […] Other disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, vasculitis and thrombotic microangiopathy, are linked in human parvovirus B19 infection. […] Parvovirus B19 infection causes choronic rheumatoid-like arthropathy. […] Autoantibody and low complement were seen in acute human parvovirus infection, and parvovirus B19 infection present clinically lupus like tableau.
  • #68 Parvoviruses – Medical Microbiology – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7715/
    Fetal disease develops when the virus crosses the placenta and establishes infection in the fetal erythroid precursors and cardiac myocytes. Since the fetus cannot mount an adequate immune response, B19 infection becomes chronic and leads to erythroid aplasia and anemia, with consequent fetal loss early in pregnancy and hydrops fetalis and stillbirths following infection later in pregnancy.
  • #69 Parvovirus B19 – Testing.com
    https://www.testing.com/tests/parvovirus-b19/
    Parvovirus B19 is a virus that causes a common childhood illness, also called “fifth disease” or “erythema infectiosum.” The virus is found in respiratory droplets during an infection and is easily transmitted to others through close physical contact. Parvovirus can also be passed from a pregnant woman to her fetus and transmitted through exposure to blood and blood products. […] Parvovirus B19 can cause major health problems in three types of patients: […] Women who are infected during pregnancy can pass the infection to their babies. Most fetuses will be fine, but a small percentage will develop severe anemia and a few may have an inflammation and infection of the heart muscle (myocarditis). […] Parvovirus B19 infections are usually self-limiting (limited in duration) in otherwise healthy people. Treatment may be given to relieve symptoms and, when necessary, to address anemia.
  • #70 Parvovirus Infection (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)
    https://patient.info/doctor/parvovirus-infection
    Parvovirus B19 can cause immunocytopenia in immunocompromised patients. […] Rarely, parvovirus B19 has been linked to hepatitis, myocarditis, meningitis, encephalitis and peripheral neuropathy. […] Maternal infection in the first trimester is associated with a risk of fetal death of 19%. […] Identification of parvovirus B19 infection in a pregnant woman is important, as parvovirus infection in the first half of pregnancy may cause intrauterine death and fetal hydrops. […] There is currently no licensed vaccine for parvovirus B19.
  • #71 Health Alert Network (HAN) – 00514 | Increase in Human Parvovirus B19 Activity in the United States
    https://www.cdc.gov/han/2024/han00514.html
    Parvovirus B19 is a seasonal respiratory virus that is transmitted through respiratory droplets by people with symptomatic or asymptomatic infection. […] Parvovirus B19 infection can be transmitted during pregnancy (i.e., from mother to the fetus) or through transfusion of blood components and certain plasma derivates. […] Parvovirus B19 infection can lead to adverse health outcomes among people without pre-existing immunity who are immunocompromised or have chronic hemolytic disorders and among pregnant women. […] The risk of an adverse fetal outcome (e.g., fetal anemia, non-immune hydrops, or fetal loss) is 5-10%, and is highest when acute infection occurs between gestational weeks 9-20. […] Parvovirus B19 can cause chronic or transient aplastic anemia among people with severely immunocompromising conditions (e.g., leukemia or other cancers, organ transplant, HIV infection, receiving chemotherapy) or chronic hemolytic disorders (e.g., sickle cell disease, thalassemia, hereditary spherocytosis).
  • #72 About Parvovirus B19 | Parvovirus B19 and Fifth Disease | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/parvovirus-b19/about/index.html
    Parvovirus B19 infection is usually mild for children and adults who are otherwise healthy, but some people may experience serious health complications. […] Parvovirus B19 has been shown to cause a severe drop in blood count (anemia) in some patients with certain blood disorders or with a weakened immune system. […] If you get a parvovirus B19 infection during pregnancy, the virus could spread to the baby. This is not common but could cause a miscarriage.
  • #73 Clinical Presentations of Parvovirus B19 Infection | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0201/p373.html
    Although most persons with parvovirus B19 infection are asymptomatic or have mild, nonspecific, cold-like symptoms, several clinical conditions have been linked to the virus. […] Parvovirus B19 usually infects children and causes the classic slapped-cheek rash of erythema infectiosum (fifth disease). […] The virus is transmitted through exposure to infected respiratory droplets or blood products and vertically from mother to fetus. […] The virus causes a cessation of erythrocyte production. […] Parvovirus B19 infection may persist in immunocompromised persons without antibodies. […] Parvovirus B19 has been associated with papular, purpuric gloves and socks syndrome, although a causative relationship has not been proven. […] Pregnancy does not alter parvovirus B19 infection in the mother, although the fetal liver and heart may become infected. […] If a pregnant woman is exposed to parvovirus B19, acute infection should be confirmed by testing for the presence of IgM antibodies or by seroconversion of IgG antibodies.
  • #74 Parvovirus B19–Related Diseases – Viral Diseases – Infectious Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine
    https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.18.1.10.
    Parvovirus B19 is a DNA virus that causes viremia and replicates exclusively in erythroid progenitor cells. […] Humans are the only reservoir for parvovirus B19; the source of infection is an infected individual. Parvovirus B19 is transmitted predominantly via large infectious respiratory particles (IRPs) but may also spread via blood products and transplacental infection from mother to fetus. […] The disease is highly contagious, with attack rates of up to 60%. […] Parvovirus infection in pregnant women may result in fetal anemia and hydrops fetalis, or may lead to miscarriage, particularly when infection occurs before 20 weeks gestation. […] Chronic anemia occurs in immunocompromised patients as a consequence of a chronic parvovirus B19 infection of erythroid progenitor cells.
  • #75 Parvovirus B19 – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvovirus_B19
    It is classified as an erythrovirus because of its capability to invade red blood cell precursors in the bone marrow. […] The infectious particles may contain either positive or negative strands of DNA. […] The P antigen (also known as globoside) is the cellular receptor for parvovirus B19 virus that causes erythema infectiosum (fifth disease) in children. […] Parvovirus B19 causes an infection in humans only. […] There is no vaccine available for human parvovirus B19, though attempts have been made to develop one. […] Parvovirus B19 is a cause of chronic anemia in individuals with immunodeficiency, receiving immunosuppressive therapy or with HIV infection. […] Parvovirus infection in pregnant women is associated with hydrops fetalis due to severe fetal anemia, sometimes leading to miscarriage or stillbirth. […] The risk of fetal loss is about 10% if infection occurs before pregnancy week 20, but minimal after then.
  • #76 Parvoviruses – Medical Microbiology – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7715/
    Parvoviruses are a group of very small DNA viruses that are ubiquitous and infect many species of animals. […] The diseases caused by autonomous parvoviruses reflect their requirement for actively dividing cells. The human autonomous parvovirus, B19 virus, replicates in erythroid precursor cells and hence produces aplastic crisis in predisposed individuals with underlying hemolytic anemia or immunodeficiency. […] The manifestation of clinically apparent disease following parvovirus infection depends on two interacting factors: the survival time of the circulating erythrocytes in the host and the immune response to the virus. […] In patients with hemolytic anemia, however, the life span of erythrocytes is much shorter than normal, so that the loss of erythroid precursors in the marrow leads to a rapid fall in the circulating erythrocyte population and to development of the aplastic crisis of B19 infection.
  • #77 Health Alert Network (HAN) – 00514 | Increase in Human Parvovirus B19 Activity in the United States
    https://www.cdc.gov/han/2024/han00514.html
    Parvovirus B19 is a seasonal respiratory virus that is transmitted through respiratory droplets by people with symptomatic or asymptomatic infection. […] Parvovirus B19 infection can be transmitted during pregnancy (i.e., from mother to the fetus) or through transfusion of blood components and certain plasma derivates. […] Parvovirus B19 infection can lead to adverse health outcomes among people without pre-existing immunity who are immunocompromised or have chronic hemolytic disorders and among pregnant women. […] The risk of an adverse fetal outcome (e.g., fetal anemia, non-immune hydrops, or fetal loss) is 5-10%, and is highest when acute infection occurs between gestational weeks 9-20. […] Parvovirus B19 can cause chronic or transient aplastic anemia among people with severely immunocompromising conditions (e.g., leukemia or other cancers, organ transplant, HIV infection, receiving chemotherapy) or chronic hemolytic disorders (e.g., sickle cell disease, thalassemia, hereditary spherocytosis).
  • #78 Parvovirus Infection In Children — Pediatric EM Morsels
    https://pedemmorsels.com/parvovirus-infection-in-children/
    Parvovirus B19 is a small, non-enveloped DNA virus that infects humans. […] Responsible for a variety of diseases in humans, including the well-known fifth disease in children, but it can also lead to more severe complications in certain individuals, particularly those with compromised immune systems, or with underlying hematologic disorders. […] Parvovirus B19 is transmitted primarily through respiratory secretions. Other modes of transmission include: Vertical transmission: From mother to fetus during pregnancy, which can lead to serious complications. […] Individuals with pre-existing hematological disorders (e.g., sickle cell disease, thalassemia) can develop an aplastic crisis when the virus temporarily halts the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. […] Can cause severe fetal complications if the mother is infected during pregnancy.
  • #79 Parvovirus B19 Infection: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/961063-overview
    Parvovirus B19 has been shown to be the etiologic agent of erythema infectiosum in hematologically normal persons. […] Classic fifth disease, aplastic crisis, and papular-purpuric „gloves-and-socks” syndrome (PPGSS) are caused almost exclusively by parvovirus B19. This virus, distributed worldwide, infects only humans. Transmission occurs via vertical transmission (birth), large droplet respiratory secretions, transfusion of blood products, and percutaneous exposure to blood. […] Parvovirus B19 has been spread by blood products, such as intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), nonrecombinant clotting factors, platelets, and, to a lesser extent, packed RBCs. […] Parvovirus B19 is the only infectious cause of TAC known and has been shown to be the cause of aplastic crisis in over 80% of patients with sickle cell disease. […] Parvovirus B19 infection is the most common cause of nonimmune hydrops fetalis and can result in fetal death in 2-6% of cases.
  • #80 Parvo Virus and Sickle Cell Disorder » Sickle Cell Society
    https://www.sicklecellsociety.org/parvo-virus-and-sickle-cell-disorder/
    Parvovirus is a contagious virus that primarily affects children (also known as ‘slapped cheek syndrome’), but can also impact adults. […] In adults with anaemia, particularly those with conditions such as sickle cell disorder or autoimmune disorders affecting red blood cell production, parvo virus infection can lead to a condition known as aplastic crisis. […] Additionally, the combination of parvo virus infection and sickle cell disorder can increase the risk of developing acute chest syndrome, a potentially life-threatening complication characterised by chest pain, shortness of breath, and ‘pulmonary infiltrates’ – substances other than air entering the lungs. […] Parvo virus infection in individuals with sickle cell disorder may also lead to a hyper-haemolytic crisis – which is a rapid destruction of sickle cells, leading to a further decline in haemoglobin levels and worsening anaemia. […] Given the potential for severe complications, people with sickle cell disorder who develop symptoms of parvo virus infection should seek immediate medical attention.
  • #81 Parvo Virus and Sickle Cell Disorder » Sickle Cell Society
    https://www.sicklecellsociety.org/parvo-virus-and-sickle-cell-disorder/
    Parvovirus is a contagious virus that primarily affects children (also known as ‘slapped cheek syndrome’), but can also impact adults. […] In adults with anaemia, particularly those with conditions such as sickle cell disorder or autoimmune disorders affecting red blood cell production, parvo virus infection can lead to a condition known as aplastic crisis. […] Additionally, the combination of parvo virus infection and sickle cell disorder can increase the risk of developing acute chest syndrome, a potentially life-threatening complication characterised by chest pain, shortness of breath, and ‘pulmonary infiltrates’ – substances other than air entering the lungs. […] Parvo virus infection in individuals with sickle cell disorder may also lead to a hyper-haemolytic crisis – which is a rapid destruction of sickle cells, leading to a further decline in haemoglobin levels and worsening anaemia. […] Given the potential for severe complications, people with sickle cell disorder who develop symptoms of parvo virus infection should seek immediate medical attention.
  • #82 Parvovirus B19 – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvovirus_B19
    Parvovirus B19, also called B19 virus (B19V), Human parvovirus B19, or sometimes erythrovirus B19, is a human virus in the family Parvoviridae, genus Erythroparvovirus. […] The virus is assigned to the species Erythroparvovirus primate1. […] B19 virus is most known for causing disease in the pediatric population; however, it can also affect adults. […] It is the classic cause of the childhood rash called fifth disease or erythema infectiosum, or „slapped face syndrome”. […] The name comes from it being the fifth in a list of historical classifications of common skin rash illnesses in children. […] The virus was discovered by chance in 1975 by Australian virologist Yvonne Cossart. […] The name B19 originated from the coding of a serum sample, number 19 in panel B. […] Human parvovirus B19 is a non-enveloped, icosahedral virus that contains a single-stranded linear DNA genome of approximately 5,600 base pairs in length.
  • #83 Parvovirus Infection (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)
    https://patient.info/doctor/parvovirus-infection
    Parvovirus B19 (B19V) is a common infection, usually presenting as erythema infectiosum in children. […] The only parvovirus known to be pathogenic in humans is parvovirus B19, discovered in 1974 whilst testing for serum hepatitis B antigens. […] Parvovirus is an extremely common infection. […] The most common clinical encounter with parvovirus B19 is as the causative agent of erythema infectiosum (fifth disease). […] Transmission is usually via respiratory secretions but it can also be passed on via blood transfusion, bone marrow transplant, other blood products and from mother to baby via the placenta. […] Parvovirus B19 has an affinity for red cell precursors, so a transient aplastic crisis can be provoked by parvovirus infection in any patient with reduced red cell production or increased red cell loss.
  • #84 Parvovirus B19 Infections | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1999/1001/p1455.html
    Infections caused by human parvovirus B19 can result in a wide spectrum of manifestations, which are usually influenced by the patient’s immunologic and hematologic status. […] Parvovirus B19 was discovered fortuitously in 1975 by Cossart and colleagues, who unexpectedly found viral particles in the sera of asymptomatic patients being screened for hepatitis B infection. […] Subsequently, the simultaneous reports of parvovirus B19 as the etiologic agent for transient aplastic crisis among patients with sickle cell disease and for erythema infectiosum among schoolchildren established the association between parvovirus infection and these two disorders. […] Epidemiologic and serologic data not only have confirmed the role of parvovirus B19 in erythema infectiosum and transient aplastic crisis but have also established the importance of this virus as a cause of asymptomatic infection, chronic anemia in the immunocompromised host, acute and chronic arthritis and hydrops fetalis.
  • #85 Parvovirus in Humans: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
    https://www.healthline.com/health/parvovirus-in-humans
    Parvovirus B19 is an infectious virus that spreads from person to person. It spreads through nasal secretions, saliva, or spit when a person sneezes or coughs. […] It can also spread via: affected blood or blood products by plasma, bone marrow or organ transplant, a pregnant person to their baby. […] According to 2017 research, about 1% to 5% of pregnant people get a parvovirus B19 infection. But about 30% of those that do will pass it on to their babies.
  • #86 Parvovirus B19 Infection: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/961063-overview
    Parvovirus B19 has been shown to be the etiologic agent of erythema infectiosum in hematologically normal persons. […] Classic fifth disease, aplastic crisis, and papular-purpuric „gloves-and-socks” syndrome (PPGSS) are caused almost exclusively by parvovirus B19. This virus, distributed worldwide, infects only humans. Transmission occurs via vertical transmission (birth), large droplet respiratory secretions, transfusion of blood products, and percutaneous exposure to blood. […] Parvovirus B19 has been spread by blood products, such as intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), nonrecombinant clotting factors, platelets, and, to a lesser extent, packed RBCs. […] Parvovirus B19 is the only infectious cause of TAC known and has been shown to be the cause of aplastic crisis in over 80% of patients with sickle cell disease. […] Parvovirus B19 infection is the most common cause of nonimmune hydrops fetalis and can result in fetal death in 2-6% of cases.
  • #87 Parvovirus B19–Related Diseases – Viral Diseases – Infectious Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine
    https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.18.1.10.
    Parvovirus B19 is a DNA virus that causes viremia and replicates exclusively in erythroid progenitor cells. […] Humans are the only reservoir for parvovirus B19; the source of infection is an infected individual. Parvovirus B19 is transmitted predominantly via large infectious respiratory particles (IRPs) but may also spread via blood products and transplacental infection from mother to fetus. […] The disease is highly contagious, with attack rates of up to 60%. […] Parvovirus infection in pregnant women may result in fetal anemia and hydrops fetalis, or may lead to miscarriage, particularly when infection occurs before 20 weeks gestation. […] Chronic anemia occurs in immunocompromised patients as a consequence of a chronic parvovirus B19 infection of erythroid progenitor cells.
  • #88 Parvovirus B19–Related Diseases – Viral Diseases – Infectious Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine
    https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.18.1.10.
    Parvovirus B19 is a DNA virus that causes viremia and replicates exclusively in erythroid progenitor cells. […] Humans are the only reservoir for parvovirus B19; the source of infection is an infected individual. Parvovirus B19 is transmitted predominantly via large infectious respiratory particles (IRPs) but may also spread via blood products and transplacental infection from mother to fetus. […] The disease is highly contagious, with attack rates of up to 60%. […] Parvovirus infection in pregnant women may result in fetal anemia and hydrops fetalis, or may lead to miscarriage, particularly when infection occurs before 20 weeks gestation. […] Chronic anemia occurs in immunocompromised patients as a consequence of a chronic parvovirus B19 infection of erythroid progenitor cells.
  • #89 About Parvovirus B19 | Parvovirus B19 and Fifth Disease | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/parvovirus-b19/about/index.html
    Parvovirus B19 infection is usually mild for children and adults who are otherwise healthy, but some people may experience serious health complications. […] Parvovirus B19 has been shown to cause a severe drop in blood count (anemia) in some patients with certain blood disorders or with a weakened immune system. […] If you get a parvovirus B19 infection during pregnancy, the virus could spread to the baby. This is not common but could cause a miscarriage.
  • #90 Parvovirus Infection (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)
    https://patient.info/doctor/parvovirus-infection
    Parvovirus B19 can cause immunocytopenia in immunocompromised patients. […] Rarely, parvovirus B19 has been linked to hepatitis, myocarditis, meningitis, encephalitis and peripheral neuropathy. […] Maternal infection in the first trimester is associated with a risk of fetal death of 19%. […] Identification of parvovirus B19 infection in a pregnant woman is important, as parvovirus infection in the first half of pregnancy may cause intrauterine death and fetal hydrops. […] There is currently no licensed vaccine for parvovirus B19.