Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Parvoviruses – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK482245/

  Parvovirus B19 infection occurs worldwide and is most common in school-aged children. The prevalence of parvovirus B19 in developed countries in children younger than five years is 2% to 10%, 40% to 60% in adults older than 20 years, and 85% or more in people 70 years and older. Infections with parvovirus B19 tend to occur more often in the late winter, spring, and early summer. Mini-outbreaks of parvovirus B19 infection occur about every three to four years. […] Parvovirus infections are often managed by the pediatrician, primary care provider, or nurse practitioner. In most cases, the treatment is typically symptomatic. Children with erythema infectiosum usually feel well during the infection and do not require treatment. If arthropathy is present, NSAIDs can be used. Red blood cell transfusions can be given to patients in aplastic crisis. Mothers with confirmed infection in the one and two weeks of pregnancy should be monitored closely with serial ultrasounds. If needed, transfusions can be given to the fetus while in utero. After a person becomes infected with erythema infectiosum, immunity protects one from infection in the future. Most of the time, PPGSS resolves on its own without any sequelae.

• #2 Parvovirus B19 Infection: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/961063-overview

  Parvovirus B19 infection is extremely common. Seropositivity rates are 5-10% among young children (aged 2-5 years), increasing to 50% by age 15 years and 60% by age 30 years. A small percentage of adults acquire infection every year, resulting in an incidence of approximately 90% in adults older than 60 years. […] Clinical cases of parvovirus B19 infection (erythema infectiosum) may be sporadic or may occur in outbreaks in the late winter through early spring. Attack rates during school outbreaks may be as high as 60%, and secondary spread through nonimmune household contacts is common. A cyclic increase in the number of infections is also observed, peaking every 3-4 years. […] Infection can be an occupational hazard in child care workers, with a rate of 20% reported in some studies. A meta-analysis found a parvovirus B19 seroprevalence of 70% among daycare workers.

• #3 Parvovirus B19 infection: characteristics of population immunity in the world – Nikishov – Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology

  https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18526

  Parvovirus B19 infection (PVI) is one of the relatively new problems in infectology, data on the study of its prevalence in our country began to appear only at the beginning of the twenty-first century. […] Furthermore, unlike most countries, our country does not have a system for PVI detecting and reporting in the system of state sanitary and epidemiological supervision, which makes it difficult to conduct research on this topic. […] PVI is quite widespread worldwide and causes a wide range of clinical manifestations. A meta-analysis of plasma from 93,636 healthy donor individuals from 17 countries between 1993 and 2019 showed a prevalence of IgG markers at 50.1% (95% CI 43.1-57.1%) and IgM markers at 2.2% (95% CI 1.3-3.7%). […] The prevalence of B19V-specific IgG antibodies in the population depends on age: 2-20% in children under 5 years of age, 15-40% in children aged 5-18 years, and 40-80% in adults.

• #4 Virology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of parvovirus B19 infection – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/virology-epidemiology-and-pathogenesis-of-parvovirus-b19-infection

  Unless otherwise specified, human parvovirus B19 (B19) will be the strain referred to when describing epidemiology and transmission, which are discussed in this topic. […] Genotypes 1 and 2 are typically found in western countries (eg, United States and Europe), with the latter genotype being more common in older adults. Genotype 3 circulates primarily in Africa and South America but has been encountered in Europe and Asia. Compared with genotype 1, much less has been published on the transmission and epidemiology of genotype 2 and genotype 3.

• #5 Virology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of parvovirus B19 infection – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/virology-epidemiology-and-pathogenesis-of-parvovirus-b19-infection/print

  Unless otherwise specified, human parvovirus B19 (B19) will be the strain referred to when describing epidemiology and transmission, which are discussed in this topic. […] Genotypes 1 and 2 are typically found in western countries (eg, United States and Europe), with the latter genotype being more common in older adults. Genotype 3 circulates primarily in Africa and South America but has been encountered in Europe and Asia. […] Compared with genotype 1, much less has been published on the transmission and epidemiology of genotype 2 and genotype 3.

• #6 Comprehensive surveillance data suggest a prominent role of parvovirus B19 infection in Belarus and the presence of a third subtype within subgenotype 1a | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-79587-2

  Human parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection is not notifiable in Belarus and its most common clinical presentation erythema infectiosum (EI) is often difficult to distinguish from other exanthematous diseases. […] The epidemiological and molecular analyses highlighted not only the prominent role of B19V in exanthematous diseases in Belarus, but also suggested a previously underestimated diversity of subgenotype 1a sequences with a third subtype 1a3. […] The long-term dynamics confirmed a cyclic course of EI in Belarus with significant variation in annual incidence rates (0.17 versus 2.03). […] The molecular investigation of B19Vs confirmed the predominance of subgenotype 1a. […] The data presented here demonstrate that high-quality surveillance of measles and rubella can also provide comprehensive data on non-notifiable rash and fever diseases such as EI. Our findings did not only highlight the prominent role of B19V in Belarus, but also contributed to a better understanding of EI epidemiology in the country and likely in general in temperate zones.

• #7 Parvoviruses – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK482245/

  Parvovirus B19 infection occurs worldwide and is most common in school-aged children. The prevalence of parvovirus B19 in developed countries in children younger than five years is 2% to 10%, 40% to 60% in adults older than 20 years, and 85% or more in people 70 years and older. Infections with parvovirus B19 tend to occur more often in the late winter, spring, and early summer. Mini-outbreaks of parvovirus B19 infection occur about every three to four years. […] Parvovirus infections are often managed by the pediatrician, primary care provider, or nurse practitioner. In most cases, the treatment is typically symptomatic. Children with erythema infectiosum usually feel well during the infection and do not require treatment. If arthropathy is present, NSAIDs can be used. Red blood cell transfusions can be given to patients in aplastic crisis. Mothers with confirmed infection in the one and two weeks of pregnancy should be monitored closely with serial ultrasounds. If needed, transfusions can be given to the fetus while in utero. After a person becomes infected with erythema infectiosum, immunity protects one from infection in the future. Most of the time, PPGSS resolves on its own without any sequelae.

• #8 Parvovirus B19 Infection: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/961063-overview

  Parvovirus B19 infection is extremely common. Seropositivity rates are 5-10% among young children (aged 2-5 years), increasing to 50% by age 15 years and 60% by age 30 years. A small percentage of adults acquire infection every year, resulting in an incidence of approximately 90% in adults older than 60 years. […] Clinical cases of parvovirus B19 infection (erythema infectiosum) may be sporadic or may occur in outbreaks in the late winter through early spring. Attack rates during school outbreaks may be as high as 60%, and secondary spread through nonimmune household contacts is common. A cyclic increase in the number of infections is also observed, peaking every 3-4 years. […] Infection can be an occupational hazard in child care workers, with a rate of 20% reported in some studies. A meta-analysis found a parvovirus B19 seroprevalence of 70% among daycare workers.

• #9 Eurosurveillance | Clinical and epidemiological aspects of parvovirus B19 infections in Ireland, January 1996-June 2008

  https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/ese.14.25.19249-en?crawler=true

  Parvovirus B19 infection may be mistakenly reported as measles or rubella if laboratory testing is not performed. […] The main purpose of this study was to describe the epidemiological pattern of parvovirus B19, a common cause of rash, in Ireland between January 1996 and June 2008, using times series analysis of laboratory diagnostic data from the National Virus Reference Laboratory. […] The time series analysis identified seasonal trends in parvovirus B19 infection, with annual cycles peaking in late winter/spring and a six-year cycle for parvovirus B19 outbreaks in Ireland.

• #10 The epidemic process of acute parvovirus infection in the Republic of Belarus – Yermolovich – Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items

  https://journals.eco-vector.com/2226-6976/article/view/278496

  Objective. To establish the manifestations of the epidemic process of parvovirus infection in Belarus in the period 2005-2014 on the basis of the laboratory-verified cases of exanthematous form of the disease. […] One epidemic cycle lasting 9 years was revealed in the long-term dynamics. The annual seasonal dynamics was characterized by prevalence in winter, spring, and summer with 7- and 4-month seasonal peaks in ill-being and well-being years, respectively. […] The incidence rates in the children aged 4-6 and 7-10 years (6.76 and 5.34 per 100,000 children of this age, respectively) was 5 or more times higher than in the other age groups. […] The analysis of laboratory-verified parvovirus infection cases notified in the Republic of Belarus within a 10-year follow-up could establish long-term and annual morbidity trends, as well as the age structure of the cases.

• #11 Changing epidemiology of parvovirus B19 in the Netherlands since 1990, including its re-emergence after the COVID-19 pandemic | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-59582-7

  Parvovirus B19V (B19V) infection during pregnancy can be complicated by potentially life-threatening fetal hydrops, which can be managed by intrauterine transfusion (IUT). This study investigates the long-term temporal patterns in the epidemiology of B19V and evaluates the impact on fetal hydrops, by combining data on B19V infections from the Dutch Sentinel Surveillance system in the period 1990 to 2023, Dutch blood banking data and hospital data on fetal hydrops. […] After 2009, no multiannual cycle could be identified, although the incidence fluctuated and correlates with number of IUT performed. As of 2020, weekly reports of B19V infection demonstrated a historically low incidence and B19V-DNA positive blood donors were nearly absent. […] Due to the changes in B19V epidemiology over the last 30 years and the near-absence of B19V during the COVID-19 pandemic, the resulting low immunity levels may lead to rebound outbreaks. Alertness to severe complications such as fetal hydrops is warranted.

• #12 Changing epidemiology of parvovirus B19 in the Netherlands since 1990, including its re-emergence after the COVID-19 pandemic | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-59582-7

  The aim of this study was to describe the regular seasonal variation of B19V infections in the Netherlands over the past three decades, and to analyse the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on B19V epidemiology, also considering possible clinical consequences such as fetal hydrops. […] After near-absence of B19V during the COVID-19 pandemic, B19V is now reemerging, which requires vigilance for severe complications in fetuses or other hosts susceptible to severe infection. […] In the Sentinel Surveillance data, the mean annual number of reported infections was 173 in the period 1990-2019. In the period 2020-2022 the mean annual number of reports was much lower at 92 reports per year. […] In the spring of 2023, Sentinel Surveillance data showed an increasing number of B19V infections, indicating the re-emergence of B19V that continues into the winter of 2023. […] The annual epidemic cycle for B19V has been absent for three consecutive years.

• #13 Changing epidemiology of parvovirus B19 in the Netherlands since 1990, including its re-emergence after the COVID-19 pandemic | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-59582-7

  The aim of this study was to describe the regular seasonal variation of B19V infections in the Netherlands over the past three decades, and to analyse the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on B19V epidemiology, also considering possible clinical consequences such as fetal hydrops. […] After near-absence of B19V during the COVID-19 pandemic, B19V is now reemerging, which requires vigilance for severe complications in fetuses or other hosts susceptible to severe infection. […] In the Sentinel Surveillance data, the mean annual number of reported infections was 173 in the period 1990-2019. In the period 2020-2022 the mean annual number of reports was much lower at 92 reports per year. […] In the spring of 2023, Sentinel Surveillance data showed an increasing number of B19V infections, indicating the re-emergence of B19V that continues into the winter of 2023. […] The annual epidemic cycle for B19V has been absent for three consecutive years.

• #14 About Parvovirus B19 | Parvovirus B19 and Fifth Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/parvovirus-b19/about/index.html

  Parvovirus B19 has become more prevalent this year with an increased number of cases in 2024, compared to previous years. […] Recent MMWR articles demonstrate how certain groups at increased risk from infection have been affected by severe health outcomes. […] Detection of Increased Activity of Human Parvovirus B19 Using Commercial Laboratory Testing of Clinical Samples and Source Plasma Donor Pools United States, 2024. […] Notes from the Field: Human Parvovirus B19 Infections Among Pregnant Persons Minnesota, January-September 2024. […] Notes from the Field: Increase in Diagnoses of Human Parvovirus B19-Associated Aplastic Crises in Children and Adolescents with Sickle Cell Disease Atlanta, Georgia, December 14, 2023-September 30, 2024.

• #15 Health Alert Network (HAN) – 00514 | Increase in Human Parvovirus B19 Activity in the United States

  https://www.cdc.gov/han/2024/han00514.html

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is issuing this Health Alert Network (HAN) Health Advisory to notify healthcare providers, public health authorities, and the public about current increases in human parvovirus B19 activity in the United States. […] In the United States, there is no routine surveillance for parvovirus B19, and it is not a notifiable condition. […] Recently, CDC has received reports indicating increased parvovirus B19 activity in the United States. […] The proportion of people with IgM antibodies increased among all ages from 3% during 20222024 to 10% in June 2024; the greatest increase was observed among children aged 59 years, from 15% during 20222024 to 40% in June 2024. […] Recently, CDC has received reports indicating increased parvovirus B19 activity in the United States. These reports include data from commercial laboratories of increasing parvovirus B19 test positivity by nucleic acid amplification tests and serology in the general population and increased serological evidence of infection in plasma donors. […] There is no routine surveillance for parvovirus B19 in the United States.

• #16 CDC HAN: Increase in Human Parvovirus B19 Activity in the United States – King County, Washington

  https://kingcounty.gov/ko-kr/dept/dph/health-safety/disease-illness/health-advisories/2024/august-13-han

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is issuing this Health Alert Network (HAN) Health Advisory to notify healthcare providers, public health authorities, and the public about current increases in human parvovirus B19 activity in the United States. […] In the United States, there is no routine surveillance for parvovirus B19, and it is not a notifiable condition. […] Recently, CDC has received reports indicating increased parvovirus B19 activity in the United States. […] The proportion of people with IgM antibodies increased among all ages from 3% during 20222024 to 10% in June 2024; the greatest increase was observed among children aged 59 years, from 15% during 20222024 to 40% in June 2024. […] Among plasma donors, the prevalence of pooled samples with parvovirus B19 DNA 104 IU/mL increased from 1.5% in December 2023 to 19.9% in June 2024. […] Recently, CDC has received reports indicating increased parvovirus B19 activity in the United States. […] There is no routine surveillance for parvovirus B19 in the United States.

• #17 Epidemiology of Parvovirus B19 in Türkiye: A Descriptive Analysis of National Surveillance Data (2020-2024) – Balkan Medical Journal

  https://balkanmedicaljournal.org/abstract.php?id=2716

  Epidemiology of Parvovirus B19 in Trkiye: A Descriptive Analysis of National Surveillance Data (2020-2024) […] Parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection occurs worldwide seasonally, especially in school-age children. […] In 2024, B19V outbreak occurred in Trkiye and many other countries. […] To estimate incidences of B19V infection in Trkiye from 2020 to 2024 using National Infectious Disease Surveillance and Early Warning System (IZCI) and to determine case fatality rate (CFR) during the 2024 outbreak period. […] The estimated incidence in 2024 was 15.24 per 100,000. The peak of the outbreak was in May. The regions with the highest cumulative incidences during the outbreak period were the Black Sea, Marmara, and Central Anatolia. The highest cumulative incidence was 102.64 per 100,000 in 5-9 age group. The CFR was calculated as 0.0184% in the outbreak with 2 deaths out of 10,898 cases.

• #18 Health Alert Network (HAN) – 00514 | Increase in Human Parvovirus B19 Activity in the United States

  https://www.cdc.gov/han/2024/han00514.html

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is issuing this Health Alert Network (HAN) Health Advisory to notify healthcare providers, public health authorities, and the public about current increases in human parvovirus B19 activity in the United States. […] In the United States, there is no routine surveillance for parvovirus B19, and it is not a notifiable condition. […] Recently, CDC has received reports indicating increased parvovirus B19 activity in the United States. […] The proportion of people with IgM antibodies increased among all ages from 3% during 20222024 to 10% in June 2024; the greatest increase was observed among children aged 59 years, from 15% during 20222024 to 40% in June 2024. […] Recently, CDC has received reports indicating increased parvovirus B19 activity in the United States. These reports include data from commercial laboratories of increasing parvovirus B19 test positivity by nucleic acid amplification tests and serology in the general population and increased serological evidence of infection in plasma donors. […] There is no routine surveillance for parvovirus B19 in the United States.

• #19 Parvovirus – Health Protection Surveillance Centre

  https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/other/parvovirus/

  Parvovirus B19 is not a notifiable disease in Ireland, therefore laboratory test data from the National Virus Reference Laboratory (NVRL) is displayed. […] In 2024, Ireland, like other countries, saw an increase in positive laboratory tests for Parvovirus B19, following low levels seen during the pandemic years. […] The number of positive Parvovirus B19 IgM tests January 2024 to end September 2024. […] The percentage Parvovirus B19 IgM test positivity January 2024 to end September 2024.

• #20 No 13 – 2024

  https://en.ssi.dk/news/epi-news/2024/no-13—2024

  Currently, an increase is being observed in the number of Fifth disease cases in Denmark. […] Fifth disease is not notifiable, and its prevalence is therefore not monitored systematically by Statens Serum Institut (SSI). […] In Denmark, it is estimated that approx. 60% of adults have had B19 infection and are therefore immune to re-infection. […] Parvovirus B19 infections occur endemically all year, and epidemics occur approx. every 3-4 years, typically in the spring months. […] According to previous Danish studies, the infectious pressure in the population is approx. 13% (seronegative pregnant women) during epidemics and around 1.5% in non-epidemic periods. […] The most recent parvovirus epidemic occurred in 2017 when a total of 671 persons with parvovirus B19 infection were identified in the MiBa.

• #21 Retrospective and Prospective Surveillance and Clinical Presentation of Parvovirus B19 in Veneto, Italy, 2024

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/2/430

  The recent increase in parvovirus B19 (B19V) infections across Europe has underscored the need for enhanced surveillance. […] In Italy, B19V surveillance is not mandated nationally. […] This ambispective (retrospective and prospective) study aimed to assess the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the 2024 apparent surge in the Veneto Region by implementing mandatory disease notification starting in May 2024 and collecting clinical data on confirmed cases. […] During the surveillance period, 3156 B19V cases were reported, with 2.9% (93/3156) requiring hospitalisation (95% CI 2.4–3.5%). […] The objective of this study is, first and foremost, to assess the epidemiological situation of B19V infections in the Veneto Region, Italy, to determine whether the recent European resurgence has affected the region.

• #22 Risks posed by reported increased circulation of human parvovirus B19 in the EU/EEA

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/risks-posed-reported-increased-circulation-human-parvovirus-b19-eueea

  ECDC is following reports from several European Union and European Economic Area (EU/EEA) countries of substantial increases in the detection of parvovirus B19 (B19V). […] Since March 2024, nine EU/EEA countries have reported increased detections of B19V on the European surveillance portal for infectious diseases, EpiPulse, from a number of monitoring systems, mostly during late 2023 and early 2024. […] As a response to an inquiry from ECDC to the National Focal Points (NFPs) in the ECDC-SoHO network blood group on B19V infections, 10 countries reported an increase in reactive tests for B19V in blood donors or in donations of plasma for fractionation during the first months of 2024 compared to the same period in 2023. […] Based on the unusually high numbers of B19V cases reported in 14 EU/EEA countries, the risk of infection is assessed in four population groups as follows:

• #23 Parvovirus B19 infection: characteristics of population immunity in the world – Nikishov – Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology

  https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18526

  Parvovirus B19 infection (PVI) is one of the relatively new problems in infectology, data on the study of its prevalence in our country began to appear only at the beginning of the twenty-first century. […] Furthermore, unlike most countries, our country does not have a system for PVI detecting and reporting in the system of state sanitary and epidemiological supervision, which makes it difficult to conduct research on this topic. […] PVI is quite widespread worldwide and causes a wide range of clinical manifestations. A meta-analysis of plasma from 93,636 healthy donor individuals from 17 countries between 1993 and 2019 showed a prevalence of IgG markers at 50.1% (95% CI 43.1-57.1%) and IgM markers at 2.2% (95% CI 1.3-3.7%). […] The prevalence of B19V-specific IgG antibodies in the population depends on age: 2-20% in children under 5 years of age, 15-40% in children aged 5-18 years, and 40-80% in adults.

• #24 Parvovirus B19 infection: characteristics of population immunity in the world – Nikishov – Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology

  https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18526

  Parvovirus B19 infection (PVI) is one of the relatively new problems in infectology, data on the study of its prevalence in our country began to appear only at the beginning of the twenty-first century. […] Furthermore, unlike most countries, our country does not have a system for PVI detecting and reporting in the system of state sanitary and epidemiological supervision, which makes it difficult to conduct research on this topic. […] PVI is quite widespread worldwide and causes a wide range of clinical manifestations. A meta-analysis of plasma from 93,636 healthy donor individuals from 17 countries between 1993 and 2019 showed a prevalence of IgG markers at 50.1% (95% CI 43.1-57.1%) and IgM markers at 2.2% (95% CI 1.3-3.7%). […] The prevalence of B19V-specific IgG antibodies in the population depends on age: 2-20% in children under 5 years of age, 15-40% in children aged 5-18 years, and 40-80% in adults.

• #25 Current epidemiological aspects of human parvovirus B19 infection during pregnancy and childhood in the western part of Germany | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/current-epidemiological-aspects-of-human-parvovirus-b19-infection-during-pregnancy-and-childhood-in-the-western-part-of-germany/A2F9E31C90743084760E7EA95BFD3B83

  Each year, about 75% of IgM-positive cases were recorded between January and June. The epidemic cycle of parvovirus B19 appeared to be around 4 years with 1 or 2 epidemic years followed by 2 or 3 years where infection was less frequent. […] If a pregnant woman is exposed to a suspected case of erythema infectiosum or presents with signs or symptoms of acute B19 infection, testing for both B19 IgG and IgM is generally recommended. According to our findings antibody testing should not be restricted to patients presenting with a typical rash since the presence of a non-specific rash was also associated with B19 IgM positivity. […] The age-specific IgG-positivity rate increased from around 12.2% (66/541) at 2 years of age to 71.9% (396/551) in those older than 10 years.

• #26 Current epidemiological aspects of human parvovirus B19 infection during pregnancy and childhood in the western part of Germany | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/current-epidemiological-aspects-of-human-parvovirus-b19-infection-during-pregnancy-and-childhood-in-the-western-part-of-germany/A2F9E31C90743084760E7EA95BFD3B83

  Each year, about 75% of IgM-positive cases were recorded between January and June. The epidemic cycle of parvovirus B19 appeared to be around 4 years with 1 or 2 epidemic years followed by 2 or 3 years where infection was less frequent. […] If a pregnant woman is exposed to a suspected case of erythema infectiosum or presents with signs or symptoms of acute B19 infection, testing for both B19 IgG and IgM is generally recommended. According to our findings antibody testing should not be restricted to patients presenting with a typical rash since the presence of a non-specific rash was also associated with B19 IgM positivity. […] The age-specific IgG-positivity rate increased from around 12.2% (66/541) at 2 years of age to 71.9% (396/551) in those older than 10 years.

• #27 Parvovirus B19 infection: characteristics of population immunity in the world – Nikishov – Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology

  https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18526

  Parvovirus B19 infection (PVI) is one of the relatively new problems in infectology, data on the study of its prevalence in our country began to appear only at the beginning of the twenty-first century. […] Furthermore, unlike most countries, our country does not have a system for PVI detecting and reporting in the system of state sanitary and epidemiological supervision, which makes it difficult to conduct research on this topic. […] PVI is quite widespread worldwide and causes a wide range of clinical manifestations. A meta-analysis of plasma from 93,636 healthy donor individuals from 17 countries between 1993 and 2019 showed a prevalence of IgG markers at 50.1% (95% CI 43.1-57.1%) and IgM markers at 2.2% (95% CI 1.3-3.7%). […] The prevalence of B19V-specific IgG antibodies in the population depends on age: 2-20% in children under 5 years of age, 15-40% in children aged 5-18 years, and 40-80% in adults.

• #28 Current epidemiological aspects of human parvovirus B19 infection during pregnancy and childhood in the western part of Germany | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/current-epidemiological-aspects-of-human-parvovirus-b19-infection-during-pregnancy-and-childhood-in-the-western-part-of-germany/A2F9E31C90743084760E7EA95BFD3B83

  This investigation was undertaken to provide detailed information on the epidemiology of human parvovirus B19 (B19) infection during pregnancy and childhood in the western part of Germany. […] In conclusion, the prevalence of B19 IgG in pregnant women from the western part of Germany is higher than previously reported. Contact with children aged 3-10 years is a major risk factor for exposure to B19. Pregnant women with the history of a non-specific rash should also be evaluated for acute B19 infection. […] In the present study we observed a higher prevalence of B19 IgG in pregnant women (69.2%) than previously reported from Germany (50-55%). The findings of our analysis are in line with recently published studies from Denmark, Ireland, The Netherlands, Victoria (Australia) and Montreal (Canada) which report a B19 IgG prevalence of about 63-70% in women of childbearing age.

• #29 Current epidemiological aspects of human parvovirus B19 infection during pregnancy and childhood in the western part of Germany | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/current-epidemiological-aspects-of-human-parvovirus-b19-infection-during-pregnancy-and-childhood-in-the-western-part-of-germany/A2F9E31C90743084760E7EA95BFD3B83

  This investigation was undertaken to provide detailed information on the epidemiology of human parvovirus B19 (B19) infection during pregnancy and childhood in the western part of Germany. […] In conclusion, the prevalence of B19 IgG in pregnant women from the western part of Germany is higher than previously reported. Contact with children aged 3-10 years is a major risk factor for exposure to B19. Pregnant women with the history of a non-specific rash should also be evaluated for acute B19 infection. […] In the present study we observed a higher prevalence of B19 IgG in pregnant women (69.2%) than previously reported from Germany (50-55%). The findings of our analysis are in line with recently published studies from Denmark, Ireland, The Netherlands, Victoria (Australia) and Montreal (Canada) which report a B19 IgG prevalence of about 63-70% in women of childbearing age.

• #30 Seroprevalence of parvovirus B19 infection in daycare educators | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/seroprevalence-of-parvovirus-b19-infection-in-daycare-educators/4BD0859A9C7BC716C3127EAEA6D402D6

  This study was undertaken to provide first-time estimates for the seroprevalence of parvovirus B19 infection among daycare educators in Montral, Canada, and to identify factors associated with seropositivity. […] The seroprevalence of parvovirus B19 was 70%. […] In conclusion, working as a daycare educator appears to be associated with increased risk of acquiring parvovirus B19 infection, but this finding will require further investigation. […] Because of the large proportion of educators susceptible to acquiring parvovirus B19 infection, our findings also highlight the need for preventive measures.

• #31 Parvovirus B19 Infection: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/961063-overview

  Parvovirus B19 infection is extremely common. Seropositivity rates are 5-10% among young children (aged 2-5 years), increasing to 50% by age 15 years and 60% by age 30 years. A small percentage of adults acquire infection every year, resulting in an incidence of approximately 90% in adults older than 60 years. […] Clinical cases of parvovirus B19 infection (erythema infectiosum) may be sporadic or may occur in outbreaks in the late winter through early spring. Attack rates during school outbreaks may be as high as 60%, and secondary spread through nonimmune household contacts is common. A cyclic increase in the number of infections is also observed, peaking every 3-4 years. […] Infection can be an occupational hazard in child care workers, with a rate of 20% reported in some studies. A meta-analysis found a parvovirus B19 seroprevalence of 70% among daycare workers.

• #32 Parvovirus B19 infection and its significance in pregnancy

  https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-pubs-cdi-2000-cdi2403s-cdi24msa.htm

  Asymptomatic fetal infection occurs in up to 50% of cases following proven maternal infection in pregnancy. […] The small risk of fetal damage is virtually confined to the first half of pregnancy. There is an excess early fetal loss, following maternal infection in the first 20 weeks, of about 15% compared with a background rate of 5%; that is, the excess is about 10%. […] The risks of occupational exposure of a pregnant woman, to parvovirus B19 infection during an epidemic, are summarised in Figure 1. […] No specific developmental abnormalities or increase in their incidence, and no long-term sequelae in otherwise normal infants, have been attributable to maternal parvovirus infection. […] However, the low risk following infection in pregnancy does not justify routine exclusion of susceptible pregnant women from working with children during epidemics.

• #33 Parvovirus infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parvovirus-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20376085

  Parvovirus infection is a common and highly contagious childhood illness. […] Human parvovirus infection is most common among elementary school-age children during outbreaks in the winter and spring months, but anyone can become ill with it anytime of the year. It spreads from person to person, just like a cold, often through breathing, coughing and saliva, so it can spread through close contact between people and hand-to-hand contact. […] The illness is contagious in the week before the rash appears. Once the rash appears, you or your child are no longer considered contagious and don’t need to be isolated.

• #34 Parvovirus infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parvovirus-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20376085

  Parvovirus infection is a common and highly contagious childhood illness. […] Human parvovirus infection is most common among elementary school-age children during outbreaks in the winter and spring months, but anyone can become ill with it anytime of the year. It spreads from person to person, just like a cold, often through breathing, coughing and saliva, so it can spread through close contact between people and hand-to-hand contact. […] The illness is contagious in the week before the rash appears. Once the rash appears, you or your child are no longer considered contagious and don’t need to be isolated.

• #35 Erythema infectiosum (human parvovirus or slapped cheek)

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/erythema-infectiosum-human-parvovirus-or-slapped-cheek

  Human parvovirus infection occurs worldwide and is a common childhood disease. Outbreaks occur during winter and spring, with epidemics occurring every 34 years. […] Up to 50 per cent of susceptible household contacts and 10-60 per cent of childcare or school contacts may be infected during outbreaks. […] The virus is transmitted by contact with infected respiratory secretions. It may be spread vertically from mother to fetus and, rarely, by transfusion of blood products. […] Children with erythema infectiosum are most infectious before the onset of the rash and are probably not infectious after the rash appears. […] Patients with an aplastic crisis are infectious for a week after the onset of symptoms. […] Immunosuppressed people with chronic anaemia due to infection may excrete virus for years. […] Infection generally confers immunity. Serological surveys suggest that 51-5 per cent of preschool children and 50-60 per cent of all adults are immune. […] General public health measures include advising high-risk people of relevant outbreaks.

• #36 Erythema infectiosum (human parvovirus or slapped cheek)

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/erythema-infectiosum-human-parvovirus-or-slapped-cheek

  Human parvovirus infection occurs worldwide and is a common childhood disease. Outbreaks occur during winter and spring, with epidemics occurring every 34 years. […] Up to 50 per cent of susceptible household contacts and 10-60 per cent of childcare or school contacts may be infected during outbreaks. […] The virus is transmitted by contact with infected respiratory secretions. It may be spread vertically from mother to fetus and, rarely, by transfusion of blood products. […] Children with erythema infectiosum are most infectious before the onset of the rash and are probably not infectious after the rash appears. […] Patients with an aplastic crisis are infectious for a week after the onset of symptoms. […] Immunosuppressed people with chronic anaemia due to infection may excrete virus for years. […] Infection generally confers immunity. Serological surveys suggest that 51-5 per cent of preschool children and 50-60 per cent of all adults are immune. […] General public health measures include advising high-risk people of relevant outbreaks.

• #37 Erythema infectiosum (human parvovirus or slapped cheek)

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/erythema-infectiosum-human-parvovirus-or-slapped-cheek

  Human parvovirus infection occurs worldwide and is a common childhood disease. Outbreaks occur during winter and spring, with epidemics occurring every 34 years. […] Up to 50 per cent of susceptible household contacts and 10-60 per cent of childcare or school contacts may be infected during outbreaks. […] The virus is transmitted by contact with infected respiratory secretions. It may be spread vertically from mother to fetus and, rarely, by transfusion of blood products. […] Children with erythema infectiosum are most infectious before the onset of the rash and are probably not infectious after the rash appears. […] Patients with an aplastic crisis are infectious for a week after the onset of symptoms. […] Immunosuppressed people with chronic anaemia due to infection may excrete virus for years. […] Infection generally confers immunity. Serological surveys suggest that 51-5 per cent of preschool children and 50-60 per cent of all adults are immune. […] General public health measures include advising high-risk people of relevant outbreaks.

• #38 Risks posed by reported increased circulation of human parvovirus B19 in the EU/EEA

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/risks-posed-reported-increased-circulation-human-parvovirus-b19-eueea

  The risk for the general population is assessed as low, as most infections are in the form of a mild exanthematous disease of childhood, although some complications may occur. […] The risk for pregnant women, less than 20 weeks gestation is assessed as low to moderate, considering the uncertainties about the virus circulation, the fact that an estimated 30-40% of women of childbearing age are susceptible to the infection, and severe outcomes occur in a small percent of infected pregnancies. […] The risk for immunosuppressed people is assessed as moderate, as these patients cannot clear the infection and can suffer chronic anaemia, pancytopenia, graft loss or dysfunction and organ-invasive disease. […] The risk for people with chronic haematological diseases (e.g. sickle cell disease, thalassaemia, etc.) is assessed as moderate, as B19V infection can cause transient aplastic crisis.

• #39 Changing epidemiology of parvovirus B19 in the Netherlands since 1990, including its re-emergence after the COVID-19 pandemic | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-59582-7

  Parvovirus B19V (B19V) infection during pregnancy can be complicated by potentially life-threatening fetal hydrops, which can be managed by intrauterine transfusion (IUT). This study investigates the long-term temporal patterns in the epidemiology of B19V and evaluates the impact on fetal hydrops, by combining data on B19V infections from the Dutch Sentinel Surveillance system in the period 1990 to 2023, Dutch blood banking data and hospital data on fetal hydrops. […] After 2009, no multiannual cycle could be identified, although the incidence fluctuated and correlates with number of IUT performed. As of 2020, weekly reports of B19V infection demonstrated a historically low incidence and B19V-DNA positive blood donors were nearly absent. […] Due to the changes in B19V epidemiology over the last 30 years and the near-absence of B19V during the COVID-19 pandemic, the resulting low immunity levels may lead to rebound outbreaks. Alertness to severe complications such as fetal hydrops is warranted.

• #40 Changing epidemiology of parvovirus B19 in the Netherlands since 1990, including its re-emergence after the COVID-19 pandemic | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-59582-7

  This implies that when B19V re-enters the population on a large scale, an epidemic amongst children could result in a sizeable increase in infections during pregnancy. […] Awareness of the potential for B19V outbreaks in the near future, requires prompt diagnostics and monitoring, to detect infections as early as possible to prevent fetal morbidity and mortality in pregnancy.

• #41 Risks posed by reported increased circulation of human parvovirus B19 in the EU/EEA

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/risks-posed-reported-increased-circulation-human-parvovirus-b19-eueea

  ECDC recommends that public health authorities in the countries should raise awareness among clinicians of the observed increase of B19V to assist in counselling and managing their patients appropriately. […] Conduct risk communication to the risk groups, including pregnant women, immunosuppressed and transplant recipients, and patients with chronic blood disorders, particularly haemolytic anaemias. […] Review, in a multidisciplinary collaboration, any available datasets collected on B19V infections going back to the years before the pandemic to establish trends and changes in patterns of transmission. Reporting these findings to EpiPulse will assist in improving the risk assessment and tailor the risk communication messages for all EU countries.

• #42 Retrospective and Prospective Surveillance and Clinical Presentation of Parvovirus B19 in Veneto, Italy, 2024

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/2/430

  The high prevalence of concurrent haematological disorders in hospitalised cases, including spherocytosis and beta-thalassemia minor, highlights the interaction between B19V and underlying conditions. […] This underscores the need for clinicians to remain vigilant for concurrent infections when managing severe B19V cases. […] The feasibility of implementing a mandatory systematic and potentially EU-wide surveillance for B19V, with active international communication and collaboration, should be explored.

• #43 Changing epidemiology of parvovirus B19 in the Netherlands since 1990, including its re-emergence after the COVID-19 pandemic | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-59582-7

  This implies that when B19V re-enters the population on a large scale, an epidemic amongst children could result in a sizeable increase in infections during pregnancy. […] Awareness of the potential for B19V outbreaks in the near future, requires prompt diagnostics and monitoring, to detect infections as early as possible to prevent fetal morbidity and mortality in pregnancy.

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