Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology of Blastocystis Infection: A Review of Data from Poland in Relation to Other Reports

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10458783/

  Blastocystis is a common gut protist of humans and various animals worldwide, with a high level of genetic diversity. […] Here, we summarise (in relation to other reports) the results of studies on the prevalence and genotypic variation of Blastocystis, which were carried out in animals, humans, and in water environments in Poland. […] In humans, the prevalence ranged between 0.14 and 23.6%, in some animals reached 58.97%, and in water environments was 5.1%. […] These observations indicate the possibility of Blastocystis transmission between animals and humans. Further studies should be continued in search of the sources and transmission routes of Blastocystis in order to prevent the spread of infections among humans and animals. […] The prevalence of parasitic infections in humans is related to the environmental, sanitary, and hygienic conditions in which they live.

• #1 Blastocystis species – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/blastocystis-species

  Blastocystis spp have been observed worldwide. The organism resides in the colon and cecum of children and adults. The mode of and risk factors for transmission are not fully understood. The parasite is ubiquitous in the environment, and contaminated food, water, and soil are potential sources of infection through faecal-oral transmission. The occurrence of Blastocystis spp in environmental water sources may be associated with climatic factors (eg, temperature) and water contamination (coliform count, turbidity, and total dissolved solids). Blastocystis spp have also been found in animals including pigs, monkeys, rodents, and poultry. There seems to be poor host specificity; transmission occurs from human to human and between humans and animals. Blastocystis is more commonly found among individuals with occupational exposure to animals, supporting the potential for zoonotic transmission.

• #2 Blastocystis hominis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastocystis_hominis

  Blastocystis hominis is a single-celled eukaryotic organism that inhabits the gastrointestinal tract of humans and various animals. This stramenopile exhibits significant genetic diversity and has become an organism of increasing scientific interest due to its widespread distribution and controversial role in human health. Recent molecular studies have identified numerous subtypes, suggesting a complex evolutionary history and host-parasite relationship. The organism is one of the most common intestinal protists in humans, with infection rates reaching up to 100% in some developing regions. […] Current diagnostic techniques have progressed from basic microscopy to include molecular tools such as PCR-based techniques, since studies have indicated possible links between Blastocystis infections and changes in the gut microbiota. […] There is still disagreement among scientists on Blastocystis hominis’ capacity for pathogenicity.

• #2 BLASTOCYSTIS HOMINIS: A MYSTERIOUS AND COMMONLY DISREGARDED PARASITE | Tasić | Facta Universitatis, Series: Medicine and Biology

  https://casopisi.junis.ni.ac.rs/index.php/FUMedBiol/article/view/2251

  Blastocystis hominis (B. hominis) is an anaerobic, single-cell protozoan, commonly present in human and animal stool samples. […] The prevalence of the parasitosis varies both between the countries, and between certain population groups within individual countries. […] Due to poor hygienic conditions, common exposure to animals and intake of contaminated water and food, people in the developing countries have got a higher prevalence of blastocystosis, but economically developed countries have not been spared either. […] The parasite is transferred by the fecal-oral route. […] A variety of hosts have been identified, and animal-to-human and vice versa transfers have been documented. […] The diagnosis can be made using the methods of conventional microscopy (CVM), phase-contrast and electron microscopy, cultivation, serodiagnosis, and by using molecular methods.

• #3 The Prevalence of Blastocystis hominis and Other Protozoan Parasites in Soldiers Returning from Peacekeeping Missions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4385777/

  Blastocystis hominis is a common intestinal parasite found in humans living in poor sanitary conditions, living in tropical and subtropical climates, exposed to infected animals, or consuming contaminated food or water. […] The epidemiology, life cycle, and pathogenesis of B. hominis are still poorly known. […] The occurrence of parasitic diseases in peacekeeping missions is closely related to the epidemiological and sanitary/hygienic situation of the region where the troops are stationed. […] This study shows that parasitic infection acquired through the fecal-oral route from contaminated water and food is still a significant problem among military personnel. […] Despite the prevalence of parasitic infections among the peacekeepers being low, mostly because of the effective preventative health program, peacekeeping missions in countries with tropical or subtropical climates are still associated with the risk of parasitic protozoan diseases, including blastocystosis.

• #3 Blastocystis species – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/blastocystis-species

  The prevalence of Blastocystis spp varies between countries and between communities, and according to the diagnostic techniques used. In general, the estimated prevalence of Blastocystis spp is higher in resource-limited settings than resource-rich settings (30 to 50 percent versus 5 to 10 percent, respectively). Prevalence is highly variable, which may be related to poor hygiene, animal exposure, and consumption of contaminated food or water. In one study from Senegal, 100 percent of 93 fecal samples were positive for Blastocystis spp. In a study from Canada, 8 percent of stool samples submitted to a reference laboratory were positive for Blastocystis spp. Of 2256 fecal samples from primary care practices in France and Luxembourg, 20.5 percent had detectable Blastocystis. Blastocystis spp are also commonly found in the stool of returned travelers from resource-limited settings. In one study of nearly 2000 stool specimens from travelers in Nepal, the prevalence of Blastocystis spp was 30 percent. However, Blastocystis carriage in travelers is highly dynamic. In a study including more than 470 Dutch travelers who had stool samples taken before and after travel, 36 percent carried Blastocystis prior to travel; in 28 percent of these travelers, no Blastocystis or a different subtype was detected following travel.

• #4 Blastocystis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastocystis

  Blastocystis spp. prevalence in humans often exceeds 5% in industrialized countries. In the United States, it infected approximately 23% of the total population during year 2000. In less developed areas, infection rates with one or more subtypes are as high as 100%. […] Fecal-oral transmission is the most accepted pathway, and recent studies have shown that transmission involves only the cyst form of the parasite. The extent to which human-human, human-animal, and animal-human transmission occurs is still unknown. Genomic studies provide evidence for all three routes, though experimental studies have yet to provide conclusive proof for the existence of either. […] Conclusively stating that Blastocystis has an animal reservoir depends upon unraveling the true nature of its transmission. If, as Nol et al. deem likely based upon their own molecular work and a review of the literature, animal-to-human transmission is possible, then animals such as pigs and dogs could in fact be acting as a large reservoir capable of human infection. Epidemiological studies finding that infection is more common in people living in proximity to farm animals or pets further supports this notion.

• #5 Blastocystis species – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/blastocystis-species

  The prevalence of Blastocystis spp varies between countries and between communities, and according to the diagnostic techniques used. In general, the estimated prevalence of Blastocystis spp is higher in resource-limited settings than resource-rich settings (30 to 50 percent versus 5 to 10 percent, respectively). Prevalence is highly variable, which may be related to poor hygiene, animal exposure, and consumption of contaminated food or water. In one study from Senegal, 100 percent of 93 fecal samples were positive for Blastocystis spp. In a study from Canada, 8 percent of stool samples submitted to a reference laboratory were positive for Blastocystis spp. Of 2256 fecal samples from primary care practices in France and Luxembourg, 20.5 percent had detectable Blastocystis. Blastocystis spp are also commonly found in the stool of returned travelers from resource-limited settings. In one study of nearly 2000 stool specimens from travelers in Nepal, the prevalence of Blastocystis spp was 30 percent. However, Blastocystis carriage in travelers is highly dynamic. In a study including more than 470 Dutch travelers who had stool samples taken before and after travel, 36 percent carried Blastocystis prior to travel; in 28 percent of these travelers, no Blastocystis or a different subtype was detected following travel.

• #6 Blastocystis species – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/blastocystis-species

  The prevalence of Blastocystis spp varies between countries and between communities, and according to the diagnostic techniques used. In general, the estimated prevalence of Blastocystis spp is higher in resource-limited settings than resource-rich settings (30 to 50 percent versus 5 to 10 percent, respectively). Prevalence is highly variable, which may be related to poor hygiene, animal exposure, and consumption of contaminated food or water. In one study from Senegal, 100 percent of 93 fecal samples were positive for Blastocystis spp. In a study from Canada, 8 percent of stool samples submitted to a reference laboratory were positive for Blastocystis spp. Of 2256 fecal samples from primary care practices in France and Luxembourg, 20.5 percent had detectable Blastocystis. Blastocystis spp are also commonly found in the stool of returned travelers from resource-limited settings. In one study of nearly 2000 stool specimens from travelers in Nepal, the prevalence of Blastocystis spp was 30 percent. However, Blastocystis carriage in travelers is highly dynamic. In a study including more than 470 Dutch travelers who had stool samples taken before and after travel, 36 percent carried Blastocystis prior to travel; in 28 percent of these travelers, no Blastocystis or a different subtype was detected following travel.

• #7 Epidemiology of Blastocystis Infection: A Review of Data from Poland in Relation to Other Reports

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10458783/

  In Europe, similar rates of infection to those in Poland were reported in France (18.1%) and Spain (17.35%) and in many countries outside Europe, such as Australia (19.1%) and Malaysia (18.5%). […] The collected data show that the frequency of Blastocystis infection in humans in Poland is similar to that observed in other developed countries, with ST3 being the most common subtype in humans. […] The high prevalence of Blastocystis in pigs, wild boars, and peccaries, with the overwhelming dominance of ST5, confirms that Suidae are likely the natural hosts of ST5. […] The presence of Blastocystis in surface waters and mussels indicates that interactions between humans and animals, including via water, can risk spreading Blastocystis infection among users of polluted waters.

• #8 Epidemiology of Blastocystis Infection: A Review of Data from Poland in Relation to Other Reports

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10458783/

  In Europe, similar rates of infection to those in Poland were reported in France (18.1%) and Spain (17.35%) and in many countries outside Europe, such as Australia (19.1%) and Malaysia (18.5%). […] The collected data show that the frequency of Blastocystis infection in humans in Poland is similar to that observed in other developed countries, with ST3 being the most common subtype in humans. […] The high prevalence of Blastocystis in pigs, wild boars, and peccaries, with the overwhelming dominance of ST5, confirms that Suidae are likely the natural hosts of ST5. […] The presence of Blastocystis in surface waters and mussels indicates that interactions between humans and animals, including via water, can risk spreading Blastocystis infection among users of polluted waters.

• #9 Blastocystis species – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/blastocystis-species

  The prevalence of Blastocystis spp varies between countries and between communities, and according to the diagnostic techniques used. In general, the estimated prevalence of Blastocystis spp is higher in resource-limited settings than resource-rich settings (30 to 50 percent versus 5 to 10 percent, respectively). Prevalence is highly variable, which may be related to poor hygiene, animal exposure, and consumption of contaminated food or water. In one study from Senegal, 100 percent of 93 fecal samples were positive for Blastocystis spp. In a study from Canada, 8 percent of stool samples submitted to a reference laboratory were positive for Blastocystis spp. Of 2256 fecal samples from primary care practices in France and Luxembourg, 20.5 percent had detectable Blastocystis. Blastocystis spp are also commonly found in the stool of returned travelers from resource-limited settings. In one study of nearly 2000 stool specimens from travelers in Nepal, the prevalence of Blastocystis spp was 30 percent. However, Blastocystis carriage in travelers is highly dynamic. In a study including more than 470 Dutch travelers who had stool samples taken before and after travel, 36 percent carried Blastocystis prior to travel; in 28 percent of these travelers, no Blastocystis or a different subtype was detected following travel.

• #10

  https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=jp.2006.1.10

  This is the first large scale investigation of the epidemiology of Blastocystis hominis in the United States. Trends in annual, seasonal, geographical and host distribution and symptomology by age, sex and season are reported in 48 states and the District of Columbia in 2002-2004. Sixteen percent of 10,582 fecal specimens from 5,291 patients tested positive. Annual prevalence rate declined from 23% in 2000 to 11% in 2004. Infections were most prevalent in September and October and in coastal states. […] About two thirds of infected patients were symptomatic with highest frequency of symptoms observed between July and September. Intestinal symptoms were considerably more common than extra-intestinal symptoms especially in females. Diarrhea and fatigue were the most common symptoms in both male and females.

• #11 Epidemiology of Blastocystis sp. infection in China: a systematic review | Parasite

  https://www.parasite-journal.org/articles/parasite/full_html/2019/01/parasite190031/parasite190031.html

  Blastocystis sp., a unicellular intestinal parasite in humans and animals worldwide, is frequently found in immunocompromized patients and people in close contact with animals. Here, we reviewed recent studies on the prevalence, subtypes, and distribution of Blastocystis infection in humans and animals in China. To date, more than 12 provinces have reported Blastocystis infection in humans, with identification of six different subtypes (ST1, ST2, ST3, ST4, ST5, and ST6). The overall infection rate reported was 3.37% (3625/107,695), with the lowest prevalence (0.80%) in Fujian province and the highest prevalence (100%) in Guangdong province. ST3 (62%, 186/300) was the most dominant subtype, identified in all tested provinces in China. A total of eight provinces have reported Blastocystis infection in various animals, with the overall prevalence being 24.66% (1202/4874). These findings provide insights into the epidemiological behavior of Blastocystis sp. in China, and could help in developing effective control strategies against the parasite.

• #12 Blastocystis species – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/blastocystis-species

  Blastocystis spp have been observed worldwide. The organism resides in the colon and cecum of children and adults. The mode of and risk factors for transmission are not fully understood. The parasite is ubiquitous in the environment, and contaminated food, water, and soil are potential sources of infection through faecal-oral transmission. The occurrence of Blastocystis spp in environmental water sources may be associated with climatic factors (eg, temperature) and water contamination (coliform count, turbidity, and total dissolved solids). Blastocystis spp have also been found in animals including pigs, monkeys, rodents, and poultry. There seems to be poor host specificity; transmission occurs from human to human and between humans and animals. Blastocystis is more commonly found among individuals with occupational exposure to animals, supporting the potential for zoonotic transmission.

• #13

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/blastocystis-hominis.aspx

  Blastocystis hominis is a species of one of the most common human intestinal organisms. […] The organism is most likely transmitted via the faecal-oral route. […] Blastocystis species are found in people throughout the world and higher numbers are reported in developing countries. […] Some studies have shown that people with poor immune systems have higher rates of identification of Blastocystis in their stools. […] People who travel to areas of poor sanitary condition are also more likely to have Blastocystis identified. […] As Blastocystis seem to be more common in places with poor sanitation, it is important to practice good hand hygiene, especially after using the toilet and before handling food. […] Blastocystis hominis is not a notifiable condition in New South Wales and there is no public health response required for individual infections.

• #14 The Prevalence of Blastocystis hominis and Other Protozoan Parasites in Soldiers Returning from Peacekeeping Missions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4385777/

  Blastocystis hominis is a common intestinal parasite found in humans living in poor sanitary conditions, living in tropical and subtropical climates, exposed to infected animals, or consuming contaminated food or water. […] The epidemiology, life cycle, and pathogenesis of B. hominis are still poorly known. […] The occurrence of parasitic diseases in peacekeeping missions is closely related to the epidemiological and sanitary/hygienic situation of the region where the troops are stationed. […] This study shows that parasitic infection acquired through the fecal-oral route from contaminated water and food is still a significant problem among military personnel. […] Despite the prevalence of parasitic infections among the peacekeepers being low, mostly because of the effective preventative health program, peacekeeping missions in countries with tropical or subtropical climates are still associated with the risk of parasitic protozoan diseases, including blastocystosis.

• #15 Blastocystis species – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/blastocystis-species

  Blastocystis spp have been observed worldwide. The organism resides in the colon and cecum of children and adults. The mode of and risk factors for transmission are not fully understood. The parasite is ubiquitous in the environment, and contaminated food, water, and soil are potential sources of infection through faecal-oral transmission. The occurrence of Blastocystis spp in environmental water sources may be associated with climatic factors (eg, temperature) and water contamination (coliform count, turbidity, and total dissolved solids). Blastocystis spp have also been found in animals including pigs, monkeys, rodents, and poultry. There seems to be poor host specificity; transmission occurs from human to human and between humans and animals. Blastocystis is more commonly found among individuals with occupational exposure to animals, supporting the potential for zoonotic transmission.

• #16 Blastocystis hominis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/blastocystis-hominis-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20351205

  Blastocystis may be transmitted through food or water or by contact with human or animal feces. Blastocystis infection is generally more common among people who live in or travel to developing countries and among people who work with animals. […] Blastocystis can be passed between people and from animals to people. Transmission may be from contaminated food or water, exposure to human or animal feces. […] Blastocystis is common, but you may have a greater risk of exposure if you work with animals, are exposed to human feces at work, such as a children’s day care, or travel to a country with poor water sanitation.

• #17 Blastocystis species – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/blastocystis-species

  Blastocystis spp have been observed worldwide. The organism resides in the colon and cecum of children and adults. The mode of and risk factors for transmission are not fully understood. The parasite is ubiquitous in the environment, and contaminated food, water, and soil are potential sources of infection through faecal-oral transmission. The occurrence of Blastocystis spp in environmental water sources may be associated with climatic factors (eg, temperature) and water contamination (coliform count, turbidity, and total dissolved solids). Blastocystis spp have also been found in animals including pigs, monkeys, rodents, and poultry. There seems to be poor host specificity; transmission occurs from human to human and between humans and animals. Blastocystis is more commonly found among individuals with occupational exposure to animals, supporting the potential for zoonotic transmission.

• #18 Epidemiology of Blastocystis Infection: A Review of Data from Poland in Relation to Other Reports

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10458783/

  In Europe, similar rates of infection to those in Poland were reported in France (18.1%) and Spain (17.35%) and in many countries outside Europe, such as Australia (19.1%) and Malaysia (18.5%). […] The collected data show that the frequency of Blastocystis infection in humans in Poland is similar to that observed in other developed countries, with ST3 being the most common subtype in humans. […] The high prevalence of Blastocystis in pigs, wild boars, and peccaries, with the overwhelming dominance of ST5, confirms that Suidae are likely the natural hosts of ST5. […] The presence of Blastocystis in surface waters and mussels indicates that interactions between humans and animals, including via water, can risk spreading Blastocystis infection among users of polluted waters.

• #19 Blastocystis species – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/blastocystis-species

  Blastocystis spp have been observed worldwide. The organism resides in the colon and cecum of children and adults. The mode of and risk factors for transmission are not fully understood. The parasite is ubiquitous in the environment, and contaminated food, water, and soil are potential sources of infection through faecal-oral transmission. The occurrence of Blastocystis spp in environmental water sources may be associated with climatic factors (eg, temperature) and water contamination (coliform count, turbidity, and total dissolved solids). Blastocystis spp have also been found in animals including pigs, monkeys, rodents, and poultry. There seems to be poor host specificity; transmission occurs from human to human and between humans and animals. Blastocystis is more commonly found among individuals with occupational exposure to animals, supporting the potential for zoonotic transmission.

• #20 Clinical significance and prevalence of Blastocystis hominis in Van, Turkey | Saudi Medical Journal

  https://smj.org.sa/content/36/9/1118

  Objectives: To determine the associated clinical symptoms and prevalence of Blastocystis hominis (B. hominis). […] The prevalence of B. hominis in the total sample was 0.54% (275/50185). […] The distribution of B. hominis infection was high in 7-13 aged children (34.9%) (2=306.8; p=0.001). […] Blastocystis hominis is considered a causative agent of human disease in patients with recurrent symptoms. […] Due to the significant risk for zoonotic transmission, molecular techniques must be used to determine the route and source of infection. […] In developing countries, B. hominis has a higher prevalence (30-50%) in comparison with developed countries (1.5-10%). […] The high prevalence in developing countries is related to poor hygiene, and consumption of contaminated food or water.

• #21 Prevalence, subtypes and risk factors of Blastocystis spp. infection among pre- and perimenopausal women | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-021-06815-z

  In our study, seven Blastocystis subtypes (ST1-ST4, ST6, ST7, and ST9) were identified in pre- and perimenopausal women. […] Low socioeconomic status, poor quality of drinking water, consumption of contaminated food and poor personal hygiene habits are important risk factors for intestinal parasitic infection, including Blastocystis spp. […] In our study, more than 90% of pre- and perimenopausal infected with Blastocystis spp. drank tap water. […] Research suggests that the risk of Blastocystis spp. infection may increase by traveling to tropical countries due to poor hygiene and sanitation in some areas. […] The pathogenic role of Blastocystis spp. in causing clinical symptoms remains a controversial issue due to the morphology and genetic diversity of protozoa, as well as the different immune responses of the host.

• #22 Prevalence, subtypes and risk factors of Blastocystis spp. infection among pre- and perimenopausal women | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-021-06815-z

  In our study, seven Blastocystis subtypes (ST1-ST4, ST6, ST7, and ST9) were identified in pre- and perimenopausal women. […] Low socioeconomic status, poor quality of drinking water, consumption of contaminated food and poor personal hygiene habits are important risk factors for intestinal parasitic infection, including Blastocystis spp. […] In our study, more than 90% of pre- and perimenopausal infected with Blastocystis spp. drank tap water. […] Research suggests that the risk of Blastocystis spp. infection may increase by traveling to tropical countries due to poor hygiene and sanitation in some areas. […] The pathogenic role of Blastocystis spp. in causing clinical symptoms remains a controversial issue due to the morphology and genetic diversity of protozoa, as well as the different immune responses of the host.

• #23 Epidemiology of Blastocystis infection from 1990 to 2019 in China | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-020-00779-z

  In recent years, various molecular epidemiological studies have been carried out in some provinces/regions of China to identify subtypes of Blastocystis. […] The prevalence of Blastocystis is high in some areas of China, which is mainly attributed to use of earthen toilets or manure pits, contact with animal, drinking unboiled water directly and poor hygiene. […] The infection rate of Blastocystis in the population has regional differences. […] The infection rate of patients in the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University was 22.78%, and the infection rate was significant different in gender. […] The prevalence of patients were 16.27% and 16.77%, respectively in 2005 and 2013. […] The infection rate of Blastocystis in patients with chronic disease was 18.29%, and clinical symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting may occur.

• #24 Prevalence, subtypes and risk factors of Blastocystis spp. infection among pre- and perimenopausal women | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-021-06815-z

  In our study, seven Blastocystis subtypes (ST1-ST4, ST6, ST7, and ST9) were identified in pre- and perimenopausal women. […] Low socioeconomic status, poor quality of drinking water, consumption of contaminated food and poor personal hygiene habits are important risk factors for intestinal parasitic infection, including Blastocystis spp. […] In our study, more than 90% of pre- and perimenopausal infected with Blastocystis spp. drank tap water. […] Research suggests that the risk of Blastocystis spp. infection may increase by traveling to tropical countries due to poor hygiene and sanitation in some areas. […] The pathogenic role of Blastocystis spp. in causing clinical symptoms remains a controversial issue due to the morphology and genetic diversity of protozoa, as well as the different immune responses of the host.

• #25 Clinical significance and prevalence of Blastocystis hominis in Van, Turkey | Saudi Medical Journal

  https://smj.org.sa/content/36/9/1118

  The prevalence of B. hominis was significantly higher among symptomatic patients (70.2%) compared with asymptomatic ones (29.8%), (2=107.13; p=0.001). […] To understand the real prevalence of the disease, a comprehensive parasitological examination must be carried out in all symptomatic and asymptomatic groups. […] Developing countries have a higher prevalence compared with developed countries. […] A higher prevalence was shown in communities with poor hygiene, lack of safe water supply and sewage system. […] The positivity rates were found to be 0.96-56.3% in Turkey. […] In the present study, the infection rate of B. hominis was 0.55%. […] The prevalence is lower than the rates of previous reports carried out in Turkey, and also in other countries. […] In conclusion, B. hominis should be considered as a causative agent of human disease in patients with recurrent symptoms, especially when the parasite is present in large numbers in fecal specimens in the absence of other known pathogens. […] Disease is known to be prevalent in a range of domestic animals, and close contact with animals is a significant risk for zoonotic transmission.

• #26 Prevalence, subtypes and risk factors of Blastocystis spp. infection among pre- and perimenopausal women | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-021-06815-z

  In our study, seven Blastocystis subtypes (ST1-ST4, ST6, ST7, and ST9) were identified in pre- and perimenopausal women. […] Low socioeconomic status, poor quality of drinking water, consumption of contaminated food and poor personal hygiene habits are important risk factors for intestinal parasitic infection, including Blastocystis spp. […] In our study, more than 90% of pre- and perimenopausal infected with Blastocystis spp. drank tap water. […] Research suggests that the risk of Blastocystis spp. infection may increase by traveling to tropical countries due to poor hygiene and sanitation in some areas. […] The pathogenic role of Blastocystis spp. in causing clinical symptoms remains a controversial issue due to the morphology and genetic diversity of protozoa, as well as the different immune responses of the host.

• #27 Epidemiology of Blastocystis Infection: A Review of Data from Poland in Relation to Other Reports

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10458783/

  Data from Poland, reporting infection rates of 0.14% to 23.6% in various study groups from 1955 to 2022, align with data from developed countries. […] The presence of Blastocystis in microscopic examinations of patients faeces was noticed as early as the 1970s in the laboratory of the Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine (IMTM) in Gdynia. […] However, there was no infection registry until 1992, when the number of reports on the potential pathogenicity of Blastocystis began to increase. […] The literature has often pointed out that staying in the tropics and subtropics is a risk factor for acquiring infections with gastrointestinal pathogens. […] The remarkable variation in the prevalence of Blastocystis in different communities within the same country has been reported by many authors.

• #28 Blastocystis species – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/blastocystis-species

  Blastocystis spp have been observed worldwide. The organism resides in the colon and cecum of children and adults. The mode of and risk factors for transmission are not fully understood. The parasite is ubiquitous in the environment, and contaminated food, water, and soil are potential sources of infection through faecal-oral transmission. The occurrence of Blastocystis spp in environmental water sources may be associated with climatic factors (eg, temperature) and water contamination (coliform count, turbidity, and total dissolved solids). Blastocystis spp have also been found in animals including pigs, monkeys, rodents, and poultry. There seems to be poor host specificity; transmission occurs from human to human and between humans and animals. Blastocystis is more commonly found among individuals with occupational exposure to animals, supporting the potential for zoonotic transmission.

• #29 Clinical significance and prevalence of Blastocystis hominis in Van, Turkey | Saudi Medical Journal

  https://smj.org.sa/content/36/9/1118

  The prevalence of B. hominis was significantly higher among symptomatic patients (70.2%) compared with asymptomatic ones (29.8%), (2=107.13; p=0.001). […] To understand the real prevalence of the disease, a comprehensive parasitological examination must be carried out in all symptomatic and asymptomatic groups. […] Developing countries have a higher prevalence compared with developed countries. […] A higher prevalence was shown in communities with poor hygiene, lack of safe water supply and sewage system. […] The positivity rates were found to be 0.96-56.3% in Turkey. […] In the present study, the infection rate of B. hominis was 0.55%. […] The prevalence is lower than the rates of previous reports carried out in Turkey, and also in other countries. […] In conclusion, B. hominis should be considered as a causative agent of human disease in patients with recurrent symptoms, especially when the parasite is present in large numbers in fecal specimens in the absence of other known pathogens. […] Disease is known to be prevalent in a range of domestic animals, and close contact with animals is a significant risk for zoonotic transmission.

• #30 Prevalence and subtyping of Blastocystis sp. in ruminants in Southwestern, Iran | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-70907-4

  In this study, 330 ruminant fecal samples (107 cows, 115 sheep, and 108 goats) were evaluated by parasitological methods […] The overall Blastocystis positive in ruminants was 14.2% and the frequency of Blastocystis sp. in cattle, sheep, and goats were 0.93%, 17.4%, and 24.1% respectively. […] The molecular epidemiological studies showed that humans could be infected with 16 STs including ST1-ST10, ST12, ST14, ST16, ST23, ST35 and ST41 with varying prevalence in different geographical areas worldwide. […] Therefore the potential significant occurrence of Blastocystis sp. in ruminants and carnivores such as dogs and cats could be a risk of zoonotic transmission for humans who are frequently in close contact with animals especially animal handlers such as those working in zoos, farms, and abattoirs, also shepherds and veterinarians.

• #31 Geospatial analysis and epidemiological aspects of human infections with Blastocystis hominis in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran

  https://www.e-epih.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.4178/epih.e2019009

  The prevalence of Blastocystis demonstrated significant variation by area, which is in accordance with studies conducted in South Khorasan of Iran and Turkey. In rural and urban regions, the incidence of B. hominis was 7.0% and 3.4%, respectively; the higher rate in rural regions can be explained as the result of poor sanitation, lack of healthy drinking water reservoirs, more contact with the soil, environmental contamination with the cystic form, a large number of households, and geographical factors. […] This geospatial study demonstrated that living in regions with low elevation and converting traditional livestock to industrial livestock could effectively decrease Blastocystis infections in different districts in Mazandaran Province. Therefore, the populations living in areas with suitable environmental factors for the parasite are potentially at risk for Blastocystis infection.

• #32

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/blastocystis-hominis.aspx

  Blastocystis hominis is a species of one of the most common human intestinal organisms. […] The organism is most likely transmitted via the faecal-oral route. […] Blastocystis species are found in people throughout the world and higher numbers are reported in developing countries. […] Some studies have shown that people with poor immune systems have higher rates of identification of Blastocystis in their stools. […] People who travel to areas of poor sanitary condition are also more likely to have Blastocystis identified. […] As Blastocystis seem to be more common in places with poor sanitation, it is important to practice good hand hygiene, especially after using the toilet and before handling food. […] Blastocystis hominis is not a notifiable condition in New South Wales and there is no public health response required for individual infections.

• #33

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1007551218671

  The pathogenicity of Blastocystis hominis is extensively debated in the medical literature. Therefore, we did a prevalence study to investigate the association between the presence of several intestinal parasites and gastrointestinal symptoms in diverse patient cohorts. The study population consisted of 1216 adults, including immunocompromised patients, institutionalized psychiatric or elder subjects, immigrants from developing countries, travellers to developing tropical countries and controls. Several variables for each risk group were considered. Stools specimens, collected in triplicate, were processed by the same technicians. Clinical data about each subject were provided by standardized questionnaires. The presence of gastrointestinal symptoms were related to the presence of any parasite. In addition, on the basis of microbiological results, five subgroups of subjects were evaluated. The results showed a high prevalence of parasites in all the risk groups. Immunocompromised status, recent arrival from developing countries and the presence of behavioural aberrations were significantly related to presence of parasites. B. hominis was the parasite most frequently detected in each studied group. B. hominis showed a significant correlation with gastrointestinal symptoms only when detected in the group including subjects with a severe immunodepression. Immunodepression seems to be a factor of primary importance of the pathogenic role of B. hominis.

• #34 Geospatial analysis and epidemiological aspects of human infections with Blastocystis hominis in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran

  https://www.e-epih.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.4178/epih.e2019009

  Blastocystis hominis is a very common large intestinal protozoan with global prevalence in humans and non-human hosts. No precise statistics exist regarding the geographical distribution of Blastocystis that would enable the identification of high-risk communities. Therefore, the current research aimed to characterize the spatial patterns and demographic factors associated with B. hominis occurrence in northern Iran. […] The current study characterized for the first time the infection rate and risk of B. hominis in the north of Iran, and produced a prediction map. It is expected that this map will help policymakers to plan and implement preventive measures in high-risk areas and to manage already-infected patients. […] The prevalence of Blastocystis infection varies from 1.6% to 16.0% in developed countries, such as Singapore and Japan and can reach 60.0% in developing countries including Senegal, Cuba, Brazil, and Argentina. In Iran, the total prevalence of B. hominis in the total population has been estimated to be 3.0%. Because of the high infection rate, data collection and analysis are essential for identifying high-risk locations, factors related to incidence, and control strategies for Blastocystis.

• #35 Geospatial analysis and epidemiological aspects of human infections with Blastocystis hominis in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran

  https://www.e-epih.org/journal/view.php?number=1024

  Blastocystis hominis is a very common large intestinal protozoan with global prevalence in humans and non-human hosts. No precise statistics exist regarding the geographical distribution of Blastocystis that would enable the identification of high-risk communities. Therefore, the current research aimed to characterize the spatial patterns and demographic factors associated with B. hominis occurrence in northern Iran. […] The current study characterized for the first time the infection rate and risk of B. hominis in the north of Iran, and produced a prediction map. It is expected that this map will help policymakers to plan and implement preventive measures in high-risk areas and to manage already-infected patients. […] The prevalence of Blastocystis infection varies from 1.6% to 16.0% in developed countries, such as Singapore and Japan and can reach 60.0% in developing countries including Senegal, Cuba, Brazil, and Argentina. In Iran, the total prevalence of B. hominis in the total population has been estimated to be 3.0%. Because of the high infection rate, data collection and analysis are essential for identifying high-risk locations, factors related to incidence, and control strategies for Blastocystis.

• #36 Geospatial analysis and epidemiological aspects of human infections with Blastocystis hominis in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran

  https://www.e-epih.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.4178/epih.e2019009

  The prevalence of Blastocystis demonstrated significant variation by area, which is in accordance with studies conducted in South Khorasan of Iran and Turkey. In rural and urban regions, the incidence of B. hominis was 7.0% and 3.4%, respectively; the higher rate in rural regions can be explained as the result of poor sanitation, lack of healthy drinking water reservoirs, more contact with the soil, environmental contamination with the cystic form, a large number of households, and geographical factors. […] This geospatial study demonstrated that living in regions with low elevation and converting traditional livestock to industrial livestock could effectively decrease Blastocystis infections in different districts in Mazandaran Province. Therefore, the populations living in areas with suitable environmental factors for the parasite are potentially at risk for Blastocystis infection.

• #37 Geospatial analysis and epidemiological aspects of human infections with Blastocystis hominis in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran

  https://www.e-epih.org/journal/view.php?number=1024

  The current study was performed to study the prevalence and geospatial distribution of Blastocystis among the total population in Mazandaran Province (in northern Iran) and to identify factors associated with the occurrence of B. hominis. […] The outcomes demonstrated statistically significant relationships between the prevalence of B. hominis and age, occupation, residence, contact with domestic animals, and anti-parasitic drug consumption. […] The prevalence of B. hominis demonstrated significant variation by area, which is in accordance with studies conducted in South Khorasan of Iran and Turkey. In rural and urban regions, the incidence of B. hominis was 7.0% and 3.4%, respectively; the higher rate in rural regions can be explained as the result of poor sanitation, lack of healthy drinking water reservoirs, more contact with the soil, environmental contamination with the cystic form, a large number of households, and geographical factors.

• #38 Geospatial analysis and epidemiological aspects of human infections with Blastocystis hominis in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran

  https://www.e-epih.org/journal/view.php?number=1024

  Despite awareness of the impacts of environmental factors on B. hominis, few attempts have been made to map the distribution of this parasite in relation to particular ecological parameters in Iran. Based on the map prepared in this research, Savadkooh district had the maximum prevalence of B. hominis. This city is situated in the south of Mazandaran Province, in the northern Alborz Mountains, at a height of 1,000 m. The high rate of Blastocystis in Savadkooh district seems to be because of its geographical location, contact with animals, agriculture activities, and the presence of many villages in this region. […] This geospatial study demonstrated that living in regions with low elevation and converting traditional livestock to industrial livestock could effectively decrease Blastocystis infections in different districts in Mazandaran Province. Therefore, the populations living in areas with suitable environmental factors for the parasite are potentially at risk for Blastocystis infection.

• #39 Blastocystis species – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/blastocystis-species

  Blastocystis spp have been observed worldwide. The organism resides in the colon and cecum of children and adults. The mode of and risk factors for transmission are not fully understood. The parasite is ubiquitous in the environment, and contaminated food, water, and soil are potential sources of infection through faecal-oral transmission. The occurrence of Blastocystis spp in environmental water sources may be associated with climatic factors (eg, temperature) and water contamination (coliform count, turbidity, and total dissolved solids). Blastocystis spp have also been found in animals including pigs, monkeys, rodents, and poultry. There seems to be poor host specificity; transmission occurs from human to human and between humans and animals. Blastocystis is more commonly found among individuals with occupational exposure to animals, supporting the potential for zoonotic transmission.

• #40 Blastocystis species – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/blastocystis-species

  Blastocystis spp have been observed worldwide. The organism resides in the colon and cecum of children and adults. The mode of and risk factors for transmission are not fully understood. The parasite is ubiquitous in the environment, and contaminated food, water, and soil are potential sources of infection through faecal-oral transmission. The occurrence of Blastocystis spp in environmental water sources may be associated with climatic factors (eg, temperature) and water contamination (coliform count, turbidity, and total dissolved solids). Blastocystis spp have also been found in animals including pigs, monkeys, rodents, and poultry. There seems to be poor host specificity; transmission occurs from human to human and between humans and animals. Blastocystis is more commonly found among individuals with occupational exposure to animals, supporting the potential for zoonotic transmission.

• #41 Epidemiology of Blastocystis Infection: A Review of Data from Poland in Relation to Other Reports

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10458783/

  Blastocystis is a common gut protist of humans and various animals worldwide, with a high level of genetic diversity. […] Here, we summarise (in relation to other reports) the results of studies on the prevalence and genotypic variation of Blastocystis, which were carried out in animals, humans, and in water environments in Poland. […] In humans, the prevalence ranged between 0.14 and 23.6%, in some animals reached 58.97%, and in water environments was 5.1%. […] These observations indicate the possibility of Blastocystis transmission between animals and humans. Further studies should be continued in search of the sources and transmission routes of Blastocystis in order to prevent the spread of infections among humans and animals. […] The prevalence of parasitic infections in humans is related to the environmental, sanitary, and hygienic conditions in which they live.

• #42 Prevalence and subtyping of Blastocystis sp. in ruminants in Southwestern, Iran | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-70907-4

  In this study, 330 ruminant fecal samples (107 cows, 115 sheep, and 108 goats) were evaluated by parasitological methods […] The overall Blastocystis positive in ruminants was 14.2% and the frequency of Blastocystis sp. in cattle, sheep, and goats were 0.93%, 17.4%, and 24.1% respectively. […] The molecular epidemiological studies showed that humans could be infected with 16 STs including ST1-ST10, ST12, ST14, ST16, ST23, ST35 and ST41 with varying prevalence in different geographical areas worldwide. […] Therefore the potential significant occurrence of Blastocystis sp. in ruminants and carnivores such as dogs and cats could be a risk of zoonotic transmission for humans who are frequently in close contact with animals especially animal handlers such as those working in zoos, farms, and abattoirs, also shepherds and veterinarians.

• #43 Epidemiology of Blastocystis sp. infection in China: a systematic review | Parasite

  https://www.parasite-journal.org/articles/parasite/full_html/2019/01/parasite190031/parasite190031.html

  Since its first discovery in China in 1996, knowledge of the epidemiology of Blastocystis sp. has progressed significantly, with more than 12 provinces/municipalities having reported Blastocystis sp. infection in humans, and in over 25 different animal hosts. A total of 6 and 14 different subtypes of Blastocystis sp. have been identified in humans and animals, respectively. The most dominant subtype identified is ST3 in humans and ST5 in animals. Some subtypes (ST1, ST3, and ST5) have been found in humans and animals in the same province, suggesting that these zoonotic subtypes can be transmitted between humans and animals.

• #44 Epidemiology of Blastocystis Infection: A Review of Data from Poland in Relation to Other Reports

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10458783/

  In Europe, similar rates of infection to those in Poland were reported in France (18.1%) and Spain (17.35%) and in many countries outside Europe, such as Australia (19.1%) and Malaysia (18.5%). […] The collected data show that the frequency of Blastocystis infection in humans in Poland is similar to that observed in other developed countries, with ST3 being the most common subtype in humans. […] The high prevalence of Blastocystis in pigs, wild boars, and peccaries, with the overwhelming dominance of ST5, confirms that Suidae are likely the natural hosts of ST5. […] The presence of Blastocystis in surface waters and mussels indicates that interactions between humans and animals, including via water, can risk spreading Blastocystis infection among users of polluted waters.

• #45 Epidemiology of Blastocystis sp. infection in China: a systematic review | Parasite

  https://www.parasite-journal.org/articles/parasite/full_html/2019/01/parasite190031/parasite190031.html

  Since its first discovery in China in 1996, knowledge of the epidemiology of Blastocystis sp. has progressed significantly, with more than 12 provinces/municipalities having reported Blastocystis sp. infection in humans, and in over 25 different animal hosts. A total of 6 and 14 different subtypes of Blastocystis sp. have been identified in humans and animals, respectively. The most dominant subtype identified is ST3 in humans and ST5 in animals. Some subtypes (ST1, ST3, and ST5) have been found in humans and animals in the same province, suggesting that these zoonotic subtypes can be transmitted between humans and animals.

• #46 Epidemiology of Blastocystis Infection: A Review of Data from Poland in Relation to Other Reports

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10458783/

  In Europe, similar rates of infection to those in Poland were reported in France (18.1%) and Spain (17.35%) and in many countries outside Europe, such as Australia (19.1%) and Malaysia (18.5%). […] The collected data show that the frequency of Blastocystis infection in humans in Poland is similar to that observed in other developed countries, with ST3 being the most common subtype in humans. […] The high prevalence of Blastocystis in pigs, wild boars, and peccaries, with the overwhelming dominance of ST5, confirms that Suidae are likely the natural hosts of ST5. […] The presence of Blastocystis in surface waters and mussels indicates that interactions between humans and animals, including via water, can risk spreading Blastocystis infection among users of polluted waters.

• #47 Epidemiology of Blastocystis Infection: A Review of Data from Poland in Relation to Other Reports

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10458783/

  In Europe, similar rates of infection to those in Poland were reported in France (18.1%) and Spain (17.35%) and in many countries outside Europe, such as Australia (19.1%) and Malaysia (18.5%). […] The collected data show that the frequency of Blastocystis infection in humans in Poland is similar to that observed in other developed countries, with ST3 being the most common subtype in humans. […] The high prevalence of Blastocystis in pigs, wild boars, and peccaries, with the overwhelming dominance of ST5, confirms that Suidae are likely the natural hosts of ST5. […] The presence of Blastocystis in surface waters and mussels indicates that interactions between humans and animals, including via water, can risk spreading Blastocystis infection among users of polluted waters.

• #48 Epidemiology of Blastocystis Infection: A Review of Data from Poland in Relation to Other Reports

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/8/1050

  The presence of Blastocystis in microscopic examinations of patients’ faeces was noticed as early as the 1970s in the laboratory of the Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine (IMTM) in Gdynia. […] In Poland, the faeces of chickens, geese, ducks, and pigeons were examined for the presence of Blastocystis DNA, and the detection of Blastocystis subtypes ST6 and ST7 was only recorded in chickens. […] The results obtained in animals and human studies in Poland suggest the possibility of Blastocystis transmission between animals and humans, and, importantly, in both directions. […] The authors intended to present, for the first time, a summary of the epidemiological situation of Blastocystis in Poland, based on published research results.

• #49 Epidemiology of Blastocystis sp. infection in China: a systematic review | Parasite

  https://www.parasite-journal.org/articles/parasite/full_html/2019/01/parasite190031/parasite190031.html

  Since its first discovery in China in 1996, knowledge of the epidemiology of Blastocystis sp. has progressed significantly, with more than 12 provinces/municipalities having reported Blastocystis sp. infection in humans, and in over 25 different animal hosts. A total of 6 and 14 different subtypes of Blastocystis sp. have been identified in humans and animals, respectively. The most dominant subtype identified is ST3 in humans and ST5 in animals. Some subtypes (ST1, ST3, and ST5) have been found in humans and animals in the same province, suggesting that these zoonotic subtypes can be transmitted between humans and animals.

• #50 Blastocystosis – Protozoal Diseases – Parasitic Diseases – Infectious Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.18.84.2.5.

  B hominis is a cosmopolitan parasite, but invasions are most common in low-income countries with low sanitary standards. It is estimated that in some populations 20% to 40% of individuals are colonized or infected; in Canada this figure is 10%. The parasite is often identified in individuals with HIV infection, patients in psychiatric wards, children attending preschool facilities, and returned travelers. […] The primary reservoir of B hominis is humans. Transmission occurs through the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of water or foods contaminated with human feces.

• #51

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00146376

  A prospective study was carried out to investigate the epidemiology and clinical significance of Blastocystis hominis in the following groups of the population of the city of Salamanca (Spain): in children attending 11 day care centres and 7 primary schools, two fecal samples were obtained from each child, and in 1231 patients attending the Clinical Hospital. A B. hominis incidence of 5.3-10.3% was found in the day care centres and an incidence rate of 13.4-19.4% was found in the primary schools. […] The incidence of B. hominis was greater in children older than 3 years in the day care centres and in the 10-14 year-old group in the primary schools. […] A heavier parasitization was observed in the boys than in the girls and in the students of schools in areas of low socio-economic level.

• #52 Blastocystosis – Protozoal Diseases – Parasitic Diseases – Infectious Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.18.84.2.5.

  B hominis is a cosmopolitan parasite, but invasions are most common in low-income countries with low sanitary standards. It is estimated that in some populations 20% to 40% of individuals are colonized or infected; in Canada this figure is 10%. The parasite is often identified in individuals with HIV infection, patients in psychiatric wards, children attending preschool facilities, and returned travelers. […] The primary reservoir of B hominis is humans. Transmission occurs through the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of water or foods contaminated with human feces.

• #53 Blastocystosis – Protozoal Diseases – Parasitic Diseases – Infectious Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.18.84.2.5.

  B hominis is a cosmopolitan parasite, but invasions are most common in low-income countries with low sanitary standards. It is estimated that in some populations 20% to 40% of individuals are colonized or infected; in Canada this figure is 10%. The parasite is often identified in individuals with HIV infection, patients in psychiatric wards, children attending preschool facilities, and returned travelers. […] The primary reservoir of B hominis is humans. Transmission occurs through the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of water or foods contaminated with human feces.

• #54

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1007551218671

  The pathogenicity of Blastocystis hominis is extensively debated in the medical literature. Therefore, we did a prevalence study to investigate the association between the presence of several intestinal parasites and gastrointestinal symptoms in diverse patient cohorts. The study population consisted of 1216 adults, including immunocompromised patients, institutionalized psychiatric or elder subjects, immigrants from developing countries, travellers to developing tropical countries and controls. Several variables for each risk group were considered. Stools specimens, collected in triplicate, were processed by the same technicians. Clinical data about each subject were provided by standardized questionnaires. The presence of gastrointestinal symptoms were related to the presence of any parasite. In addition, on the basis of microbiological results, five subgroups of subjects were evaluated. The results showed a high prevalence of parasites in all the risk groups. Immunocompromised status, recent arrival from developing countries and the presence of behavioural aberrations were significantly related to presence of parasites. B. hominis was the parasite most frequently detected in each studied group. B. hominis showed a significant correlation with gastrointestinal symptoms only when detected in the group including subjects with a severe immunodepression. Immunodepression seems to be a factor of primary importance of the pathogenic role of B. hominis.

• #55 Blastocystosis – Protozoal Diseases – Parasitic Diseases – Infectious Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.18.84.2.5.

  B hominis is a cosmopolitan parasite, but invasions are most common in low-income countries with low sanitary standards. It is estimated that in some populations 20% to 40% of individuals are colonized or infected; in Canada this figure is 10%. The parasite is often identified in individuals with HIV infection, patients in psychiatric wards, children attending preschool facilities, and returned travelers. […] The primary reservoir of B hominis is humans. Transmission occurs through the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of water or foods contaminated with human feces.

• #56 Blastocystosis – Protozoal Diseases – Parasitic Diseases – Infectious Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.18.84.2.5.

  B hominis is a cosmopolitan parasite, but invasions are most common in low-income countries with low sanitary standards. It is estimated that in some populations 20% to 40% of individuals are colonized or infected; in Canada this figure is 10%. The parasite is often identified in individuals with HIV infection, patients in psychiatric wards, children attending preschool facilities, and returned travelers. […] The primary reservoir of B hominis is humans. Transmission occurs through the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of water or foods contaminated with human feces.

• #57 Blastocystis species – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/blastocystis-species

  The prevalence of Blastocystis spp varies between countries and between communities, and according to the diagnostic techniques used. In general, the estimated prevalence of Blastocystis spp is higher in resource-limited settings than resource-rich settings (30 to 50 percent versus 5 to 10 percent, respectively). Prevalence is highly variable, which may be related to poor hygiene, animal exposure, and consumption of contaminated food or water. In one study from Senegal, 100 percent of 93 fecal samples were positive for Blastocystis spp. In a study from Canada, 8 percent of stool samples submitted to a reference laboratory were positive for Blastocystis spp. Of 2256 fecal samples from primary care practices in France and Luxembourg, 20.5 percent had detectable Blastocystis. Blastocystis spp are also commonly found in the stool of returned travelers from resource-limited settings. In one study of nearly 2000 stool specimens from travelers in Nepal, the prevalence of Blastocystis spp was 30 percent. However, Blastocystis carriage in travelers is highly dynamic. In a study including more than 470 Dutch travelers who had stool samples taken before and after travel, 36 percent carried Blastocystis prior to travel; in 28 percent of these travelers, no Blastocystis or a different subtype was detected following travel.

• #58 Blastocystis species – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/blastocystis-species

  Blastocystis spp have been observed worldwide. The organism resides in the colon and cecum of children and adults. The mode of and risk factors for transmission are not fully understood. The parasite is ubiquitous in the environment, and contaminated food, water, and soil are potential sources of infection through faecal-oral transmission. The occurrence of Blastocystis spp in environmental water sources may be associated with climatic factors (eg, temperature) and water contamination (coliform count, turbidity, and total dissolved solids). Blastocystis spp have also been found in animals including pigs, monkeys, rodents, and poultry. There seems to be poor host specificity; transmission occurs from human to human and between humans and animals. Blastocystis is more commonly found among individuals with occupational exposure to animals, supporting the potential for zoonotic transmission.

• #59 Prevalence and subtyping of Blastocystis sp. in ruminants in Southwestern, Iran | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-70907-4

  In this study, 330 ruminant fecal samples (107 cows, 115 sheep, and 108 goats) were evaluated by parasitological methods […] The overall Blastocystis positive in ruminants was 14.2% and the frequency of Blastocystis sp. in cattle, sheep, and goats were 0.93%, 17.4%, and 24.1% respectively. […] The molecular epidemiological studies showed that humans could be infected with 16 STs including ST1-ST10, ST12, ST14, ST16, ST23, ST35 and ST41 with varying prevalence in different geographical areas worldwide. […] Therefore the potential significant occurrence of Blastocystis sp. in ruminants and carnivores such as dogs and cats could be a risk of zoonotic transmission for humans who are frequently in close contact with animals especially animal handlers such as those working in zoos, farms, and abattoirs, also shepherds and veterinarians.

• #60 The Prevalence of Blastocystis hominis and Other Protozoan Parasites in Soldiers Returning from Peacekeeping Missions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4385777/

  Blastocystis hominis is a common intestinal parasite found in humans living in poor sanitary conditions, living in tropical and subtropical climates, exposed to infected animals, or consuming contaminated food or water. […] The epidemiology, life cycle, and pathogenesis of B. hominis are still poorly known. […] The occurrence of parasitic diseases in peacekeeping missions is closely related to the epidemiological and sanitary/hygienic situation of the region where the troops are stationed. […] This study shows that parasitic infection acquired through the fecal-oral route from contaminated water and food is still a significant problem among military personnel. […] Despite the prevalence of parasitic infections among the peacekeepers being low, mostly because of the effective preventative health program, peacekeeping missions in countries with tropical or subtropical climates are still associated with the risk of parasitic protozoan diseases, including blastocystosis.

• #61

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00146376

  A prospective study was carried out to investigate the epidemiology and clinical significance of Blastocystis hominis in the following groups of the population of the city of Salamanca (Spain): in children attending 11 day care centres and 7 primary schools, two fecal samples were obtained from each child, and in 1231 patients attending the Clinical Hospital. A B. hominis incidence of 5.3-10.3% was found in the day care centres and an incidence rate of 13.4-19.4% was found in the primary schools. […] The incidence of B. hominis was greater in children older than 3 years in the day care centres and in the 10-14 year-old group in the primary schools. […] A heavier parasitization was observed in the boys than in the girls and in the students of schools in areas of low socio-economic level.

• #62

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00146376

  B. hominis was identified in 40 patients attending the Clinical Hospital (3.25% of all those studied). […] The maximum peak of incidence was found in subjects with ages between 10 and 14 years. […] Our results show that despite the high number of asymptomatic carriers of B. hominis in the juvenile population, this protozoan may be, on other occasions, responsible for gastrointestinal symptoms.

• #63 Clinical significance and prevalence of Blastocystis hominis in Van, Turkey | Saudi Medical Journal

  https://smj.org.sa/content/36/9/1118

  Objectives: To determine the associated clinical symptoms and prevalence of Blastocystis hominis (B. hominis). […] The prevalence of B. hominis in the total sample was 0.54% (275/50185). […] The distribution of B. hominis infection was high in 7-13 aged children (34.9%) (2=306.8; p=0.001). […] Blastocystis hominis is considered a causative agent of human disease in patients with recurrent symptoms. […] Due to the significant risk for zoonotic transmission, molecular techniques must be used to determine the route and source of infection. […] In developing countries, B. hominis has a higher prevalence (30-50%) in comparison with developed countries (1.5-10%). […] The high prevalence in developing countries is related to poor hygiene, and consumption of contaminated food or water.

• #64

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00146376

  A prospective study was carried out to investigate the epidemiology and clinical significance of Blastocystis hominis in the following groups of the population of the city of Salamanca (Spain): in children attending 11 day care centres and 7 primary schools, two fecal samples were obtained from each child, and in 1231 patients attending the Clinical Hospital. A B. hominis incidence of 5.3-10.3% was found in the day care centres and an incidence rate of 13.4-19.4% was found in the primary schools. […] The incidence of B. hominis was greater in children older than 3 years in the day care centres and in the 10-14 year-old group in the primary schools. […] A heavier parasitization was observed in the boys than in the girls and in the students of schools in areas of low socio-economic level.

• #65

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00146376

  B. hominis was identified in 40 patients attending the Clinical Hospital (3.25% of all those studied). […] The maximum peak of incidence was found in subjects with ages between 10 and 14 years. […] Our results show that despite the high number of asymptomatic carriers of B. hominis in the juvenile population, this protozoan may be, on other occasions, responsible for gastrointestinal symptoms.

• #66 Prevalence, subtypes and risk factors of Blastocystis spp. infection among pre- and perimenopausal women | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-021-06815-z

  Blastocystis spp. are considered pathogenic or commensal organisms, although the majority of researchers suggest that these are neglected pathogens. The prevalence of Blastocystis spp. infection was of ranges from 22 to 56% in European countries, whereas in Asian and African countries the rate is 37% to 100%. […] Some researchers suggest that the risk of Blastocystis spp. infection increases with age, as Blastocystis spp. have been found most frequently in patients aged between 30 and 60 years. […] The presence of Blastocystis spp. was not significantly related to socio-demographic and epidemiological factors. […] This study complements the limited available data on the prevalence of Blastocystis spp. in pre- and perimenopausal women. […] In the present study, Blastocystis spp. infection was found in 6.1% of pre- and perimenopausal women.

• #67

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00146376

  A prospective study was carried out to investigate the epidemiology and clinical significance of Blastocystis hominis in the following groups of the population of the city of Salamanca (Spain): in children attending 11 day care centres and 7 primary schools, two fecal samples were obtained from each child, and in 1231 patients attending the Clinical Hospital. A B. hominis incidence of 5.3-10.3% was found in the day care centres and an incidence rate of 13.4-19.4% was found in the primary schools. […] The incidence of B. hominis was greater in children older than 3 years in the day care centres and in the 10-14 year-old group in the primary schools. […] A heavier parasitization was observed in the boys than in the girls and in the students of schools in areas of low socio-economic level.

• #68 Epidemiological survey of Giardia spp. and Blastocystis hominis in an Argentinian rural community

  https://www.parahostdis.org/journal/view.php?number=324

  The aim of this study was to relate personal data, socio-cultural and environmental characteristics, and the presence of symptoms/signs with the frequencies of Giardia spp. and Blastocystis hominis among a rural population in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. […] The frequency of infection according to sex; 6.1% of males were infected and 1.6% of females by Giardia spp., 26.7% and 19.5% by B. hominis, and 2.4% and 2.2% by both parasites, respectively. […] The prevalences of these protozoa in this community are lower than those reported by other Argentinean studies, which is probably associated with the low density of the studied population (5.95 inhab/km2). […] Statistical analysis revealed that a male sex, flooding of the home, the use of a latrine, and an abdominal pain were correlated with the presence of these parasites, which indicate the importance of these factors in rural communities.

• #69 :: Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

  https://www.parahostdis.org/m/journal/view.php?number=324

  The present study found no significant parasite frequency differences between the two areas. Regarding sex, these protozoa were markedly more prevalent among males in the UA group, with an outstanding higher frequency in under 14-year olds. […] Our logistic regression models selected frequent flooding of the home and latrine use by parasitized people as significant risk factors of Giardiasis and/or blastocystis. Therefore, the presence of these conditions could be used to estimate the risk of infection by these parasites.

• #70 Blastocystis species – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/blastocystis-species

  Blastocystis spp have been observed worldwide. The organism resides in the colon and cecum of children and adults. The mode of and risk factors for transmission are not fully understood. The parasite is ubiquitous in the environment, and contaminated food, water, and soil are potential sources of infection through faecal-oral transmission. The occurrence of Blastocystis spp in environmental water sources may be associated with climatic factors (eg, temperature) and water contamination (coliform count, turbidity, and total dissolved solids). Blastocystis spp have also been found in animals including pigs, monkeys, rodents, and poultry. There seems to be poor host specificity; transmission occurs from human to human and between humans and animals. Blastocystis is more commonly found among individuals with occupational exposure to animals, supporting the potential for zoonotic transmission.

• #71 Epidemiology of Blastocystis Infection: A Review of Data from Poland in Relation to Other Reports

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/8/1050

  Epidemiological studies in non-human hosts have shown high infection rates in primates, pigs, domestic ruminants (including cattle, goats, and sheep), and birds. […] The present work aimed to review the prevalence and distribution of Blastocystis subtypes in Poland’s human and non-human populations on the background of data from other countries. […] The collected material shows that studies on the prevalence of Blastocystis in Poland were conducted mainly in humans, slightly less often in animals, and sporadically in samples from water environments. […] The prevalence of parasitic infections in humans is related to the environmental, sanitary, and hygienic conditions in which they live. […] Data from Poland, reporting infection rates of 0.14% to 23.6% in various study groups from 1955 to 2022, align with data from developed countries.

• #72 Epidemiology of Blastocystis Infection: A Review of Data from Poland in Relation to Other Reports

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/8/1050

  Epidemiological studies in non-human hosts have shown high infection rates in primates, pigs, domestic ruminants (including cattle, goats, and sheep), and birds. […] The present work aimed to review the prevalence and distribution of Blastocystis subtypes in Poland’s human and non-human populations on the background of data from other countries. […] The collected material shows that studies on the prevalence of Blastocystis in Poland were conducted mainly in humans, slightly less often in animals, and sporadically in samples from water environments. […] The prevalence of parasitic infections in humans is related to the environmental, sanitary, and hygienic conditions in which they live. […] Data from Poland, reporting infection rates of 0.14% to 23.6% in various study groups from 1955 to 2022, align with data from developed countries.

• #73 Epidemiology of Blastocystis Infection: A Review of Data from Poland in Relation to Other Reports

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10458783/

  Blastocystis is a common gut protist of humans and various animals worldwide, with a high level of genetic diversity. […] Here, we summarise (in relation to other reports) the results of studies on the prevalence and genotypic variation of Blastocystis, which were carried out in animals, humans, and in water environments in Poland. […] In humans, the prevalence ranged between 0.14 and 23.6%, in some animals reached 58.97%, and in water environments was 5.1%. […] These observations indicate the possibility of Blastocystis transmission between animals and humans. Further studies should be continued in search of the sources and transmission routes of Blastocystis in order to prevent the spread of infections among humans and animals. […] The prevalence of parasitic infections in humans is related to the environmental, sanitary, and hygienic conditions in which they live.

• #74 Blastocystis species – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/blastocystis-species

  Blastocystis spp have been observed worldwide. The organism resides in the colon and cecum of children and adults. The mode of and risk factors for transmission are not fully understood. The parasite is ubiquitous in the environment, and contaminated food, water, and soil are potential sources of infection through faecal-oral transmission. The occurrence of Blastocystis spp in environmental water sources may be associated with climatic factors (eg, temperature) and water contamination (coliform count, turbidity, and total dissolved solids). Blastocystis spp have also been found in animals including pigs, monkeys, rodents, and poultry. There seems to be poor host specificity; transmission occurs from human to human and between humans and animals. Blastocystis is more commonly found among individuals with occupational exposure to animals, supporting the potential for zoonotic transmission.

• #75 Epidemiology of Blastocystis Infection: A Review of Data from Poland in Relation to Other Reports

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/8/1050

  The presence of Blastocystis in microscopic examinations of patients’ faeces was noticed as early as the 1970s in the laboratory of the Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine (IMTM) in Gdynia. […] In Poland, the faeces of chickens, geese, ducks, and pigeons were examined for the presence of Blastocystis DNA, and the detection of Blastocystis subtypes ST6 and ST7 was only recorded in chickens. […] The results obtained in animals and human studies in Poland suggest the possibility of Blastocystis transmission between animals and humans, and, importantly, in both directions. […] The authors intended to present, for the first time, a summary of the epidemiological situation of Blastocystis in Poland, based on published research results.

• #76 Blastocystis species – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/blastocystis-species

  Blastocystis spp have been observed worldwide. The organism resides in the colon and cecum of children and adults. The mode of and risk factors for transmission are not fully understood. The parasite is ubiquitous in the environment, and contaminated food, water, and soil are potential sources of infection through faecal-oral transmission. The occurrence of Blastocystis spp in environmental water sources may be associated with climatic factors (eg, temperature) and water contamination (coliform count, turbidity, and total dissolved solids). Blastocystis spp have also been found in animals including pigs, monkeys, rodents, and poultry. There seems to be poor host specificity; transmission occurs from human to human and between humans and animals. Blastocystis is more commonly found among individuals with occupational exposure to animals, supporting the potential for zoonotic transmission.

• #77 Blastocystis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastocystis

  Blastocystis spp. prevalence in humans often exceeds 5% in industrialized countries. In the United States, it infected approximately 23% of the total population during year 2000. In less developed areas, infection rates with one or more subtypes are as high as 100%. […] Fecal-oral transmission is the most accepted pathway, and recent studies have shown that transmission involves only the cyst form of the parasite. The extent to which human-human, human-animal, and animal-human transmission occurs is still unknown. Genomic studies provide evidence for all three routes, though experimental studies have yet to provide conclusive proof for the existence of either. […] Conclusively stating that Blastocystis has an animal reservoir depends upon unraveling the true nature of its transmission. If, as Nol et al. deem likely based upon their own molecular work and a review of the literature, animal-to-human transmission is possible, then animals such as pigs and dogs could in fact be acting as a large reservoir capable of human infection. Epidemiological studies finding that infection is more common in people living in proximity to farm animals or pets further supports this notion.

• #78 Epidemiology of Blastocystis Infection: A Review of Data from Poland in Relation to Other Reports

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10458783/

  Blastocystis is a common gut protist of humans and various animals worldwide, with a high level of genetic diversity. […] Here, we summarise (in relation to other reports) the results of studies on the prevalence and genotypic variation of Blastocystis, which were carried out in animals, humans, and in water environments in Poland. […] In humans, the prevalence ranged between 0.14 and 23.6%, in some animals reached 58.97%, and in water environments was 5.1%. […] These observations indicate the possibility of Blastocystis transmission between animals and humans. Further studies should be continued in search of the sources and transmission routes of Blastocystis in order to prevent the spread of infections among humans and animals. […] The prevalence of parasitic infections in humans is related to the environmental, sanitary, and hygienic conditions in which they live.

• #79 Epidemiology of Blastocystis Infection: A Review of Data from Poland in Relation to Other Reports

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10458783/

  In Europe, similar rates of infection to those in Poland were reported in France (18.1%) and Spain (17.35%) and in many countries outside Europe, such as Australia (19.1%) and Malaysia (18.5%). […] The collected data show that the frequency of Blastocystis infection in humans in Poland is similar to that observed in other developed countries, with ST3 being the most common subtype in humans. […] The high prevalence of Blastocystis in pigs, wild boars, and peccaries, with the overwhelming dominance of ST5, confirms that Suidae are likely the natural hosts of ST5. […] The presence of Blastocystis in surface waters and mussels indicates that interactions between humans and animals, including via water, can risk spreading Blastocystis infection among users of polluted waters.

• #80 Epidemiology of Blastocystis Infection: A Review of Data from Poland in Relation to Other Reports

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10458783/

  Blastocystis is a common gut protist of humans and various animals worldwide, with a high level of genetic diversity. […] Here, we summarise (in relation to other reports) the results of studies on the prevalence and genotypic variation of Blastocystis, which were carried out in animals, humans, and in water environments in Poland. […] In humans, the prevalence ranged between 0.14 and 23.6%, in some animals reached 58.97%, and in water environments was 5.1%. […] These observations indicate the possibility of Blastocystis transmission between animals and humans. Further studies should be continued in search of the sources and transmission routes of Blastocystis in order to prevent the spread of infections among humans and animals. […] The prevalence of parasitic infections in humans is related to the environmental, sanitary, and hygienic conditions in which they live.

• #81 Epidemiology of Blastocystis Infection: A Review of Data from Poland in Relation to Other Reports

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10458783/

  In Europe, similar rates of infection to those in Poland were reported in France (18.1%) and Spain (17.35%) and in many countries outside Europe, such as Australia (19.1%) and Malaysia (18.5%). […] The collected data show that the frequency of Blastocystis infection in humans in Poland is similar to that observed in other developed countries, with ST3 being the most common subtype in humans. […] The high prevalence of Blastocystis in pigs, wild boars, and peccaries, with the overwhelming dominance of ST5, confirms that Suidae are likely the natural hosts of ST5. […] The presence of Blastocystis in surface waters and mussels indicates that interactions between humans and animals, including via water, can risk spreading Blastocystis infection among users of polluted waters.

• #82 Hallazgo de Blastocystis sp. en bivalvos del género Donax

  http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1727-99332007000300021

  Finding of Blastocystis sp. in bivalves of the genus Donax. […] Although commonly detected in humans, microorganisms identified as Blastocystis have also been isolated from a wide range of animals, such as primates, pigs, cattle, birds, amphibians and, less frequently, rodents and insects. […] This finding extends the host range of this pathogen, opening the possibility of Blastocystis transmission to human beings by marine mollusks. […] From molecular epidemiology studies and traditional epidemiology results from family members and small communities, the fecal-oral route is considered the main transmission route for Blastocystis hominis infections in humans. […] Circumstantial evidence of several zoonotic strains identified from a wide range of mammals and birds suggests that transmission can occur between animals and humans.

• #83 Hallazgo de Blastocystis sp. en bivalvos del género Donax

  http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1727-99332007000300021

  This route is also suggested because animal handlers show a high infection level by B. hominis. […] The finding of Blastocystis sp. in bivalves of the genus Donax increases the known host range of this parasite. […] This adds a possible link to the epidemiological chain of this pathogen. […] The fecal-oral route is considered to be the main mode of transmission, but food-borne and waterborne transmission of Blastocystis via untreated water of poor sanitary conditions have also been suggested. […] Without clear diagnostic features that allow the differentiation of Blastocystis spp, we do not know the precise number of species that could infect humans from zoonotic transmission. […] This presents challenges to our understanding of the epidemiology of Blastocystis and its implications for public health.

• #84 Hallazgo de Blastocystis sp. en bivalvos del género Donax

  http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1727-99332007000300021

  This route is also suggested because animal handlers show a high infection level by B. hominis. […] The finding of Blastocystis sp. in bivalves of the genus Donax increases the known host range of this parasite. […] This adds a possible link to the epidemiological chain of this pathogen. […] The fecal-oral route is considered to be the main mode of transmission, but food-borne and waterborne transmission of Blastocystis via untreated water of poor sanitary conditions have also been suggested. […] Without clear diagnostic features that allow the differentiation of Blastocystis spp, we do not know the precise number of species that could infect humans from zoonotic transmission. […] This presents challenges to our understanding of the epidemiology of Blastocystis and its implications for public health.

• #85 Epidemiology of Blastocystis Infection: A Review of Data from Poland in Relation to Other Reports

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10458783/

  Blastocystis is a common gut protist of humans and various animals worldwide, with a high level of genetic diversity. […] Here, we summarise (in relation to other reports) the results of studies on the prevalence and genotypic variation of Blastocystis, which were carried out in animals, humans, and in water environments in Poland. […] In humans, the prevalence ranged between 0.14 and 23.6%, in some animals reached 58.97%, and in water environments was 5.1%. […] These observations indicate the possibility of Blastocystis transmission between animals and humans. Further studies should be continued in search of the sources and transmission routes of Blastocystis in order to prevent the spread of infections among humans and animals. […] The prevalence of parasitic infections in humans is related to the environmental, sanitary, and hygienic conditions in which they live.

• #86 Epidemiology of Blastocystis Infection: A Review of Data from Poland in Relation to Other Reports

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10458783/

  Data from Poland, reporting infection rates of 0.14% to 23.6% in various study groups from 1955 to 2022, align with data from developed countries. […] The presence of Blastocystis in microscopic examinations of patients faeces was noticed as early as the 1970s in the laboratory of the Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine (IMTM) in Gdynia. […] However, there was no infection registry until 1992, when the number of reports on the potential pathogenicity of Blastocystis began to increase. […] The literature has often pointed out that staying in the tropics and subtropics is a risk factor for acquiring infections with gastrointestinal pathogens. […] The remarkable variation in the prevalence of Blastocystis in different communities within the same country has been reported by many authors.

• #87 Epidemiology of Blastocystis Infection: A Review of Data from Poland in Relation to Other Reports

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10458783/

  Data from Poland, reporting infection rates of 0.14% to 23.6% in various study groups from 1955 to 2022, align with data from developed countries. […] The presence of Blastocystis in microscopic examinations of patients faeces was noticed as early as the 1970s in the laboratory of the Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine (IMTM) in Gdynia. […] However, there was no infection registry until 1992, when the number of reports on the potential pathogenicity of Blastocystis began to increase. […] The literature has often pointed out that staying in the tropics and subtropics is a risk factor for acquiring infections with gastrointestinal pathogens. […] The remarkable variation in the prevalence of Blastocystis in different communities within the same country has been reported by many authors.

• #88 Epidemiology of Blastocystis Infection: A Review of Data from Poland in Relation to Other Reports

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10458783/

  Data from Poland, reporting infection rates of 0.14% to 23.6% in various study groups from 1955 to 2022, align with data from developed countries. […] The presence of Blastocystis in microscopic examinations of patients faeces was noticed as early as the 1970s in the laboratory of the Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine (IMTM) in Gdynia. […] However, there was no infection registry until 1992, when the number of reports on the potential pathogenicity of Blastocystis began to increase. […] The literature has often pointed out that staying in the tropics and subtropics is a risk factor for acquiring infections with gastrointestinal pathogens. […] The remarkable variation in the prevalence of Blastocystis in different communities within the same country has been reported by many authors.

• #89 Epidemiology of Blastocystis Infection: A Review of Data from Poland in Relation to Other Reports

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/8/1050

  The presence of Blastocystis in microscopic examinations of patients’ faeces was noticed as early as the 1970s in the laboratory of the Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine (IMTM) in Gdynia. […] In Poland, the faeces of chickens, geese, ducks, and pigeons were examined for the presence of Blastocystis DNA, and the detection of Blastocystis subtypes ST6 and ST7 was only recorded in chickens. […] The results obtained in animals and human studies in Poland suggest the possibility of Blastocystis transmission between animals and humans, and, importantly, in both directions. […] The authors intended to present, for the first time, a summary of the epidemiological situation of Blastocystis in Poland, based on published research results.

• #90 Epidemiology of Blastocystis Infection: A Review of Data from Poland in Relation to Other Reports

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10458783/

  Data from Poland, reporting infection rates of 0.14% to 23.6% in various study groups from 1955 to 2022, align with data from developed countries. […] The presence of Blastocystis in microscopic examinations of patients faeces was noticed as early as the 1970s in the laboratory of the Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine (IMTM) in Gdynia. […] However, there was no infection registry until 1992, when the number of reports on the potential pathogenicity of Blastocystis began to increase. […] The literature has often pointed out that staying in the tropics and subtropics is a risk factor for acquiring infections with gastrointestinal pathogens. […] The remarkable variation in the prevalence of Blastocystis in different communities within the same country has been reported by many authors.

• #91 Epidemiology of Blastocystis Infection: A Review of Data from Poland in Relation to Other Reports

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10458783/

  In Europe, similar rates of infection to those in Poland were reported in France (18.1%) and Spain (17.35%) and in many countries outside Europe, such as Australia (19.1%) and Malaysia (18.5%). […] The collected data show that the frequency of Blastocystis infection in humans in Poland is similar to that observed in other developed countries, with ST3 being the most common subtype in humans. […] The high prevalence of Blastocystis in pigs, wild boars, and peccaries, with the overwhelming dominance of ST5, confirms that Suidae are likely the natural hosts of ST5. […] The presence of Blastocystis in surface waters and mussels indicates that interactions between humans and animals, including via water, can risk spreading Blastocystis infection among users of polluted waters.

• #92 Prevalence, subtypes and risk factors of Blastocystis spp. infection among pre- and perimenopausal women | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-021-06815-z

  In our study, 43.5% of pre- and perimenopausal women suffered from gastrointestinal symptoms (including abdominal pain), although we found no relationship between Blastocystis spp. infection and gastrointestinal symptoms. […] Our study provides new insights into the epidemiology of Blastocystis spp. and the prevalence and ST distribution of the parasite in Poland.

• #93 Epidemiology of Blastocystis Infection: A Review of Data from Poland in Relation to Other Reports

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/8/1050

  Epidemiological studies in non-human hosts have shown high infection rates in primates, pigs, domestic ruminants (including cattle, goats, and sheep), and birds. […] The present work aimed to review the prevalence and distribution of Blastocystis subtypes in Poland’s human and non-human populations on the background of data from other countries. […] The collected material shows that studies on the prevalence of Blastocystis in Poland were conducted mainly in humans, slightly less often in animals, and sporadically in samples from water environments. […] The prevalence of parasitic infections in humans is related to the environmental, sanitary, and hygienic conditions in which they live. […] Data from Poland, reporting infection rates of 0.14% to 23.6% in various study groups from 1955 to 2022, align with data from developed countries.

• #94 Blastocystis hominis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/blastocystis-hominis-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20351205

  Blastocystis may be transmitted through food or water or by contact with human or animal feces. Blastocystis infection is generally more common among people who live in or travel to developing countries and among people who work with animals. […] Blastocystis can be passed between people and from animals to people. Transmission may be from contaminated food or water, exposure to human or animal feces. […] Blastocystis is common, but you may have a greater risk of exposure if you work with animals, are exposed to human feces at work, such as a children’s day care, or travel to a country with poor water sanitation.

• #95 Blastocystis species – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/blastocystis-species

  Blastocystis spp have been observed worldwide. The organism resides in the colon and cecum of children and adults. The mode of and risk factors for transmission are not fully understood. The parasite is ubiquitous in the environment, and contaminated food, water, and soil are potential sources of infection through faecal-oral transmission. The occurrence of Blastocystis spp in environmental water sources may be associated with climatic factors (eg, temperature) and water contamination (coliform count, turbidity, and total dissolved solids). Blastocystis spp have also been found in animals including pigs, monkeys, rodents, and poultry. There seems to be poor host specificity; transmission occurs from human to human and between humans and animals. Blastocystis is more commonly found among individuals with occupational exposure to animals, supporting the potential for zoonotic transmission.

• #96 Prevalence and subtyping of Blastocystis sp. in ruminants in Southwestern, Iran | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-70907-4

  Identifying the subtyping of Blastocystis sp. in different hosts and environments as a source of Blastocystis sp. infections is an important key in preventing and controlling the spread of the parasite in human societies. […] The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and subtyping of Blastocystis sp. in domestic ruminants in Shahrekord County of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Southwest Iran using parasitological and molecular methods and evaluate the association between genetic diversity and the zoonotic potential of isolated Blastocystis sp. by phylogenetic comparison with STs of other investigations. […] The findings of this survey indicated that in this region, blastocystosis in goats was reported for the first time in Iran. Additionally, ST14 was identified as the most common subtype of Blastocystis in this study that was not common between humans and livestock, but ST5 and ST7 are common between humans and animals accounting for 23.4% and 2.1% of the positive cases, respectively and the hypothesis is reinforced that ruminants are reservoirs of human infection of Blastocystis parasite.

• #97 Blastocystis hominis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/blastocystis-hominis-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20351205

  Blastocystis may be transmitted through food or water or by contact with human or animal feces. Blastocystis infection is generally more common among people who live in or travel to developing countries and among people who work with animals. […] Blastocystis can be passed between people and from animals to people. Transmission may be from contaminated food or water, exposure to human or animal feces. […] Blastocystis is common, but you may have a greater risk of exposure if you work with animals, are exposed to human feces at work, such as a children’s day care, or travel to a country with poor water sanitation.

• #98 The Prevalence of Blastocystis hominis and Other Protozoan Parasites in Soldiers Returning from Peacekeeping Missions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4385777/

  Blastocystis hominis is a common intestinal parasite found in humans living in poor sanitary conditions, living in tropical and subtropical climates, exposed to infected animals, or consuming contaminated food or water. […] The epidemiology, life cycle, and pathogenesis of B. hominis are still poorly known. […] The occurrence of parasitic diseases in peacekeeping missions is closely related to the epidemiological and sanitary/hygienic situation of the region where the troops are stationed. […] This study shows that parasitic infection acquired through the fecal-oral route from contaminated water and food is still a significant problem among military personnel. […] Despite the prevalence of parasitic infections among the peacekeepers being low, mostly because of the effective preventative health program, peacekeeping missions in countries with tropical or subtropical climates are still associated with the risk of parasitic protozoan diseases, including blastocystosis.

• #99 Prevalence and subtyping of Blastocystis sp. in ruminants in Southwestern, Iran | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-70907-4

  In this study, 330 ruminant fecal samples (107 cows, 115 sheep, and 108 goats) were evaluated by parasitological methods […] The overall Blastocystis positive in ruminants was 14.2% and the frequency of Blastocystis sp. in cattle, sheep, and goats were 0.93%, 17.4%, and 24.1% respectively. […] The molecular epidemiological studies showed that humans could be infected with 16 STs including ST1-ST10, ST12, ST14, ST16, ST23, ST35 and ST41 with varying prevalence in different geographical areas worldwide. […] Therefore the potential significant occurrence of Blastocystis sp. in ruminants and carnivores such as dogs and cats could be a risk of zoonotic transmission for humans who are frequently in close contact with animals especially animal handlers such as those working in zoos, farms, and abattoirs, also shepherds and veterinarians.

• #100 Site-Specific Incidence Rate of Blastocystis hominis and Its Association with Childhood Malnutrition: Findings from a Multi-Country Birth Cohort Study in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 108 Issue 5 (2023)

  https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/108/5/article-p887.xml

  In this study, we investigated the potential association between the burden of asymptomatic Blastocystis spp. (Blastocystis hominis) infection and nutritional status among children under 2 years of age using the data collected from 1,715 children from eight distinct geographic locations, including Bangladesh, Brazil, India, Peru, Tanzania, Pakistan, Nepal, and South Africa. […] The site-specific incidence rates of asymptomatic B. hominis infections per 100 child-months were higher in Tanzania, Peru, and South Africa when compared with the other study sites. […] Moreover, in terms of site-specific association, childhood stunting was significantly associated with asymptomatic B. hominis infection in Bangladesh (odds ratio [OR]: 1.62; 95% CI: 1.26-2.08), India (OR: 1.78; 95% CI: 1.46-2.16), Nepal (OR: 2.26; 95% CI: 1.60-3.21), Peru (OR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.26-1.71), South Africa (OR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.35-1.83), and Tanzania (OR: 2.46; 95% CI: 2.18-2.79) sites.

• #101 Site-Specific Incidence Rate of Blastocystis hominis and Its Association with Childhood Malnutrition: Findings from a Multi-Country Birth Cohort Study in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 108 Issue 5 (2023)

  https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/108/5/article-p887.xml

  In this study, we investigated the potential association between the burden of asymptomatic Blastocystis spp. (Blastocystis hominis) infection and nutritional status among children under 2 years of age using the data collected from 1,715 children from eight distinct geographic locations, including Bangladesh, Brazil, India, Peru, Tanzania, Pakistan, Nepal, and South Africa. […] The site-specific incidence rates of asymptomatic B. hominis infections per 100 child-months were higher in Tanzania, Peru, and South Africa when compared with the other study sites. […] Moreover, in terms of site-specific association, childhood stunting was significantly associated with asymptomatic B. hominis infection in Bangladesh (odds ratio [OR]: 1.62; 95% CI: 1.26-2.08), India (OR: 1.78; 95% CI: 1.46-2.16), Nepal (OR: 2.26; 95% CI: 1.60-3.21), Peru (OR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.26-1.71), South Africa (OR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.35-1.83), and Tanzania (OR: 2.46; 95% CI: 2.18-2.79) sites.

• #102 Site-Specific Incidence Rate of Blastocystis hominis and Its Association with Childhood Malnutrition: Findings from a Multi-Country Birth Cohort Study in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 108 Issue 5 (2023)

  https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/108/5/article-p887.xml

  In this study, we investigated the potential association between the burden of asymptomatic Blastocystis spp. (Blastocystis hominis) infection and nutritional status among children under 2 years of age using the data collected from 1,715 children from eight distinct geographic locations, including Bangladesh, Brazil, India, Peru, Tanzania, Pakistan, Nepal, and South Africa. […] The site-specific incidence rates of asymptomatic B. hominis infections per 100 child-months were higher in Tanzania, Peru, and South Africa when compared with the other study sites. […] Moreover, in terms of site-specific association, childhood stunting was significantly associated with asymptomatic B. hominis infection in Bangladesh (odds ratio [OR]: 1.62; 95% CI: 1.26-2.08), India (OR: 1.78; 95% CI: 1.46-2.16), Nepal (OR: 2.26; 95% CI: 1.60-3.21), Peru (OR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.26-1.71), South Africa (OR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.35-1.83), and Tanzania (OR: 2.46; 95% CI: 2.18-2.79) sites.

• #103 Site-Specific Incidence Rate of Blastocystis hominis and Its Association with Childhood Malnutrition: Findings from a Multi-Country Birth Cohort Study in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 108 Issue 5 (2023)

  https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/108/5/article-p887.xml

  Our analysis further reveals that the presence of additional pathogens may play a pathogenic role in children who have B. hominis infection. […] According to epidemiological data, B. hominis is highly prevalent in tropical and subtropical settings, particularly in developing countries with inadequate hygiene conditions and consumption of contaminated food or water. […] Our data demonstrated a considerable discrepancy in the prevalence of asymptomatic B. hominis infections when compared with the other study sites, with incidence rates per 100 child-months being higher in Tanzania, Peru, and South Africa. […] Further observations into our site-specific assessment revealed a significant association between asymptomatic B. hominis infection and childhood stunting in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Peru, South Africa, and Tanzania. […] The findings also confirm that B. hominis meets all of the pathogenicity criteria set forth by Giardia spp. and E. histolytica, including the fulfillment of Koch’s postulates. […] Therefore, it is probable that B. hominis is associated with diarrheal sickness and subsequent stunting in children.

• #104 Site-Specific Incidence Rate of Blastocystis hominis and Its Association with Childhood Malnutrition: Findings from a Multi-Country Birth Cohort Study in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 108 Issue 5 (2023)

  https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/108/5/article-p887.xml

  Our analysis further reveals that the presence of additional pathogens may play a pathogenic role in children who have B. hominis infection. […] According to epidemiological data, B. hominis is highly prevalent in tropical and subtropical settings, particularly in developing countries with inadequate hygiene conditions and consumption of contaminated food or water. […] Our data demonstrated a considerable discrepancy in the prevalence of asymptomatic B. hominis infections when compared with the other study sites, with incidence rates per 100 child-months being higher in Tanzania, Peru, and South Africa. […] Further observations into our site-specific assessment revealed a significant association between asymptomatic B. hominis infection and childhood stunting in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Peru, South Africa, and Tanzania. […] The findings also confirm that B. hominis meets all of the pathogenicity criteria set forth by Giardia spp. and E. histolytica, including the fulfillment of Koch’s postulates. […] Therefore, it is probable that B. hominis is associated with diarrheal sickness and subsequent stunting in children.

• #105

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/blastocystis-hominis.aspx

  Blastocystis hominis is a species of one of the most common human intestinal organisms. […] The organism is most likely transmitted via the faecal-oral route. […] Blastocystis species are found in people throughout the world and higher numbers are reported in developing countries. […] Some studies have shown that people with poor immune systems have higher rates of identification of Blastocystis in their stools. […] People who travel to areas of poor sanitary condition are also more likely to have Blastocystis identified. […] As Blastocystis seem to be more common in places with poor sanitation, it is important to practice good hand hygiene, especially after using the toilet and before handling food. […] Blastocystis hominis is not a notifiable condition in New South Wales and there is no public health response required for individual infections.

• #106 Geospatial analysis and epidemiological aspects of human infections with Blastocystis hominis in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran

  https://www.e-epih.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.4178/epih.e2019009

  Blastocystis hominis is a very common large intestinal protozoan with global prevalence in humans and non-human hosts. No precise statistics exist regarding the geographical distribution of Blastocystis that would enable the identification of high-risk communities. Therefore, the current research aimed to characterize the spatial patterns and demographic factors associated with B. hominis occurrence in northern Iran. […] The current study characterized for the first time the infection rate and risk of B. hominis in the north of Iran, and produced a prediction map. It is expected that this map will help policymakers to plan and implement preventive measures in high-risk areas and to manage already-infected patients. […] The prevalence of Blastocystis infection varies from 1.6% to 16.0% in developed countries, such as Singapore and Japan and can reach 60.0% in developing countries including Senegal, Cuba, Brazil, and Argentina. In Iran, the total prevalence of B. hominis in the total population has been estimated to be 3.0%. Because of the high infection rate, data collection and analysis are essential for identifying high-risk locations, factors related to incidence, and control strategies for Blastocystis.

• #107 Geospatial analysis and epidemiological aspects of human infections with Blastocystis hominis in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran

  https://www.e-epih.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.4178/epih.e2019009

  Blastocystis hominis is a very common large intestinal protozoan with global prevalence in humans and non-human hosts. No precise statistics exist regarding the geographical distribution of Blastocystis that would enable the identification of high-risk communities. Therefore, the current research aimed to characterize the spatial patterns and demographic factors associated with B. hominis occurrence in northern Iran. […] The current study characterized for the first time the infection rate and risk of B. hominis in the north of Iran, and produced a prediction map. It is expected that this map will help policymakers to plan and implement preventive measures in high-risk areas and to manage already-infected patients. […] The prevalence of Blastocystis infection varies from 1.6% to 16.0% in developed countries, such as Singapore and Japan and can reach 60.0% in developing countries including Senegal, Cuba, Brazil, and Argentina. In Iran, the total prevalence of B. hominis in the total population has been estimated to be 3.0%. Because of the high infection rate, data collection and analysis are essential for identifying high-risk locations, factors related to incidence, and control strategies for Blastocystis.

• #108 Geospatial analysis and epidemiological aspects of human infections with Blastocystis hominis in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran

  https://www.e-epih.org/journal/view.php?number=1024

  Blastocystis hominis is a very common large intestinal protozoan with global prevalence in humans and non-human hosts. No precise statistics exist regarding the geographical distribution of Blastocystis that would enable the identification of high-risk communities. Therefore, the current research aimed to characterize the spatial patterns and demographic factors associated with B. hominis occurrence in northern Iran. […] The current study characterized for the first time the infection rate and risk of B. hominis in the north of Iran, and produced a prediction map. It is expected that this map will help policymakers to plan and implement preventive measures in high-risk areas and to manage already-infected patients. […] The prevalence of Blastocystis infection varies from 1.6% to 16.0% in developed countries, such as Singapore and Japan and can reach 60.0% in developing countries including Senegal, Cuba, Brazil, and Argentina. In Iran, the total prevalence of B. hominis in the total population has been estimated to be 3.0%. Because of the high infection rate, data collection and analysis are essential for identifying high-risk locations, factors related to incidence, and control strategies for Blastocystis.

• #109 Geospatial analysis and epidemiological aspects of human infections with Blastocystis hominis in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran

  https://www.e-epih.org/journal/view.php?number=1024

  Blastocystis hominis is a very common large intestinal protozoan with global prevalence in humans and non-human hosts. No precise statistics exist regarding the geographical distribution of Blastocystis that would enable the identification of high-risk communities. Therefore, the current research aimed to characterize the spatial patterns and demographic factors associated with B. hominis occurrence in northern Iran. […] The current study characterized for the first time the infection rate and risk of B. hominis in the north of Iran, and produced a prediction map. It is expected that this map will help policymakers to plan and implement preventive measures in high-risk areas and to manage already-infected patients. […] The prevalence of Blastocystis infection varies from 1.6% to 16.0% in developed countries, such as Singapore and Japan and can reach 60.0% in developing countries including Senegal, Cuba, Brazil, and Argentina. In Iran, the total prevalence of B. hominis in the total population has been estimated to be 3.0%. Because of the high infection rate, data collection and analysis are essential for identifying high-risk locations, factors related to incidence, and control strategies for Blastocystis.

• #110 Geospatial analysis and epidemiological aspects of human infections with Blastocystis hominis in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran

  https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/landing/article.kci?arti_id=ART002466021

  Blastocystis hominis is a very common large intestinal protozoan with global prevalence in humans and non-human hosts. No precise statistics exist regarding the geographical distribution of Blastocystis that would enable the identification of high-risk communities. […] The current study characterized for the first time the infection rate and risk of B. hominis in the north of Iran, and produced a prediction map. It is expected that this map will help policymakers to plan and implement preventive measures in high-risk areas and to manage already-infected patients.

• #111 Prevalence and subtyping of Blastocystis sp. in ruminants in Southwestern, Iran | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-70907-4

  Identifying the subtyping of Blastocystis sp. in different hosts and environments as a source of Blastocystis sp. infections is an important key in preventing and controlling the spread of the parasite in human societies. […] The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and subtyping of Blastocystis sp. in domestic ruminants in Shahrekord County of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Southwest Iran using parasitological and molecular methods and evaluate the association between genetic diversity and the zoonotic potential of isolated Blastocystis sp. by phylogenetic comparison with STs of other investigations. […] The findings of this survey indicated that in this region, blastocystosis in goats was reported for the first time in Iran. Additionally, ST14 was identified as the most common subtype of Blastocystis in this study that was not common between humans and livestock, but ST5 and ST7 are common between humans and animals accounting for 23.4% and 2.1% of the positive cases, respectively and the hypothesis is reinforced that ruminants are reservoirs of human infection of Blastocystis parasite.

• #112

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/blastocystis-hominis.aspx

  Blastocystis hominis is a species of one of the most common human intestinal organisms. […] The organism is most likely transmitted via the faecal-oral route. […] Blastocystis species are found in people throughout the world and higher numbers are reported in developing countries. […] Some studies have shown that people with poor immune systems have higher rates of identification of Blastocystis in their stools. […] People who travel to areas of poor sanitary condition are also more likely to have Blastocystis identified. […] As Blastocystis seem to be more common in places with poor sanitation, it is important to practice good hand hygiene, especially after using the toilet and before handling food. […] Blastocystis hominis is not a notifiable condition in New South Wales and there is no public health response required for individual infections.

• #113

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/blastocystis-hominis.aspx

  Blastocystis hominis is a species of one of the most common human intestinal organisms. […] The organism is most likely transmitted via the faecal-oral route. […] Blastocystis species are found in people throughout the world and higher numbers are reported in developing countries. […] Some studies have shown that people with poor immune systems have higher rates of identification of Blastocystis in their stools. […] People who travel to areas of poor sanitary condition are also more likely to have Blastocystis identified. […] As Blastocystis seem to be more common in places with poor sanitation, it is important to practice good hand hygiene, especially after using the toilet and before handling food. […] Blastocystis hominis is not a notifiable condition in New South Wales and there is no public health response required for individual infections.

• #114 Epidemiology of Blastocystis infection from 1990 to 2019 in China | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-020-00779-z

  In recent years, various molecular epidemiological studies have been carried out in some provinces/regions of China to identify subtypes of Blastocystis. […] The prevalence of Blastocystis is high in some areas of China, which is mainly attributed to use of earthen toilets or manure pits, contact with animal, drinking unboiled water directly and poor hygiene. […] The infection rate of Blastocystis in the population has regional differences. […] The infection rate of patients in the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University was 22.78%, and the infection rate was significant different in gender. […] The prevalence of patients were 16.27% and 16.77%, respectively in 2005 and 2013. […] The infection rate of Blastocystis in patients with chronic disease was 18.29%, and clinical symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting may occur.

• #115 Clinical significance and prevalence of Blastocystis hominis in Van, Turkey | Saudi Medical Journal

  https://smj.org.sa/content/36/9/1118

  The prevalence of B. hominis was significantly higher among symptomatic patients (70.2%) compared with asymptomatic ones (29.8%), (2=107.13; p=0.001). […] To understand the real prevalence of the disease, a comprehensive parasitological examination must be carried out in all symptomatic and asymptomatic groups. […] Developing countries have a higher prevalence compared with developed countries. […] A higher prevalence was shown in communities with poor hygiene, lack of safe water supply and sewage system. […] The positivity rates were found to be 0.96-56.3% in Turkey. […] In the present study, the infection rate of B. hominis was 0.55%. […] The prevalence is lower than the rates of previous reports carried out in Turkey, and also in other countries. […] In conclusion, B. hominis should be considered as a causative agent of human disease in patients with recurrent symptoms, especially when the parasite is present in large numbers in fecal specimens in the absence of other known pathogens. […] Disease is known to be prevalent in a range of domestic animals, and close contact with animals is a significant risk for zoonotic transmission.

• #116

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/blastocystis-hominis.aspx

  Blastocystis hominis is a species of one of the most common human intestinal organisms. […] The organism is most likely transmitted via the faecal-oral route. […] Blastocystis species are found in people throughout the world and higher numbers are reported in developing countries. […] Some studies have shown that people with poor immune systems have higher rates of identification of Blastocystis in their stools. […] People who travel to areas of poor sanitary condition are also more likely to have Blastocystis identified. […] As Blastocystis seem to be more common in places with poor sanitation, it is important to practice good hand hygiene, especially after using the toilet and before handling food. […] Blastocystis hominis is not a notifiable condition in New South Wales and there is no public health response required for individual infections.

• #117 Epidemiology of Blastocystis infection from 1990 to 2019 in China | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-020-00779-z

  In recent years, various molecular epidemiological studies have been carried out in some provinces/regions of China to identify subtypes of Blastocystis. […] The prevalence of Blastocystis is high in some areas of China, which is mainly attributed to use of earthen toilets or manure pits, contact with animal, drinking unboiled water directly and poor hygiene. […] The infection rate of Blastocystis in the population has regional differences. […] The infection rate of patients in the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University was 22.78%, and the infection rate was significant different in gender. […] The prevalence of patients were 16.27% and 16.77%, respectively in 2005 and 2013. […] The infection rate of Blastocystis in patients with chronic disease was 18.29%, and clinical symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting may occur.

• #118 Geospatial analysis and epidemiological aspects of human infections with Blastocystis hominis in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran

  https://www.e-epih.org/journal/view.php?number=1024

  Despite awareness of the impacts of environmental factors on B. hominis, few attempts have been made to map the distribution of this parasite in relation to particular ecological parameters in Iran. Based on the map prepared in this research, Savadkooh district had the maximum prevalence of B. hominis. This city is situated in the south of Mazandaran Province, in the northern Alborz Mountains, at a height of 1,000 m. The high rate of Blastocystis in Savadkooh district seems to be because of its geographical location, contact with animals, agriculture activities, and the presence of many villages in this region. […] This geospatial study demonstrated that living in regions with low elevation and converting traditional livestock to industrial livestock could effectively decrease Blastocystis infections in different districts in Mazandaran Province. Therefore, the populations living in areas with suitable environmental factors for the parasite are potentially at risk for Blastocystis infection.

• #119 The Prevalence of Blastocystis hominis and Other Protozoan Parasites in Soldiers Returning from Peacekeeping Missions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4385777/

  Blastocystis hominis is a common intestinal parasite found in humans living in poor sanitary conditions, living in tropical and subtropical climates, exposed to infected animals, or consuming contaminated food or water. […] The epidemiology, life cycle, and pathogenesis of B. hominis are still poorly known. […] The occurrence of parasitic diseases in peacekeeping missions is closely related to the epidemiological and sanitary/hygienic situation of the region where the troops are stationed. […] This study shows that parasitic infection acquired through the fecal-oral route from contaminated water and food is still a significant problem among military personnel. […] Despite the prevalence of parasitic infections among the peacekeepers being low, mostly because of the effective preventative health program, peacekeeping missions in countries with tropical or subtropical climates are still associated with the risk of parasitic protozoan diseases, including blastocystosis.

• #120 BLASTOCYSTIS HOMINIS: A MYSTERIOUS AND COMMONLY DISREGARDED PARASITE | Tasić | Facta Universitatis, Series: Medicine and Biology

  https://casopisi.junis.ni.ac.rs/index.php/FUMedBiol/article/view/2251

  Blastocystis hominis (B. hominis) is an anaerobic, single-cell protozoan, commonly present in human and animal stool samples. […] The prevalence of the parasitosis varies both between the countries, and between certain population groups within individual countries. […] Due to poor hygienic conditions, common exposure to animals and intake of contaminated water and food, people in the developing countries have got a higher prevalence of blastocystosis, but economically developed countries have not been spared either. […] The parasite is transferred by the fecal-oral route. […] A variety of hosts have been identified, and animal-to-human and vice versa transfers have been documented. […] The diagnosis can be made using the methods of conventional microscopy (CVM), phase-contrast and electron microscopy, cultivation, serodiagnosis, and by using molecular methods.

• #121 Blastocystis hominis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastocystis_hominis

  Blastocystis hominis is a single-celled eukaryotic organism that inhabits the gastrointestinal tract of humans and various animals. This stramenopile exhibits significant genetic diversity and has become an organism of increasing scientific interest due to its widespread distribution and controversial role in human health. Recent molecular studies have identified numerous subtypes, suggesting a complex evolutionary history and host-parasite relationship. The organism is one of the most common intestinal protists in humans, with infection rates reaching up to 100% in some developing regions. […] Current diagnostic techniques have progressed from basic microscopy to include molecular tools such as PCR-based techniques, since studies have indicated possible links between Blastocystis infections and changes in the gut microbiota. […] There is still disagreement among scientists on Blastocystis hominis’ capacity for pathogenicity.

• #122 BLASTOCYSTIS HOMINIS: A MYSTERIOUS AND COMMONLY DISREGARDED PARASITE | Tasić | Facta Universitatis, Series: Medicine and Biology

  https://casopisi.junis.ni.ac.rs/index.php/FUMedBiol/article/view/2251

  Blastocystis hominis (B. hominis) is an anaerobic, single-cell protozoan, commonly present in human and animal stool samples. […] The prevalence of the parasitosis varies both between the countries, and between certain population groups within individual countries. […] Due to poor hygienic conditions, common exposure to animals and intake of contaminated water and food, people in the developing countries have got a higher prevalence of blastocystosis, but economically developed countries have not been spared either. […] The parasite is transferred by the fecal-oral route. […] A variety of hosts have been identified, and animal-to-human and vice versa transfers have been documented. […] The diagnosis can be made using the methods of conventional microscopy (CVM), phase-contrast and electron microscopy, cultivation, serodiagnosis, and by using molecular methods.

• #123 (PDF) Epidemiology and clinical features associated with Blastocystis hominis infection

  https://www.academia.edu/1337607/Epidemiology_and_clinical_features_associated_with_Blastocystis_hominis_infection

  Blastocystis hominis is a common intestinal parasite causing diarrhea in human and animals in developing countries. […] The present cross-sectional study was carried out during the period from November 2017 to August 2018 in Duhok city-Kurdistan region of Iraq. […] Blastocystis hominis has a worldwide distribution with a marked prevalence in many countries, it can be confused with other microorganism, the most common approaches for the detection of Blastocystis sp. consist of direct smear examination by light microscopic or in vitro culture and molecular diagnosis. […] The overall prevalence of Blastocystis infection was 22.1%. […] The most common symptoms among these patients were abdominal pain (76.4%), flatulence (41.1%) and diarrhoea (21.5%). […] Blastocystis hominis is now gaining acceptance as an agent of human intestinal disease.

• #124 BLASTOCYSTIS HOMINIS: A MYSTERIOUS AND COMMONLY DISREGARDED PARASITE | Tasić | Facta Universitatis, Series: Medicine and Biology

  https://casopisi.junis.ni.ac.rs/index.php/FUMedBiol/article/view/2251

  Blastocystis hominis (B. hominis) is an anaerobic, single-cell protozoan, commonly present in human and animal stool samples. […] The prevalence of the parasitosis varies both between the countries, and between certain population groups within individual countries. […] Due to poor hygienic conditions, common exposure to animals and intake of contaminated water and food, people in the developing countries have got a higher prevalence of blastocystosis, but economically developed countries have not been spared either. […] The parasite is transferred by the fecal-oral route. […] A variety of hosts have been identified, and animal-to-human and vice versa transfers have been documented. […] The diagnosis can be made using the methods of conventional microscopy (CVM), phase-contrast and electron microscopy, cultivation, serodiagnosis, and by using molecular methods.

• #125 Blastocystis hominis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastocystis_hominis

  Blastocystis hominis is a single-celled eukaryotic organism that inhabits the gastrointestinal tract of humans and various animals. This stramenopile exhibits significant genetic diversity and has become an organism of increasing scientific interest due to its widespread distribution and controversial role in human health. Recent molecular studies have identified numerous subtypes, suggesting a complex evolutionary history and host-parasite relationship. The organism is one of the most common intestinal protists in humans, with infection rates reaching up to 100% in some developing regions. […] Current diagnostic techniques have progressed from basic microscopy to include molecular tools such as PCR-based techniques, since studies have indicated possible links between Blastocystis infections and changes in the gut microbiota. […] There is still disagreement among scientists on Blastocystis hominis’ capacity for pathogenicity.

• #126 (PDF) Epidemiology and clinical features associated with Blastocystis hominis infection

  https://www.academia.edu/1337607/Epidemiology_and_clinical_features_associated_with_Blastocystis_hominis_infection

  Blastocystis hominis is a common intestinal parasite causing diarrhea in human and animals in developing countries. […] The present cross-sectional study was carried out during the period from November 2017 to August 2018 in Duhok city-Kurdistan region of Iraq. […] Blastocystis hominis has a worldwide distribution with a marked prevalence in many countries, it can be confused with other microorganism, the most common approaches for the detection of Blastocystis sp. consist of direct smear examination by light microscopic or in vitro culture and molecular diagnosis. […] The overall prevalence of Blastocystis infection was 22.1%. […] The most common symptoms among these patients were abdominal pain (76.4%), flatulence (41.1%) and diarrhoea (21.5%). […] Blastocystis hominis is now gaining acceptance as an agent of human intestinal disease.

• #127 (PDF) Epidemiology and clinical features associated with Blastocystis hominis infection

  https://www.academia.edu/1337607/Epidemiology_and_clinical_features_associated_with_Blastocystis_hominis_infection

  Blastocystis hominis is a common intestinal parasite causing diarrhea in human and animals in developing countries. […] The present cross-sectional study was carried out during the period from November 2017 to August 2018 in Duhok city-Kurdistan region of Iraq. […] Blastocystis hominis has a worldwide distribution with a marked prevalence in many countries, it can be confused with other microorganism, the most common approaches for the detection of Blastocystis sp. consist of direct smear examination by light microscopic or in vitro culture and molecular diagnosis. […] The overall prevalence of Blastocystis infection was 22.1%. […] The most common symptoms among these patients were abdominal pain (76.4%), flatulence (41.1%) and diarrhoea (21.5%). […] Blastocystis hominis is now gaining acceptance as an agent of human intestinal disease.

• #128 Blastocystis hominis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastocystis_hominis

  Blastocystis hominis is a single-celled eukaryotic organism that inhabits the gastrointestinal tract of humans and various animals. This stramenopile exhibits significant genetic diversity and has become an organism of increasing scientific interest due to its widespread distribution and controversial role in human health. Recent molecular studies have identified numerous subtypes, suggesting a complex evolutionary history and host-parasite relationship. The organism is one of the most common intestinal protists in humans, with infection rates reaching up to 100% in some developing regions. […] Current diagnostic techniques have progressed from basic microscopy to include molecular tools such as PCR-based techniques, since studies have indicated possible links between Blastocystis infections and changes in the gut microbiota. […] There is still disagreement among scientists on Blastocystis hominis’ capacity for pathogenicity.

• #129 Epidemiology of Blastocystis Infection: A Review of Data from Poland in Relation to Other Reports

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10458783/

  In Europe, similar rates of infection to those in Poland were reported in France (18.1%) and Spain (17.35%) and in many countries outside Europe, such as Australia (19.1%) and Malaysia (18.5%). […] The collected data show that the frequency of Blastocystis infection in humans in Poland is similar to that observed in other developed countries, with ST3 being the most common subtype in humans. […] The high prevalence of Blastocystis in pigs, wild boars, and peccaries, with the overwhelming dominance of ST5, confirms that Suidae are likely the natural hosts of ST5. […] The presence of Blastocystis in surface waters and mussels indicates that interactions between humans and animals, including via water, can risk spreading Blastocystis infection among users of polluted waters.

• #130 Epidemiology of Blastocystis Infection: A Review of Data from Poland in Relation to Other Reports

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/8/1050

  The presence of Blastocystis in microscopic examinations of patients’ faeces was noticed as early as the 1970s in the laboratory of the Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine (IMTM) in Gdynia. […] In Poland, the faeces of chickens, geese, ducks, and pigeons were examined for the presence of Blastocystis DNA, and the detection of Blastocystis subtypes ST6 and ST7 was only recorded in chickens. […] The results obtained in animals and human studies in Poland suggest the possibility of Blastocystis transmission between animals and humans, and, importantly, in both directions. […] The authors intended to present, for the first time, a summary of the epidemiological situation of Blastocystis in Poland, based on published research results.

• #131 Blastocystis species – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/blastocystis-species

  The prevalence of Blastocystis spp varies between countries and between communities, and according to the diagnostic techniques used. In general, the estimated prevalence of Blastocystis spp is higher in resource-limited settings than resource-rich settings (30 to 50 percent versus 5 to 10 percent, respectively). Prevalence is highly variable, which may be related to poor hygiene, animal exposure, and consumption of contaminated food or water. In one study from Senegal, 100 percent of 93 fecal samples were positive for Blastocystis spp. In a study from Canada, 8 percent of stool samples submitted to a reference laboratory were positive for Blastocystis spp. Of 2256 fecal samples from primary care practices in France and Luxembourg, 20.5 percent had detectable Blastocystis. Blastocystis spp are also commonly found in the stool of returned travelers from resource-limited settings. In one study of nearly 2000 stool specimens from travelers in Nepal, the prevalence of Blastocystis spp was 30 percent. However, Blastocystis carriage in travelers is highly dynamic. In a study including more than 470 Dutch travelers who had stool samples taken before and after travel, 36 percent carried Blastocystis prior to travel; in 28 percent of these travelers, no Blastocystis or a different subtype was detected following travel.

• #132 Clinical significance and prevalence of Blastocystis hominis in Van, Turkey | Saudi Medical Journal

  https://smj.org.sa/content/36/9/1118

  Objectives: To determine the associated clinical symptoms and prevalence of Blastocystis hominis (B. hominis). […] The prevalence of B. hominis in the total sample was 0.54% (275/50185). […] The distribution of B. hominis infection was high in 7-13 aged children (34.9%) (2=306.8; p=0.001). […] Blastocystis hominis is considered a causative agent of human disease in patients with recurrent symptoms. […] Due to the significant risk for zoonotic transmission, molecular techniques must be used to determine the route and source of infection. […] In developing countries, B. hominis has a higher prevalence (30-50%) in comparison with developed countries (1.5-10%). […] The high prevalence in developing countries is related to poor hygiene, and consumption of contaminated food or water.

• #133 Epidemiology of Blastocystis Infection: A Review of Data from Poland in Relation to Other Reports

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10458783/

  Blastocystis is a common gut protist of humans and various animals worldwide, with a high level of genetic diversity. […] Here, we summarise (in relation to other reports) the results of studies on the prevalence and genotypic variation of Blastocystis, which were carried out in animals, humans, and in water environments in Poland. […] In humans, the prevalence ranged between 0.14 and 23.6%, in some animals reached 58.97%, and in water environments was 5.1%. […] These observations indicate the possibility of Blastocystis transmission between animals and humans. Further studies should be continued in search of the sources and transmission routes of Blastocystis in order to prevent the spread of infections among humans and animals. […] The prevalence of parasitic infections in humans is related to the environmental, sanitary, and hygienic conditions in which they live.

• #134 Epidemiology of Blastocystis Infection: A Review of Data from Poland in Relation to Other Reports

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/8/1050

  The presence of Blastocystis in microscopic examinations of patients’ faeces was noticed as early as the 1970s in the laboratory of the Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine (IMTM) in Gdynia. […] In Poland, the faeces of chickens, geese, ducks, and pigeons were examined for the presence of Blastocystis DNA, and the detection of Blastocystis subtypes ST6 and ST7 was only recorded in chickens. […] The results obtained in animals and human studies in Poland suggest the possibility of Blastocystis transmission between animals and humans, and, importantly, in both directions. […] The authors intended to present, for the first time, a summary of the epidemiological situation of Blastocystis in Poland, based on published research results.

• #135 Epidemiology of Blastocystis Infection: A Review of Data from Poland in Relation to Other Reports

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10458783/

  In Europe, similar rates of infection to those in Poland were reported in France (18.1%) and Spain (17.35%) and in many countries outside Europe, such as Australia (19.1%) and Malaysia (18.5%). […] The collected data show that the frequency of Blastocystis infection in humans in Poland is similar to that observed in other developed countries, with ST3 being the most common subtype in humans. […] The high prevalence of Blastocystis in pigs, wild boars, and peccaries, with the overwhelming dominance of ST5, confirms that Suidae are likely the natural hosts of ST5. […] The presence of Blastocystis in surface waters and mussels indicates that interactions between humans and animals, including via water, can risk spreading Blastocystis infection among users of polluted waters.

• #136 Epidemiology of Blastocystis Infection: A Review of Data from Poland in Relation to Other Reports

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10458783/

  Blastocystis is a common gut protist of humans and various animals worldwide, with a high level of genetic diversity. […] Here, we summarise (in relation to other reports) the results of studies on the prevalence and genotypic variation of Blastocystis, which were carried out in animals, humans, and in water environments in Poland. […] In humans, the prevalence ranged between 0.14 and 23.6%, in some animals reached 58.97%, and in water environments was 5.1%. […] These observations indicate the possibility of Blastocystis transmission between animals and humans. Further studies should be continued in search of the sources and transmission routes of Blastocystis in order to prevent the spread of infections among humans and animals. […] The prevalence of parasitic infections in humans is related to the environmental, sanitary, and hygienic conditions in which they live.

• #137 Geospatial analysis and epidemiological aspects of human infections with Blastocystis hominis in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran

  https://www.e-epih.org/journal/view.php?number=1024

  Blastocystis hominis is a very common large intestinal protozoan with global prevalence in humans and non-human hosts. No precise statistics exist regarding the geographical distribution of Blastocystis that would enable the identification of high-risk communities. Therefore, the current research aimed to characterize the spatial patterns and demographic factors associated with B. hominis occurrence in northern Iran. […] The current study characterized for the first time the infection rate and risk of B. hominis in the north of Iran, and produced a prediction map. It is expected that this map will help policymakers to plan and implement preventive measures in high-risk areas and to manage already-infected patients. […] The prevalence of Blastocystis infection varies from 1.6% to 16.0% in developed countries, such as Singapore and Japan and can reach 60.0% in developing countries including Senegal, Cuba, Brazil, and Argentina. In Iran, the total prevalence of B. hominis in the total population has been estimated to be 3.0%. Because of the high infection rate, data collection and analysis are essential for identifying high-risk locations, factors related to incidence, and control strategies for Blastocystis.

• #138 Epidemiology of Blastocystis infection from 1990 to 2019 in China | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-020-00779-z

  The infection rate of Blastocystis in cats was low. […] Among animal Blastocystis isolates, the potential zoonotic subtype including ST1, ST3 and ST5 accounts for 38.5%. […] The specific reasons need to be studied in depth. […] The most recent epidemiological data of Blastocystis and its subtypes are limited to reports from a few provinces in China. […] This shows that in underrepresented provinces, more investigators and more attention are needed to infer the true distribution of Blastocystis in different regions of China.

• #139 Clinical significance and prevalence of Blastocystis hominis in Van, Turkey | Saudi Medical Journal

  https://smj.org.sa/content/36/9/1118

  The prevalence of B. hominis was significantly higher among symptomatic patients (70.2%) compared with asymptomatic ones (29.8%), (2=107.13; p=0.001). […] To understand the real prevalence of the disease, a comprehensive parasitological examination must be carried out in all symptomatic and asymptomatic groups. […] Developing countries have a higher prevalence compared with developed countries. […] A higher prevalence was shown in communities with poor hygiene, lack of safe water supply and sewage system. […] The positivity rates were found to be 0.96-56.3% in Turkey. […] In the present study, the infection rate of B. hominis was 0.55%. […] The prevalence is lower than the rates of previous reports carried out in Turkey, and also in other countries. […] In conclusion, B. hominis should be considered as a causative agent of human disease in patients with recurrent symptoms, especially when the parasite is present in large numbers in fecal specimens in the absence of other known pathogens. […] Disease is known to be prevalent in a range of domestic animals, and close contact with animals is a significant risk for zoonotic transmission.

• #140

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/blastocystis-hominis.aspx

  Blastocystis hominis is a species of one of the most common human intestinal organisms. […] The organism is most likely transmitted via the faecal-oral route. […] Blastocystis species are found in people throughout the world and higher numbers are reported in developing countries. […] Some studies have shown that people with poor immune systems have higher rates of identification of Blastocystis in their stools. […] People who travel to areas of poor sanitary condition are also more likely to have Blastocystis identified. […] As Blastocystis seem to be more common in places with poor sanitation, it is important to practice good hand hygiene, especially after using the toilet and before handling food. […] Blastocystis hominis is not a notifiable condition in New South Wales and there is no public health response required for individual infections.

• #141 Epidemiology of Blastocystis Infection: A Review of Data from Poland in Relation to Other Reports

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10458783/

  In Europe, similar rates of infection to those in Poland were reported in France (18.1%) and Spain (17.35%) and in many countries outside Europe, such as Australia (19.1%) and Malaysia (18.5%). […] The collected data show that the frequency of Blastocystis infection in humans in Poland is similar to that observed in other developed countries, with ST3 being the most common subtype in humans. […] The high prevalence of Blastocystis in pigs, wild boars, and peccaries, with the overwhelming dominance of ST5, confirms that Suidae are likely the natural hosts of ST5. […] The presence of Blastocystis in surface waters and mussels indicates that interactions between humans and animals, including via water, can risk spreading Blastocystis infection among users of polluted waters.

• #142 BLASTOCYSTIS HOMINIS: A MYSTERIOUS AND COMMONLY DISREGARDED PARASITE | Tasić | Facta Universitatis, Series: Medicine and Biology

  https://casopisi.junis.ni.ac.rs/index.php/FUMedBiol/article/view/2251

  Further studies are required to resolve all dilemmas regarding the parasite. […] Stensvold CR. Blastocystis: Genetic diversity and molecular methods for diagnosis and epidemiology. Trop Parasitol 2013; 3:2634. […] Stensvold CR, Lewis HC, Hammerum AM et al. „Blastocystis: unravelling potential risk factors and clinical significance of a common but neglected parasite”. Epidemiol Infect 2009; 137(11):165563. […] Ozyurt M, Kurt O, Molbak K, Nielsen HV, Haznedaroglu T, Stensvold CR. Molecular epidemiology of Blastocystis infections in Turkey. Parasitol Int 2008; 57(3):300306. […] Roberts T, Stark D, Harkness J, Ellis J. Subtype distribution of Blastocystis isolates identified in a Sydney population and pathogenic potential of Blastocystis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 32(3):335343.

• #143 Geospatial analysis and epidemiological aspects of human infections with Blastocystis hominis in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran

  https://www.e-epih.org/journal/view.php?number=1024

  Blastocystis hominis is a very common large intestinal protozoan with global prevalence in humans and non-human hosts. No precise statistics exist regarding the geographical distribution of Blastocystis that would enable the identification of high-risk communities. Therefore, the current research aimed to characterize the spatial patterns and demographic factors associated with B. hominis occurrence in northern Iran. […] The current study characterized for the first time the infection rate and risk of B. hominis in the north of Iran, and produced a prediction map. It is expected that this map will help policymakers to plan and implement preventive measures in high-risk areas and to manage already-infected patients. […] The prevalence of Blastocystis infection varies from 1.6% to 16.0% in developed countries, such as Singapore and Japan and can reach 60.0% in developing countries including Senegal, Cuba, Brazil, and Argentina. In Iran, the total prevalence of B. hominis in the total population has been estimated to be 3.0%. Because of the high infection rate, data collection and analysis are essential for identifying high-risk locations, factors related to incidence, and control strategies for Blastocystis.

• #144 Geospatial analysis and epidemiological aspects of human infections with Blastocystis hominis in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran

  https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/landing/article.kci?arti_id=ART002466021

  Blastocystis hominis is a very common large intestinal protozoan with global prevalence in humans and non-human hosts. No precise statistics exist regarding the geographical distribution of Blastocystis that would enable the identification of high-risk communities. […] The current study characterized for the first time the infection rate and risk of B. hominis in the north of Iran, and produced a prediction map. It is expected that this map will help policymakers to plan and implement preventive measures in high-risk areas and to manage already-infected patients.

• #145 CDC – DPDx – Blastocystis hominis

  https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/blastocystis/index.html

  Blastocystis sp. is found worldwide. Efforts to characterize the geographic and host distribution of Blastocystis subtypes are ongoing. […] Whether Blastocystis sp. (or particular subtypes thereof or particular strains of certain subtypes) can cause gastrointestinal disease (symptomatic infection) in humans continues to be debated and investigated. Blastocystis sp. has been detected in both symptomatic and asymptomatic persons.

• #146 Blastocystis hominis: A Pathogenic Parasite

  https://brieflands.com/articles/archcid-97388

  The search of the literature retrieved 158 published articles on Blastocystis spp. Among these articles, the ones related to the pathogenicity of B. hominis were selected for further investigations. […] Countries have been divided into developed (prevalence up to 10%) or developing (prevalence between 50 and 60%) groups in terms of the prevalence of this parasite. […] The epidemiologic studies are ranked third. […] This study showed comprehensive reasons for proving the pathogenesis of the parasite. […] This study aimed to collect comprehensive reasons for proving the pathogenesis of this parasite. […] In a study conducted in Europe and the Middle East, 30-40% of the patients were infected with B. hominis. […] In another study, 46% of the patients with IBS were positive for B. hominis, while only 7% of the control group had this parasite. […] Some studies strongly state that B. hominis is a pathogen, while others have ambiguities regarding this parasite, and some cases ignore its medical importance.

• #147 Epidemiology of Blastocystis infection from 1990 to 2019 in China | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-020-00779-z

  The infection rate of Blastocystis in cats was low. […] Among animal Blastocystis isolates, the potential zoonotic subtype including ST1, ST3 and ST5 accounts for 38.5%. […] The specific reasons need to be studied in depth. […] The most recent epidemiological data of Blastocystis and its subtypes are limited to reports from a few provinces in China. […] This shows that in underrepresented provinces, more investigators and more attention are needed to infer the true distribution of Blastocystis in different regions of China.

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