Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Blastocystis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastocystis

  Most published studies have reported that between 50% and 80% of individuals mono-infected with Blastocystis will show symptoms. […] Symptoms associated with the infection are diarrhea, constipation, nausea, abdominal cramps, bloating, excessive gas, and anal itching. […] Most cases of the infection appear to become diagnosed as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), according to studies from Denmark, Pakistan, the United Kingdom, and Italy. […] The timescale of infection with the parasite can range from weeks to years. […] In the early 2000s, Egyptian physicians identified 84 patients with diarrhea and enteritis apparently caused by Blastocystis hominis. After three days of nitazoxanide treatment, symptoms cleared and no fecal organisms were detectable in 36 (86%) of 42 treated patients and in 16 (38%) of 42 people who received placebo (P.0001). The investigators concluded that either B. hominis is pathogenic and can often be effectively treated with nitazoxanide, or that nitazoxanide (a drug approved by the FDA for the treatment of giardia and cryptosporidia) eradicated an unidentifiable organism.

• #1 About Blastocystis | Blastocystis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/blastocystis/about/index.html

  Many people with blastocystosis have no symptoms. However, some people who have Blastocystis in their stool (poop) have some of the following symptoms: […] Watery or loose stools […] Diarrhea […] Abdominal pain […] Anal itching […] Weight loss […] Constipation […] Excess gas […] In some studies, blastocystosis has also been associated with various skin rashes and hives.

• #1 Clinical significance and prevalence of Blastocystis hominis in Van, Turkey | Saudi Medical Journal

  https://smj.org.sa/content/36/9/1118

  Objectives: To determine the associated clinical symptoms and prevalence of Blastocystis hominis (B. hominis). […] The most frequent clinical symptoms associated with the disease were abdominal pain (27.3%) and diarrhea (19.6%) followed by anorexia, fever, saliva, anal itching, and nausea. […] Blastocystis hominis is considered a causative agent of human disease in patients with recurrent symptoms. […] The prevalence of B. hominis was significantly higher among symptomatic patients (70.2%) compared with asymptomatic ones (29.8%). […] In this study, not like most research, 70.2% of patients were found symptomatic. As symptoms are nonspecific and they are not the result of the infection, the clinical diagnosis of Blastocystosis is unfeasible. More recently, there have been many contrasting reports suggesting B. hominis as a causative agent of some gastrointestinal symptoms such as, diarrhea, abdominal pain, cramps, fatigue, anorexia, constipation, flatulence, and nausea. […] Similar to previous studies, abdominal pain (27.3%) and diarrhea (19.6%) were the most common symptoms in the present study.

• #1 Oh my aching gut: irritable bowel syndrome, Blastocystis, and asymptomatic infection | Parasites & Vectors | Full Text

  https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1756-3305-1-40

  Blastocystis is a prevalent enteric protozoan that infects a variety of vertebrates. Infection with Blastocystis in humans has been associated with abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, fatigue, skin rash, and other symptoms. […] Infection with Blastocystis is termed blastocystosis and has been associated with abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, fatigue, skin rash, and other symptoms. […] The most usual complaint of blastocystosis patients is of intense abdominal discomfort accompanied by pain. Diarrhea is not standard, and constipation is common. The symptoms gleaned from the literature include abdominal pain, discomfort, anorexia, bloating, cramps, diarrhea, constipation, alternating diarrhea and constipation, watery diarrhea, mucus diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, sleeplessness, nausea, weight loss, inability to work, lassitude, dizziness, flatus, pruritis, and tenesmus.

• #1 Blastocystis hominis | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/blastocystis-hominis

  Signs and symptoms possibly associated with blastocystis include: […] Watery diarrhea […] Nausea […] Abdominal pain […] Bloating […] Excessive gas […] Loss of appetite […] Weight loss […] Anal itching […] Fatigue […] See your doctor if you have signs and symptoms, such as diarrhea or abdominal pain, that lasts longer than three days. […] It’s not clear whether blastocystis causes disease. Most people who carry the organism have no signs or symptoms, but it’s also found in people who have diarrhea and other digestive problems. […] If you have diarrhea associated with blastocystis, it’s likely to be self-limiting. However, anytime you have diarrhea, you lose vital fluids, salts and minerals, which can lead to dehydration. Children are especially vulnerable to dehydration. […] If you have a blastocystis infection without signs or symptoms, then you don’t need treatment. Mild signs and symptoms might improve on their own within a few days.

• #1 Association of Blastocystis hominis with signs and symptoms of human disease.

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC268968/

  Purged stools from 389 patients were evaluated microscopically for the presence of Blastocystis hominis. A total of five or more B. hominis cells per 40X field were observed in 43 patients (11%), and B. hominis was the only intestinal parasite present in 23 (6%) of these patients. Of the 23 patients, 19 had symptoms which included abdominal discomfort (15 patients), anorexia (10 patients), diarrhea (9 patients), and flatus (9 patients). […] This study supports the emerging concept of the role of B. hominis as an intestinal parasite causative of human disease.

• #1 Oh my aching gut: irritable bowel syndrome, Blastocystis, and asymptomatic infection | Parasites & Vectors | Full Text

  https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1756-3305-1-40

  In a study from Jordan, the most common symptoms reported in preschool children were abdominal pain, recurrent diarrhea, cramps, anorexia, and fatigue. In older school children, additional symptoms were seen, such as mild diarrhea, nausea, bloating, and alternating diarrhea and constipation. […] A frequency of bowel movements ranging from 1 to 25 per day was noted. […] Symptoms reported in a collection of reports from patients in the United States included those from a returnee from Nepal were described as „constipation, spasms in ascending colon area, large loss of weight, occasional loose stools, fatigue, mental fogginess, increase in symptoms after eating, the need to eat every few hours, fast heartbeat, pale skin and others.” […] Upper gastrointestinal symptoms, such as dyspepsia, are also seen in Blastocystis infection, particularly in females according to one study. […] Patients with blastocystosis may develop elaborate exclusion diets to control symptoms.

• #1

  https://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=jp.2006.1.10

  A symptom is herein defined as any change in normal body function due to direct parasite action (invasiveness and tissue damage due to parasite feeding or migration) or indirect action (from parasite metabolic byproducts and toxic secretions). Of a total of 824 patients infected with Blastocystis hominis during 2002-2004, 596 (72%) were symptomatic. The relative frequency of symptomatic cases was highest in August and low in February, April, June, October and November. The prevalence of gastro-intestinal symptoms was higher (76%) than extra-intestinal symptoms (40%) and was highest in spring and early summer than during the rest of the year. […] The most common intestinal symptom was diarrhea with bloating and flatulence ranking second and third. Women reported intestinal symptoms much more frequently than men far exceeding the ratio of men: women tested of 1: 2.

• #1 Blastocystis Hominis Infection: Treatment & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22933-blastocystis-hominis-infection-blastocystosis

  Blastocystosis is associated with inflammation in the digestive tract (enteritis). However, it is unclear if Blastocystis causes gastrointestinal illness or if its presence in the digestive tract is coincidental. Symptoms can include: Abdominal pain. Anal itching. Diarrhea. Gas and bloating. Nausea. Weight loss. […] Blastocystosis is also associated with skin rashes and hives (urticaria). Hives are red, itchy welts on the skin that are often accompanied by swelling. […] Many people with blastocystosis do not experience any symptoms. Those who develop gastrointestinal illness usually respond well to treatment.

• #1

  https://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=jp.2006.1.10

  The most common extra-intestinal symptom reported was fatigue with fever/headache and skin abnormalities (allergic dermatitis) ranking a distant second and third. Women reported extra-intestinal symptoms considerably more frequently than men. […] The observed seasonal prevalence rates over a period of four years is reported herein for the first time thus no comparisons can be made. The increased overall rates of 20-23% between July and October possibly reflect increased transmission during warm and wet summers. These dates do not essentially negate possible spring/summer peaks. Exposure, experiencing symptoms, seeking medical help and testing would probably explain this time lag. This observation is supported by the fact that the highest prevalence of patients with symptoms was observed between July and September.

• #1 Blastocystis Hominis – Healthpath

  https://healthpath.com/gut-health/blastocystis-hominis/

  Many people infected with Blastocystis hominis are asymptomatic. However, in some individuals, especially those with other health conditions or compromised immune systems, the presence of Blastocystis may be linked to: Gastrointestinal symptoms: Diarrhoea or loose stools. Abdominal pain or cramping. Gas and bloating. Nausea. Vomiting. Constipation. Systemic symptoms: Fatigue. Skin rashes (in some cases, possibly linked to hypersensitivity reactions). Intense itching. Iron deficiency anaemia. Anorexia. […] One study revealed a higher prevalence (but not significant) of Blastocystis hominis infection among patients with urticaria than healthy individuals. In fact researchers have discussed Blastocystis infection as a neglected cause of urticaria and skin disorders. […] As already mentioned the reputation of Blastocystis hominis as a good or bad organism is still unclear and may depend on the following factors: As a pathogen: Some studies link Blastocystis to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)-like symptoms and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). For instance, a higher prevalence of Blastocystis has been observed in patients with IBS.

• #1 Blastocystosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastocystosis

  Researchers have published conflicting reports concerning whether Blastocystis causes symptoms in humans, with one of the earliest reports in 1916. […] A few of most commonly reported symptoms are: abdominal pain, itching, usually anal itching, constipation, diarrhea, watery or loose stools, weight loss, fatigue, flatulence. […] Some less commonly reported symptoms include: Skin rash, Arthritic symptoms and joint pain, Intestinal inflammation. […] Researchers have sought to develop models to understand the variety of symptoms seen in humans. Some patients do not have symptoms, while others report severe diarrhea and fatigue. […] The studies that followed generally found that no specific „pathogenic” or nonpathogenic species of Blastocystis exists. […] Blastocystis colonisation is positively associated with IBS and is a possible risk factor for developing IBS.

• #1 Blastocystosis – Protozoal Diseases – Parasitic Diseases – Infectious Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.18.84.2.5.

  Blastocystosis is a disease of the large intestine caused by the protozoal parasite Blastocystis hominis. […] The infection is frequently asymptomatic (carriers). […] Types of symptomatic disease: 1) Mild blastocystosis: The most common type; manifests with diarrhea (without blood in stool), abdominal pain, nausea, weight loss, and sometimes fine macular rash. […] 2) Acute blastocystosis: Very rare; typically manifests with watery diarrhea, spastic abdominal pain, and occasionally fever; may lead to gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. […] Invasive colonic disease and GI bleeding may occur in the very rare cases of acute infection. B hominis may cause exacerbations of ulcerative colitis. […] In general the prognosis is good.

• #1 Blastocystis Fact Sheet | Blastocystis Research Foundation

  http://bhomcenter.org/wp/blastocystis-fact-sheet/

  Blastocystis hominis infection can cause a variety of intestinal signs or symptoms, which include […] Patients also report fatigue, skin rashes, and joint pain. Some people with Blastocystis hominis infection have severe symptoms, while others have no symptoms at all. […] In animal studies, symptoms of Blastocystosis appear within two weeks after becoming infected. In humans, some people may have few symptoms when initially infected, but the symptoms may become worse over a period of months or years. […] In some patients, Blastocystosis is an acute illness, meaning that symptoms will last for a short time (several weeks). In other patients, the disease may become chronic, and symptoms will last indefinitely. Researchers are working to understand why some infections produce chronic illness, while others clear on their own.

• #1 Effects of Carbohydrates on Blastocystis | livestrong

  https://www.livestrong.com/article/549367-blastocystis-carbohydrates/

  Blastocystis hominis is a parasite that can infect your intestines. The effect of this parasite on human health is still debated, according to the Mayo Clinic, because it appears to cause symptoms in some, but not all, people. […] The symptoms associated with a Blastocystis hominis infection mainly include gastrointestinal troubles, especially diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, bloating, flatulence as well as fatigue and weight loss in some people. […] If you are infected with Blastocystis hominis, you may experience a worsening of your symptoms after eating foods high in carbohydrates. […] Eating a large amount of pasta, bread, breakfast cereals, potatoes or desserts can feed the Blastocystis hominis present in your digestive tract, making it stronger and leading to more bloating, abdominal pain, flatulence and diarrhea. […] Adjusting your diet by opting for foods with a lower carbohydrate content may help some people better manage the symptoms associated with a Blastocystis hominis infection by starving the parasite.

• #1 Blastocystis: symptoms, prevention & treatment – Genetic Signatures USA

  https://geneticsignatures.com/us/our-products/gastrointestinal-infections/blastocystis-symptoms-prevention-treatment/

  Blastocystis hominis is one of the most common parasites found in the human intestine, with global incidence but with significant variations in prevalence, ranging from 2% to over 80%, dependent on a range of factors including geographical location, proximity of livestock and pets, and immune function. […] A significantly higher proportion of immunocompromised patients have been found to have pathogenic B. hominis in their stool. This infection can lead to very severe symptoms, and even death, in immunocompromised patients. […] Many people with B. hominis in their stool report seeing no symptoms, as the organism can be found in both well and unwell individuals. The most prevalent subtypes associated with gastrointestinal complaints include subtypes ST1, ST2, ST3 and ST4, which have been found in patients suffering from; Watery diarrhoea, Abdominal pain, Vomiting, Weight loss/loss of appetite, Bloating, Excessive gas, Fatigue. The presence and severity of these symptoms is variable and differs between individuals, varying from acute to chronic infections.

• #1 Patient Accounts | Blastocystis Research Foundation

  http://bhomcenter.org/wp/patient-accounts/

  The most recent research suggests symptoms vary with host genetics and age, with people over 35 experiencing worse symptoms. The same organism can be cleared by one person, but cause severe illness in the next person. […] My husband became ill with Blastocystis hominis in July of 2007. It is now November 2009. And he has spent the last 2 years in and out of hospitals, wracking up numerous numerous medical bills. […] This parasite has caused chronic fatigue syndrome and has drastically effected my life. My symptoms are chronic fatigue, tired legs, cold legs, dizziness, hypoglycemia, reduced immunity to infection, palpitations, exhaustion, panic attacks, sinus infections, IBS symptoms, weight loss, and food sensitivities. […] The poor child has had recurrent bouts of diarrhea and stomach pain over the last year, sometimes so severe it wakes him at night. His appetite has never been as good as it was before infection.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10096-017-2965-0

  Blastocystis has been linked with a variety of disorders, such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, fatigue, constipation, flatulence, chronic gastrointestinal illnesses (irritable bowel syndrome, IBS), and skin rash or urticaria. […] Blastocystis has been found in both patients with gastrointestinal symptoms and asymptomatic individuals. […] The prevalence of Blastocystis infection is higher than that of other intestinal parasites, such as Giardia, Entamoeba, or Cryptosporidium. […] It is suggested that Blastocystis is linked with diarrhea in immunocompromised hosts, such as HIV-infected persons, and nutrition status may be one of the important risk factors associated with co-infections. […] Children and the elderly appear to be highly susceptible to Blastocystis infection, while other researchers have suggested that people between 30 and 50 years of age are most prone to being infected by Blastocystis.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10096-017-2965-0

  The amoeboid form is mostly associated with symptoms. […] A large number of the parasites in the intestine (5 parasites per high-power field) are also connected with gastrointestinal symptoms. […] However, Blastocystis was also identified as the only causative agent of gastrointestinal or dermatological symptoms, such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, bloating, anorexia, or, less commonly, urticaria, intense itching, or iron deficiency anemia. […] Most Blastocystis isolates found in stool samples are in cyst or vacuolar forms. The amoeboid form is rarely seen, but is mostly associated with symptoms. […] The most recent results of the latest studies leave the pathogenicity of Blastocystis still unclear and this is similar to the chicken and egg question: which came first? Is Blastocystis an agent of the gut dysbiosis and changing the microbiotic diversity, or are the metabolic dysfunctions and changes in the content of microbiota the reason for the higher colonization by Blastocystis? […] Further investigation needs to be done to identify the organic compounds causing Blastocystis eradication.

• #1 How Does Blastocystis Hominis Affect Your Digestive Health?

  https://drruscio.com/blastocystis-hominis/

  Of course, these symptoms can also point to any number of conditions or imbalances. […] While a test might tell you that you have blastocystis hominis in your gut, it can’t tell you how that parasite relates to your symptoms. […] In some cases, parasites like blastocystis hominis are actually considered to be helpful for our systems. […] On the other hand, other research suggests that Blastocystis often causes symptoms that need treatment. […] There is a modest connection between irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and B. hominis. […] A systematic-review and meta-analysis showed that there was a significant chance of having both Blastocystis and IBS. […] Several studies have shown that treating B. hominis, including with antibiotics such as metronidazole (Flagyl) and the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii, leads to modest improvements in symptoms such as diarrhea and abdominal pain.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2009/10003/nitazoxanide_for_the_treatment_of_blastocystis.1320.aspx

  Blastocystis hominis is a protozoan commonly found in the human digestive tract. […] While patients with Blastocystis hominis may be asymptomatic, studies indicate a strong association between Blastocystis hominis infection and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). […] A microbiologic cure was achieved in 82% (18/22) of the patients and a clinical cure in 86% (19/22) of the patients. There was an excellent correlation between the eradication of Blastocystis hominis and the resolution of IBS symptoms, 94% (17/18). […] The pathogenic role of Blastocystis hominis remains unclear, however it should be considered a potential pathogen in symptomatic patients. Furthermore, in patients with IBS, Blastocystis hominis should be considered in the differential diagnosis.

• #1 Blastocystosis in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms: a case–control study | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-230X-12-122

  Blastocystis spp. infection is generally asymptomatic. Symptomatic cases are characterized by nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, anorexia, weight loss, weakness, dizziness, and gas, together with mainly diarrhea or abdominal pain. […] Although symptomatic irritable bowel syndrome and Crohns disease patients had higher rates of Blastocystis spp. infection, the differences were not significant when compared to controls. […] The IBD sub-group (n=335) of patients with gastrointestinal complaints (n=2334) was determined to have the most frequent Blastocystis spp. infection (8.35%) with significantly higher rates compared with the controls (3.12%; p=0.019). Likewise, 24 of 28 patients with Blastocystis spp. in the IBD group were UC patients (n=276) with significantly higher rate of infection (8.7%) in these patients compared to controls (3.12%, p=0.016). However, while showing a tendency towards higher ratio in patients with CD, there was no statistical difference between CD patients (6.78%) and control group in terms of frequency of Blastocystis spp. infection (p=0.251).

• #1 Blastocystosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastocystosis

  The following reports have linked Blastocystis infection to inflammatory bowel disease: A study using riboprinting identified specific types of Blastocystis as associated with inflammation. […] A 1989 study of the prevalence of Blastocystis in the United States found an infection rate of 2.6% in samples submitted from all 48 states. […] A more recent study, in 2006, found an infection rate of 23% in samples submitted from all 48 states.

• #1 Blastocystis hominis and Bowel Diseases – Turkish Journal of Parasitology

  https://turkiyeparazitolderg.org/articles/blastocystis-hominis-and-bowel-diseases/doi/22727

  Blastocystis hominis (B. hominis) is a parasite of uncertain role in human disease. It may be identified during a workup for gastrointestinal symptoms, usually in stools. The clinical consequences of B. hominis infection are mainly diarrhea and abdominal pain as well as nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, anorexia, vomiting, weight loss, lassitude, dizziness, and flatulence. […] Case reports and series have suggested a pathogenic role of B. hominis in causing intestinal inflammation. Also some studies have suggested that inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are associated with B. hominis infection. The investigators indicate that the stools of all patients presenting with IBD or IBS should be examined, and culture methods for B. hominis carried out. […] Invasion and mucosal inflammation of the intestine with B. hominis have been observed in studies of gnotobiotic guinea pigs.

• #1 Site-Specific Incidence Rate of Blastocystis hominis and Its Association with Childhood Malnutrition: Findings from a Multi-Country Birth Cohort Study in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 108 Issue 5 (2023)

  https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/108/5/article-p887.xml

  Moreover, other researchers have attributed B. hominis to irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease as well as watery diarrhea, stomach pain, meteorism, a lack of appetite, and constipation. […] Our analysis further reveals that the presence of additional pathogens may play a pathogenic role in children who have B. hominis infection. […] In the absence of other pathogens, chronic diarrhea, nausea, anorexia, vomiting, dizziness, and flatulence caused by B. hominis have been found often in cases where the organism exists at higher numbers. […] When we looked at site-specific associations, stunting was found to be associated positively with the burden B. hominis infection over the study period across sites, including Bangladesh (OR: 1.62; 95% CI: 1.262.08; P=0.001), India (OR: 1.78; 95% CI: 1.462.16; P=0.001), Nepal (OR: 2.26; 95% CI: 1.603.21; P=0.001), Peru (OR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.261.71; P=0.001), South Africa (OR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.351.83; P=0.001), and Tanzania (OR: 2.46; 95% CI: 2.182.79; P=0.001).

• #1 Site-Specific Incidence Rate of Blastocystis hominis and Its Association with Childhood Malnutrition: Findings from a Multi-Country Birth Cohort Study in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 108 Issue 5 (2023)

  https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/108/5/article-p887.xml

  Consequently, the burden of asymptomatic B. hominis infection was significantly associated with underweight in Bangladesh (OR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.482.42; P=0.001), Brazil (OR: 4.41; 95% CI: 1.5712.4; P=0.005), Nepal (OR: 2.25; 95% CI: 1.523.35; P=0.001), and Tanzania (OR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.421.99; P=0.001). […] The findings from the present study imply that B. hominis has a potential pathogenic role in gut health and negatively affects growth development.

• #1 Reactive Arthritis Caused by Blastocistys hominis | Reumatología Clínica

  https://www.reumatologiaclinica.org/en-reactive-arthritis-caused-by-blastocistys-articulo-S2173574312000032

  Reactive arthritis is defined as an acute arthritis caused by enteric or genitourinary infection. This infection usually precedes arthritis by a month. […] Here we report a case of reactive arthritis due to Blastocystis hominis in immunocompetent patients. […] The latency period from the isolation of B. hominis to the onset of symptoms was 10 days. Physical examination showed fever (38C), monoarthritis of the left knee, heel pain and pain with redness of the eye. […] Reactive arthritis due to B. hominis was diagnosed, and treatment with metronidazole 250mg every 8h was continued, which she had begun beforehand. […] Protozoal reactive arthritis is rare. […] The mechanisms by which different parasites can cause joint disease are multiple. […] In our case, we assume that the latter was the most likely mechanism of action of B. hominis. […] This case would be the fifth related to this parasite and the third description of reactive arthritis due to this organism.

• #1 A neglected cause of uremic pruritus: Blastocystis hominis

  https://oatext.com/a-neglected-cause-of-uremic-pruritus-blastocystis-hominis.php

  Uremic pruritus (UP) is one of the most bothersome side effect of uremia which can be seen in 50-90% of dialysis patients and about 25% of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. […] Blastocystis hominis (B. hominis), is one of oppurtunistic protozoa in the intestinal tract which can cause gastrointestinal symptoms including nause, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea and allergic skin diseases including urticaria, local and systemic pruritus. […] Most studies have reported that between 50% and 80% of individuals mono-infected with Blastocystis will show symptoms including nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, bloating, diarrhea and itching. […] The present work is the first to hypothesize that relationships among high colonization prevalance of B. hominis and uremic pruritus in chronic kidney disease. […] This report is the first to suggest the importance of colonization of B. hominis and the relation with intractable UP in CKD patients.

• #1 The Surprising Controversy of Blastocystis – Dr. Bojana

  https://drbojana.com/the-surprising-controversy-of-blastocystis/

  Blastocystis has been found in numerous case reports to cause reactive arthritisotherwise unexplained joint pain that resolves when the parasite is eradicated. […] Numerous studies have found on average that people carrying Blastocystis have a 78% increased odds of being diagnosed with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). […] A meta-analysis of studies including over 100,000 participants found that carrying parasites such as Blastocystis increased the odds of anemia by 160% among pregnant women in particular. […] There have been 23 reports published on cases of urticaria, or hives, that were resolved upon antiparasitic treatment for Blastocystis. […] In two separate cohorts, individuals with Blastocystis had lower executive function scores on standardized cognitive tests. […] Lastly, in a study on people with Hashimotos thyroiditis, those carrying Blastocystis had clinically-relevant reductions in TSH (the main marker of thyroid function) and IL-17 (an autoimmune-related cytokine) when the parasite was eradicated. […] If your symptoms match those commonly associated with Blastocystiswhich may include loss of appetite, constipation or diarrhea, and otherwise unexplained joint pain or hivesor you have a condition known to be associated with Blastocystis, eradication may be warranted.

• #1 Blastocystis hominis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/blastocystis-hominis-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20351205

  Signs and symptoms possibly associated with blastocystis include: […] It’s not clear whether blastocystis causes disease. Most people who carry the organism have no signs or symptoms, but it’s also found in people who have diarrhea and other digestive problems. […] Some types of blastocystis may be more likely to cause disease than others. […] If you have diarrhea associated with blastocystis, it’s likely to be self-limiting. However, anytime you have diarrhea, you lose vital fluids, salts and minerals, which can lead to dehydration. Children are especially vulnerable to dehydration.

• #1 Blastocystis hominis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/blastocystis-hominis-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351211

  If you have diarrhea and related symptoms, the cause may be difficult to diagnose. Even if blastocystis is found in your stool, it might not be causing your symptoms. Often another food- or water-borne organism is the likely cause of illness. […] If you have a blastocystis infection without signs or symptoms, then you don’t need treatment. Mild signs and symptoms might improve on their own within a few days. […] Responses to these medications vary greatly. Also, because the organism might not be the cause of your symptoms, improvement might be due to the medication’s effect on another organism. […] If your symptoms are related to blastocystis, they’ll likely go away on their own before you even see your doctor. Stay well hydrated. Oral rehydration solutions available through drugstores and health agencies worldwide can replace lost fluids and electrolytes.

• #1 Blastocystis hominis as a cause of chronic diarrhea in low-resource settings: A systematic review

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2308-3840/full/v12/i3/95631.htm

  Chronic diarrhea due to B. hominis infection was reported in only two studies, while abdominal pain, diarrhea, flatulence, constipation, and nausea/vomiting emerged as the most commonly documented symptoms. […] In low-resource settings, chronic diarrhea resulting from B. hominis infection is infrequent. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, flatulence, constipation, and nausea/vomiting. […] The two-week response rate for full recovery ranged from 60% to 100% among treated patients, whereas untreated patients exhibited a recovery rate of 40%. […] The reported treatment regimens were diverse, encompassing the use of single or multiple antimicrobial agents, probiotic agents, or surgical intervention. […] Metronidazole alone was reported as a treatment modality in twelve studies, while in two studies, it was administered in combination with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.

• #1 Blastocystis hominis as a cause of chronic diarrhea in low-resource settings: A systematic review

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2308-3840/full/v12/i3/95631.htm

  All studies included in the analysis documented some degree of symptomatic improvement in patients, regardless of whether they received treatment or not. However, treated patients consistently exhibited higher and more favorable response rates compared to their untreated counterparts. […] Despite the generally favorable clinical outcomes observed in individuals infected with B. hominis, treatment markedly improves results, leading to a quicker recovery rate with antimicrobial or alternative therapies.

• #1 Blastocystis hominis – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/blastocystis-hominis/

  Signs and symptoms possibly associated with blastocystis include: […] See your doctor if you have signs and symptoms, such as diarrhea or abdominal pain, that lasts longer than three days. […] It’s not clear whether blastocystis causes disease. Most people who carry the organism have no signs or symptoms, but it’s also found in people who have diarrhea and other digestive problems. […] If you have diarrhea associated with blastocystis, it’s likely to be self-limiting. However, anytime you have diarrhea, you lose vital fluids, salts and minerals, which can lead to dehydration. Children are especially vulnerable to dehydration. […] If you have a blastocystis infection without signs or symptoms, then you don’t need treatment. Mild signs and symptoms might improve on their own within a few days.

• #1 Blastocystis Hominis: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and When to Seek Medical Attention

  https://www.doctorshubnepal.com/diseases-conditions/blastocystis-hominis

  Blastocystis hominis infection can vary widely in its presentation. Some individuals may remain asymptomatic, while others may experience gastrointestinal symptoms, including: 1. Diarrhea: Frequent loose stools or diarrhea. 2. Abdominal Pain: Discomfort or cramping in the abdominal area. 3. Bloating: Feeling of fullness or bloating in the abdomen. 4. Nausea or vomiting: Feeling queasy or having an urge to vomit. 5. Fatigue: Unexplained tiredness or weakness. […] If you experience persistent gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, or bloating, seek medical attention. […] Individuals with weakened immune systems should seek medical attention promptly, as Blastocystis hominis infection may be more severe in such cases.

• #2 Clinical significance and prevalence of Blastocystis hominis in Van, Turkey | Saudi Medical Journal

  https://smj.org.sa/content/36/9/1118

  Objectives: To determine the associated clinical symptoms and prevalence of Blastocystis hominis (B. hominis). […] The most frequent clinical symptoms associated with the disease were abdominal pain (27.3%) and diarrhea (19.6%) followed by anorexia, fever, saliva, anal itching, and nausea. […] Blastocystis hominis is considered a causative agent of human disease in patients with recurrent symptoms. […] The prevalence of B. hominis was significantly higher among symptomatic patients (70.2%) compared with asymptomatic ones (29.8%). […] In this study, not like most research, 70.2% of patients were found symptomatic. As symptoms are nonspecific and they are not the result of the infection, the clinical diagnosis of Blastocystosis is unfeasible. More recently, there have been many contrasting reports suggesting B. hominis as a causative agent of some gastrointestinal symptoms such as, diarrhea, abdominal pain, cramps, fatigue, anorexia, constipation, flatulence, and nausea. […] Similar to previous studies, abdominal pain (27.3%) and diarrhea (19.6%) were the most common symptoms in the present study.

• #2 Blastocystis Hominis Infection: Treatment & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22933-blastocystis-hominis-infection-blastocystosis

  Blastocystosis is associated with inflammation in the digestive tract (enteritis). However, it is unclear if Blastocystis causes gastrointestinal illness or if its presence in the digestive tract is coincidental. Symptoms can include: Abdominal pain. Anal itching. Diarrhea. Gas and bloating. Nausea. Weight loss. […] Blastocystosis is also associated with skin rashes and hives (urticaria). Hives are red, itchy welts on the skin that are often accompanied by swelling. […] Many people with blastocystosis do not experience any symptoms. Those who develop gastrointestinal illness usually respond well to treatment.

• #2 Oh my aching gut: irritable bowel syndrome, Blastocystis, and asymptomatic infection | Parasites & Vectors | Full Text

  https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1756-3305-1-40

  Blastocystis is a prevalent enteric protozoan that infects a variety of vertebrates. Infection with Blastocystis in humans has been associated with abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, fatigue, skin rash, and other symptoms. […] Infection with Blastocystis is termed blastocystosis and has been associated with abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, fatigue, skin rash, and other symptoms. […] The most usual complaint of blastocystosis patients is of intense abdominal discomfort accompanied by pain. Diarrhea is not standard, and constipation is common. The symptoms gleaned from the literature include abdominal pain, discomfort, anorexia, bloating, cramps, diarrhea, constipation, alternating diarrhea and constipation, watery diarrhea, mucus diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, sleeplessness, nausea, weight loss, inability to work, lassitude, dizziness, flatus, pruritis, and tenesmus.

• #2 Blastocystosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastocystosis

  Researchers have published conflicting reports concerning whether Blastocystis causes symptoms in humans, with one of the earliest reports in 1916. […] A few of most commonly reported symptoms are: abdominal pain, itching, usually anal itching, constipation, diarrhea, watery or loose stools, weight loss, fatigue, flatulence. […] Some less commonly reported symptoms include: Skin rash, Arthritic symptoms and joint pain, Intestinal inflammation. […] Researchers have sought to develop models to understand the variety of symptoms seen in humans. Some patients do not have symptoms, while others report severe diarrhea and fatigue. […] The studies that followed generally found that no specific „pathogenic” or nonpathogenic species of Blastocystis exists. […] Blastocystis colonisation is positively associated with IBS and is a possible risk factor for developing IBS.

• #2 Blastocystis infection – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/blastocystis+infection/blastocystis+infection+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Blastocystis is a single-celled parasite which is commonly found in people who have diarrhoea or other intestinal symptoms. There is a great deal of debate about whether Blastocystis causes illness or not. Often there is another cause of the symptoms which has not yet been found. […] Symptoms which may be caused by Blastocystis include: watery or loose bowel motions or diarrhoea, abdominal pain, itching around the anus (back passage), weight loss, excess gas. […] However many people in whom Blastocystis is found have no symptoms at all. […] Unknown. Blastocystis may remain in the intestines for years. […] Since there is debate about whether Blastocystis causes illness or not, treatment is not usually needed and most infections will go away without any treatment. A doctor may consider treatment in people with symptoms after other infectious or non-infectious causes have been excluded.

• #2 Blastocystis: symptoms, prevention & treatment – Genetic Signatures USA

  https://geneticsignatures.com/us/our-products/gastrointestinal-infections/blastocystis-symptoms-prevention-treatment/

  Blastocystis infections have been associated with the increased risk of developing irritable bowel syndrome (PBC) amongst more susceptible populations. […] Recent studies have suggested that Blastocystis may be associated with dermatological symptoms such as acute or chronic urticaria, angioedema, rash, itch, palmoplantar, and diffuse pruritus, particularly for serotype ST3. […] There are a number of preferred therapies for B. hominis infections. Albenazole is often used, though treatment can also include emetin, furazolidone, metronidazole, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. In immunocompetent patients Metronidazole for 5 days is a therapeutic regimen to treat B. hominis in patients with symptoms of diarrhea, abdominal pain, and nausea. With HIV/AIDS patients, treatment with furoximin is the treatment of choice to eradicate B. hominis. Another study using metronidazole for 7-10 days showed relief of symptoms accompanied by a reduction of B. hominis numbers in the feces.

• #2 Reactive Arthritis Caused by Blastocistys hominis | Reumatología Clínica

  https://www.reumatologiaclinica.org/en-reactive-arthritis-caused-by-blastocistys-articulo-S2173574312000032

  Reactive arthritis is defined as an acute arthritis caused by enteric or genitourinary infection. This infection usually precedes arthritis by a month. […] Here we report a case of reactive arthritis due to Blastocystis hominis in immunocompetent patients. […] The latency period from the isolation of B. hominis to the onset of symptoms was 10 days. Physical examination showed fever (38C), monoarthritis of the left knee, heel pain and pain with redness of the eye. […] Reactive arthritis due to B. hominis was diagnosed, and treatment with metronidazole 250mg every 8h was continued, which she had begun beforehand. […] Protozoal reactive arthritis is rare. […] The mechanisms by which different parasites can cause joint disease are multiple. […] In our case, we assume that the latter was the most likely mechanism of action of B. hominis. […] This case would be the fifth related to this parasite and the third description of reactive arthritis due to this organism.

• #2 Is Blastocystis Hominis Bad? Diagnosis, Causes & Treatment – SelfDecode Health

  https://health.selfdecode.com/blog/blastocystis-hominis-bad-worried/

  Limited studies have associated Blastocystis with skin problems like itching, redness, and hives (urticaria). A causal link hasn’t been established. […] Pregnant women can be at risk of iron-deficiency anemia, but it’s uncertain if Blastocystis can affect iron status or not. […] Blastocystis Hominis was shown to lower magnesium levels in one small human study.

• #2 Blastocystis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastocystis

  Most published studies have reported that between 50% and 80% of individuals mono-infected with Blastocystis will show symptoms. […] Symptoms associated with the infection are diarrhea, constipation, nausea, abdominal cramps, bloating, excessive gas, and anal itching. […] Most cases of the infection appear to become diagnosed as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), according to studies from Denmark, Pakistan, the United Kingdom, and Italy. […] The timescale of infection with the parasite can range from weeks to years. […] In the early 2000s, Egyptian physicians identified 84 patients with diarrhea and enteritis apparently caused by Blastocystis hominis. After three days of nitazoxanide treatment, symptoms cleared and no fecal organisms were detectable in 36 (86%) of 42 treated patients and in 16 (38%) of 42 people who received placebo (P.0001). The investigators concluded that either B. hominis is pathogenic and can often be effectively treated with nitazoxanide, or that nitazoxanide (a drug approved by the FDA for the treatment of giardia and cryptosporidia) eradicated an unidentifiable organism.

• #2 Patient Accounts | Blastocystis Research Foundation

  http://bhomcenter.org/wp/patient-accounts/

  The most recent research suggests symptoms vary with host genetics and age, with people over 35 experiencing worse symptoms. The same organism can be cleared by one person, but cause severe illness in the next person. […] My husband became ill with Blastocystis hominis in July of 2007. It is now November 2009. And he has spent the last 2 years in and out of hospitals, wracking up numerous numerous medical bills. […] This parasite has caused chronic fatigue syndrome and has drastically effected my life. My symptoms are chronic fatigue, tired legs, cold legs, dizziness, hypoglycemia, reduced immunity to infection, palpitations, exhaustion, panic attacks, sinus infections, IBS symptoms, weight loss, and food sensitivities. […] The poor child has had recurrent bouts of diarrhea and stomach pain over the last year, sometimes so severe it wakes him at night. His appetite has never been as good as it was before infection.

• #2 How Does Blastocystis Hominis Affect Your Digestive Health?

  https://drruscio.com/blastocystis-hominis/

  Of course, these symptoms can also point to any number of conditions or imbalances. […] While a test might tell you that you have blastocystis hominis in your gut, it can’t tell you how that parasite relates to your symptoms. […] In some cases, parasites like blastocystis hominis are actually considered to be helpful for our systems. […] On the other hand, other research suggests that Blastocystis often causes symptoms that need treatment. […] There is a modest connection between irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and B. hominis. […] A systematic-review and meta-analysis showed that there was a significant chance of having both Blastocystis and IBS. […] Several studies have shown that treating B. hominis, including with antibiotics such as metronidazole (Flagyl) and the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii, leads to modest improvements in symptoms such as diarrhea and abdominal pain.

• #2 Blastocystosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastocystosis

  The following reports have linked Blastocystis infection to inflammatory bowel disease: A study using riboprinting identified specific types of Blastocystis as associated with inflammation. […] A 1989 study of the prevalence of Blastocystis in the United States found an infection rate of 2.6% in samples submitted from all 48 states. […] A more recent study, in 2006, found an infection rate of 23% in samples submitted from all 48 states.

• #2 Blastocystosis in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms: a case–control study | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-230X-12-122

  Blastocystis spp. infection is generally asymptomatic. Symptomatic cases are characterized by nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, anorexia, weight loss, weakness, dizziness, and gas, together with mainly diarrhea or abdominal pain. […] Although symptomatic irritable bowel syndrome and Crohns disease patients had higher rates of Blastocystis spp. infection, the differences were not significant when compared to controls. […] The IBD sub-group (n=335) of patients with gastrointestinal complaints (n=2334) was determined to have the most frequent Blastocystis spp. infection (8.35%) with significantly higher rates compared with the controls (3.12%; p=0.019). Likewise, 24 of 28 patients with Blastocystis spp. in the IBD group were UC patients (n=276) with significantly higher rate of infection (8.7%) in these patients compared to controls (3.12%, p=0.016). However, while showing a tendency towards higher ratio in patients with CD, there was no statistical difference between CD patients (6.78%) and control group in terms of frequency of Blastocystis spp. infection (p=0.251).

• #2 Site-Specific Incidence Rate of Blastocystis hominis and Its Association with Childhood Malnutrition: Findings from a Multi-Country Birth Cohort Study in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 108 Issue 5 (2023)

  https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/108/5/article-p887.xml

  Consequently, the burden of asymptomatic B. hominis infection was significantly associated with underweight in Bangladesh (OR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.482.42; P=0.001), Brazil (OR: 4.41; 95% CI: 1.5712.4; P=0.005), Nepal (OR: 2.25; 95% CI: 1.523.35; P=0.001), and Tanzania (OR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.421.99; P=0.001). […] The findings from the present study imply that B. hominis has a potential pathogenic role in gut health and negatively affects growth development.

• #2 A neglected cause of uremic pruritus: Blastocystis hominis

  https://oatext.com/a-neglected-cause-of-uremic-pruritus-blastocystis-hominis.php

  Uremic pruritus (UP) is one of the most bothersome side effect of uremia which can be seen in 50-90% of dialysis patients and about 25% of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. […] Blastocystis hominis (B. hominis), is one of oppurtunistic protozoa in the intestinal tract which can cause gastrointestinal symptoms including nause, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea and allergic skin diseases including urticaria, local and systemic pruritus. […] Most studies have reported that between 50% and 80% of individuals mono-infected with Blastocystis will show symptoms including nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, bloating, diarrhea and itching. […] The present work is the first to hypothesize that relationships among high colonization prevalance of B. hominis and uremic pruritus in chronic kidney disease. […] This report is the first to suggest the importance of colonization of B. hominis and the relation with intractable UP in CKD patients.

• #2 The Surprising Controversy of Blastocystis – Dr. Bojana

  https://drbojana.com/the-surprising-controversy-of-blastocystis/

  Blastocystis has been found in numerous case reports to cause reactive arthritisotherwise unexplained joint pain that resolves when the parasite is eradicated. […] Numerous studies have found on average that people carrying Blastocystis have a 78% increased odds of being diagnosed with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). […] A meta-analysis of studies including over 100,000 participants found that carrying parasites such as Blastocystis increased the odds of anemia by 160% among pregnant women in particular. […] There have been 23 reports published on cases of urticaria, or hives, that were resolved upon antiparasitic treatment for Blastocystis. […] In two separate cohorts, individuals with Blastocystis had lower executive function scores on standardized cognitive tests. […] Lastly, in a study on people with Hashimotos thyroiditis, those carrying Blastocystis had clinically-relevant reductions in TSH (the main marker of thyroid function) and IL-17 (an autoimmune-related cytokine) when the parasite was eradicated. […] If your symptoms match those commonly associated with Blastocystiswhich may include loss of appetite, constipation or diarrhea, and otherwise unexplained joint pain or hivesor you have a condition known to be associated with Blastocystis, eradication may be warranted.

• #2 Blastocystis hominis – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/blastocystis-hominis/

  Signs and symptoms possibly associated with blastocystis include: […] See your doctor if you have signs and symptoms, such as diarrhea or abdominal pain, that lasts longer than three days. […] It’s not clear whether blastocystis causes disease. Most people who carry the organism have no signs or symptoms, but it’s also found in people who have diarrhea and other digestive problems. […] If you have diarrhea associated with blastocystis, it’s likely to be self-limiting. However, anytime you have diarrhea, you lose vital fluids, salts and minerals, which can lead to dehydration. Children are especially vulnerable to dehydration. […] If you have a blastocystis infection without signs or symptoms, then you don’t need treatment. Mild signs and symptoms might improve on their own within a few days.

• #2 Blastocystis hominis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/blastocystis-hominis-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351211

  If you have diarrhea and related symptoms, the cause may be difficult to diagnose. Even if blastocystis is found in your stool, it might not be causing your symptoms. Often another food- or water-borne organism is the likely cause of illness. […] If you have a blastocystis infection without signs or symptoms, then you don’t need treatment. Mild signs and symptoms might improve on their own within a few days. […] Responses to these medications vary greatly. Also, because the organism might not be the cause of your symptoms, improvement might be due to the medication’s effect on another organism. […] If your symptoms are related to blastocystis, they’ll likely go away on their own before you even see your doctor. Stay well hydrated. Oral rehydration solutions available through drugstores and health agencies worldwide can replace lost fluids and electrolytes.

• #2 Blastocystis Hominis: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and When to Seek Medical Attention

  https://www.doctorshubnepal.com/diseases-conditions/blastocystis-hominis

  Blastocystis hominis infection can vary widely in its presentation. Some individuals may remain asymptomatic, while others may experience gastrointestinal symptoms, including: 1. Diarrhea: Frequent loose stools or diarrhea. 2. Abdominal Pain: Discomfort or cramping in the abdominal area. 3. Bloating: Feeling of fullness or bloating in the abdomen. 4. Nausea or vomiting: Feeling queasy or having an urge to vomit. 5. Fatigue: Unexplained tiredness or weakness. […] If you experience persistent gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, or bloating, seek medical attention. […] Individuals with weakened immune systems should seek medical attention promptly, as Blastocystis hominis infection may be more severe in such cases.

• #3 Association of Blastocystis hominis with signs and symptoms of human disease.

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC268968/

  Purged stools from 389 patients were evaluated microscopically for the presence of Blastocystis hominis. A total of five or more B. hominis cells per 40X field were observed in 43 patients (11%), and B. hominis was the only intestinal parasite present in 23 (6%) of these patients. Of the 23 patients, 19 had symptoms which included abdominal discomfort (15 patients), anorexia (10 patients), diarrhea (9 patients), and flatus (9 patients). […] This study supports the emerging concept of the role of B. hominis as an intestinal parasite causative of human disease.

• #3 Blastocystosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastocystosis

  Researchers have published conflicting reports concerning whether Blastocystis causes symptoms in humans, with one of the earliest reports in 1916. […] A few of most commonly reported symptoms are: abdominal pain, itching, usually anal itching, constipation, diarrhea, watery or loose stools, weight loss, fatigue, flatulence. […] Some less commonly reported symptoms include: Skin rash, Arthritic symptoms and joint pain, Intestinal inflammation. […] Researchers have sought to develop models to understand the variety of symptoms seen in humans. Some patients do not have symptoms, while others report severe diarrhea and fatigue. […] The studies that followed generally found that no specific „pathogenic” or nonpathogenic species of Blastocystis exists. […] Blastocystis colonisation is positively associated with IBS and is a possible risk factor for developing IBS.

• #3 Patient Accounts | Blastocystis Research Foundation

  http://bhomcenter.org/wp/patient-accounts/

  I have been infected with Blastocystis hominis and I was treated in 2008. I have just been tested again because of reoccurring symptoms, it turned out positive. I am now having other symptoms and problems. […] Our main symptoms have been complete loss of appetite, feeling very unwell (stomach feels full and heavy) after eating anything, subsequent weight loss and low levels of energy, fatigued etc, some nausea. […] I have spent my married reproductive years with this beast and since I can not eat did not think I could make a healthy baby. […] I became acutely ill after a trip to Mexico 10 years ago and while the acute turned to chronic .. I have what I learned to be classic symptoms from case studies a group of drs did in the mid 80s. I have ear itching, joint pain especially in my knees, gas, bloating, alternating from diarrhea to constipation and back again, a huge hot spot inflamed ball on my right side exactly where my cecum/ilosical (sp) valve is located, some lower back spazing, teeth grinding, huge hunger, and the worst symptom is being completely and totally intolerant of any form of carbohydrate.

• #3 Blastocystis Hominis – Healthpath

  https://healthpath.com/gut-health/blastocystis-hominis/

  Many people infected with Blastocystis hominis are asymptomatic. However, in some individuals, especially those with other health conditions or compromised immune systems, the presence of Blastocystis may be linked to: Gastrointestinal symptoms: Diarrhoea or loose stools. Abdominal pain or cramping. Gas and bloating. Nausea. Vomiting. Constipation. Systemic symptoms: Fatigue. Skin rashes (in some cases, possibly linked to hypersensitivity reactions). Intense itching. Iron deficiency anaemia. Anorexia. […] One study revealed a higher prevalence (but not significant) of Blastocystis hominis infection among patients with urticaria than healthy individuals. In fact researchers have discussed Blastocystis infection as a neglected cause of urticaria and skin disorders. […] As already mentioned the reputation of Blastocystis hominis as a good or bad organism is still unclear and may depend on the following factors: As a pathogen: Some studies link Blastocystis to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)-like symptoms and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). For instance, a higher prevalence of Blastocystis has been observed in patients with IBS.

• #3

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10096-017-2965-0

  Blastocystis has been linked with a variety of disorders, such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, fatigue, constipation, flatulence, chronic gastrointestinal illnesses (irritable bowel syndrome, IBS), and skin rash or urticaria. […] Blastocystis has been found in both patients with gastrointestinal symptoms and asymptomatic individuals. […] The prevalence of Blastocystis infection is higher than that of other intestinal parasites, such as Giardia, Entamoeba, or Cryptosporidium. […] It is suggested that Blastocystis is linked with diarrhea in immunocompromised hosts, such as HIV-infected persons, and nutrition status may be one of the important risk factors associated with co-infections. […] Children and the elderly appear to be highly susceptible to Blastocystis infection, while other researchers have suggested that people between 30 and 50 years of age are most prone to being infected by Blastocystis.

• #3

  https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2009/10003/nitazoxanide_for_the_treatment_of_blastocystis.1320.aspx

  Blastocystis hominis is a protozoan commonly found in the human digestive tract. […] While patients with Blastocystis hominis may be asymptomatic, studies indicate a strong association between Blastocystis hominis infection and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). […] A microbiologic cure was achieved in 82% (18/22) of the patients and a clinical cure in 86% (19/22) of the patients. There was an excellent correlation between the eradication of Blastocystis hominis and the resolution of IBS symptoms, 94% (17/18). […] The pathogenic role of Blastocystis hominis remains unclear, however it should be considered a potential pathogen in symptomatic patients. Furthermore, in patients with IBS, Blastocystis hominis should be considered in the differential diagnosis.

• #3 Blastocystis hominis and Bowel Diseases – Turkish Journal of Parasitology

  https://turkiyeparazitolderg.org/articles/blastocystis-hominis-and-bowel-diseases/doi/22727

  Blastocystis hominis (B. hominis) is a parasite of uncertain role in human disease. It may be identified during a workup for gastrointestinal symptoms, usually in stools. The clinical consequences of B. hominis infection are mainly diarrhea and abdominal pain as well as nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, anorexia, vomiting, weight loss, lassitude, dizziness, and flatulence. […] Case reports and series have suggested a pathogenic role of B. hominis in causing intestinal inflammation. Also some studies have suggested that inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are associated with B. hominis infection. The investigators indicate that the stools of all patients presenting with IBD or IBS should be examined, and culture methods for B. hominis carried out. […] Invasion and mucosal inflammation of the intestine with B. hominis have been observed in studies of gnotobiotic guinea pigs.

• #3 The Surprising Controversy of Blastocystis – Dr. Bojana

  https://drbojana.com/the-surprising-controversy-of-blastocystis/

  Blastocystis has been found in numerous case reports to cause reactive arthritisotherwise unexplained joint pain that resolves when the parasite is eradicated. […] Numerous studies have found on average that people carrying Blastocystis have a 78% increased odds of being diagnosed with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). […] A meta-analysis of studies including over 100,000 participants found that carrying parasites such as Blastocystis increased the odds of anemia by 160% among pregnant women in particular. […] There have been 23 reports published on cases of urticaria, or hives, that were resolved upon antiparasitic treatment for Blastocystis. […] In two separate cohorts, individuals with Blastocystis had lower executive function scores on standardized cognitive tests. […] Lastly, in a study on people with Hashimotos thyroiditis, those carrying Blastocystis had clinically-relevant reductions in TSH (the main marker of thyroid function) and IL-17 (an autoimmune-related cytokine) when the parasite was eradicated. […] If your symptoms match those commonly associated with Blastocystiswhich may include loss of appetite, constipation or diarrhea, and otherwise unexplained joint pain or hivesor you have a condition known to be associated with Blastocystis, eradication may be warranted.

• #3 Blastocystis hominis as a cause of chronic diarrhea in low-resource settings: A systematic review

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2308-3840/full/v12/i3/95631.htm

  Chronic diarrhea due to B. hominis infection was reported in only two studies, while abdominal pain, diarrhea, flatulence, constipation, and nausea/vomiting emerged as the most commonly documented symptoms. […] In low-resource settings, chronic diarrhea resulting from B. hominis infection is infrequent. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, flatulence, constipation, and nausea/vomiting. […] The two-week response rate for full recovery ranged from 60% to 100% among treated patients, whereas untreated patients exhibited a recovery rate of 40%. […] The reported treatment regimens were diverse, encompassing the use of single or multiple antimicrobial agents, probiotic agents, or surgical intervention. […] Metronidazole alone was reported as a treatment modality in twelve studies, while in two studies, it was administered in combination with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.

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