Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4040727/

  Blastocystis sp. is among the few enteric parasites with a prevalence that often exceeds 5% in the general population of industrialized countries and can reach 3060% in developing countries. […] A higher risk of Blastocystis sp. infection has been found in people with close animal contact. […] Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have shed new light on the pathogenic power of this parasite, suggesting that Blastocystis sp. infection is associated with a variety of gastrointestinal disorders, may play a significant role in irritable bowel syndrome, and may be linked with cutaneous lesions (urticaria). […] The pathogenic status of Blastocystis sp. was widely debated in the literature to determine whether this microorganism was a truly pathogenic or commensal organism, although an increasingly number of recent studies cited Blastocystis sp. as an emerging pathogen.

• #2 Blastocystis Hominis Infection: Treatment & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22933-blastocystis-hominis-infection-blastocystosis

  Blastocystis hominis is a single-celled parasite that infects humans and some animals. Infection with Blastocystis hominis is called blastocystosis. […] Scientists discovered Blastocystis in the early 1900s, but dont fully understand if it causes disease. It can live in the digestive tract of healthy people without causing symptoms. In some people, it may cause gastrointestinal illness. […] Confusion over whether Blastocystis causes disease may be due to: […] The need to treat blastocystosis is unclear since its role in causing illness isn’t fully understood. […] Variable treatment success may be due to antibiotic resistance or variability between the different strains of Blastocystis. Alternatively, symptoms may be caused by another organism. […] Researchers are working to understand Blastocystis and whether it causes disease in humans.

• #3 Blastocystis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastocystis

  In recent years, various genetic analysis have shown that Blastocystis hominis as a unique entity does not exist, i.e. there is no single species of Blastocystis that infects humans. […] In fact, a number of distinct genetic types of Blastocystis can infect humans, including those previously called Blastocystis ratti and the differences are so great that they could be considered separate species. […] Because of this, in 2007 scientists proposed discontinuing the use of the term Blastocystis hominis.

• #4 Blastocystis hominis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastocystis_hominis

  Blastocystis hominis is a single-celled eukaryotic organism that inhabits the gastrointestinal tract of humans and various animals. This stramenopile exhibits significant genetic diversity and has become an organism of increasing scientific interest due to its widespread distribution and controversial role in human health. Recent molecular studies have identified numerous subtypes, suggesting a complex evolutionary history and host-parasite relationship. The organism is one of the most common intestinal protists in humans, with infection rates reaching up to 100% in some developing regions. While commonly referred to as Blastocystis hominis in humans, the current taxonomic convention recognizes various species and subtypes within the genus Blastocystis, with at least 17 different subtypes identified through molecular analysis.

• #5 Blastocystis Hominis: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and When to Seek Medical Attention

  https://www.doctorshubnepal.com/diseases-conditions/blastocystis-hominis

  Blastocystis hominis is classified into several subtypes (ST1 to ST17), with some variations in morphology and genetic makeup. […] The exact mode of transmission of Blastocystis hominis is not entirely clear, but it is believed to occur through the ingestion of contaminated food or water. […] Risk factors for infection include poor hygiene, exposure to contaminated water sources, and close contact with infected individuals or animals. […] Several factors may increase the risk of contracting Blastocystis hominis: Traveling to regions with poor sanitation and contaminated water sources increases the risk. […] Certain occupations, such as working in healthcare or with animals, may pose an increased risk. […] Individuals with weakened immune systems may be more susceptible to infection.

• #6 Blastocystis hominis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastocystis_hominis

  Genetic studies have identified several subtypes, each with different host specificities and potential pathogenic abilities. […] There is still disagreement among scientists on Blastocystis hominis’s capacity for pathogenicity. Abdominal pain, recurrent diarrhea, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are among the often reported clinical symptoms. The existence of the organism in a large number of asymptomatic people, however, makes it more difficult to comprehend its potential for pathogenicity. Current diagnostic techniques have progressed from basic microscopy to include molecular tools such as PCR-based techniques, since studies have indicated possible links between Blastocystis infections and changes in the gut microbiota.

• #7

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4040727/

  Recent in vitro and in vivo studies show that Blastocystis sp. infection is associated with a variety of gastrointestinal disorders (called blastocystosis), especially in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and cutaneous lesions. […] A hypothesis to explain differences in the disease caused by Blastocystis sp. is its genetic diversity, although no association was detected between symptoms and Blastocystis subtypes in several studies. […] Blastocystis sp. is also suspected to be involved in IBS. […] Studies on the IBS population showed a higher prevalence of ST1 and ST3 isolates of Blastocystis sp. […] A higher risk of Blastocystis sp. infection was also found in people who are in close contact with animals, which increases exposure to the parasite, reinforcing the zoonotic nature of Blastocystis sp.

• #8 About Blastocystis | Blastocystis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/blastocystis/about/index.html

  Blastocystis is a microscopic parasite found throughout the world. A full understanding of Blastocystis and whether it causes disease in humans is unclear. […] It is unclear how Blastocystis spreads. However, the number of people infected appears to increase in areas that use unimproved sanitation facilities (when there is no sanitary separation of human waste from human contact). […] Studies have suggested that risk of infection may increase through consuming contaminated food or water.

• #9

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/blastocystis-hominis.aspx

  Blastocystis hominis is a species of one of the most common human intestinal organisms. […] The organism is most likely transmitted via the faecal-oral route. […] There is still debate about whether Blastocystis species really causes disease in humans, as the organism can be found in both well and unwell individuals. […] New research suggests that some types of Blastocystis may be more likely to be associated with symptoms. […] Its not certain how Blastocystis is spread. […] Given that the organism is found in the gastrointestinal tract, transmission is most likely to occur via the faecal-oral route. […] Some studies have shown that people with poor immune systems have higher rates of identification of Blastocystis in their stools. […] Due to the uncertainty of whether this organism is a pathogen or not, it is difficult for doctors to decide whether to treat the infection.

• #10 Blastocystis hominis | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/blastocystis-hominis

  Blastocystis is a microscopic single-celled organism (protozoan). Many parasitic protozoans normally live in your digestive tract and are harmless or even helpful; others cause disease. […] It’s not clear whether blastocystis causes disease. Most people who carry the organism have no signs or symptoms, but it’s also found in people who have diarrhea and other digestive problems. […] Explanations for this variability include: Some types of blastocystis may be more likely to cause disease than others. Some people may be more vulnerable to blastocystis infection. Disease may be caused by other organisms that coexist with Blastocystis. […] Blastocystis can be passed between people and from animals to people. Transmission may be from: Contaminated food or water, Exposure to human or animal feces.

• #11 Blastocystis Fact Sheet | Blastocystis Research Foundation

  http://bhomcenter.org/wp/blastocystis-fact-sheet/

  Blastocystosis (BLAST-oh-sis-TOS-is) is an illness caused by a microscopic parasite, Blastocystis hominis (also known as Blastocystis hominis hominis). Once a person or animal has been infected with Blastocystis hominis, the parasite lives in the intestine and is passed in feces. Because the parasite is protected by an outer shell, it can survive outside the body and in the environment for long periods in some cases. […] During the past 2 decades, Blastocystis hominis infection has become recognized as a common cause of waterborne disease in humans in the United States. Blastocystis hominis can be found worldwide and within every region of the United States. […] The Blastocystis hominis parasite lives in the intestine of infected humans or animals (e.g., cats, dogs, pigs, horses, cattle). Millions of germs can be released in a bowel movement of an infected human or animal. Blastocystis hominis is found on surfaces or in soil, food, or water that has been contaminated with the feces from infected humans or animals. You can become infected after accidentally swallowing the parasite; you cannot become infected through contact with blood.

• #12

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4040727/

  Recent in vitro and in vivo studies show that Blastocystis sp. infection is associated with a variety of gastrointestinal disorders (called blastocystosis), especially in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and cutaneous lesions. […] A hypothesis to explain differences in the disease caused by Blastocystis sp. is its genetic diversity, although no association was detected between symptoms and Blastocystis subtypes in several studies. […] Blastocystis sp. is also suspected to be involved in IBS. […] Studies on the IBS population showed a higher prevalence of ST1 and ST3 isolates of Blastocystis sp. […] A higher risk of Blastocystis sp. infection was also found in people who are in close contact with animals, which increases exposure to the parasite, reinforcing the zoonotic nature of Blastocystis sp.

• #13 Blastocystis Fact Sheet | Blastocystis Research Foundation

  http://bhomcenter.org/wp/blastocystis-fact-sheet/

  Blastocystosis (BLAST-oh-sis-TOS-is) is an illness caused by a microscopic parasite, Blastocystis hominis (also known as Blastocystis hominis hominis). Once a person or animal has been infected with Blastocystis hominis, the parasite lives in the intestine and is passed in feces. Because the parasite is protected by an outer shell, it can survive outside the body and in the environment for long periods in some cases. […] During the past 2 decades, Blastocystis hominis infection has become recognized as a common cause of waterborne disease in humans in the United States. Blastocystis hominis can be found worldwide and within every region of the United States. […] The Blastocystis hominis parasite lives in the intestine of infected humans or animals (e.g., cats, dogs, pigs, horses, cattle). Millions of germs can be released in a bowel movement of an infected human or animal. Blastocystis hominis is found on surfaces or in soil, food, or water that has been contaminated with the feces from infected humans or animals. You can become infected after accidentally swallowing the parasite; you cannot become infected through contact with blood.

• #14 Parasitetesting

  https://parasitetesting.com/Blastocystis-hominis?srsltid=AfmBOopfMXZ43VPyCyme5InEQXhkxsjGH_FwU-HTQHD1VyWKuj9WiiWY

  Blastocystis exhibits low host specificity, and many different species of Blastocystis can infect humans and by current convention, any of these species would be identified as Blastocystis hominis if they were identified in a human. […] Although the role of Blastocystis hominis in human disease is often referred to as controversial, a systematic survey of research studies conducted by 11 infectious disease specialists from nine countries, found that over 95% of papers published in the last 10 years identified it as causing illness in immunocompetent individuals. […] The role of Blastocystis in causing disease is controversial among experts. Some types of Blastocystis may be more likely to be associated with symptoms. […] How Blastocystis is transmitted is not known for certain, although the number of people infected seems to increase in areas where sanitation and personal hygiene is not adequate. Studies have suggested that risk of infection may increase through: ingesting contaminated food or water, exposure to a day care environment, or exposure to animals. […] The thick-walled cyst present in the stools is believed to be responsible for external transmission, possibly by the fecal-oral route through ingestion of contaminated water or food.

• #15 Blastocystis hominis | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/blastocystis-hominis-11173550/11173550

  The drug of choice is metronidazole given at 750 mg 3x daily for 10 days or iodoquinol given at 650 mg 3x daily for 20 days. […] However, there are reported cases of resistance of Blastocystis to metronidazole. […] In general, studies from developed countries report approx. 1.5% – 10% overall prevalence of Blastocystis hominis. […] Occurrence of the parasite in temperate countries is generally associated with recent travel to the tropics and consumption of untreated drinking water, an indication that infection is possibly through the oral route and it is more likely to occur in crowded and unsanitary conditions. […] The cysts of Blastocystis hominis can survive up to 19 days in water at normal temperature and have shown resistance to chlorine at the standard concentrations.

• #16 Blastocystis Hominis: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and When to Seek Medical Attention

  https://www.doctorshubnepal.com/diseases-conditions/blastocystis-hominis

  Blastocystis hominis is classified into several subtypes (ST1 to ST17), with some variations in morphology and genetic makeup. […] The exact mode of transmission of Blastocystis hominis is not entirely clear, but it is believed to occur through the ingestion of contaminated food or water. […] Risk factors for infection include poor hygiene, exposure to contaminated water sources, and close contact with infected individuals or animals. […] Several factors may increase the risk of contracting Blastocystis hominis: Traveling to regions with poor sanitation and contaminated water sources increases the risk. […] Certain occupations, such as working in healthcare or with animals, may pose an increased risk. […] Individuals with weakened immune systems may be more susceptible to infection.

• #17 Blastocystis Hominis: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and When to Seek Medical Attention

  https://www.doctorshubnepal.com/diseases-conditions/blastocystis-hominis

  Blastocystis hominis is classified into several subtypes (ST1 to ST17), with some variations in morphology and genetic makeup. […] The exact mode of transmission of Blastocystis hominis is not entirely clear, but it is believed to occur through the ingestion of contaminated food or water. […] Risk factors for infection include poor hygiene, exposure to contaminated water sources, and close contact with infected individuals or animals. […] Several factors may increase the risk of contracting Blastocystis hominis: Traveling to regions with poor sanitation and contaminated water sources increases the risk. […] Certain occupations, such as working in healthcare or with animals, may pose an increased risk. […] Individuals with weakened immune systems may be more susceptible to infection.

• #18 Frequency of Blastocystis hominis and other intestinal parasites in stool samples examined at the Parasitology Laboratory of the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences at the São Paulo State University, Araraquara – ScienceOpen

  https://www.scienceopen.com/document?vid=dc8b504a-a965-47e0-81f3-fdd51dc97c42

  Blastocystis homins is a protozoan that causes an intestinal infection known as human blastocystosis. This infection is diagnosed by means of parasitological examination of stools and by permanent staining techniques. […] Despite the low frequency of Blastocystis hominis found in the Araraquara region, compared with other regions of Brazil, it is important to perform laboratory diagnostic tests for this protozoan. Its finding in fecal material is indicative of food and drinking water contamination. Since the transmission route for this parasite is accepted to be oral-fecal, this implies that the population needs guidance regarding hygiene and basic sanitation measures as a means for controlling health problems caused by enteroparasites.

• #19 Blastocystis Hominis: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and When to Seek Medical Attention

  https://www.doctorshubnepal.com/diseases-conditions/blastocystis-hominis

  Blastocystis hominis is classified into several subtypes (ST1 to ST17), with some variations in morphology and genetic makeup. […] The exact mode of transmission of Blastocystis hominis is not entirely clear, but it is believed to occur through the ingestion of contaminated food or water. […] Risk factors for infection include poor hygiene, exposure to contaminated water sources, and close contact with infected individuals or animals. […] Several factors may increase the risk of contracting Blastocystis hominis: Traveling to regions with poor sanitation and contaminated water sources increases the risk. […] Certain occupations, such as working in healthcare or with animals, may pose an increased risk. […] Individuals with weakened immune systems may be more susceptible to infection.

• #20

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/blastocystis-hominis.aspx

  Blastocystis hominis is a species of one of the most common human intestinal organisms. […] The organism is most likely transmitted via the faecal-oral route. […] There is still debate about whether Blastocystis species really causes disease in humans, as the organism can be found in both well and unwell individuals. […] New research suggests that some types of Blastocystis may be more likely to be associated with symptoms. […] Its not certain how Blastocystis is spread. […] Given that the organism is found in the gastrointestinal tract, transmission is most likely to occur via the faecal-oral route. […] Some studies have shown that people with poor immune systems have higher rates of identification of Blastocystis in their stools. […] Due to the uncertainty of whether this organism is a pathogen or not, it is difficult for doctors to decide whether to treat the infection.

• #21 Parasitetesting

  https://parasitetesting.com/Blastocystis-hominis?srsltid=AfmBOopfMXZ43VPyCyme5InEQXhkxsjGH_FwU-HTQHD1VyWKuj9WiiWY

  Blastocystis exhibits low host specificity, and many different species of Blastocystis can infect humans and by current convention, any of these species would be identified as Blastocystis hominis if they were identified in a human. […] Although the role of Blastocystis hominis in human disease is often referred to as controversial, a systematic survey of research studies conducted by 11 infectious disease specialists from nine countries, found that over 95% of papers published in the last 10 years identified it as causing illness in immunocompetent individuals. […] The role of Blastocystis in causing disease is controversial among experts. Some types of Blastocystis may be more likely to be associated with symptoms. […] How Blastocystis is transmitted is not known for certain, although the number of people infected seems to increase in areas where sanitation and personal hygiene is not adequate. Studies have suggested that risk of infection may increase through: ingesting contaminated food or water, exposure to a day care environment, or exposure to animals. […] The thick-walled cyst present in the stools is believed to be responsible for external transmission, possibly by the fecal-oral route through ingestion of contaminated water or food.

• #22

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4040727/

  Blastocystis sp. is among the few enteric parasites with a prevalence that often exceeds 5% in the general population of industrialized countries and can reach 3060% in developing countries. […] A higher risk of Blastocystis sp. infection has been found in people with close animal contact. […] Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have shed new light on the pathogenic power of this parasite, suggesting that Blastocystis sp. infection is associated with a variety of gastrointestinal disorders, may play a significant role in irritable bowel syndrome, and may be linked with cutaneous lesions (urticaria). […] The pathogenic status of Blastocystis sp. was widely debated in the literature to determine whether this microorganism was a truly pathogenic or commensal organism, although an increasingly number of recent studies cited Blastocystis sp. as an emerging pathogen.

• #23 Intestinal Protozoal Diseases: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/999282-overview

  Blastocystis hominis […] Many experts believe that B hominis is pathogenic only when present in large numbers in the intestine (5 organisms per 400X field) and when other infectious organisms are absent. […] The mechanisms of how this parasite causes illness have not been elucidated yet. […] For all intestinal protozoa, fecal-oral transmission is the primary route of transmission. […] Water and/or food contamination contributes to most, if not all, individual cases and outbreaks. […] B hominis: Surveillance data from clinical microbiology laboratories report prevalence rates in the range of 10-18%, but frequency of the disease is extremely low. […] Studies performed in Africa have shown that B hominis could be a major cause of diarrhea in areas associated with deficient sanitation and low hygiene standards. […] Furthermore, in a study done in Turkey, children with B hominis had a lower growth status compared with children with negative stool sample findings for any parasite.

• #24

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4040727/

  Blastocystis sp. is among the few enteric parasites with a prevalence that often exceeds 5% in the general population of industrialized countries and can reach 3060% in developing countries. […] A higher risk of Blastocystis sp. infection has been found in people with close animal contact. […] Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have shed new light on the pathogenic power of this parasite, suggesting that Blastocystis sp. infection is associated with a variety of gastrointestinal disorders, may play a significant role in irritable bowel syndrome, and may be linked with cutaneous lesions (urticaria). […] The pathogenic status of Blastocystis sp. was widely debated in the literature to determine whether this microorganism was a truly pathogenic or commensal organism, although an increasingly number of recent studies cited Blastocystis sp. as an emerging pathogen.

• #25 Blastocystis hominis: A Pathogenic Parasite

  https://brieflands.com/articles/archcid-97388

  Blastocystis hominis is recognized as a common intestinal parasite. Some studies have reported the effect of phenotypic, serologic, and biochemical indices on the parasites pathogenic characteristics. […] This study aimed to introduce B. hominis as a pathogen, trying to change views about this parasite and introduce it as a parasite important in medical sciences. […] Results obtained in this study showed that the number of articles within five-year periods had an increasing trend. Also, studies of B. hominis have mainly investigated its pathogenic characteristics, accounting for 37.34% of the studies. […] This study showed comprehensive reasons for proving the pathogenesis of the parasite. It is hoped that further studies would fill the existing gaps regarding this parasite and identify its true identity as a medically important parasite.

• #26 Blastocystis hominis: A Pathogenic Parasite

  https://brieflands.com/articles/archcid-97388

  Many studies have introduced B. hominis as a potential pathogen, with digestive symptoms including diarrhea, abdominal pain, anorexia, bloat, fatigue, and extra gastrointestinal symptoms such as urticaria and itchy skin, as well as joint pain. […] Studies of the pathogenicity of B. hominis are classified into two groups based on parasite and host indices. […] It has been shown that the prevalence of the parasite is higher in those with mental retardation, which can be due to the lack of sanitary considerations among this group, with more pronounced symptoms in patients with the immune system deficiency. […] Some studies strongly state that B. hominis is a pathogen, while others have ambiguities regarding this parasite, and some cases ignore its medical importance.

• #27

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4040727/

  Blastocystis sp. is among the few enteric parasites with a prevalence that often exceeds 5% in the general population of industrialized countries and can reach 3060% in developing countries. […] A higher risk of Blastocystis sp. infection has been found in people with close animal contact. […] Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have shed new light on the pathogenic power of this parasite, suggesting that Blastocystis sp. infection is associated with a variety of gastrointestinal disorders, may play a significant role in irritable bowel syndrome, and may be linked with cutaneous lesions (urticaria). […] The pathogenic status of Blastocystis sp. was widely debated in the literature to determine whether this microorganism was a truly pathogenic or commensal organism, although an increasingly number of recent studies cited Blastocystis sp. as an emerging pathogen.

• #28

  https://www.jhsci.ba/ojs/index.php/jhsci/article/view/85

  Blastocystis hominis in stool samples of individuals with allergic cutaneous symptoms were evaluated to study a possible link between them. […] Overall, 30(13.7%) stool samples were infected by Blastocystis hominis with age group (26-35) and male predominance 15(6.9%) and 18(8.2%), respectively. […] No other allergic cause of urticaria was discovered. […] Blastocystis hominis could be the etiology of chronic urticaria.

• #29 Blastocystis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastocystis

  Blastocystis has low host specificity, and many different species of Blastocystis can infect humans, and by current convention, any of these species would be identified as Blastocystis hominis. […] Although the role of Blastocystis hominis in human disease is often referred to as controversial, a systematic survey of research studies conducted by 11 infectious disease specialists from nine countries found that over 95% of papers published in the 10 years prior identified it as causing illness in immunocompetent individuals. […] However, Blastocystis has never fulfilled Koch’s postulate that infection of a healthy individual with Blastocystis leads to disease. […] The fact that Blastocystis’ infection route is oral-anal indicates that carriers have been in contact with faecal contaminated matter which might have included other intestinal pathogens that explain the observed symptoms.

• #30 Root Cause of Hashimoto’s, Hives & IBS – Dr. Izabella Wentz

  https://thyroidpharmacist.com/articles/the-common-root-cause-of-hashimotos-hives-and-ibs/

  Over the last several years of working with people with Hashimotos, I’ve found that many of those with chronic hives often have the gut protozoan parasite Blastocystis hominis and that eradicating the protozoa can resolve hives, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and even Hashimotos. […] Many improvements in symptoms and a reduction in antibodies can happen after addressing a Blastocystis hominis infection. […] Symptoms of Blastocystis hominis can include bloating, diarrhea, nausea, flatulence, variable bowel habits, abdominal pain, hives, and fatigue. […] Additionally, I’ve found this pathogen is notorious for causing multiple food sensitivities. […] Studies have found that Blastocystis species of protozoa do not invade the colonic mucosa, but they do lead to disturbances of the barrier function and increased intestinal permeability, or leaky gut, which we know predisposes us to autoimmunity.

• #31 Site-Specific Incidence Rate of Blastocystis hominis and Its Association with Childhood Malnutrition: Findings from a Multi-Country Birth Cohort Study in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 108 Issue 5 (2023)

  https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/108/5/article-p887.xml

  In this study, we investigated the potential association between the burden of asymptomatic Blastocystis spp. (Blastocystis hominis) infection and nutritional status among children under 2 years of age using the data collected from 1,715 children from eight distinct geographic locations, including Bangladesh, Brazil, India, Peru, Tanzania, Pakistan, Nepal, and South Africa. […] The presence of B. hominis in nondiarrheal stools was evaluated by TaqMan Array Cards. […] Moreover, in terms of site-specific association, childhood stunting was significantly associated with asymptomatic B. hominis infection in Bangladesh (odds ratio [OR]: 1.62; 95% CI: 1.26-2.08), India (OR: 1.78; 95% CI: 1.46-2.16), Nepal (OR: 2.26; 95% CI: 1.60-3.21), Peru (OR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.26-1.71), South Africa (OR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.35-1.83), and Tanzania (OR: 2.46; 95% CI: 2.18-2.79) sites.

• #32 Site-Specific Incidence Rate of Blastocystis hominis and Its Association with Childhood Malnutrition: Findings from a Multi-Country Birth Cohort Study in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 108 Issue 5 (2023)

  https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/108/5/article-p887.xml

  In this study, we investigated the potential association between the burden of asymptomatic Blastocystis spp. (Blastocystis hominis) infection and nutritional status among children under 2 years of age using the data collected from 1,715 children from eight distinct geographic locations, including Bangladesh, Brazil, India, Peru, Tanzania, Pakistan, Nepal, and South Africa. […] The presence of B. hominis in nondiarrheal stools was evaluated by TaqMan Array Cards. […] Moreover, in terms of site-specific association, childhood stunting was significantly associated with asymptomatic B. hominis infection in Bangladesh (odds ratio [OR]: 1.62; 95% CI: 1.26-2.08), India (OR: 1.78; 95% CI: 1.46-2.16), Nepal (OR: 2.26; 95% CI: 1.60-3.21), Peru (OR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.26-1.71), South Africa (OR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.35-1.83), and Tanzania (OR: 2.46; 95% CI: 2.18-2.79) sites.

• #33 How Does Blastocystis Hominis Affect Your Digestive Health?

  https://drruscio.com/blastocystis-hominis/

  Blastocystis hominis (also known as B. hominis, Blastocystis spp, or Blastocystis sp) is a single-cell protozoan parasite that can live in the human gastrointestinal tract. […] Whether or not this parasite is pathogenic (harmful) in general is still not clear. […] As with many infectious diseases, B. Hominis’ main mode of transmission seems to be from some contact with fecal matter, which is then orally transmitted to the digestive tract. However, the exact etiology may not be as certain. This may mean that the B. Hominis is transmitted through drinking contaminated water or eating tainted food, particularly in developing countries where water standards may be different. […] The pathogenicity of Blastocystis is still unclear. In other words, the research is mixed on whether or not Blastocystis hominis contributes to symptoms or causes harm.

• #34 How Does Blastocystis Hominis Affect Your Digestive Health?

  https://drruscio.com/blastocystis-hominis/

  Several studies and many more case reports show healthy, asymptomatic individuals having B. hominis in their guts. […] In some cases, parasites like blastocystis hominis are actually considered to be helpful for our systems. […] A systematic-review and meta-analysis showed that there was a significant chance of having both Blastocystis and IBS. […] One study showed that B. Hominis was actually more common among healthy people (27%) than among those with IBS (18%). […] Most studies have found that B. hominis treatment leads to improvements in digestive symptoms. However, these improvements are generally modest. […] Some studies have shown symptomatic improvements with B. hominis treatment, even if the parasite was not actually eradicated. […] Actual eradication of the B. Hominis does not usually appear to be necessary to reap the benefits. Improving the balance within your gut microbiome, rather than specifically getting rid of Blastocystis hominis, appears to work best for most people.

• #35 How Does Blastocystis Hominis Affect Your Digestive Health?

  https://drruscio.com/blastocystis-hominis/

  Several studies and many more case reports show healthy, asymptomatic individuals having B. hominis in their guts. […] In some cases, parasites like blastocystis hominis are actually considered to be helpful for our systems. […] A systematic-review and meta-analysis showed that there was a significant chance of having both Blastocystis and IBS. […] One study showed that B. Hominis was actually more common among healthy people (27%) than among those with IBS (18%). […] Most studies have found that B. hominis treatment leads to improvements in digestive symptoms. However, these improvements are generally modest. […] Some studies have shown symptomatic improvements with B. hominis treatment, even if the parasite was not actually eradicated. […] Actual eradication of the B. Hominis does not usually appear to be necessary to reap the benefits. Improving the balance within your gut microbiome, rather than specifically getting rid of Blastocystis hominis, appears to work best for most people.

• #36 Blastocystis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastocystis

  Blastocystis has low host specificity, and many different species of Blastocystis can infect humans, and by current convention, any of these species would be identified as Blastocystis hominis. […] Although the role of Blastocystis hominis in human disease is often referred to as controversial, a systematic survey of research studies conducted by 11 infectious disease specialists from nine countries found that over 95% of papers published in the 10 years prior identified it as causing illness in immunocompetent individuals. […] However, Blastocystis has never fulfilled Koch’s postulate that infection of a healthy individual with Blastocystis leads to disease. […] The fact that Blastocystis’ infection route is oral-anal indicates that carriers have been in contact with faecal contaminated matter which might have included other intestinal pathogens that explain the observed symptoms.

• #37 Blastocystis hominis | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/blastocystis-hominis

  Blastocystis is a microscopic single-celled organism (protozoan). Many parasitic protozoans normally live in your digestive tract and are harmless or even helpful; others cause disease. […] It’s not clear whether blastocystis causes disease. Most people who carry the organism have no signs or symptoms, but it’s also found in people who have diarrhea and other digestive problems. […] Explanations for this variability include: Some types of blastocystis may be more likely to cause disease than others. Some people may be more vulnerable to blastocystis infection. Disease may be caused by other organisms that coexist with Blastocystis. […] Blastocystis can be passed between people and from animals to people. Transmission may be from: Contaminated food or water, Exposure to human or animal feces.

• #38 How Does Blastocystis Hominis Affect Your Digestive Health?

  https://drruscio.com/blastocystis-hominis/

  Several studies and many more case reports show healthy, asymptomatic individuals having B. hominis in their guts. […] In some cases, parasites like blastocystis hominis are actually considered to be helpful for our systems. […] A systematic-review and meta-analysis showed that there was a significant chance of having both Blastocystis and IBS. […] One study showed that B. Hominis was actually more common among healthy people (27%) than among those with IBS (18%). […] Most studies have found that B. hominis treatment leads to improvements in digestive symptoms. However, these improvements are generally modest. […] Some studies have shown symptomatic improvements with B. hominis treatment, even if the parasite was not actually eradicated. […] Actual eradication of the B. Hominis does not usually appear to be necessary to reap the benefits. Improving the balance within your gut microbiome, rather than specifically getting rid of Blastocystis hominis, appears to work best for most people.

• #39 Blastocystis hominis | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/blastocystis-hominis

  Blastocystis is a microscopic single-celled organism (protozoan). Many parasitic protozoans normally live in your digestive tract and are harmless or even helpful; others cause disease. […] It’s not clear whether blastocystis causes disease. Most people who carry the organism have no signs or symptoms, but it’s also found in people who have diarrhea and other digestive problems. […] Explanations for this variability include: Some types of blastocystis may be more likely to cause disease than others. Some people may be more vulnerable to blastocystis infection. Disease may be caused by other organisms that coexist with Blastocystis. […] Blastocystis can be passed between people and from animals to people. Transmission may be from: Contaminated food or water, Exposure to human or animal feces.

• #40

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/blastocystis-hominis.aspx

  Blastocystis hominis is a species of one of the most common human intestinal organisms. […] The organism is most likely transmitted via the faecal-oral route. […] There is still debate about whether Blastocystis species really causes disease in humans, as the organism can be found in both well and unwell individuals. […] New research suggests that some types of Blastocystis may be more likely to be associated with symptoms. […] Its not certain how Blastocystis is spread. […] Given that the organism is found in the gastrointestinal tract, transmission is most likely to occur via the faecal-oral route. […] Some studies have shown that people with poor immune systems have higher rates of identification of Blastocystis in their stools. […] Due to the uncertainty of whether this organism is a pathogen or not, it is difficult for doctors to decide whether to treat the infection.

• #41 Root Cause of Hashimoto’s, Hives & IBS – Dr. Izabella Wentz

  https://thyroidpharmacist.com/articles/the-common-root-cause-of-hashimotos-hives-and-ibs/

  Blastocystis hominis has been found in some asymptomatic carriers, and researchers hypothesize that other factors can influence the pathogenicity of this parasite, such as the immune status of the host, one’s parasitic load, the presence of a gut imbalance, or other factors that can influence the behavior of parasites. […] A study published in 2020 measured the free T3, free T4, TSH, anti-TPO, and Interleukin (IL)-17 levels of 20 people with Hashimotos, 20 people with Hashimotos and a Blastocystis hominis infection, and 20 people with neither condition. […] Researchers concluded that the treatment of Blastocystis hominis infections improves Hashimotos through reductions in Interleukin (IL)-17, anti-TPO, and TSH levels.

• #42 Intestinal Protozoal Diseases: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/999282-overview

  Blastocystis hominis […] Many experts believe that B hominis is pathogenic only when present in large numbers in the intestine (5 organisms per 400X field) and when other infectious organisms are absent. […] The mechanisms of how this parasite causes illness have not been elucidated yet. […] For all intestinal protozoa, fecal-oral transmission is the primary route of transmission. […] Water and/or food contamination contributes to most, if not all, individual cases and outbreaks. […] B hominis: Surveillance data from clinical microbiology laboratories report prevalence rates in the range of 10-18%, but frequency of the disease is extremely low. […] Studies performed in Africa have shown that B hominis could be a major cause of diarrhea in areas associated with deficient sanitation and low hygiene standards. […] Furthermore, in a study done in Turkey, children with B hominis had a lower growth status compared with children with negative stool sample findings for any parasite.

• #43 Site-Specific Incidence Rate of Blastocystis hominis and Its Association with Childhood Malnutrition: Findings from a Multi-Country Birth Cohort Study in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 108 Issue 5 (2023)

  https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/108/5/article-p887.xml

  Our analysis further reveals that the presence of additional pathogens may play a pathogenic role in children who have B. hominis infection. […] However, the precise role of B. hominis as a causative agent of growth faltering remains poorly understood. […] The findings of a study conducted among malnourished Bangladeshi adults imply that the presence of B. hominis in the human intestine has an impact on gut health and may play a pathogenic role in the presence of other pathogens. […] Our data demonstrated a considerable discrepancy in the prevalence of asymptomatic B. hominis infections when compared with the other study sites, with incidence rates per 100 child-months being higher in Tanzania, Peru, and South Africa. […] Further observations into our site-specific assessment revealed a significant association between asymptomatic B. hominis infection and childhood stunting in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Peru, South Africa, and Tanzania.

• #44 Stress Exacerbates Infectivity and Pathogenicity of Blastocystis hominis: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidences | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0094567

  However, to the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports on the role of stress in contributing to host’s immunosuppression, oxidative damage, and susceptibility to intestinal parasitic infections. […] A higher level of cyst count in the Blasto-Stressed group compared to the Blasto group observed in our study has clearly suggested that stress increased the susceptibility towards B. hominis infection by suppressing the hosts’ immune system. It is established that stress leads to the suppression of immune cell responses which inevitably creates a favorable condition for the growth of infectious microorganisms including B. hominis. […] The present study clearly revealed 3 strong implications: 1) Stress and B. hominis infection could independently dysregulate the immune responses as well as the oxidant-antioxidant regulatory systems; 2) Stress enhanced the susceptibility and pathogenicity of B. hominis by suppressing or dysregulating responses of PBMC and immunoglobulins; 3) Stress mediated augmentation of B. hominis by causing imbalance in the host’s oxidant-antioxidant system.

• #45 Intestinal Protozoal Diseases: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/999282-overview

  Blastocystis hominis […] Many experts believe that B hominis is pathogenic only when present in large numbers in the intestine (5 organisms per 400X field) and when other infectious organisms are absent. […] The mechanisms of how this parasite causes illness have not been elucidated yet. […] For all intestinal protozoa, fecal-oral transmission is the primary route of transmission. […] Water and/or food contamination contributes to most, if not all, individual cases and outbreaks. […] B hominis: Surveillance data from clinical microbiology laboratories report prevalence rates in the range of 10-18%, but frequency of the disease is extremely low. […] Studies performed in Africa have shown that B hominis could be a major cause of diarrhea in areas associated with deficient sanitation and low hygiene standards. […] Furthermore, in a study done in Turkey, children with B hominis had a lower growth status compared with children with negative stool sample findings for any parasite.

• #46 Site-Specific Incidence Rate of Blastocystis hominis and Its Association with Childhood Malnutrition: Findings from a Multi-Country Birth Cohort Study in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 108 Issue 5 (2023)

  https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/108/5/article-p887.xml

  Our findings revealed a significant disparity in the prevalence of asymptomatic B. hominis infections, with incidence rates per 100 child-months being higher in Tanzania, Peru, and South Africa. […] According to a recent study, B. hominis infection can cause growth retardation, deterioration in cognitive and learning abilities, and a reduction in children’s quality of life. […] Only Brazil depicted a significant association between B. hominis infection and wasting. […] The burden of asymptomatic B. hominis infection was significantly associated with underweight in Bangladesh (OR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.48-2.42), Brazil (OR: 4.41; 95% CI: 1.57-12.4), Nepal (OR: 2.25; 95% CI: 1.52-3.35), and Tanzania (OR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.42-1.99). […] The findings also confirm that B. hominis meets all of the pathogenicity criteria set forth by Giardia spp. and E. histolytica, including the fulfillment of Koch’s postulates. […] Therefore, it is probable that B. hominis is associated with diarrheal sickness and subsequent stunting in children.

• #47

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4040727/

  Recent in vitro and in vivo studies show that Blastocystis sp. infection is associated with a variety of gastrointestinal disorders (called blastocystosis), especially in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and cutaneous lesions. […] A hypothesis to explain differences in the disease caused by Blastocystis sp. is its genetic diversity, although no association was detected between symptoms and Blastocystis subtypes in several studies. […] Blastocystis sp. is also suspected to be involved in IBS. […] Studies on the IBS population showed a higher prevalence of ST1 and ST3 isolates of Blastocystis sp. […] A higher risk of Blastocystis sp. infection was also found in people who are in close contact with animals, which increases exposure to the parasite, reinforcing the zoonotic nature of Blastocystis sp.

• #48

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4040727/

  Recent in vitro and in vivo studies show that Blastocystis sp. infection is associated with a variety of gastrointestinal disorders (called blastocystosis), especially in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and cutaneous lesions. […] A hypothesis to explain differences in the disease caused by Blastocystis sp. is its genetic diversity, although no association was detected between symptoms and Blastocystis subtypes in several studies. […] Blastocystis sp. is also suspected to be involved in IBS. […] Studies on the IBS population showed a higher prevalence of ST1 and ST3 isolates of Blastocystis sp. […] A higher risk of Blastocystis sp. infection was also found in people who are in close contact with animals, which increases exposure to the parasite, reinforcing the zoonotic nature of Blastocystis sp.

• #49 IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME: IN SEARCH OF AN ETIOLOGY: ROLE OF BLASTOCYSTIS HOMINIS in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 70 Issue 4 (2004)

  https://www.ajtmh.org/abstract/journals/tpmd/70/4/article-p383.xml

  This study was designed to examine stool specimens of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients for Blastocystis hominis, a common intestinal parasite. Stool microscopy was positive for Blastocystis hominis in 32% (30 of 95) of the cases and 7% (4 of 55) of the controls (P = 0.001). Stool culture was positive in 46% (44 of 95) of the cases and 7% (4 of 55) of the controls (P < 0.001). Blastocystis hominis was frequently demonstrated in the stool samples of IBS patients; however, its significance in IBS still needs to be investigated. [...] Stool culture has a higher positive yield for Blastocystis hominis than stool microscopy.

• #50 IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME: IN SEARCH OF AN ETIOLOGY: ROLE OF BLASTOCYSTIS HOMINIS in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 70 Issue 4 (2004)

  https://www.ajtmh.org/abstract/journals/tpmd/70/4/article-p383.xml

  This study was designed to examine stool specimens of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients for Blastocystis hominis, a common intestinal parasite. Stool microscopy was positive for Blastocystis hominis in 32% (30 of 95) of the cases and 7% (4 of 55) of the controls (P = 0.001). Stool culture was positive in 46% (44 of 95) of the cases and 7% (4 of 55) of the controls (P < 0.001). Blastocystis hominis was frequently demonstrated in the stool samples of IBS patients; however, its significance in IBS still needs to be investigated. [...] Stool culture has a higher positive yield for Blastocystis hominis than stool microscopy.

• #51 Blastocystis Hominis – Healthpath

  https://healthpath.com/gut-health/blastocystis-hominis/

  Some studies link Blastocystis to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)-like symptoms and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). For instance, a higher prevalence of Blastocystis has been observed in patients with IBS. […] In a paper published in 2024 Blastocystis hominis was detected in 15.38% of IBS patients and 9.2% of the healthy group. […] Given the significant prevalence of both parasites in colorectal cancer patients and their statistically significant association, there is a need to pay more attention to these two intestinal parasites in under treatment patients. […] The decision to treat Blastocystis hominis depends on the individuals symptoms and health status. […] Asymptomatic carriers typically do not require treatment. Eradicating Blastocystis in healthy individuals may disrupt gut microbial balance and inadvertently cause harm.

• #52 Blastocystis Hominis Infection Update – Parawellness Research

  https://parawellnessresearch.com/blastocystis-hominis-infection-update/

  There is a strong association and probable causation with Blastocystis hominis and irritable bowel syndrome. […] Many of the same cellular changes seen in IBS patients are also found with chronic infections with Blastocystis hominis. […] Regarding treatment, many clinicians are skeptical regarding the pathogenicity of this organism and consequently are more likely to ignore treatment. […] In summary, Blastocystis hominis is a pathogen that is associated with disruptive changes within the gut that can cause a range of symptoms and have adverse effects on the immune system.

• #53 Blastocystis Hominis Infection Update – Parawellness Research

  https://parawellnessresearch.com/blastocystis-hominis-infection-update/

  There is a strong association and probable causation with Blastocystis hominis and irritable bowel syndrome. […] Many of the same cellular changes seen in IBS patients are also found with chronic infections with Blastocystis hominis. […] Regarding treatment, many clinicians are skeptical regarding the pathogenicity of this organism and consequently are more likely to ignore treatment. […] In summary, Blastocystis hominis is a pathogen that is associated with disruptive changes within the gut that can cause a range of symptoms and have adverse effects on the immune system.

• #54

  https://www.jhsci.ba/ojs/index.php/jhsci/article/view/85

  Blastocystis hominis in stool samples of individuals with allergic cutaneous symptoms were evaluated to study a possible link between them. […] Overall, 30(13.7%) stool samples were infected by Blastocystis hominis with age group (26-35) and male predominance 15(6.9%) and 18(8.2%), respectively. […] No other allergic cause of urticaria was discovered. […] Blastocystis hominis could be the etiology of chronic urticaria.

• #55 Root Cause of Hashimoto’s, Hives & IBS – Dr. Izabella Wentz

  https://thyroidpharmacist.com/articles/the-common-root-cause-of-hashimotos-hives-and-ibs/

  The good news is that research has found that eradicating Blastocystis hominis in cases of urticaria and IBS, often leads to the remission of both conditions. […] I’ve found that eradicating a Blastocystis hominis infection in a person with Hashimotos often leads to a remission of Hashimotos, with an improvement in symptoms, a reduction in food sensitivities, and a reduction in thyroid antibodies. […] Many conventional physicians will say that there is no need to treat it. However, eradicating Blasto has been shown to help Hashimotos. […] Furthermore, there are multiple studies implicating Blasto’s role in IBS and hives (two conditions that are very commonly associated with Hashimotos). […] This begs the question are hives, IBS and Blasto all connected? […] A study of 54 people in Egypt with chronic urticaria (hives) revealed that Blastocystis hominis was found in 61 percent of them, while only eight percent of the healthy controls had the parasite.

• #56

  https://www.jhsci.ba/ojs/index.php/jhsci/article/view/85

  Blastocystis hominis in stool samples of individuals with allergic cutaneous symptoms were evaluated to study a possible link between them. […] Overall, 30(13.7%) stool samples were infected by Blastocystis hominis with age group (26-35) and male predominance 15(6.9%) and 18(8.2%), respectively. […] No other allergic cause of urticaria was discovered. […] Blastocystis hominis could be the etiology of chronic urticaria.

• #57 A neglected cause of uremic pruritus: Blastocystis hominis

  https://oatext.com/a-neglected-cause-of-uremic-pruritus-blastocystis-hominis.php

  Uremic pruritus (UP) is one of the most bothersome side effect of uremia which can be seen in 50-90% of dialysis patients and about 25% of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. […] Blastocystis hominis is one of the most common intestinal parasites encountered in human beings and various animals. […] We hypothesized that colonization of B. hominis might be an important but neglected factor in the pathogenesis of UP especially in CKD patients who are resistant to treatment options mentioned above. […] We suggest to examine fecal samples of CKD patients with intractable pruritus beside other biochemical test to determine the etiology of UP. […] The present work is the first to hypothesize that relationships among high colonization prevalance of B. hominis and uremic pruritus in chronic kidney disease.

• #58 A neglected cause of uremic pruritus: Blastocystis hominis

  https://oatext.com/a-neglected-cause-of-uremic-pruritus-blastocystis-hominis.php

  According to our hypothesis, the release of antigens of B. hominis could trigger immunological mechanisms including activation of immunoglobulin E production that further activate mast cells releasing pruritogenic substances such as histamines. […] This report is the first to suggest the importance of colonization of B. hominis and the relation with intractable UP in CKD patients.

• #59 Blastocystis Hominis: What It Is, Symptoms It Causes, and How to Treat It

  https://dremilyparke.com/2023/09/26/blastocystis-hominis-symptoms-treatment/

  Blastocystis hominis is a microscopic, single-celled organism called a protozoan found in the gastrointestinal tract. It lives off the host in the digestive system and can cause a host of unwanted symptoms. […] Exposure to blastocystis hominis occurs fecal-orally, a route of transmission where the pathogen is transmitted in fecal particles from one person to the mouth of another person. This is primarily caused by lack of hygiene practices after using the bathroom, or contaminated food or water. […] Interestingly, blastocystis hominis also has a possible role in activating certain autoimmune diseases like ulcerative colitis, an inflammatory bowel disease causing inflammation and ulcers in the digestive tract. Case studies have shown that the presence of blastocystis hominis may complicate ulcerative colitis. […] Researchers have suggested the importance of a comprehensive stool analysis for ulcerative colitis patients, looking specifically for organisms like blastocystis hominis that may be contributing to symptoms without any other cause.

• #60 Blastocystis Hominis: What It Is, Symptoms It Causes, and How to Treat It

  https://dremilyparke.com/2023/09/26/blastocystis-hominis-symptoms-treatment/

  Blastocystis hominis is a microscopic, single-celled organism called a protozoan found in the gastrointestinal tract. It lives off the host in the digestive system and can cause a host of unwanted symptoms. […] Exposure to blastocystis hominis occurs fecal-orally, a route of transmission where the pathogen is transmitted in fecal particles from one person to the mouth of another person. This is primarily caused by lack of hygiene practices after using the bathroom, or contaminated food or water. […] Interestingly, blastocystis hominis also has a possible role in activating certain autoimmune diseases like ulcerative colitis, an inflammatory bowel disease causing inflammation and ulcers in the digestive tract. Case studies have shown that the presence of blastocystis hominis may complicate ulcerative colitis. […] Researchers have suggested the importance of a comprehensive stool analysis for ulcerative colitis patients, looking specifically for organisms like blastocystis hominis that may be contributing to symptoms without any other cause.

• #61 Blastocystosis – Protozoal Diseases – Parasitic Diseases – Infectious Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.18.84.2.5.

  Blastocystosis is a disease of the large intestine caused by the protozoal parasite Blastocystis hominis. […] The pathogenesis of blastocystosis remains unclear and the pathogenicity of B hominis is debatable. […] The primary reservoir of B hominis is humans. […] Transmission occurs through the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of water or foods contaminated with human feces. […] B hominis is a saprophytic protozoan largely considered nonpathogenic, and the infection usually does not require specific treatment. […] Invasive colonic disease and GI bleeding may occur in the very rare cases of acute infection. […] B hominis may cause exacerbations of ulcerative colitis.

• #62 Root Cause of Hashimoto’s, Hives & IBS – Dr. Izabella Wentz

  https://thyroidpharmacist.com/articles/the-common-root-cause-of-hashimotos-hives-and-ibs/

  Blastocystis hominis has been found in some asymptomatic carriers, and researchers hypothesize that other factors can influence the pathogenicity of this parasite, such as the immune status of the host, one’s parasitic load, the presence of a gut imbalance, or other factors that can influence the behavior of parasites. […] A study published in 2020 measured the free T3, free T4, TSH, anti-TPO, and Interleukin (IL)-17 levels of 20 people with Hashimotos, 20 people with Hashimotos and a Blastocystis hominis infection, and 20 people with neither condition. […] Researchers concluded that the treatment of Blastocystis hominis infections improves Hashimotos through reductions in Interleukin (IL)-17, anti-TPO, and TSH levels.

• #63 Reactive Arthritis Caused by Blastocistys hominis | Reumatología Clínica

  https://reumatologiaclinica.org/en-reactive-arthritis-caused-by-blastocistys-articulo-S2173574312000032

  Reactive arthritis is defined as an acute arthritis caused by enteric or genitourinary infection. This infection usually precedes arthritis by a month. […] Here we report a case of reactive arthritis due to Blastocystis hominis in immunocompetent patients. […] Protozoal reactive arthritis is rare. The microorganisms most frequently implicated are Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, Trichomonas vaginalis, Toxoplasma gondii, and rarely, B. hominis. This is a protozoa that is transmitted between animals and humans by ingestion of cysts in water or food contaminated by a carrier. Its pathogenic role is not universally accepted, but has been associated with episodes of diarrhea and extraintestinal manifestations, and its relationship with reactive arthritis is less common. […] The mechanisms by which different parasites can cause joint disease are multiple. For example, local invasion from neighboring bones or muscles, via the blood or lymphatic with the presence of adult individuals, larvae or eggs in the joint cavity. They could also trigger a reactive inflammatory reaction to the presence of the parasite in the surrounding tissue, without an actual joint invasion. In our case, we assume that the latter was the most likely mechanism of action of B. hominis.

• #64 Reactive Arthritis Caused by Blastocistys hominis | Reumatología Clínica

  https://reumatologiaclinica.org/en-reactive-arthritis-caused-by-blastocistys-articulo-S2173574312000032

  Some authors use the term parasitic rheumatism in the case of inflammatory conditions without the presence of the parasite in the joint or in its vicinity, probably triggered by an immune mechanism. […] In a 1990-2010 PUBMED literature review (keywords: Blastocystis hominis and arthritis) we found 4 cases of arthritis associated with B. hominis, treated in 2 cases as infectious arthritis. The other 2 cases were reactive arthritis associated with B. hominis. This case would be the fifth related to this parasite and the third description of reactive arthritis due to this organism.

• #65 Impact factors of Blastocystis hominis infection in persons living with human immunodeficiency virus: a large-scale, multi-center observational study from China | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-023-01137-5

  Blastocystis hominis (Bh) is zoonotic parasitic pathogen with a high prevalent globally, causing opportunistic infections and diarrhea disease. […] Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection disrupts the immune system by depleting CD4+ T lymphocyte (CD4+ T) cell counts, thereby increasing Bh infection risk among persons living with HIV (PLWH). […] The prevalence of Bh was found to be 4.9% among PLWH. […] Significant nonlinear associations were observed between the Bh infection risk and CD4+ T cell counts, HIV VL, and duration of interruption in HARRT. […] The study revealed that VL was a better predictor of Bh infection than CD4+ T cell counts. […] Several factors, such as the immune system function, geographic location, age, behaviours of the host, the degree of close contact with livestock and pets, as well as climatic conditions, can impact the occurrence and transmission of Bh.

• #66 Impact factors of Blastocystis hominis infection in persons living with human immunodeficiency virus: a large-scale, multi-center observational study from China | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-023-01137-5

  Blastocystis hominis (Bh) is zoonotic parasitic pathogen with a high prevalent globally, causing opportunistic infections and diarrhea disease. […] Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection disrupts the immune system by depleting CD4+ T lymphocyte (CD4+ T) cell counts, thereby increasing Bh infection risk among persons living with HIV (PLWH). […] The prevalence of Bh was found to be 4.9% among PLWH. […] Significant nonlinear associations were observed between the Bh infection risk and CD4+ T cell counts, HIV VL, and duration of interruption in HARRT. […] The study revealed that VL was a better predictor of Bh infection than CD4+ T cell counts. […] Several factors, such as the immune system function, geographic location, age, behaviours of the host, the degree of close contact with livestock and pets, as well as climatic conditions, can impact the occurrence and transmission of Bh.

• #67 Impact factors of Blastocystis hominis infection in persons living with human immunodeficiency virus: a large-scale, multi-center observational study from China | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-023-01137-5

  The prevalence of Bh among HIV/AIDS individuals ranges from 30.0% to 47.6% in developed countries, the incidence ranges from 3.7% to 20.7% among HIV/AIDS subjects in middle- and low-income countries. […] However, when PLWH infected with Bh, it can lead to severe diarrhea, accelerating the progression of HIV/AIDS and even resulting in death. […] The study demonstrated a significant association between an elevated risk of Bh infection and lower CD4+ T cell counts, higher HIV VL, and longer treatment interruption durations among PLWH. […] The combined surveillance of HIV VL and peripheral blood CD4+ T counts is recommended in the regions with a high level of socioeconomic development, as it provides a more comprehensive and surveillance assessment of Bh infection and other OPIs.

• #68 Impact factors of Blastocystis hominis infection in persons living with human immunodeficiency virus: a large-scale, multi-center observational study from China | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-023-01137-5

  The prevalence of Bh among HIV/AIDS individuals ranges from 30.0% to 47.6% in developed countries, the incidence ranges from 3.7% to 20.7% among HIV/AIDS subjects in middle- and low-income countries. […] However, when PLWH infected with Bh, it can lead to severe diarrhea, accelerating the progression of HIV/AIDS and even resulting in death. […] The study demonstrated a significant association between an elevated risk of Bh infection and lower CD4+ T cell counts, higher HIV VL, and longer treatment interruption durations among PLWH. […] The combined surveillance of HIV VL and peripheral blood CD4+ T counts is recommended in the regions with a high level of socioeconomic development, as it provides a more comprehensive and surveillance assessment of Bh infection and other OPIs.

• #69 Impact factors of Blastocystis hominis infection in persons living with human immunodeficiency virus: a large-scale, multi-center observational study from China | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-023-01137-5

  The prevalence of Bh among HIV/AIDS individuals ranges from 30.0% to 47.6% in developed countries, the incidence ranges from 3.7% to 20.7% among HIV/AIDS subjects in middle- and low-income countries. […] However, when PLWH infected with Bh, it can lead to severe diarrhea, accelerating the progression of HIV/AIDS and even resulting in death. […] The study demonstrated a significant association between an elevated risk of Bh infection and lower CD4+ T cell counts, higher HIV VL, and longer treatment interruption durations among PLWH. […] The combined surveillance of HIV VL and peripheral blood CD4+ T counts is recommended in the regions with a high level of socioeconomic development, as it provides a more comprehensive and surveillance assessment of Bh infection and other OPIs.

• #70 Update on the pathogenic potential and treatment options for Blastocystis sp | Gut Pathogens | Full Text

  https://gutpathogens.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1757-4749-6-17

  Most of these studies show that Blastocystis is not higher in the HIV/AIDS population than what was previously found in normal populations with Blastocystis incidence ranging from 6-70% in developing counties. […] This study raises the possibility of opportunistic infections of Blastocystis in immunocompromised people. […] These studies show how Blastocystis can easily be an opportunistic infection. […] It has also been proposed that the different STs of Blastocystis have varying susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs. […] Due to the uncertainty of whether this parasite is a pathogen or not does make it difficult for physicians to decide whether to treat the infection. […] Treatment should be considered if there are chronic symptoms of diarrhoea and abdominal pain in the absence of other pathogens identified from the stool sample. […] A simple antimicrobial susceptibility test for Blastocystis could help to assure the correct drug is administered and not allow for resistance to develop.

• #71 Stress Exacerbates Infectivity and Pathogenicity of Blastocystis hominis: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidences | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0094567

  Stress alters the oxidant-antioxidant state and immune cell responses which disrupts its function to combat infection. Blastocystis hominis, a common intestinal protozoan has been reported to be opportunistic in immunocompromised patients namely cancer. B. hominis infectivity in other altered immune system conditions especially stress is unknown. […] The pathogenicity and augmentation of B. hominis infection is enhanced when stress is present. Lifestyles today are becoming increasingly stressed and the present findings suggest that the parasite which has been reported to be one of the most common organisms seen in stool surveys, namely in developing countries, may tend to be more pathogenic in stressful situations. […] The extreme dispute regarding its pathogenicity had led to the remarkable findings on both phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of asymptomatic and symptomatic human-derived B. hominis isolates. Various reports have shown that certain subtype of this unicellular protozoan is coupled with intestinal disorders including Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS).

• #72 Stress Exacerbates Infectivity and Pathogenicity of Blastocystis hominis: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidences | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0094567

  Stress alters the oxidant-antioxidant state and immune cell responses which disrupts its function to combat infection. Blastocystis hominis, a common intestinal protozoan has been reported to be opportunistic in immunocompromised patients namely cancer. B. hominis infectivity in other altered immune system conditions especially stress is unknown. […] The pathogenicity and augmentation of B. hominis infection is enhanced when stress is present. Lifestyles today are becoming increasingly stressed and the present findings suggest that the parasite which has been reported to be one of the most common organisms seen in stool surveys, namely in developing countries, may tend to be more pathogenic in stressful situations. […] The extreme dispute regarding its pathogenicity had led to the remarkable findings on both phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of asymptomatic and symptomatic human-derived B. hominis isolates. Various reports have shown that certain subtype of this unicellular protozoan is coupled with intestinal disorders including Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS).

• #73 Stress Exacerbates Infectivity and Pathogenicity of Blastocystis hominis: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidences | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0094567

  However, to the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports on the role of stress in contributing to host’s immunosuppression, oxidative damage, and susceptibility to intestinal parasitic infections. […] A higher level of cyst count in the Blasto-Stressed group compared to the Blasto group observed in our study has clearly suggested that stress increased the susceptibility towards B. hominis infection by suppressing the hosts’ immune system. It is established that stress leads to the suppression of immune cell responses which inevitably creates a favorable condition for the growth of infectious microorganisms including B. hominis. […] The present study clearly revealed 3 strong implications: 1) Stress and B. hominis infection could independently dysregulate the immune responses as well as the oxidant-antioxidant regulatory systems; 2) Stress enhanced the susceptibility and pathogenicity of B. hominis by suppressing or dysregulating responses of PBMC and immunoglobulins; 3) Stress mediated augmentation of B. hominis by causing imbalance in the host’s oxidant-antioxidant system.

• #74 Stress Exacerbates Infectivity and Pathogenicity of Blastocystis hominis: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidences | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0094567

  However, to the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports on the role of stress in contributing to host’s immunosuppression, oxidative damage, and susceptibility to intestinal parasitic infections. […] A higher level of cyst count in the Blasto-Stressed group compared to the Blasto group observed in our study has clearly suggested that stress increased the susceptibility towards B. hominis infection by suppressing the hosts’ immune system. It is established that stress leads to the suppression of immune cell responses which inevitably creates a favorable condition for the growth of infectious microorganisms including B. hominis. […] The present study clearly revealed 3 strong implications: 1) Stress and B. hominis infection could independently dysregulate the immune responses as well as the oxidant-antioxidant regulatory systems; 2) Stress enhanced the susceptibility and pathogenicity of B. hominis by suppressing or dysregulating responses of PBMC and immunoglobulins; 3) Stress mediated augmentation of B. hominis by causing imbalance in the host’s oxidant-antioxidant system.

• #75 Stress Exacerbates Infectivity and Pathogenicity of Blastocystis hominis: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidences | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0094567

  However, to the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports on the role of stress in contributing to host’s immunosuppression, oxidative damage, and susceptibility to intestinal parasitic infections. […] A higher level of cyst count in the Blasto-Stressed group compared to the Blasto group observed in our study has clearly suggested that stress increased the susceptibility towards B. hominis infection by suppressing the hosts’ immune system. It is established that stress leads to the suppression of immune cell responses which inevitably creates a favorable condition for the growth of infectious microorganisms including B. hominis. […] The present study clearly revealed 3 strong implications: 1) Stress and B. hominis infection could independently dysregulate the immune responses as well as the oxidant-antioxidant regulatory systems; 2) Stress enhanced the susceptibility and pathogenicity of B. hominis by suppressing or dysregulating responses of PBMC and immunoglobulins; 3) Stress mediated augmentation of B. hominis by causing imbalance in the host’s oxidant-antioxidant system.

• #76 Stress Exacerbates Infectivity and Pathogenicity of Blastocystis hominis: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidences | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0094567

  Stress alters the oxidant-antioxidant state and immune cell responses which disrupts its function to combat infection. Blastocystis hominis, a common intestinal protozoan has been reported to be opportunistic in immunocompromised patients namely cancer. B. hominis infectivity in other altered immune system conditions especially stress is unknown. […] The pathogenicity and augmentation of B. hominis infection is enhanced when stress is present. Lifestyles today are becoming increasingly stressed and the present findings suggest that the parasite which has been reported to be one of the most common organisms seen in stool surveys, namely in developing countries, may tend to be more pathogenic in stressful situations. […] The extreme dispute regarding its pathogenicity had led to the remarkable findings on both phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of asymptomatic and symptomatic human-derived B. hominis isolates. Various reports have shown that certain subtype of this unicellular protozoan is coupled with intestinal disorders including Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS).

• #77 Stress Exacerbates Infectivity and Pathogenicity of Blastocystis hominis: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidences | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0094567

  However, to the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports on the role of stress in contributing to host’s immunosuppression, oxidative damage, and susceptibility to intestinal parasitic infections. […] A higher level of cyst count in the Blasto-Stressed group compared to the Blasto group observed in our study has clearly suggested that stress increased the susceptibility towards B. hominis infection by suppressing the hosts’ immune system. It is established that stress leads to the suppression of immune cell responses which inevitably creates a favorable condition for the growth of infectious microorganisms including B. hominis. […] The present study clearly revealed 3 strong implications: 1) Stress and B. hominis infection could independently dysregulate the immune responses as well as the oxidant-antioxidant regulatory systems; 2) Stress enhanced the susceptibility and pathogenicity of B. hominis by suppressing or dysregulating responses of PBMC and immunoglobulins; 3) Stress mediated augmentation of B. hominis by causing imbalance in the host’s oxidant-antioxidant system.

• #78 Stress Exacerbates Infectivity and Pathogenicity of Blastocystis hominis: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidences | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0094567

  Stress alters the oxidant-antioxidant state and immune cell responses which disrupts its function to combat infection. Blastocystis hominis, a common intestinal protozoan has been reported to be opportunistic in immunocompromised patients namely cancer. B. hominis infectivity in other altered immune system conditions especially stress is unknown. […] The pathogenicity and augmentation of B. hominis infection is enhanced when stress is present. Lifestyles today are becoming increasingly stressed and the present findings suggest that the parasite which has been reported to be one of the most common organisms seen in stool surveys, namely in developing countries, may tend to be more pathogenic in stressful situations. […] The extreme dispute regarding its pathogenicity had led to the remarkable findings on both phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of asymptomatic and symptomatic human-derived B. hominis isolates. Various reports have shown that certain subtype of this unicellular protozoan is coupled with intestinal disorders including Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS).

• #79 Stress Exacerbates Infectivity and Pathogenicity of Blastocystis hominis: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidences | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0094567

  However, to the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports on the role of stress in contributing to host’s immunosuppression, oxidative damage, and susceptibility to intestinal parasitic infections. […] A higher level of cyst count in the Blasto-Stressed group compared to the Blasto group observed in our study has clearly suggested that stress increased the susceptibility towards B. hominis infection by suppressing the hosts’ immune system. It is established that stress leads to the suppression of immune cell responses which inevitably creates a favorable condition for the growth of infectious microorganisms including B. hominis. […] The present study clearly revealed 3 strong implications: 1) Stress and B. hominis infection could independently dysregulate the immune responses as well as the oxidant-antioxidant regulatory systems; 2) Stress enhanced the susceptibility and pathogenicity of B. hominis by suppressing or dysregulating responses of PBMC and immunoglobulins; 3) Stress mediated augmentation of B. hominis by causing imbalance in the host’s oxidant-antioxidant system.

• #80 Stress Exacerbates Infectivity and Pathogenicity of Blastocystis hominis: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidences | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0094567

  Stress alters the oxidant-antioxidant state and immune cell responses which disrupts its function to combat infection. Blastocystis hominis, a common intestinal protozoan has been reported to be opportunistic in immunocompromised patients namely cancer. B. hominis infectivity in other altered immune system conditions especially stress is unknown. […] The pathogenicity and augmentation of B. hominis infection is enhanced when stress is present. Lifestyles today are becoming increasingly stressed and the present findings suggest that the parasite which has been reported to be one of the most common organisms seen in stool surveys, namely in developing countries, may tend to be more pathogenic in stressful situations. […] The extreme dispute regarding its pathogenicity had led to the remarkable findings on both phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of asymptomatic and symptomatic human-derived B. hominis isolates. Various reports have shown that certain subtype of this unicellular protozoan is coupled with intestinal disorders including Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS).

• #81 Stress Exacerbates Infectivity and Pathogenicity of Blastocystis hominis: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidences | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0094567

  However, to the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports on the role of stress in contributing to host’s immunosuppression, oxidative damage, and susceptibility to intestinal parasitic infections. […] A higher level of cyst count in the Blasto-Stressed group compared to the Blasto group observed in our study has clearly suggested that stress increased the susceptibility towards B. hominis infection by suppressing the hosts’ immune system. It is established that stress leads to the suppression of immune cell responses which inevitably creates a favorable condition for the growth of infectious microorganisms including B. hominis. […] The present study clearly revealed 3 strong implications: 1) Stress and B. hominis infection could independently dysregulate the immune responses as well as the oxidant-antioxidant regulatory systems; 2) Stress enhanced the susceptibility and pathogenicity of B. hominis by suppressing or dysregulating responses of PBMC and immunoglobulins; 3) Stress mediated augmentation of B. hominis by causing imbalance in the host’s oxidant-antioxidant system.

• #82 Stress Exacerbates Infectivity and Pathogenicity of Blastocystis hominis: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidences | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0094567

  However, to the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports on the role of stress in contributing to host’s immunosuppression, oxidative damage, and susceptibility to intestinal parasitic infections. […] A higher level of cyst count in the Blasto-Stressed group compared to the Blasto group observed in our study has clearly suggested that stress increased the susceptibility towards B. hominis infection by suppressing the hosts’ immune system. It is established that stress leads to the suppression of immune cell responses which inevitably creates a favorable condition for the growth of infectious microorganisms including B. hominis. […] The present study clearly revealed 3 strong implications: 1) Stress and B. hominis infection could independently dysregulate the immune responses as well as the oxidant-antioxidant regulatory systems; 2) Stress enhanced the susceptibility and pathogenicity of B. hominis by suppressing or dysregulating responses of PBMC and immunoglobulins; 3) Stress mediated augmentation of B. hominis by causing imbalance in the host’s oxidant-antioxidant system.

• #83 Blastocystis hominis | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/blastocystis-hominis

  Blastocystis is a microscopic single-celled organism (protozoan). Many parasitic protozoans normally live in your digestive tract and are harmless or even helpful; others cause disease. […] It’s not clear whether blastocystis causes disease. Most people who carry the organism have no signs or symptoms, but it’s also found in people who have diarrhea and other digestive problems. […] Explanations for this variability include: Some types of blastocystis may be more likely to cause disease than others. Some people may be more vulnerable to blastocystis infection. Disease may be caused by other organisms that coexist with Blastocystis. […] Blastocystis can be passed between people and from animals to people. Transmission may be from: Contaminated food or water, Exposure to human or animal feces.

• #84 Blastocystis Hominis Infection: Treatment & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22933-blastocystis-hominis-infection-blastocystosis

  Blastocystis hominis is a single-celled parasite that infects humans and some animals. Infection with Blastocystis hominis is called blastocystosis. […] Scientists discovered Blastocystis in the early 1900s, but dont fully understand if it causes disease. It can live in the digestive tract of healthy people without causing symptoms. In some people, it may cause gastrointestinal illness. […] Confusion over whether Blastocystis causes disease may be due to: […] The need to treat blastocystosis is unclear since its role in causing illness isn’t fully understood. […] Variable treatment success may be due to antibiotic resistance or variability between the different strains of Blastocystis. Alternatively, symptoms may be caused by another organism. […] Researchers are working to understand Blastocystis and whether it causes disease in humans.

• #85 About Blastocystis | Blastocystis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/blastocystis/about/index.html

  Blastocystis is a microscopic parasite found throughout the world. A full understanding of Blastocystis and whether it causes disease in humans is unclear. […] It is unclear how Blastocystis spreads. However, the number of people infected appears to increase in areas that use unimproved sanitation facilities (when there is no sanitary separation of human waste from human contact). […] Studies have suggested that risk of infection may increase through consuming contaminated food or water.

• #86

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/blastocystis-hominis.aspx

  Blastocystis hominis is a species of one of the most common human intestinal organisms. […] The organism is most likely transmitted via the faecal-oral route. […] There is still debate about whether Blastocystis species really causes disease in humans, as the organism can be found in both well and unwell individuals. […] New research suggests that some types of Blastocystis may be more likely to be associated with symptoms. […] Its not certain how Blastocystis is spread. […] Given that the organism is found in the gastrointestinal tract, transmission is most likely to occur via the faecal-oral route. […] Some studies have shown that people with poor immune systems have higher rates of identification of Blastocystis in their stools. […] Due to the uncertainty of whether this organism is a pathogen or not, it is difficult for doctors to decide whether to treat the infection.

• #87

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4040727/

  Recent in vitro and in vivo studies show that Blastocystis sp. infection is associated with a variety of gastrointestinal disorders (called blastocystosis), especially in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and cutaneous lesions. […] A hypothesis to explain differences in the disease caused by Blastocystis sp. is its genetic diversity, although no association was detected between symptoms and Blastocystis subtypes in several studies. […] Blastocystis sp. is also suspected to be involved in IBS. […] Studies on the IBS population showed a higher prevalence of ST1 and ST3 isolates of Blastocystis sp. […] A higher risk of Blastocystis sp. infection was also found in people who are in close contact with animals, which increases exposure to the parasite, reinforcing the zoonotic nature of Blastocystis sp.

• #88

  https://www.jhsci.ba/ojs/index.php/jhsci/article/view/85

  Blastocystis hominis in stool samples of individuals with allergic cutaneous symptoms were evaluated to study a possible link between them. […] Overall, 30(13.7%) stool samples were infected by Blastocystis hominis with age group (26-35) and male predominance 15(6.9%) and 18(8.2%), respectively. […] No other allergic cause of urticaria was discovered. […] Blastocystis hominis could be the etiology of chronic urticaria.

• #89 Blastocystis Fact Sheet | Blastocystis Research Foundation

  http://bhomcenter.org/wp/blastocystis-fact-sheet/

  Blastocystosis (BLAST-oh-sis-TOS-is) is an illness caused by a microscopic parasite, Blastocystis hominis (also known as Blastocystis hominis hominis). Once a person or animal has been infected with Blastocystis hominis, the parasite lives in the intestine and is passed in feces. Because the parasite is protected by an outer shell, it can survive outside the body and in the environment for long periods in some cases. […] During the past 2 decades, Blastocystis hominis infection has become recognized as a common cause of waterborne disease in humans in the United States. Blastocystis hominis can be found worldwide and within every region of the United States. […] The Blastocystis hominis parasite lives in the intestine of infected humans or animals (e.g., cats, dogs, pigs, horses, cattle). Millions of germs can be released in a bowel movement of an infected human or animal. Blastocystis hominis is found on surfaces or in soil, food, or water that has been contaminated with the feces from infected humans or animals. You can become infected after accidentally swallowing the parasite; you cannot become infected through contact with blood.

• #90

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4040727/

  Recent in vitro and in vivo studies show that Blastocystis sp. infection is associated with a variety of gastrointestinal disorders (called blastocystosis), especially in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and cutaneous lesions. […] A hypothesis to explain differences in the disease caused by Blastocystis sp. is its genetic diversity, although no association was detected between symptoms and Blastocystis subtypes in several studies. […] Blastocystis sp. is also suspected to be involved in IBS. […] Studies on the IBS population showed a higher prevalence of ST1 and ST3 isolates of Blastocystis sp. […] A higher risk of Blastocystis sp. infection was also found in people who are in close contact with animals, which increases exposure to the parasite, reinforcing the zoonotic nature of Blastocystis sp.

• #91 Blastocystis Hominis Infection: Treatment & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22933-blastocystis-hominis-infection-blastocystosis

  Blastocystis hominis is a single-celled parasite that infects humans and some animals. Infection with Blastocystis hominis is called blastocystosis. […] Scientists discovered Blastocystis in the early 1900s, but dont fully understand if it causes disease. It can live in the digestive tract of healthy people without causing symptoms. In some people, it may cause gastrointestinal illness. […] Confusion over whether Blastocystis causes disease may be due to: […] The need to treat blastocystosis is unclear since its role in causing illness isn’t fully understood. […] Variable treatment success may be due to antibiotic resistance or variability between the different strains of Blastocystis. Alternatively, symptoms may be caused by another organism. […] Researchers are working to understand Blastocystis and whether it causes disease in humans.

• #92 Blastocystis hominis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/blastocystis-hominis-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351211

  If you have diarrhea and related symptoms, the cause may be difficult to diagnose. Even if blastocystis is found in your stool, it might not be causing your symptoms. […] Potential medications for eliminating a blastocystis infection and improving symptoms include: […] Responses to these medications vary greatly. Also, because the organism might not be the cause of your symptoms, improvement might be due to the medication’s effect on another organism.

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