Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Blastocystis Hominis Infection: Treatment & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22933-blastocystis-hominis-infection-blastocystosis

  Antibiotic or antiparasitic medications usually resolve symptoms. […] Treatments healthcare providers use include: Antibiotics, such as metronidazole or cotrimoxazole, which combine the medications trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. […] Antiparasitic medications such as nitazoxanide. […] These medications often resolve symptoms but they aren’t always effective. Variable treatment success may be due to antibiotic resistance or variability between the different strains of Blastocystis. Alternatively, symptoms may be caused by another organism. […] Natural treatments, special diets and herbal supplements for blastocystosis are also available. The effectiveness of these treatments has not been well studied. Talk to your healthcare provider before using these treatments to make sure they are safe.

• #2 Blastocystis Hominis – Healthpath

  https://healthpath.com/gut-health/blastocystis-hominis/

  The decision to treat Blastocystis hominis depends on the individuals symptoms and health status: […] Treatment may be warranted in symptomatic individuals where other causes of gastrointestinal symptoms have been ruled out, and Blastocystis is suspected as the culprit. […] Asymptomatic carriers typically do not require treatment. […] A careful assessment by a healthcare professional is essential to determine whether treatment is appropriate. […] In symptomatic cases where natural methods are insufficient, conventional treatments include anti-parasitic or antibiotic medications like metronidazole, nitazoxanide, or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. […] These drugs may help eliminate Blastocystis but can also disrupt beneficial gut microbes, necessitating careful post-treatment gut health restoration.

• #3 Blastocystis hominis | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/blastocystis-hominis?content_id=CON-20155618

  If you have a blastocystis infection without signs or symptoms, then you don’t need treatment. Mild signs and symptoms might improve on their own within a few days. […] Potential medications for eliminating a blastocystis infection and improving symptoms include: […] Antibiotics, such as metronidazole (Flagyl) or tinidazole (Tindamax) […] Combination medications, such as sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (Bactrim, Septra, others) […] Anti-protozoal medications, such as paromomycin or nitazoxanide (Alinia) […] Responses to these medications vary greatly. Also, because the organism might not be the cause of your symptoms, improvement might be due to the medication’s effect on another organism.

• #4 Blastocystis infection – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/blastocystis+infection/blastocystis+infection+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Blastocystis infection is found throughout the world, especially in developing countries, and occurs in humans and many other types of animals. […] Treatment for Blastocystis infection […] Since there is debate about whether Blastocystis causes illness or not, treatment is not usually needed and most infections will go away without any treatment. A doctor may consider treatment in people with symptoms after other infectious or non-infectious causes have been excluded.

• #5 Is Blastocystis Hominis Bad? Diagnosis, Causes & Treatment – SelfDecode Health

  https://health.selfdecode.com/blog/blastocystis-hominis-bad-worried/

  Blastocystis hominis is a parasite that can be found all around the world. […] The infection typically clears on its own. There are no proven treatments for Blastocystis hominis infection. […] People who carry Blastocystis hominis but are symptom-free do not require treatment. […] If your symptoms are severe or long-lasting, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics or anti-parasitic drugs. […] Metronidazole is the most commonly prescribed antibiotic for treating Blastocystis Hominis infection. […] Some doctors may prescribe trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) when metronidazole is not effective. […] Nitazoxanide is an antiparasitic agent. […] There are no proven treatments for Blastocystis hominis infection.

• #6

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3745668/

  Blastocystis is a highly controversial protozoan parasite. It has been variably regarded as a commensal and pathogen. […] Though associated with self-limiting infection, treatment is warranted in many patients due to persistence of symptoms. […] Several drugs have been used to treat Blastocystis but each one of them has produced widely variable rates of clinical cure and eradication of the parasite from the feces. […] Based on the studies carried out in vitro and clinical responses obtained in patients, metronidazole appears to be the most effective drug for Blastocystis infection. […] However, the therapy is complicated due to different dosages and regimens adopted and the unresponsiveness to treatment observed in several sections of the population studied. […] Other drugs with anti Blastocystis activity and used in therapy includes trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole and nitazoxanide.

• #7 A neglected cause of uremic pruritus: Blastocystis hominis

  https://oatext.com/a-neglected-cause-of-uremic-pruritus-blastocystis-hominis.php

  Uremic pruritus (UP) is one of the most bothersome side effect of uremia which can be seen in 50-90% of dialysis patients and about 25% of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. […] We suggest to examine fecal samples of CKD patients with intractable pruritus beside other biochemical test to determine the etiology of UP. If this hypothesis is proved, there will be no need to try much more expensive diagnostistic tools and drugs to treat UP. […] Furthermore, treatment of B. hominis infestation with an aminoglycoside antibiotic, paramomycin, relieved palmoplantar pruritus effectively. […] According to the results of this study, authors recommend to treat B. hominis especially in patients with urticaria. […] [7] also demonstrated that palmoplanter pruritus was disappeared after appropriate eradication of B. hominis.

• #8 Blastocystosis – Protozoal Diseases – Parasitic Diseases – Infectious Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.18.84.2.5.

  Blastocystosis is a disease of the large intestine caused by the protozoal parasite Blastocystis hominis. […] The infection usually does not require specific treatment. […] Specific treatment is indicated in patients with comorbid conditions such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn disease, in immunosuppressed individuals, and in massive infections. […] First-line treatment: Metronidazole 500 to 750 mg tid for 10 days or 1.5 g once daily for 7 days; or cotrimoxazole 320/1600 mg once daily or bid in divided doses for 7 days. Some specialists recommend higher doses of cotrimoxazole, 320/1600 mg bid. […] Alternative treatment: Iodoquinol 650 mg tid for 10 to 20 days, nitazoxanide 500 mg bid for 3 days, paromomycin 500 mg tid for 7 days or 25 mg/kg tid for 10 days, tinidazole 2 g once daily for 5 days.

• #9 Reactive Arthritis Caused by Blastocistys hominis | Reumatología Clínica

  https://www.reumatologiaclinica.org/es-reactive-arthritis-caused-by-blastocistys-articulo-S2173574312000032

  Here we report a case of reactive arthritis due to Blastocystis hominis in immunocompetent patients. […] Reactive arthritis due to B. hominis was diagnosed, and treatment with metronidazole 250mg every 8h was continued, which she had begun beforehand. In addition, indomethacin was started 125mg every 24h, with resolution of arthritis. […] The patient was intolerant to metronidazole and tinidazole and was changed to 1000mg every 12h. […] Upon discharge, the patient had resolution of arthritis and improvement of uveitis. He continued with indomethacin and tinidazole. […] This case would be the fifth related to this parasite and the third description of reactive arthritis due to this organism.

• #10

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3745668/

  In instances where treatment is warranted, metronidazole is the most frequently prescribed antibiotic. […] Though considered for first line treatment, the success of eradicating the parasite with this drug has been reported to be anywhere between 0% and 100%. […] There is extensive variation in treatment response to metronidazole. […] Resistance to metronidazole was first reported as early as 1991, thus, undermining its value as a first line treatment. […] TMP-SMX has been shown to have good effects on the cure rate and the clinical symptoms in patients with Blastocystis infection. […] Nitazoxanide, a 5-nitro thiazole, broad spectrum antiparasitic agent is found to have potent activity against Blastocystis. […] In summary, a variety of drug treatment options are available for Blastocystis infections. Metronidazole appears to be the most effective drug for Blastocystis chemotherapy despite some evidence for treatment failure. […] In such circumstances, TMP-SMX and nitazoxanide may be considered as second choice drugs.

• #11 Treatment Information | Blastocystis Research Foundation

  http://bhomcenter.org/wp/treatment-information/

  Metronidazole is usually listed as a first-line treatment for Blastocystis. […] A recent review published in the Journal of Digestive Science included a comprehensive list of treatments reported to be successful in Blastocystis infection over the last 10 years. Drugs included TMP-SMX, rifaximin, Nitazoxanide, and others. […] Several papers have reported success in treating patients who had failed metrondizaole therapy. […] A Los Angeles gastroenterologist reported success with the use of Nitazoxanide, reported in a2010 abstract from the American Gastroenterological Association. […] A report from Germany indicated that combination therapy with metronidazole and paromycin was effective in a case of refractory long-term Blastocystis infection acquired in association with international travel.

• #12 Low efficacy of metronidazole in the eradication of Blastocystis hominis in symptomatic patients: Case series and systematic literature review | Gastroenterología y Hepatología (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/pt-revista-gastroenterologia-hepatologia-english-edition–382-articulo-low-efficacy-metronidazole-in-eradication-S2444382417301049

  Low efficacy of metronidazole in the eradication of Blastocystis hominis in symptomatic patients: Case series and systematic literature review […] Metronidazole (MTZ) is the recommended first-line treatment. […] The microbiological response to MTZ treatment is insufficient in our geographical setting. […] The systematic review shows that the response to MTZ is very variable. […] Different drugs have been used to eradicate B. hominis, including metronidazole (MTZ), nitazoxanide, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX), paromomycin, diiodohydroxyquinoline, ketoconazole and secnidazole, as well as probiotics. […] The objectives of this study were: 1. To assess clinical and microbiological response to MTZ in Spain, and 2. To perform a systematic review of the published studies where MTZ has been used for B. hominis infection and thus determine its rate of efficacy.

• #13 Low efficacy of metronidazole in the eradication of Blastocystis hominis in symptomatic patients: Case series and systematic literature review | Gastroenterología y Hepatología (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/pt-revista-gastroenterologia-hepatologia-english-edition–382-articulo-low-efficacy-metronidazole-in-eradication-S2444382417301049

  The rate of eradication was also highly variable, ranging from 0% to 100% (overall rate: 62.650% for European studies only). […] In conclusion, there appears to be a relationship between clinical response and microbiological response to B. hominis treatment. This shows the parasite’s causative role. In Spain, microbiological response to treatment with MTZ is clearly insufficient. A systematic review showed that response to MTZ is highly variable, ranging from 0% to 100%. Controlled studied are needed to evaluate the efficacy of other drugs such as TMP/SMX and paromomycin as first-line treatments. Such studies will help to confirm the pathogenic role of this infestation.

• #14 Blastocystis Hominis Infection – Symptoms, Testing & Treatment Options

  https://www.byronherbalist.com.au/parasite-infections/blastocystis-hominis/

  A placebo control treatment trial (a real gold standard in science) compared metronidazole and a placebo in 76 patients that had only screened for B. hominis (other patients that had multiple co-infections were removed from the trial.) Of the group that had been given metronidazole, 80% showed clearance of B. hominis from their stool samples. Sounds great right! A retest after six months found that only 48% (n = 40) of the group receiving the antibiotic had actually cleared the infection. Anecdotally I have seen this very case of clearance (or clearance of symptoms) for period of time and then a full relapse of symptoms in dozens of people here in Byron Bay area of Australia. Personally I have experienced this as well. This is why it is so important to re-test after treatment. […] Herbal Treatments for Blastocystis hominis Infection

• #15 Clinical Care of Blastocystosis | Blastocystis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/blastocystis/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Several different medications have been used to treat Blastocystis with varying degrees of success. […] Treatment with metronidazole at various doses has been reported, for example (adults): 250 mg 750 mg, orally 3x/day for 10 days. […] Treatment with trimethoprim (TMP)/sulfamethoxazole (SMX) at various doses has been reported, for example in adults: 6 mg/kg TMP, 30 mg/kg SMX, once daily for 7 days. […] Treatment with nitazoxanide has been shown to be effective in clearing organisms and improving symptoms at the following doses: Adults: 500 mg, orally twice daily for 3 days. […] Tinidazole, paromomycin, iodoquinol, and ketoconazole have also been used for clearing Blastocystis, as presented in case reports or small series.

• #16 The Effect of Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole in Blastocystis hominis Infection – Turkish Journal of Parasitology

  https://turkiyeparazitolderg.org/articles/the-effect-of-trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-in-blastocystis-hominis-infection/doi/23144

  The aim of this study was to investigate clinical findings and the effects of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) in cases of blastocystosis. […] The cases with blastocystosis were given TMP-SMX for 7 days. […] After the treatment it was found that 36 (97.3%) out of 37 cases improved. This study supports the premise that TMP-SXT is effective in the treatment of B. hominis.

• #17 Treatment Options for the Eradication of Intestinal Protozoa – Page 11

  https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/540145_11

  Blastocystis hominis has presented a great challenge for biologists seeking to describe its taxonomy and for parasitologists and clinicians who have struggled for many decades to determine whether it is truly an enteropathogen. […] The majority of reports on the effect of antimicrobial chemotherapy for B. hominis infection are either case reports or small, noncontrolled studies. […] Several studies conducted during the past 5 years indicate, however, that metronidazole 800 mg three times daily for 5-10 days is effective in some patients, although the paucity of information means that the accurate prediction of a response is difficult in individual patients. […] Co-trimoxazole in standard doses (sulfamethoxazole 800 mg and trimethoprim 160 mg, twice daily for 7 days) is, however, reported to eradicate the organism in more than 90% of infected, symptomatic individuals. […] Numerous other antiprotozoan compounds have been tested, with variable results, but perhaps the most promising new drug is nitazoxanide. A placebo-controlled trial of nitazoxanide 500 mg twice daily for 3 days reported a clinical and parasitological cure rate of 86%.

• #18 Update on the pathogenic potential and treatment options for Blastocystis sp | Gut Pathogens | Full Text

  https://gutpathogens.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1757-4749-6-17

  Metronidazole is the most widely accepted treatment for Blastocystis but several cases of treatment failure and resistance have been described. Other treatment options which have been suggested include paromomycin and trimethroprim- sulfamethoxazole. […] Due to the controversy surrounding the potential pathogenicity of Blastocystis and the self-limiting nature of symptoms, the treatment of this disease is equivocal. Metronidazole is the most frequently prescribed antibiotic for infections. Various drug treatments using metronidazole have been prescribed ranging from 250-750 mg three times a day for 10 days or used in combination with other drugs including paromomycin or trimethroprim- sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX). There have been reports of resistance to metronidazole and the cyst form has been shown to have resistance up to 5 mg/ml. Nitazoxanide, a broad-spectrum 5-nitrothiazole antiparasitic agent has also been reported to be effective in treatment. Other studies have shown the efficacy of emetine, furazolidone, TMP-SMX, iodochlorhydroxyquin and pentamidine.

• #19

  https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2009/10003/nitazoxanide_for_the_treatment_of_blastocystis.1320.aspx

  Nitazoxanide is a thiazolide antibiotic indicated for the treatment of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia in adults and in children. Nitazoxanide also has activity against Blastocystis hominis in both in vivo and in vitro studies. […] In this study, nitazoxanide was effective for the treatment of Blastocystis hominis infection.

• #20 Remission of chronic blastocystosis using ciprofloxacin

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10248208/

  Blastocystis hominis is a controversial parasite because of its taxonomy and its treatment. […] Ciprofloxacin could be an antibiotic of choice in chronic blastocystosis. […] The treatments used include metronidazole, furazolidone, and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole. […] Treatment is important in cases of blastocystosis to reduce symptoms or, at best, to achieve remission, especially in chronic diarrhea, weight loss, and fatigue, which can even cause a nonspecific, allergic toxic reaction in the colon section that, in some cases, can lead to ulcerative colitis. […] Finally, on 04/05/2021, ciprofloxacin 500mg/12h for 10days was indicated, with remission of the clinical condition and no parasites observed at the third serial microscopic reading. […] Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic used to treat Gramnegative bacteria that may cause infections of the upper respiratory tract, urinary tract, genital tract, gastrointestinal tract, and intraabdominal cystitis. Its use in the case of blastocystosis is rare, with no definite effect, according to very few studies that mention it, where its effectiveness against the parasite was not shown either in vivo or in vitro. […] Therefore, it is concluded that the use of ciprofloxacin should be considered as one of the treatments for B.hominis in cases of chronic blastocystis, and its effect on the microbiome and/or the subtype of the parasite should be elucidated in future studies.

• #21 Parasites – The Centre of Excellence for Gastroenerology

  https://centrefordigestivediseases.com/parasites/

  It is possible to treat these infections with a combination of drugs after which, most patients report either complete resolution or a reduction in symptoms. […] High failure rates of eradication using single drugs when treating B. hominis and D. fragilis parasitic infections, led to the development of our novel combination medication regimes which may be given orally or intracolonically (via transcolonoscopic or enema infusion).

• #22 Blastocystis hominis as a cause of chronic diarrhea in low-resource settings: A systematic review

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2308-3840/full/v12/i3/95631.htm

  Metronidazole is advocated as the first-line agent, with consideration for switching to a second-line option in cases of treatment failure or poor response. […] For the pharmacologic treatment of blastocystosis (i.e., B. hominis infection), metronidazole is the reported drug of choice. […] The reported treatment regimens were diverse, encompassing the use of single or multiple antimicrobial agents, probiotic agents, or surgical intervention. […] Metronidazole alone was reported as a treatment modality in twelve studies, while in two studies, it was administered in combination with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. […] All studies included in the analysis documented some degree of symptomatic improvement in patients, regardless of whether they received treatment or not. […] However, treated patients consistently exhibited higher and more favorable response rates compared to their untreated counterparts.

• #23 Two-day enema antibiotic therapy for parasite eradication and resolution of symptoms

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v26/i26/3792.htm

  AIM To investigate the effect of triple antibiotic therapy using enema infusion in the treatment of B. hominis and D. fragilis infections. […] Overall, eradication of parasites and improvement of clinical outcomes were observed in treated patients, showing the efficacy of this combination to eradicate the parasites and provide positive clinical outcome. […] This study investigated the effect of a triple antibiotic therapy using 2-d enema infusion for treatment of patients who were positive to B. hominis, D. fragilis or both. A significant reduction in major symptoms as well as parasite eradication were observed post-treatment. […] The treatment consisted of triple antibiotics that were infused over two consecutive days through rectal enema. […] Successful eradication of B. hominis and D. fragilis infections occurred in 79% of patients at six weeks post-treatment with 2-d enema infusion using triple antibiotic therapy.

• #24

  https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2018/10001/anti_protozoal_enema_treatment_for_blastocystis.116.aspx

  Blastocystis hominis (Bh) and Dientamoeba fragilis (Df) are single-celled protozoans, becoming recognised as enteric pathogens associated with IBS-like symptoms including abdominal pain, bloating, constipation or diarrhoea and fatigue. Due to high failure rates with both oral mono and combination anti-protozoal therapies, we developed and tested a triple combination therapy via rectal enema administered over two days to determine eradication rate of Bh and Df and reduction of symptoms. […] Higher eradication was achieved in HV (13/15; 87%) compared to LV (7/13; 54%) (p=0.03). Regardless of the enema volume, symptoms significantly improved after treatment. […] Use of HV triple anti-protozoal therapy achieved a higher success rate in eliminating Bh and Df parasites. This may be due to the ability to access larger surface area of the colon with HV rectal enema, even though the concentrations of each drug per ml were reduced to 1/3 in comparison to LV. The treatment alleviates the symptoms associated with these enteric pathogens without detectable side effects.

• #25 Blastocystis Hominis – Healthpath

  https://healthpath.com/gut-health/blastocystis-hominis/

  While research on probiotics specifically targeting Blastocystis is limited, some studies suggest that beneficial bacteria, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species, can help reduce gut inflammation and compete with pathogenic microbes. […] Although probiotics alone may not completely eradicate Blastocystis hominis, they can be a useful adjunct therapy, particularly in individuals experiencing IBS-like symptoms associated with the parasite. […] Recommend Product: Saccharomyces Boulardii. In a placebo-controlled study, it was found to be more effective against Blastocystis when compared to metronidazole. […] If treatment is needed or desired, several natural approaches can support gut health and potentially reduce Blastocystis levels. […] Garlic: Contains a wide range of the thiosulfinates (e.g., allicin), which are responsible for the antibacterial activity related to the inhibition of enzymes, including thiol in microorganisms.

• #26 Probiotic Treatment For Blastocystis Hominis – Byron Herbalist

  https://www.byronherbalist.com.au/parasite-infections/blastocystis-homminis-probiotic-treatment/

  Probiotics can be very helpful when approaching a Blastocystis hominis infection. Not only is there a ton of anecdotal evidence where people report that they feel better when taking probiotics to treat their Blastocystis infection but we actually have evidence to support the idea. […] Since writing this article I have had success treating my Blastocystis hominis parasite infection but it took years of working out the successful approach, combining different herbs, prebiotic formulations and specific probiotics to bring my gut health back into balance. […] There are a handful of specific probiotic species and even strains within those species that are helpful when dealing with gut infections like Blastocystis. […] One particular and very well researched probiotic was used in a study to treat Blastocystis hominis in children displaying symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and flatulence.

• #27 Probiotic Treatment For Blastocystis Hominis – Byron Herbalist

  https://www.byronherbalist.com.au/parasite-infections/blastocystis-homminis-probiotic-treatment/

  The randomised, single blinded control trial compared Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii CNCM I-745 to the standard treatment, an antibiotic called metronidazole, and a third group with no treatment at all. […] The Probiotic group experienced 77.7% clinical cure rate – this is based on the symptoms of the patients and not on stool analysis to confirm eradication of the parasite. […] The Antibiotic group experienced 66.6% clinical cure rate (based on symptoms and not stool analysis). […] The control group, receiving no treatment experienced only 40% clinical cure rate. […] The probiotic group 94.4% – based on symptoms, 94.4% – based on stool analysis. […] The antibiotic group 73.3% based on symptoms, 93.3% based on stool analysis. […] It is worth noting that the trial seemed to screen for Blastocystis just one time when assessing the cure rates and this particular parasite has random shedding habits.

• #28 How Does Blastocystis Hominis Affect Your Digestive Health?

  https://drruscio.com/blastocystis-hominis/

  Ultimately, the best way to deal with B. hominis is to focus on improving your overall gut health from top to bottom rather than trying to determine whether or not this one organism is responsible for your symptoms or focusing exclusively on its eradication. […] The best solution is to address your symptoms and your overall gut health using a balanced, stepwise approach. You are likely to remove potentially harmful organisms like blastocystis hominis in the process as you support an overall healthy digestive system. […] Several studies have shown that treating B. hominis, including with antibiotics such as metronidazole (Flagyl) and the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii, leads to modest improvements in symptoms such as diarrhea and abdominal pain. […] Most studies have found that B. hominis treatment leads to improvements in digestive symptoms. However, these improvements are generally modest.

• #29 The integrated treatment of Blastocystis hominis in a patient with ulcerative colitis: a case study – Document – Gale Academic OneFile

  https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA381837271&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22003886&p=AONE&sw=w

  Blastocystis hominis is a common protozoan in the human intestinal tract that can cause anorexia, diarrhoea and abdominal pain. […] Treatment included the use of metronidazole, Saccharomyces boulardii, Lactobacillus rhamnosus (HN001), Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis BB-12, Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 and anti-parasitic herbs and was successful in resolving all digestive symptoms. […] Taking an integrated approach with antibiotic therapy, probiotics and anti-parasitic herbs may be an effective treatment for eradication of Blastocystis hominis in the symptomatic patient.

• #30 Natural Treatment for Blastocystis Hominis – The Shift Clinic Brisbaneui-phone

  https://theshiftclinic.com.au/natural-treatment-for-blastocystis-hominis/

  Natural Treatment for Blastocystis Hominis […] There are a range of natural remedies and herbal treatments your naturopath can use to assist to fight parasites and heal from the infection. It is important to work with a naturopath who not only can analyse your stool test results, but who also understands the contraindications of conventional prescription medication, antibiotic treatment and the internal use of essential oils for treatment. The natural treatments and traditional medicine your naturopath may include are: […] Herbal Antimicrobials: Certain herbal remedies have antimicrobial properties which work to get rid of Blastocystis. Herbs such as oregano oil, grapefruit seed extract, wormwood, black walnut, and berberine-containing herbs (like goldenseal and barberry) may help inhibit the growth of intestinal parasites, fight inflammation, promote healthy balance in the gut and promote good digestion. […] Probiotics and Gut Restoration: Supporting the gut microbiome is crucial in blastocystis treatment and for soothing digestive symptoms. Probiotics, specifically strains like Saccharomyces boulardii and Lactobacillus acidophilus, can help restore gut microbiota balance, the intestinal mucosa, enhance immune function, and reduce the growth of harmful microorganisms. […] Dietary Modifications and Nutritional Medicine: A nutrient-dense, anti-inflammatory diet can decrease gut issues and aid in parasite management. Emphasis on whole foods, including fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, healthy fats, and fibre rich foods. Avoid processed and sugary foods, as they can promote inflammation, compromise immune function and increase gut symptoms. […] Getting help: Blastocystis can present challenges, but a holistic approach can aid in its management. By incorporating natural medicine and natural treatment approaches, promoting a healthy gut environment, and adopting preventive measures, individuals can support their immune system and maintain optimal gut health. If you suspect a Blastocystis infection or experience persistent gastrointestinal symptoms, consult with a naturopath or qualified health care professional for proper diagnosis and personalised treatment recommendations.

• #31 The influence of plant extracts on viability of ST3 and ST7 subtypes of Blastocystis sp. | Gut Pathogens | Full Text

  https://gutpathogens.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13099-024-00613-z

  Blastocystis sp. is one of the most frequently detected protozoa during stool specimen examination. Additionally, treatment approaches against this parasite are still disputable. The study aimed to investigate the in vitro activity of the substances of natural origin against two subtypes (ST) of Blastocystis sp. ST3 and ST7. Garlic and turmeric extracts exhibited the highest inhibitory effect in relation to the ST3 viability. While horseradish and turmeric were found to be the most effective extracts to the ST7 viability. The study showed that ginger, garlic, horseradish, and turmeric extracts have potent antimicrobial activity against Blastocystis ST3 and ST7, with the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) ranging from 3.8 to 4.8 g/ml and from 3.3 to 72.0 g/ml, respectively, and thus may be useful in the prevention and control of Blastocystis infections.

• #32 The influence of plant extracts on viability of ST3 and ST7 subtypes of Blastocystis sp. | Gut Pathogens | Full Text

  https://gutpathogens.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13099-024-00613-z

  Patients infected with Blastocystis sp. who experience gastrointestinal symptoms are most often treated with antibiotics such as metronidazole, while infected patients without gastrointestinal disorders are not treated. […] Results of some research suggest that not only antibiotics can be used to treat blastocystosis, but also the inclusion of some medicinal plants in the diet can effectively lead to the eradication of the parasite. […] The study showed that ginger, garlic, horseradish, and turmeric extracts have potent antimicrobial activity against Blastocystis ST3 and ST7, with an IC50 ranging from 3.8 to 4.8 g/ml and from 3.3 to 72.0 g/ml, respectively. The study authors found comparable IC50 values of anti-protozoal agents effective against Blastocystis ST7. […] The study confirms the necessity to analyze each of the Blastocystis subtypes because the differences in pathogenic and biochemical properties between them influence on the patients treatment results. The study showed that selected plant extracts have potent in vitro antimicrobial activity against Blastocystis ST3 and ST7, and thus may be useful in the prevention and control of Blastocystis infections. The highest inhibitory effect in relation to the Blastocystis ST3 viability had garlic and turmeric, while horseradish and turmeric were the most effective against the Blastocystis ST7. Additionally, this research confirmed that Blastocystis ST7 is more resistant to the selected plant extracts treatment than Blastocystis ST3 which in consequence may bring some difficulties in its eradication.

• #33 Blastocystis Hominis – Healthpath

  https://healthpath.com/gut-health/blastocystis-hominis/

  Oregano Oil: Supplementation with 600 mg emulsified oil of oregano daily lead to the complete disappearance of Blastocystis. […] Turmeric extracts have potent antimicrobial activity against Blastocystis ST3 and ST7. […] Based on these findings, we suggest that ulcerative colitis patients with persistent, hard-to-treat symptoms should be tested for Blastocystis hominis, as treating this infection might help improve their condition.

• #34 Blastocystis Hominis Infection – Symptoms, Testing & Treatment Options

  https://www.byronherbalist.com.au/parasite-infections/blastocystis-hominis/

  Western herbal medicine has a long history of treating gut infections. Working with a herbalist or naturopath that specialises in digestive health is important. Herbal medicines that help to treat Blastocystis hominis infections include the following herbs like: Berberine rich herbs (Coptis chinensis, Barberry, Oregon Grape Root, Goldenseal), Oregano leaf and oil, Olive leaf extracts, Wormwoods (including Artemisia annua, Artemisia absinthium), Cloves, Black Walnut, Pomegranate husk tincture, Probiotics have shown to be helpful as well. Especially the Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii CNCM I-745 strain.

• #35 Treatment Information | Blastocystis Research Foundation

  http://bhomcenter.org/wp/treatment-information/

  Many patients report improvement with elaborate exclusion diets, which usually include avoiding sugar, coffee, tea, soda, fruit, wheat, rice, corn, red meat, processed foods, breakfast cereals, and high carbohydrate foods. […] Because there is extensive overlap between irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients, and Blastocystis patients, treatments to reduce the symptoms of IBS may be effective in Blastocystis infection.

• #36 Blastocystis Hominis: What It Is, Symptoms It Causes, and How to Treat It

  https://azwellmed.com/2023/09/26/blastocystis-hominis-symptoms-treatment/

  Traditionally, treatment consists of a course of an antiprotozoal medication like metronidazole. Metronidazole is often used first when treating blastocystis hominis, but sometimes side effects can include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and a metallic taste, causing some to look for other treatment options. There are also other antiprotozoal medications options as well, like nitazoxanide. […] One alternative natural treatment option to the traditional dose of metronidazole are silver nanoparticles, which are effective in the treatment of many parasitic diseases. […] Some herbs have shown to be beneficial to the gastrointestinal tract, especially in targeting the blastocystis hominis parasite including: Oregano, which has antimicrobial properties to help target the parasite. In addition, oregano also reduces inflammation and helps improve gut health. […] Some clinical studies have shown improvement in gastrointestinal symptoms from a blastocystis hominis infection with a lactose-free and high-fiber diet. […] While treatment is often recommended for longer lasting symptoms, sometimes it may be self-limiting so intervention is not required.

• #37 Blastocystis Hominis Infection – Symptoms, Testing & Treatment Options

  https://www.byronherbalist.com.au/parasite-infections/blastocystis-hominis/

  Remove all offending foods. You want to work on fixing your inflamed and possibly leaky gut before taking antimicrobials. Be sure that you are have at least one bowel movement each day. Constipation is a serious concern if you are killing off parasites. You need to be sure that you are eliminating waste from your body! Definitely eliminate all alcohol! This is a no brainer, but something that most people ignore. You don’t want to be drinking any alcohol while you are preparing and then going through the killing phase. Repair the gut with supplements and herbs recommended by your practitioner. […] Depending on how you feel physically that could do it. Personally I felt 50% better after removing suspect foods, eliminating alcohol and taking some soothing gut supplements. The main point is that you are focusing on reducing inflammation in your gut by foods that could be irritants, improving digestion and elimination, and working at repairing your gut before you attempt to eliminate the parasites. Most conventional, and even alternative approaches go straight to the killing phase. A major issue with this is the stress the antimicrobials (or antibiotics) puts on your body. If you have a leaky, inflamed gut on top of that stress it is a recipe for disaster.

• #38 Low efficacy of metronidazole in the eradication of Blastocystis hominis in symptomatic patients: Case series and systematic literature review | Gastroenterología y Hepatología (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-gastroenterologia-hepatologia-english-edition–382-articulo-low-efficacy-metronidazole-in-eradication-S2444382417301049

  When a concomitant analysis of clinical and microbiological response was performed, microbiological cure was found to be significantly higher when clinical response was achieved. […] Reports of therapeutic failures with MTZ have motivated a search for alternative drugs. […] Other drugs have been proposed as first-line treatment, including TMP/SMX and paromomycin, with rates of eradication of 70-95%. […] In our study, a second treatment with MTZ was ineffective (microbiological response: 25%). […] By contrast, microbiological response to TMP/SMX or paromomycin was good (67% and 100%, respectively), although the number of patients treated was limited. […] In conclusion, there appears to be a relationship between clinical response and microbiological response to B. hominis treatment. […] A systematic review showed that response to MTZ is highly variable, ranging from 0% to 100%.

• #39 Update on the pathogenic potential and treatment options for Blastocystis sp | Gut Pathogens | Full Text

  https://gutpathogens.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1757-4749-6-17

  Treatment should be considered if there are chronic symptoms of diarrhoea and abdominal pain in the absence of other pathogens identified from the stool sample. Metronidazole should not necessarily be considered first line treatment due to the large number of cases of treatment failure and other antimicrobials such as trimethroprim- sulfamethoxazole. There may be a correlation between ST and sensitivity to drugs which is yet to be addressed in studies.

• #40 How Does Blastocystis Hominis Affect Your Digestive Health?

  https://drruscio.com/blastocystis-hominis/

  Improving the balance within your gut microbiome, rather than specifically getting rid of Blastocystis hominis, appears to work best for most people. […] The S. boulardii probiotic was actually somewhat more effective than the Flagyl. However, the difference was not clinically significant. […] Using a holistic approach may be less harmful and ultimately support the microbiota so it can effectively do its job and combat this parasitic infection. […] If needed, add probiotics to your regimen. These alone may be enough. In particular, adding probiotics such as Saccharomyces boulardii (S. boulardii) to your regimen can often effectively eradicate B. hominis, as well as other protozoa.

• #41 Evaluating the Knowledge and Practice of Physicians Regarding Blastocystis hominis

  https://brieflands.com/articles/jjhs-133997

  Due to insufficient knowledge about this parasite, the treatment of infected people is still controversial; however, knowing that B. hominis is a parasite can play an important role in adopting anti-parasitic treatment for patients with chronic symptoms. […] In the present study, 64.2% of physicians believed that there is no need for treatment in the absence of clinical symptoms, but the noteworthy point is that only 30.7% of the physicians agreed to treat symptomatic patients. […] On the other hand, physicians’ practice of treating symptomatic patients was also poor. […] Insufficient knowledge of the physicians about the pathogenicity of this parasite could be the reason for the poor practice of doctors in treating symptomatic patients. […] In the present study, 64.5% of physicians recommended metronidazole as a first-line treatment option for B. hominis. […] However, resistance to metronidazole has been reported in various studies. […] For this reason, the necessity of metronidazole reassessment is recommended. […] This emphasizes the need to improve physicians’ knowledge of the pathogenicity and treatment of B. hominis.

• #42 Blastocystis hominis as a cause of chronic diarrhea in low-resource settings: A systematic review

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2308-3840/full/v12/i3/95631.htm

  The two-week response rate for full recovery ranged from 60% to 100% among treated patients, whereas untreated patients exhibited a recovery rate of 40%. […] Recovery rates were also documented without specific timelines. […] In cases where B. hominis infection was associated with other diagnoses or clinical syndromes, treatment often led to the resolution or improvement of these conditions. […] Therefore, while patients with mild symptoms may recover spontaneously or due to resource limitations, it is advisable to treat those with moderate to severe symptoms to optimize clinical outcomes.

• #43 Amoebic Parasites: Blastocystis Hominis, Dientamoeba Fragilis, Entamoeba Histolytica | The Burghwood Clinic

  https://www.burghwoodclinic.co.uk/clinical/conditions/amoebic-parasites-blastocystis-hominis-dientamoeba-fragilis-entamoeba-histolytica

  Dientamoeba Fragilis is easier to eradicate and 90% of patients see a clearance with the first course. […] For some patients the parasites are resistant and the first course does not totally eradicate them. In this case, a second or third course of various combinations of drugs are used. Subsequent treatments usually show a clearance of the parasites and resolution of the symptoms. […] According to our audits, after eradication 70% of clients report various degrees of response or clearance of symptoms. 30%, despite the test results showing clearance of the parasites, experience no changes to their symptoms. […] Eradication of protozoan parasites is possible by means of suitable anti-parasitic medications.

• #44 Blastocystis Hominis Infection – Symptoms, Testing & Treatment Options

  https://www.byronherbalist.com.au/parasite-infections/blastocystis-hominis/

  Antibiotics scare me. The more I learn the more I’d like to avoid them for anything short of absolutely necessary. The drawbacks of antibiotic use but for the time being the headlines on why to generally avoid them include disrupted gut microbiome, evolution of resistant super bugs when they are not 100% effective (remember the recurrence of blasto 6 months later from the study above), and they are quite taxing on your body (immune system and liver particularly). […] Now that’s not to say that herbal antimicrobials don’t tax your system. Anything that knocks back microbes is going to have some negatives. One point that is essential in my opinion is first building yourself back up before moving into the killing phase. It is common for people to want the silver bullet that they can take and fix their gut. Often times lifestyle factors are not even considered. There are a few factors that I would seriously consider when considering a strategy to deal with gut infections.

• #45 Diet & Treatment Clears Up 40 year IBS – Natural Medicine Clinic

  https://nmcwellness.com/blastocystis-hominis-treatment/

  I recently had a patient who came in and had suffered from Irritable Bowel Syndrome for over 40 years. She was able to drastically improve her health once we identified that she had a parasite called Blastocystis Hominis and naturally supported her body to eliminate it. […] The stool test came back positive for a parasite called Blastocystis hominis, which is this microscopic protozoa/amoeba. […] There are specific medications used to treat Blastocystis Hominis, although a lot of doctors think its not a big deal and it doesnt require treatment. Other doctors do take it seriously and treat it with prescription drugs. […] In my experience, medications are not all that effective. […] I kept experimenting until I came up with a supplement protocol and diet that worked together for my Blastocystis Hominis.

• #46 Blastocystis Hominis Parasite – How & why to clear it

  https://advancedfunctionalmedicine.com.au/blastocystis-parasite/

  There is much conflicting information to be found on this particular parasite the Blastocystis Hominis parasite. Some say its harmless and to be left untreated as part of your microbiome. But many medical practitioners and functional medicine experts will tell you that it definitely isnt harmless and if you do have it, you want to eradicate it from your system. […] Also, Blastocystis seems to be developing resistance to antibiotics such as metronidazole so functional medicine has a critical role to play in its eradication natural treatments and tailored diets are effective getting rid of this parasite and returning you to good health. […] Conventional medications for eliminating a blastocystis infection include antibiotics, such as metronidazole or tinidazole, combination medications, such as sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim and anti-protozoal medications, such as paromomycin which is a much better antibiotic option.

• #47 Blastocystis Hominis Parasite – How & why to clear it

  https://advancedfunctionalmedicine.com.au/blastocystis-parasite/

  Treating Blastocystis naturally is a great option for effective eradication. […] Garlic Parasitology Research published a study from the department of medicine at The Aga Khan University in 2011 which demonstrated garlic was an equally effective agent against B. hominus as conventional prescription medication. […] In particular, adding probiotics such as Saccharomyces boulardii (S. boulardii) to your regimen can often effectively eradicate B. hominis, as well as other protozoa. […] After incorporating probiotics into your daily regime and overhauling your diet, if symptoms persist, you may need to add conventional medication such as conventional antimicrobials or antibiotics. Conventional treatments include medications such as metronidazole, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, nitazoxanide, iodoquinol, paromomycin, ketoconazole and tinidazole. When paired with probiotics, these can be even more effective in the eradication of Blastocystis.

• #48 Diet & Treatment Clears Up 40 year IBS – Natural Medicine Clinic

  https://nmcwellness.com/blastocystis-hominis-treatment/

  One of the things I discovered was a specific diet that can be very helpful with clearing Blastocystis Hominis. […] This diet is one that can be extremely effective in starving off the blastocystis. Treating yeast is a large part of this plan. […] The first step in treatment is a blastocystis diet, and then supplements are part two. […] I use a protocol of supplements called the Blasto Pack which is a combination of five supplements, including a probiotic called ProbioSupreme SB, Microb-Balance, Yeast Drfeat, NAC, and Vitamin C with Bioflavonoids. It is designed as a three-month protocol. […] After four weeks of treatment, we did a follow-up blood test because her inflammatory markers were high. […] After following the 12-week protocol, we performed the follow-up stool test, which showed her blastocystis and yeast were gone, and bacteria had cleared up in her gut. […] I have many patients, including myself, that have successfully eliminated blastocystis.

• #49 Amoebic Parasites: Blastocystis Hominis, Dientamoeba Fragilis, Entamoeba Histolytica | The Burghwood Clinic

  https://www.burghwoodclinic.co.uk/clinical/conditions/amoebic-parasites-blastocystis-hominis-dientamoeba-fragilis-entamoeba-histolytica

  A number of common antibiotics available in the UK are used for the treatment of BH, including Flagyl (metronidazole), Erythromycin or Doxycycline but these single drugs have a high failure rate. […] Some patients have also tried combinations of herbal remedies, including oil of oregano, black walnut, wormwood and so on, which are known to have significant effects on harmful micro-organisms. […] However, in our experience, the most successful treatment is the one developed by Professor Tom Borody at the Centre of Digestive Disorders (CDD) in Sydney, Australia. This is a combination of three or four medications. […] Doctors are always reluctant to talk about cures. We recommend that, on completion of the course of treatment, a stool test is repeated. Our audits show that 80% of patients see a clearance of Blastocystis Hominis with the first course of treatment.

• #50 Blastocystis Hominis Infection: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/diseases/blastocystis-hominis-infection/

  Treatment for Blastocystis hominis infection aims to alleviate symptoms and eradicate the parasite from the body. […] Antibiotics like metronidazole or paromomycin are commonly prescribed to treat Blastocystis hominis infection by targeting and eliminating the parasite. […] Drugs such as tinidazole or nitazoxanide may be used to effectively combat Blastocystis hominis and relieve associated symptoms. […] Probiotics containing beneficial bacteria can help restore the balance of gut flora disrupted by Blastocystis hominis infection, promoting gut health and recovery. […] Following a diet low in sugar and carbohydrates while emphasizing whole foods rich in fiber can support the treatment of Blastocystis hominis infection and aid in symptom relief. […] Practicing good hygiene, such as frequent handwashing and proper food handling, can help prevent the spread of Blastocystis hominis and reduce the risk of reinfection.

• #51 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/ibs/comments/bqyns9/my_experience_with_blastocystis_hominis_most/

  I’ve never had a reddit account or posted on reddit before, but i felt the need to describe my experience of sudden onset chronic GI distress (primarily upper GI) caused by what was only pinned down by a fecal sample as blastocystis hominis (BH), with the reddit community. […] The triple therapy (crapload of 3 different antibiotics for multiple weeks, most notably MTZ) used to treat ongoing symptoms where BH is the only notable thing found in stool can absolutely cripple peoples immune response and digestive health for life, but dealing with symptoms caused by BH is certainly unpleasent and detrimental to ones health long term. […] Looking for natural treatments can be difficult, as trendy health blogs lacking real data and evidence tend to dominate search results. […] I can only tell you what my perception was of the affects of the things i tried.

• #52

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/blastocystis-hominis.aspx

  Due to the uncertainty of whether this organism is a pathogen or not, it is difficult for doctors to decide whether to treat the infection. […] There are medications available to treat Blastocystis infections. However, these are not always effective in relieving symptoms and it may be necessary for the doctor to look for other possible causes of a patients symptoms.

• #53 BLASTOCYSTIS HOMINIS: A MYSTERIOUS AND COMMONLY DISREGARDED PARASITE | Tasić | Facta Universitatis, Series: Medicine and Biology

  https://casopisi.junis.ni.ac.rs/index.php/FUMedBiol/article/view/2251

  Blastocystis hominis (B. hominis) is an anaerobic, single-cell protozoan, commonly present in human and animal stool samples. […] The infection caused by the parasite does not always require treatment. In symptomatic patients, the first line medical treatment is metronidazole. […] Further studies are required to resolve all dilemmas regarding the parasite. […] Armentia A, Mendez J, Gomez A, Sanchis E, Fernandez A, de la Fuente R et al. Urticaria by Blastocystis hominis. Successful treatment with paromomycin. […] Kick G, Rueff F, Przybilla B. Palmoplantar pruritus subsiding after Blastocystis hominis eradication. […] Pasqui A L, Savini E, Saletti M, Guzzo C, Puccetti L, Auteri A. Chronic urticaria and Blastocystis hominis infection: a case report. […] Yakoob J, Abbas Z, Beg MA, Naz S, Awan S, Hamid S, et al. In vitro sensitivity of Blastocystis hominis to garlic, ginger, white cumin, and black pepper used in diet. […] Sekar U, Shanthi M. Blastocystis: Consensus of treatment and controversies.

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