Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Blastocystis species – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/blastocystis-species

  INTRODUCTION […] Blastocystis species (previously referred to as Blastocystis hominis) are anaerobic protozoan parasites found in the human gastrointestinal tract. The organism was initially discovered in 1911 and for many years was considered to be a harmless yeast. Studies in the 1970s demonstrated that Blastocystis spp are protozoans. […] Blastocystis spp are the most common eukaryotic parasites found in human stool specimens, but there is considerable controversy regarding whether they represent a commensal organism or a true pathogen. Foci of particular study are how the presence of Blastocystis spp influences immune inflammatory responses in the gut microbiome and whether it is a potential marker of intestinal dysbiosis. […] DIAGNOSIS […] The prevalence of Blastocystis spp varies between countries and between communities, and according to the diagnostic techniques used. In general, the estimated prevalence of Blastocystis spp is higher in resource-limited settings than resource-rich settings (30 to 50 percent versus 5 to 10 percent, respectively). Prevalence is highly variable, which may be related to poor hygiene, animal exposure, and consumption of contaminated food or water.

• #2 Is Blastocystis Hominis Bad? Diagnosis, Causes & Treatment – SelfDecode Health

  https://health.selfdecode.com/blog/blastocystis-hominis-bad-worried/

  Blastocystis Hominis is a parasite that can be found all around the world. There are as many as 17 Blastocystis subtypes and they are all genetically diverse. […] It can infect humans intestines through contaminated food and water. It has been found in the stools of people with diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal pain. […] However, Blastocystis hominis has also been found in healthy people who have no symptoms whatsoever. […] Experts agree that its still uncertain whether Blastocystis hominis can contribute to any disease. […] The infection typically clears on its own. There are no proven treatments for Blastocystis hominis infection. […] Your doctor should diagnose and treat the underlying cause of your symptoms. […] Even if you have diarrhea and Blastocystis hominis is found in your stool, it might not be causing your symptoms.

• #3 Blastocystis hominis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/blastocystis-hominis-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351211

  If you have diarrhea and related symptoms, the cause may be difficult to diagnose. Even if blastocystis is found in your stool, it might not be causing your symptoms. […] A number of lab tests help diagnose parasitic diseases and other noninfectious causes of gastrointestinal symptoms: […] Stool (fecal) exam. This test looks for parasites. Your doctor might give you a container with preservative fluid for your stool sample. […] Blood tests. A blood test that can detect blastocystis is available but not commonly used. However, your doctor might order blood tests to look for other causes of your signs and symptoms. […] If you have a blastocystis infection without signs or symptoms, then you don’t need treatment. […] Potential medications for eliminating a blastocystis infection and improving symptoms include: […] Responses to these medications vary greatly. Also, because the organism might not be the cause of your symptoms, improvement might be due to the medication’s effect on another organism.

• #4 Blastocystis hominis // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/blastocystis-hominis

  If you have diarrhea and related symptoms, the cause may be difficult to diagnose. Even if blastocystis is found in your stool, it might not be causing your symptoms. Often another food- or water-borne organism is the likely cause of illness. […] A number of lab tests help diagnose parasitic diseases and other noninfectious causes of gastrointestinal symptoms: […] Stool (fecal) exam. This test looks for parasites. Your doctor might give you a container with preservative fluid for your stool sample. […] Endoscopy. If you have symptoms, but the fecal exam doesn’t reveal the cause, your doctor might request this test. […] Blood tests. A blood test that can detect blastocystis is available but not commonly used. However, your doctor might order blood tests to look for other causes of your signs and symptoms.

• #5 Epidemiological and Diagnostic Features of Blastocystis Infection in Symptomatic Patients in Izmir Province, Turkey

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4345091/

  The aims of this study were to identify Blastocystis subtypes (STs) in a cohort of Turkish patients with various gastrointestinal symptoms using a novel Real Time PCR method developed recently for Blastocystis detection and assess the relationship between Blastocystis STs and patient symptoms. […] Comparison of three diagnostic methods indicated Real Time PCR as the most sensitive and specific method. […] Diagnosis of blastocystosis relies mainly on microscopy; however, variable shedding and polymorphic nature of Blastocystis may lower the sensitivity of direct examination of stool samples with saline-Lugols iodine solution as well as with concentration and trichrome staining methods. […] Recently, molecular methods have been used in the diagnosis, and the Real-Time PCR was found highly sensitive and specific for Blastocystis infection.

• #6 Laboratory diagnostics of Blastocystis infections – ch…

  https://diagnostykalaboratoryjna.eu/article/01.3001.0014.3610/en

  Blastocystis is a unicellular intestinal organism with undetermined pathogenicity, one of the most commonly detected in human stool samples around the world. […] There is a lack of a standardized procedure for the diagnostics of blastocystosis. […] The article discusses the difficulties in diagnosing blastocystosis, and the methods used to detect Blastocystis in terms of their usefulness in a medical diagnostic laboratory. […] The usefulness of short-term in vitro cultivation for the detection and molecular study of Blastocystis hominis in stool specimens. […] Comparison of microscopy, culture, and conventional polymerase chain reaction for detection of blastocystis sp. in clinical stool samples. […] Laboratory diagnosis of Blastocystis spp. in diarrheic patients. […] Comparison of direct fecal smear microscopy, culture, and polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Blastocystis sp. in human stool samples.

• #7 CDC – DPDx – Blastocystis hominis

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/dpdx/blastocystis/index.html

  Diagnosis is based on finding the cyst-like stage in feces. Permanently stained smears are preferred over wet mount preparations because fecal debris may be mistaken for the organisms in the latter. Do not wash specimens in water (e.g., during concentration procedures) as this will lyse the organisms, resulting in false negatives. […] The clinical significance of Blastocystis spp. is controversial.

• #8 Laboratory diagnosis of Blastocystis spp. in diarrheic patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4326992/

  In the current work, trichrome stain detected 148 positive cases (12.3%) while direct smears detected 42 positive cases only (3.5%) and iodine-stained smear detected 72 positive cases (6%). […] In the present work, in vitro cultivation using Jones’ medium detected significantly higher positive Blastocystis spp. cases than other different diagnostic methods. […] In the present study, the examination of diarrheic stool by all methods used revealed that the vacuolar form was the most predominant and the most common form found, and it was as follow: There were 36, 54, 100, 123, 222 positive vacuolar form were detected by direct smear, iodine-stained smear, formol ether concentration technique, trichrome stain and in vitro culture respectively. […] In the present study about, mixed infected cases, G. lamblia was found to be the most frequent parasite associated with Blastocystis hominis.

• #9 Laboratory diagnosis of Blastocystis spp. in diarrheic patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4326992/

  In the current work, trichrome stain detected 148 positive cases (12.3%) while direct smears detected 42 positive cases only (3.5%) and iodine-stained smear detected 72 positive cases (6%). […] In the present work, in vitro cultivation using Jones’ medium detected significantly higher positive Blastocystis spp. cases than other different diagnostic methods. […] In the present study, the examination of diarrheic stool by all methods used revealed that the vacuolar form was the most predominant and the most common form found, and it was as follow: There were 36, 54, 100, 123, 222 positive vacuolar form were detected by direct smear, iodine-stained smear, formol ether concentration technique, trichrome stain and in vitro culture respectively. […] In the present study about, mixed infected cases, G. lamblia was found to be the most frequent parasite associated with Blastocystis hominis.

• #10 Laboratory diagnosis of Blastocystis spp. in diarrheic patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4326992/

  In the current work, trichrome stain detected 148 positive cases (12.3%) while direct smears detected 42 positive cases only (3.5%) and iodine-stained smear detected 72 positive cases (6%). […] In the present work, in vitro cultivation using Jones’ medium detected significantly higher positive Blastocystis spp. cases than other different diagnostic methods. […] In the present study, the examination of diarrheic stool by all methods used revealed that the vacuolar form was the most predominant and the most common form found, and it was as follow: There were 36, 54, 100, 123, 222 positive vacuolar form were detected by direct smear, iodine-stained smear, formol ether concentration technique, trichrome stain and in vitro culture respectively. […] In the present study about, mixed infected cases, G. lamblia was found to be the most frequent parasite associated with Blastocystis hominis.

• #11 CDC – DPDx – Blastocystis hominis

  https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/blastocystis/index.html

  Diagnosis is based on identifying Blastocystis sp. (almost always the vacuolar form) in stool specimens. Permanently stained slides are preferred over unstained wet-mount preparations; in wet mounts, fecal debris may be mistaken for Blastocystis sp. and vice versa. […] Molecular methods are generally only used in research settings.

• #12 Blastocystis Diagnosis

  https://www.labce.com/spg3147605_blastocystis_diagnosis.aspx?srsltid=AfmBOopEQDa42y2m3Ks43LAUMEhmBH3oSFbuKkrdQVJ8w_SOZ0YgIgag

  Among routine microscopic methods, the permanent stained smear is generally the best choice, although they can be seen on wet mounts they are difficult to identify. […] The antigenic detection method for stool that is currently in use is the ELISA. ELISA and fluorescent antibody techniques have also been developed to detect serum antibodies.

• #13 Blastocystis Hominis Infection

  https://lacolon.com/patient-education/blastocystis-hominis-infection

  Is Blastocystis hominis the cause of my symptoms? […] Finding Blastocystis in stool samples should be followed up with a careful search for other possible causes of your symptoms. […] Diagnosis is based on finding the cyst-like stage in feces. […] Permanently stained smears are preferred over wet mount preparations because fecal debris may be mistaken for the organisms in the latter. […] Do not wash specimens in water (e.g., during concentration procedures) as this will lyse the organisms, resulting in false negatives.

• #14

  https://journals.lww.com/tpar/fulltext/2015/05010/laboratory_diagnosis_of_blastocystis_spp__in.8.aspx

  In vitro cultivation is more sensitive in detection of B. hominis than simple smear and concentration technique. […] Direct microscopic examination of faecal material, with or without addition of Lugol’s iodine solution, had been suggested for diagnostic purposes. Permanent smear stained with trichrome had also been recommended for the diagnosis of Blastocystis spp. infection. […] Previous epidemiological study of Blastocystis spp. suggested that Blastocystis spp. rapidly multiplies in culture medium supplemented with serum after 24-48 h of cultivation and considered it the most sensitive method available for diagnosis. […] In the present study, different techniques used in the detection of Blastocystis spp. showed that culture detected 274 positive cases (22.8%). […] Using trichrome stained smear as a standard test, the sensitivity of culture was 100%, while the specificity was 88%.

• #15 Laboratory diagnosis of Blastocystis spp. in diarrheic patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4326992/

  Many laboratories currently diagnose Blastocystis spp. infections by looking for the presence of vacuolar forms in faeces and the amoeboid form in diarrheal stools. […] To investigate the best direct method in diagnosis of Blastocystis spp. and to study different morphological forms of the parasite. […] Using direct smear, Blastocystis spp was detected in 42 cases (3.5%) with a sensitivity (28.4%) and specificity (100%). Iodine stained smear detected 72 positive cases (6%) with a sensitivity (48.7%), specificity (100%). Formol ether concentration technique detected 120 positive cases (10%) with a sensitivity (81.1%) and specificity (100%). Trichrome stained smear detected 148 positive cases (12.3%). In vitro cultivation using Joni’s medium detected 274 positive cases (22.8%) which was the highest number among all different diagnostic methods with a sensitivity (100%), specificity (88%), PPV (54.1%) and NPV (100%).

• #16 Laboratory diagnosis of Blastocystis spp. in diarrheic patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4326992/

  Many laboratories currently diagnose Blastocystis spp. infections by looking for the presence of vacuolar forms in faeces and the amoeboid form in diarrheal stools. […] To investigate the best direct method in diagnosis of Blastocystis spp. and to study different morphological forms of the parasite. […] Using direct smear, Blastocystis spp was detected in 42 cases (3.5%) with a sensitivity (28.4%) and specificity (100%). Iodine stained smear detected 72 positive cases (6%) with a sensitivity (48.7%), specificity (100%). Formol ether concentration technique detected 120 positive cases (10%) with a sensitivity (81.1%) and specificity (100%). Trichrome stained smear detected 148 positive cases (12.3%). In vitro cultivation using Joni’s medium detected 274 positive cases (22.8%) which was the highest number among all different diagnostic methods with a sensitivity (100%), specificity (88%), PPV (54.1%) and NPV (100%).

• #17

  https://journals.lww.com/tpar/fulltext/2015/05010/laboratory_diagnosis_of_blastocystis_spp__in.8.aspx

  In vitro cultivation is more sensitive in detection of B. hominis than simple smear and concentration technique. […] Direct microscopic examination of faecal material, with or without addition of Lugol’s iodine solution, had been suggested for diagnostic purposes. Permanent smear stained with trichrome had also been recommended for the diagnosis of Blastocystis spp. infection. […] Previous epidemiological study of Blastocystis spp. suggested that Blastocystis spp. rapidly multiplies in culture medium supplemented with serum after 24-48 h of cultivation and considered it the most sensitive method available for diagnosis. […] In the present study, different techniques used in the detection of Blastocystis spp. showed that culture detected 274 positive cases (22.8%). […] Using trichrome stained smear as a standard test, the sensitivity of culture was 100%, while the specificity was 88%.

• #18

  http://annalsofrscb.ro/index.php/journal/article/view/4451

  Blastocystis hominis suspected to be possible cause of irritable bowel syndrome, and chronic diarrhea. […] Laboratory diagnosis of Blastocystis infection is usually via microscopic examination of freshly stained or chemically preserved stool samples but it lacking the sensitivity. […] The current study is concerned with evaluation of sensitivity and specificity of Jones’ medium culture in comparison to Locke egg medium for diagnosis of Blastocystis hominis. […] Stool culture was more accurate and sensitive for detection of Blastocystis than direct microscopy. […] LE medium was more accurate and gave better result than Jones’ medium culture. […] LE medium culture offers better sensitivity than other ordinary methods and Jones medium culture for detecting B. hominis infection in stool samples.

• #19 Epidemiological and Diagnostic Features of Blastocystis Infection in Symptomatic Patients in Izmir Province, Turkey

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4345091/

  The aims of this study were to identify Blastocystis subtypes (STs) in a cohort of Turkish patients with various gastrointestinal symptoms using a novel Real Time PCR method developed recently for Blastocystis detection and assess the relationship between Blastocystis STs and patient symptoms. […] Comparison of three diagnostic methods indicated Real Time PCR as the most sensitive and specific method. […] Diagnosis of blastocystosis relies mainly on microscopy; however, variable shedding and polymorphic nature of Blastocystis may lower the sensitivity of direct examination of stool samples with saline-Lugols iodine solution as well as with concentration and trichrome staining methods. […] Recently, molecular methods have been used in the diagnosis, and the Real-Time PCR was found highly sensitive and specific for Blastocystis infection.

• #20 Epidemiological and Diagnostic Features of Blastocystis Infection in Symptomatic Patients in Izmir Province, Turkey

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4345091/

  In the present study, assessments showed that the sensitivity and specificity of Real Time PCR was 100% and 95%, respectively, whereas 12% and 100% for OP examination. […] Real Time PCR is both sensitive and specific. […] Thus, the detection of the subtypes 2, 3 and 6, which were reported as non-pathogenic in many previous studies, in symptomatic patients in our study may be due to intra-subtype variations, which warrants further assessments.

• #21 Blastocystis Hominis: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and When to Seek Medical Attention

  https://www.doctorshubnepal.com/diseases-conditions/blastocystis-hominis

  Diagnosing Blastocystis hominis infection typically involves laboratory tests and evaluations: […] A stool sample is examined under a microscope to detect the presence of Blastocystis hominis cysts or other parasites. […] Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests can detect and identify the specific subtype of Blastocystis hominis. […] In some cases, blood tests may be used to rule out other potential causes of gastrointestinal symptoms.

• #22 Blastocystis hominis, Molecular Detection – EnteroScan® – Intestinal Microbiome Tests | Diagnostiki Athinon

  https://athenslab.gr/en/exetaseis-prolipsis/enteroscan-elegxos-enterikou-mikroviomatos/blastocystis-hominis-molecular-detection-1204

  The molecular detection of Blastocystis hominis is a highly sensitive and specific method used to identify the presence of this intestinal protozoan parasite in stool samples. […] It is commonly utilized to investigate gastrointestinal symptoms, especially when conventional microscopic examination fails to detect the parasite or when differential diagnosis with other causes of intestinal dysbiosis and chronic gastrointestinal complaints is required. […] The molecular detection test is based on amplifying specific DNA sequences unique to Blastocystis spp. […] The use of molecular methods overcomes the limitations of conventional microscopy, which may lack sensitivity, especially in cases where the organism is present in low numbers or when morphological differentiation from other fecal elements is challenging.

• #23 Blastocystis hominis, Molecular Detection – EnteroScan® – Intestinal Microbiome Tests | Diagnostiki Athinon

  https://athenslab.gr/en/exetaseis-prolipsis/enteroscan-elegxos-enterikou-mikroviomatos/blastocystis-hominis-molecular-detection-1204

  The molecular detection of Blastocystis hominis is a highly sensitive and specific method used to identify the presence of this intestinal protozoan parasite in stool samples. […] It is commonly utilized to investigate gastrointestinal symptoms, especially when conventional microscopic examination fails to detect the parasite or when differential diagnosis with other causes of intestinal dysbiosis and chronic gastrointestinal complaints is required. […] The molecular detection test is based on amplifying specific DNA sequences unique to Blastocystis spp. […] The use of molecular methods overcomes the limitations of conventional microscopy, which may lack sensitivity, especially in cases where the organism is present in low numbers or when morphological differentiation from other fecal elements is challenging.

• #24 Blastocystis Diagnosis

  https://www.labce.com/spg3147605_blastocystis_diagnosis.aspx?srsltid=AfmBOopEQDa42y2m3Ks43LAUMEhmBH3oSFbuKkrdQVJ8w_SOZ0YgIgag

  Among routine microscopic methods, the permanent stained smear is generally the best choice, although they can be seen on wet mounts they are difficult to identify. […] The antigenic detection method for stool that is currently in use is the ELISA. ELISA and fluorescent antibody techniques have also been developed to detect serum antibodies.

• #25 Blastocystis Diagnosis

  https://www.labce.com/spg3147605_blastocystis_diagnosis.aspx?srsltid=AfmBOopEQDa42y2m3Ks43LAUMEhmBH3oSFbuKkrdQVJ8w_SOZ0YgIgag

  Among routine microscopic methods, the permanent stained smear is generally the best choice, although they can be seen on wet mounts they are difficult to identify. […] The antigenic detection method for stool that is currently in use is the ELISA. ELISA and fluorescent antibody techniques have also been developed to detect serum antibodies.

• #26 Blastocystis hominis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/blastocystis-hominis-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351211

  If you have diarrhea and related symptoms, the cause may be difficult to diagnose. Even if blastocystis is found in your stool, it might not be causing your symptoms. […] A number of lab tests help diagnose parasitic diseases and other noninfectious causes of gastrointestinal symptoms: […] Stool (fecal) exam. This test looks for parasites. Your doctor might give you a container with preservative fluid for your stool sample. […] Blood tests. A blood test that can detect blastocystis is available but not commonly used. However, your doctor might order blood tests to look for other causes of your signs and symptoms. […] If you have a blastocystis infection without signs or symptoms, then you don’t need treatment. […] Potential medications for eliminating a blastocystis infection and improving symptoms include: […] Responses to these medications vary greatly. Also, because the organism might not be the cause of your symptoms, improvement might be due to the medication’s effect on another organism.

• #27 Laboratory diagnosis of Blastocystis spp. in diarrheic patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4326992/

  In vitro cultivation is more sensitive in detection of B. hominis than simple smear and concentration technique. […] Direct microscopic examination of faecal material, with or without addition of Lugol’s iodine solution, had been suggested for diagnostic purposes. […] Techniques for concentration using formalin-ether may be suitable because preservative liquids are used for storage and dilution of the feces. […] This study aimed to investigate the best direct method in the diagnosis of Blastocystis spp. and to study different morphological forms of the parasite. […] In the present work, the vacuolar form is the most commonly found by all methods used in this study followed by cyst form then granular form and the amoeboid form which was detected only in culture. […] In the present study, different diagnostic techniques were employed to found out the most reliable one.

• #28 Laboratory diagnosis of Blastocystis spp. in diarrheic patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4326992/

  In vitro cultivation is more sensitive in detection of B. hominis than simple smear and concentration technique. […] Direct microscopic examination of faecal material, with or without addition of Lugol’s iodine solution, had been suggested for diagnostic purposes. […] Techniques for concentration using formalin-ether may be suitable because preservative liquids are used for storage and dilution of the feces. […] This study aimed to investigate the best direct method in the diagnosis of Blastocystis spp. and to study different morphological forms of the parasite. […] In the present work, the vacuolar form is the most commonly found by all methods used in this study followed by cyst form then granular form and the amoeboid form which was detected only in culture. […] In the present study, different diagnostic techniques were employed to found out the most reliable one.

• #29 Laboratory diagnosis of Blastocystis spp. in diarrheic patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4326992/

  In vitro cultivation is more sensitive in detection of B. hominis than simple smear and concentration technique. […] Direct microscopic examination of faecal material, with or without addition of Lugol’s iodine solution, had been suggested for diagnostic purposes. […] Techniques for concentration using formalin-ether may be suitable because preservative liquids are used for storage and dilution of the feces. […] This study aimed to investigate the best direct method in the diagnosis of Blastocystis spp. and to study different morphological forms of the parasite. […] In the present work, the vacuolar form is the most commonly found by all methods used in this study followed by cyst form then granular form and the amoeboid form which was detected only in culture. […] In the present study, different diagnostic techniques were employed to found out the most reliable one.

• #30

  https://journals.lww.com/tpar/fulltext/2015/05010/laboratory_diagnosis_of_blastocystis_spp__in.8.aspx

  In the present work, concentration technique using formalin-ether sedimentation identified 120 positive cases (10%). […] In the current work, trichrome stain detected 148 positive cases (12.3%) while direct smears detected 42 positive cases only (3.5%) and iodine-stained smear detected 72 positive cases (6%). […] In the present work, in vitro cultivation using Jones’ medium detected significantly higher positive Blastocystis spp. cases than other different diagnostic methods. […] In the current study, in vitro culture detected more Blastocystis spp. cases than trichrome staining. […] The examination of diarrheic stool by all methods used revealed that the vacuolar form was the most predominant and the most common form found. […] This was in agreement with who considered that the vacuolar form was the typical Blastocystis cell form, and it was the most frequently used microbiological evidence for the diagnosis of Blastocystis spp. infection.

• #31 Laboratory diagnosis of Blastocystis spp. in diarrheic patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4326992/

  Many laboratories currently diagnose Blastocystis spp. infections by looking for the presence of vacuolar forms in faeces and the amoeboid form in diarrheal stools. […] To investigate the best direct method in diagnosis of Blastocystis spp. and to study different morphological forms of the parasite. […] Using direct smear, Blastocystis spp was detected in 42 cases (3.5%) with a sensitivity (28.4%) and specificity (100%). Iodine stained smear detected 72 positive cases (6%) with a sensitivity (48.7%), specificity (100%). Formol ether concentration technique detected 120 positive cases (10%) with a sensitivity (81.1%) and specificity (100%). Trichrome stained smear detected 148 positive cases (12.3%). In vitro cultivation using Joni’s medium detected 274 positive cases (22.8%) which was the highest number among all different diagnostic methods with a sensitivity (100%), specificity (88%), PPV (54.1%) and NPV (100%).

• #32 Blastocystis Fact Sheet | Blastocystis Research Foundation

  http://bhomcenter.org/wp/blastocystis-fact-sheet/

  Did you know that BRF publishes an annual report on Blastocystis, summarizing the latest medical studies on the treatment and diagnosis of the disease. […] How is Blastocystis hominis infection diagnosed? […] Your health care provider will likely ask you to submit stool samples to check for the parasite. Because Blastocystis hominis can be difficult to diagnose, your provider might ask you to submit multiple stool specimens collected over a few days. Even in that case, the diagnostics may fail to detect the infection. Researchers have developed more reliable diagnostics, but those are not widely available to patients. BRF is working to make more reliable diagnostics available to patients. […] There is no FDA approved treatment for Blastocystis hominis infection. Physicians have reported success in some patients with several prescription drugs, but the success rates for treatment of Blastocystis hominis are much lower than for other diseases. Many patients remain symptomatic after treatment.

• #33 Testing for Blastocystis hominis, a clinical perspective

  https://www.naturimedica.com/testing-for-blastocystis/

  A PCR stool test (polymerase chain reaction) looks for DNA of different gut species including parasites. […] Unlike the traditional culture methods which result in only 50% of the gut microbial data being analysed, the DNA/PCR assay can detect many more organisms due to its ability to identify genetics of the microbes, even if they are no longer alive in the stool sample. […] Most doctors refer for a simple PCR test of one stool sample to test for 8-10 parasites, depending on the lab. […] Therefore to obtain more accurate results (especially in challenging cases), it’s important to test at least three or more samples over 5 days or so, to get more reliable results, particularly when the PCR results are negative but a clinical picture and other pathology results (such as low iron levels or elevated eosinophils) suggest the presence of parasites.

• #34 Blastocystis Fact Sheet | Blastocystis Research Foundation

  http://bhomcenter.org/wp/blastocystis-fact-sheet/

  Did you know that BRF publishes an annual report on Blastocystis, summarizing the latest medical studies on the treatment and diagnosis of the disease. […] How is Blastocystis hominis infection diagnosed? […] Your health care provider will likely ask you to submit stool samples to check for the parasite. Because Blastocystis hominis can be difficult to diagnose, your provider might ask you to submit multiple stool specimens collected over a few days. Even in that case, the diagnostics may fail to detect the infection. Researchers have developed more reliable diagnostics, but those are not widely available to patients. BRF is working to make more reliable diagnostics available to patients. […] There is no FDA approved treatment for Blastocystis hominis infection. Physicians have reported success in some patients with several prescription drugs, but the success rates for treatment of Blastocystis hominis are much lower than for other diseases. Many patients remain symptomatic after treatment.

• #35 Is Blastocystis Hominis Bad? Diagnosis, Causes & Treatment – SelfDecode Health

  https://health.selfdecode.com/blog/blastocystis-hominis-bad-worried/

  The presence of this parasite in your stool usually suggests recent exposure to contaminated food or water. […] If you did a stool test, your doctor will interpret it taking into account your medical history and recent activities. […] There are no proven treatments for Blastocystis hominis infection. […] People who carry Blastocystis hominis but are symptom-free do not require treatment. […] If your symptoms are severe or long-lasting, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics or anti-parasitic drugs. […] Metronidazole is the most commonly prescribed antibiotic for treating Blastocystis Hominis infection. […] However, in some patients, the parasite might become resistant to the antibiotic. […] Some doctors may prescribe trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) when metronidazole is not effective. […] Nitazoxanide is an antiparasitic agent. […] Proper sanitation with clean water and adequate hygiene may reduce your likelihood of being infected.

• #36

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/blastocystis-hominis.aspx

  Diagnosis is based on symptoms and on finding the Blastocystis organism from a stool sample. […] It is also important to exclude other causes of a patients symptoms.

• #37 Clinical significance and prevalence of Blastocystis hominis in Van, Turkey | Saudi Medical Journal

  https://smj.org.sa/content/36/9/1118

  Objectives: To determine the associated clinical symptoms and prevalence of Blastocystis hominis (B. hominis). […] The prevalence of B. hominis in the total sample was 0.54% (275/50185). […] Blastocystis was higher among symptomatic patients (70.2%) compared with asymptomatic patients (29.8%) (2=107.13; p=0.001). […] Blastocystis hominis is considered a causative agent of human disease in patients with recurrent symptoms. […] Diagnosis is made by detecting characteristic forms of the parasites in fecal samples. […] The presence of 5 or more parasites in a microscopic field (X400), and the absence of other intestinal pathogens indicates the disease. […] In conclusion, B. hominis should be considered as a causative agent of human disease in patients with recurrent symptoms, especially when the parasite is present in large numbers in fecal specimens in the absence of other known pathogens.

• #38 Molecular Identification of Blastocystis hominis Isolates in Patients with Autoimmune Diseases

  https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8007/3/2/29

  As the gold-standard test, specific PCR was used in the current investigation to determine the prevalence rate of B. hominis in cases and controls. […] Our study showed that patients with autoimmune illnesses had a prevalence rate of Blastocystis infection of 11.5%. […] This possibility necessitates further prospective cohort studies to establish which serotype is associated with autoimmune diseases and suggests that study populations should undergo B. hominis screening to prevent autoimmune diseases from worsening.

• #39 Detection of Blastocystis species in the stool of immuno-compromised patients by using two different diagnostic techniques

  https://mjmr.journals.ekb.eg/article_322994.html

  Blastocystis is the most frequently isolated protozoan parasite from human faeces. The present study aimed to detect Blastocystis species (spp.) in different immuno-compromised groups by using two different diagnostic techniques. The percentage of Blastocystis spp. positive samples detected by direct microscopy was higher in the immuno-compromised groups than in the healthy control one (83.3% and 40% respectively). This percentage was increased after culture to be (96% and 60% respectively) with statistical significant (P value 0.001) in immuno-compromised groups. Culture method showed a higher sensitivity and lower specificity than the direct microscopy. Among different immuno-compromised groups, group I, II and III, the percentage of Blastocystis spp. positive samples detected by direct microscopy was higher when compared to (group IV) the healthy control (86%, 90%, 74% and 40% respectively). This percentage was increased after culture to be (96%, 98%, 94% and 60% respectively) with statistical significant in group III (P value 0.014) when comparing between the two different diagnostic methods.

• #40 Molecular Identification of Blastocystis hominis Isolates in Patients with Autoimmune Diseases

  https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8007/3/2/29

  Molecular Identification of Blastocystis hominis Isolates in Patients with Autoimmune Diseases […] The aim of this study is to test this hypothesis by investigating patients with autoimmune diseases. […] All participants in this study were subjected to history taking and were investigated for B. hominis infection via wet-mount microscopic stool examinations, staining with trichrome stain, and molecular-based tests applied to their fecal samples. […] B. hominis were identified with specific PCR more in cases (12/72; 16.6%) than in controls (3/58; 5.2%), with a significant difference (p < 0.05). [...] The overall detection rate of Blastocystis was 7.6% (10 out of 130) with direct microscopy; however, the rate was 11.5% (15 out of 130) with specific PCR assay. [...] According to reports, B. hominis can suppress the host’s immune response and has a harmful function in autoimmune illnesses.

• #41 Detection of Blastocystis species in the stool of immuno-compromised patients by using two different diagnostic techniques

  https://mjmr.journals.ekb.eg/article_322994.html

  Many researchers stated that the traditional diagnostic technique performed for detection of Blastocystis spp. as direct smear with or without staining had a lower detection rate than that with fecal cultures, while Sarzhanov and others stated that the culture method was the best in the diagnosis of Blastocystis spp. […] In the present study, there was a high significant difference between Blastocystis spp. infection in cancer patients compared to Blastocystis spp. infection in the healthy control (P value 0.001). […] In the present study, there was high association between Blastocystis spp. infections and uncontrolled diabetic patients compared to Blastocystis spp. infection in the healthy control (P value 0.001). […] In this study, there was a high significant difference between Blastocystis spp. infection in the renal patients compared to Blastocystis spp. infection in the healthy control (P value 0.001). These data were matched with many researchers who stated that renal patients were considered at a high risk for Blastocystis spp. infection and these researchers recommended that Blastocystis spp. might not be ignored in routine examination of immuno-compromised renal patients.

• #42 Detection of Blastocystis species in the stool of immuno-compromised patients by using two different diagnostic techniques

  https://mjmr.journals.ekb.eg/article_322994.html

  Many researchers stated that the traditional diagnostic technique performed for detection of Blastocystis spp. as direct smear with or without staining had a lower detection rate than that with fecal cultures, while Sarzhanov and others stated that the culture method was the best in the diagnosis of Blastocystis spp. […] In the present study, there was a high significant difference between Blastocystis spp. infection in cancer patients compared to Blastocystis spp. infection in the healthy control (P value 0.001). […] In the present study, there was high association between Blastocystis spp. infections and uncontrolled diabetic patients compared to Blastocystis spp. infection in the healthy control (P value 0.001). […] In this study, there was a high significant difference between Blastocystis spp. infection in the renal patients compared to Blastocystis spp. infection in the healthy control (P value 0.001). These data were matched with many researchers who stated that renal patients were considered at a high risk for Blastocystis spp. infection and these researchers recommended that Blastocystis spp. might not be ignored in routine examination of immuno-compromised renal patients.

• #43 Detection of Blastocystis species in the stool of immuno-compromised patients by using two different diagnostic techniques

  https://mjmr.journals.ekb.eg/article_322994.html

  Many researchers stated that the traditional diagnostic technique performed for detection of Blastocystis spp. as direct smear with or without staining had a lower detection rate than that with fecal cultures, while Sarzhanov and others stated that the culture method was the best in the diagnosis of Blastocystis spp. […] In the present study, there was a high significant difference between Blastocystis spp. infection in cancer patients compared to Blastocystis spp. infection in the healthy control (P value 0.001). […] In the present study, there was high association between Blastocystis spp. infections and uncontrolled diabetic patients compared to Blastocystis spp. infection in the healthy control (P value 0.001). […] In this study, there was a high significant difference between Blastocystis spp. infection in the renal patients compared to Blastocystis spp. infection in the healthy control (P value 0.001). These data were matched with many researchers who stated that renal patients were considered at a high risk for Blastocystis spp. infection and these researchers recommended that Blastocystis spp. might not be ignored in routine examination of immuno-compromised renal patients.

• #44 Blastocystis species – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/blastocystis-species

  In one study from Senegal, 100 percent of 93 fecal samples were positive for Blastocystis spp. In a study from Canada, 8 percent of stool samples submitted to a reference laboratory were positive for Blastocystis spp. Of 2256 fecal samples from primary care practices in France and Luxembourg, 20.5 percent had detectable Blastocystis spp. Blastocystis spp are also commonly found in the stool of returned travelers from resource-limited settings. […] In one study of nearly 2000 stool specimens from travelers in Nepal, the prevalence of Blastocystis spp was 30 percent. However, Blastocystis carriage in travelers is highly dynamic. In a study including more than 470 Dutch travelers who had stool samples taken before and after travel, 36 percent carried Blastocystis prior to travel; in 28 percent of these travelers, no Blastocystis or a different subtype was detected following travel.

• #45 Laboratory diagnosis of Blastocystis spp. in diarrheic patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4326992/

  In the current work, trichrome stain detected 148 positive cases (12.3%) while direct smears detected 42 positive cases only (3.5%) and iodine-stained smear detected 72 positive cases (6%). […] In the present work, in vitro cultivation using Jones’ medium detected significantly higher positive Blastocystis spp. cases than other different diagnostic methods. […] In the present study, the examination of diarrheic stool by all methods used revealed that the vacuolar form was the most predominant and the most common form found, and it was as follow: There were 36, 54, 100, 123, 222 positive vacuolar form were detected by direct smear, iodine-stained smear, formol ether concentration technique, trichrome stain and in vitro culture respectively. […] In the present study about, mixed infected cases, G. lamblia was found to be the most frequent parasite associated with Blastocystis hominis.

• #46 Blastocystis hominis // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/blastocystis-hominis

  If you have diarrhea and related symptoms, the cause may be difficult to diagnose. Even if blastocystis is found in your stool, it might not be causing your symptoms. Often another food- or water-borne organism is the likely cause of illness. […] A number of lab tests help diagnose parasitic diseases and other noninfectious causes of gastrointestinal symptoms: […] Stool (fecal) exam. This test looks for parasites. Your doctor might give you a container with preservative fluid for your stool sample. […] Endoscopy. If you have symptoms, but the fecal exam doesn’t reveal the cause, your doctor might request this test. […] Blood tests. A blood test that can detect blastocystis is available but not commonly used. However, your doctor might order blood tests to look for other causes of your signs and symptoms.

• #47

  https://healthmatters.io/understand-blood-test-results/blastocystis-hominis

  Common signs of infection with Blastocystis include: – diarrhea or watery stools, – abdominal pain, – anal itching, – constipation, – excess gas, – and dermatologic issues. […] Potential treatment: Some research recommends treatment for people with gastrointestinal and dermatologic symptoms but no treatment for those who are asymptomatic. There may also be an association between Blastocystis and chronic digestive disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome.

• #48

  https://www.jhsci.ba/ojs/index.php/jhsci/article/view/85

  Blastocystis hominis in stool samples of individuals with allergic cutaneous symptoms were evaluated to study a possible link between them. Detection of Blastocystis hominis has been made by microscopic examination of stool samples by direct examination and concentration technique. Overall, 30(13.7%) stool samples were infected by Blastocystis hominis with age group (26-35) and male predominance 15(6.9%) and 18(8.2%), respectively. No other allergic cause of urticaria was discovered. […] Blastocystis hominis could be the etiology of chronic urticaria.

• #49 Blastocystis hominis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/blastocystis-hominis-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20351205

  Blastocystis hominis […] It’s not clear whether blastocystis causes disease. Most people who carry the organism have no signs or symptoms, but it’s also found in people who have diarrhea and other digestive problems. […] A blastocystis infection is called blastocystosis.

• #50 Epidemiological and Diagnostic Features of Blastocystis Infection in Symptomatic Patients in Izmir Province, Turkey

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4345091/

  In the present study, assessments showed that the sensitivity and specificity of Real Time PCR was 100% and 95%, respectively, whereas 12% and 100% for OP examination. […] Real Time PCR is both sensitive and specific. […] Thus, the detection of the subtypes 2, 3 and 6, which were reported as non-pathogenic in many previous studies, in symptomatic patients in our study may be due to intra-subtype variations, which warrants further assessments.

• #51 Blastocystis species – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/blastocystis-species

  INTRODUCTION […] Blastocystis species (previously referred to as Blastocystis hominis) are anaerobic protozoan parasites found in the human gastrointestinal tract. The organism was initially discovered in 1911 and for many years was considered to be a harmless yeast. Studies in the 1970s demonstrated that Blastocystis spp are protozoans. […] Blastocystis spp are the most common eukaryotic parasites found in human stool specimens, but there is considerable controversy regarding whether they represent a commensal organism or a true pathogen. Foci of particular study are how the presence of Blastocystis spp influences immune inflammatory responses in the gut microbiome and whether it is a potential marker of intestinal dysbiosis. […] DIAGNOSIS […] The prevalence of Blastocystis spp varies between countries and between communities, and according to the diagnostic techniques used. In general, the estimated prevalence of Blastocystis spp is higher in resource-limited settings than resource-rich settings (30 to 50 percent versus 5 to 10 percent, respectively). Prevalence is highly variable, which may be related to poor hygiene, animal exposure, and consumption of contaminated food or water.

• #52 Site-Specific Incidence Rate of Blastocystis hominis and Its Association with Childhood Malnutrition: Findings from a Multi-Country Birth Cohort Study in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 108 Issue 5 (2023)

  https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/108/5/article-p887.xml

  Our analysis further reveals that the presence of additional pathogens may play a pathogenic role in children who have B. hominis infection. […] The findings of a study conducted among malnourished Bangladeshi adults imply that the presence of B. hominis in the human intestine has an impact on gut health and may play a pathogenic role in the presence of other pathogens. […] Therefore, we have structured this study with the purpose of investigating the site-specific incidence rates of B. hominis and its possible association with all forms of malnutrition among children aged 12-24 months. […] The overall incidence rate (IR) of asymptomatic B. hominis infections per 100 child-months was 11.87 (95% CI: 11.47-12.28). […] The overall IR of B. hominis infection was 11.87% across all study locations. […] The findings from the present study imply that B. hominis has a potential pathogenic role in gut health and negatively affects growth development.

• #53 Blastocystis hominis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/blastocystis-hominis-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351211

  If you have diarrhea and related symptoms, the cause may be difficult to diagnose. Even if blastocystis is found in your stool, it might not be causing your symptoms. […] A number of lab tests help diagnose parasitic diseases and other noninfectious causes of gastrointestinal symptoms: […] Stool (fecal) exam. This test looks for parasites. Your doctor might give you a container with preservative fluid for your stool sample. […] Blood tests. A blood test that can detect blastocystis is available but not commonly used. However, your doctor might order blood tests to look for other causes of your signs and symptoms. […] If you have a blastocystis infection without signs or symptoms, then you don’t need treatment. […] Potential medications for eliminating a blastocystis infection and improving symptoms include: […] Responses to these medications vary greatly. Also, because the organism might not be the cause of your symptoms, improvement might be due to the medication’s effect on another organism.

• #54 Update on the pathogenic potential and treatment options for Blastocystis sp | Gut Pathogens | Full Text

  https://gutpathogens.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1757-4749-6-17

  Although Blastocystis is one of the most common enteric parasites, there is still much controversy surrounding the pathogenicity and potential treatment options for this parasite. […] There are several methods for the detection of Blastocystis. Microscopy of a permanent stain is the gold standard for the diagnosis of Blastocystis in most clinical laboratories. […] Metronidazole is the most widely accepted treatment for Blastocystis but several cases of treatment failure and resistance have been described. Other treatment options which have been suggested include paromomycin and trimethroprim- sulfamethoxazole. […] Diagnosis should be made by the use of PCR and treatment should be considered when no other infectious agent can be identified.

• #55 Blastocystis hominis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/blastocystis-hominis-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351211

  If you have diarrhea and related symptoms, the cause may be difficult to diagnose. Even if blastocystis is found in your stool, it might not be causing your symptoms. […] A number of lab tests help diagnose parasitic diseases and other noninfectious causes of gastrointestinal symptoms: […] Stool (fecal) exam. This test looks for parasites. Your doctor might give you a container with preservative fluid for your stool sample. […] Blood tests. A blood test that can detect blastocystis is available but not commonly used. However, your doctor might order blood tests to look for other causes of your signs and symptoms. […] If you have a blastocystis infection without signs or symptoms, then you don’t need treatment. […] Potential medications for eliminating a blastocystis infection and improving symptoms include: […] Responses to these medications vary greatly. Also, because the organism might not be the cause of your symptoms, improvement might be due to the medication’s effect on another organism.

• #56 Blastocystis Hominis Infection: Treatment & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22933-blastocystis-hominis-infection-blastocystosis

  Blastocystosis is contagious and spreads through infected human or animal feces. […] If you have gastrointestinal symptoms, your healthcare provider will: […] Collect a stool sample for identification of Blastocystis under a microscope. […] Other tests can help detect Blastocystis and its subtypes but are usually only available in research settings. […] The need to treat blastocystosis is unclear since its role in causing illness isn’t fully understood. […] Treatments healthcare providers use include: […] Antibiotics, such as metronidazole or cotrimoxazole, which combine the medications trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. […] Antiparasitic medications such as nitazoxanide. […] These medications often resolve symptoms but they aren’t always effective. […] Variable treatment success may be due to antibiotic resistance or variability between the different strains of Blastocystis.

• #57 Diagnosis | Blastocystis Research Foundation

  http://bhomcenter.org/wp/diagnosis/

  Diagnosis […] Blastocystis symptoms will often persist in individuals for months, years, or decades. […] About half of Blastocystis cases will be untreatable with metronidazole. […] We can not diagnose you, provide treatment, or manage your particular medical case. Please contact a physician for health care advice. […] Differential diagnosis of Blastocystis infection. […] Treatment of Blastocystis infection.

• #58 Blastocystis Hominis Infection: Treatment & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22933-blastocystis-hominis-infection-blastocystosis

  Blastocystosis is contagious and spreads through infected human or animal feces. […] If you have gastrointestinal symptoms, your healthcare provider will: […] Collect a stool sample for identification of Blastocystis under a microscope. […] Other tests can help detect Blastocystis and its subtypes but are usually only available in research settings. […] The need to treat blastocystosis is unclear since its role in causing illness isn’t fully understood. […] Treatments healthcare providers use include: […] Antibiotics, such as metronidazole or cotrimoxazole, which combine the medications trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. […] Antiparasitic medications such as nitazoxanide. […] These medications often resolve symptoms but they aren’t always effective. […] Variable treatment success may be due to antibiotic resistance or variability between the different strains of Blastocystis.

• #59 Update on the pathogenic potential and treatment options for Blastocystis sp | Gut Pathogens | Full Text

  https://gutpathogens.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1757-4749-6-17

  Although Blastocystis is one of the most common enteric parasites, there is still much controversy surrounding the pathogenicity and potential treatment options for this parasite. […] There are several methods for the detection of Blastocystis. Microscopy of a permanent stain is the gold standard for the diagnosis of Blastocystis in most clinical laboratories. […] Metronidazole is the most widely accepted treatment for Blastocystis but several cases of treatment failure and resistance have been described. Other treatment options which have been suggested include paromomycin and trimethroprim- sulfamethoxazole. […] Diagnosis should be made by the use of PCR and treatment should be considered when no other infectious agent can be identified.

• #60 Epidemiological and Diagnostic Features of Blastocystis Infection in Symptomatic Patients in Izmir Province, Turkey

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4345091/

  The aims of this study were to identify Blastocystis subtypes (STs) in a cohort of Turkish patients with various gastrointestinal symptoms using a novel Real Time PCR method developed recently for Blastocystis detection and assess the relationship between Blastocystis STs and patient symptoms. […] Comparison of three diagnostic methods indicated Real Time PCR as the most sensitive and specific method. […] Diagnosis of blastocystosis relies mainly on microscopy; however, variable shedding and polymorphic nature of Blastocystis may lower the sensitivity of direct examination of stool samples with saline-Lugols iodine solution as well as with concentration and trichrome staining methods. […] Recently, molecular methods have been used in the diagnosis, and the Real-Time PCR was found highly sensitive and specific for Blastocystis infection.

• #61 Blastocystis Fact Sheet | Blastocystis Research Foundation

  http://bhomcenter.org/wp/blastocystis-fact-sheet/

  Did you know that BRF publishes an annual report on Blastocystis, summarizing the latest medical studies on the treatment and diagnosis of the disease. […] How is Blastocystis hominis infection diagnosed? […] Your health care provider will likely ask you to submit stool samples to check for the parasite. Because Blastocystis hominis can be difficult to diagnose, your provider might ask you to submit multiple stool specimens collected over a few days. Even in that case, the diagnostics may fail to detect the infection. Researchers have developed more reliable diagnostics, but those are not widely available to patients. BRF is working to make more reliable diagnostics available to patients. […] There is no FDA approved treatment for Blastocystis hominis infection. Physicians have reported success in some patients with several prescription drugs, but the success rates for treatment of Blastocystis hominis are much lower than for other diseases. Many patients remain symptomatic after treatment.

• #62

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/blastocystis-hominis.aspx

  Diagnosis is based on symptoms and on finding the Blastocystis organism from a stool sample. […] It is also important to exclude other causes of a patients symptoms.

• #63 Detection of Blastocystis species in the stool of immuno-compromised patients by using two different diagnostic techniques

  https://mjmr.journals.ekb.eg/article_322994.html

  Many researchers stated that the traditional diagnostic technique performed for detection of Blastocystis spp. as direct smear with or without staining had a lower detection rate than that with fecal cultures, while Sarzhanov and others stated that the culture method was the best in the diagnosis of Blastocystis spp. […] In the present study, there was a high significant difference between Blastocystis spp. infection in cancer patients compared to Blastocystis spp. infection in the healthy control (P value 0.001). […] In the present study, there was high association between Blastocystis spp. infections and uncontrolled diabetic patients compared to Blastocystis spp. infection in the healthy control (P value 0.001). […] In this study, there was a high significant difference between Blastocystis spp. infection in the renal patients compared to Blastocystis spp. infection in the healthy control (P value 0.001). These data were matched with many researchers who stated that renal patients were considered at a high risk for Blastocystis spp. infection and these researchers recommended that Blastocystis spp. might not be ignored in routine examination of immuno-compromised renal patients.

• #64 Laboratory diagnostics of Blastocystis infections – ch…

  https://diagnostykalaboratoryjna.eu/article/01.3001.0014.3610/en

  Blastocystis is a unicellular intestinal organism with undetermined pathogenicity, one of the most commonly detected in human stool samples around the world. […] There is a lack of a standardized procedure for the diagnostics of blastocystosis. […] The article discusses the difficulties in diagnosing blastocystosis, and the methods used to detect Blastocystis in terms of their usefulness in a medical diagnostic laboratory. […] The usefulness of short-term in vitro cultivation for the detection and molecular study of Blastocystis hominis in stool specimens. […] Comparison of microscopy, culture, and conventional polymerase chain reaction for detection of blastocystis sp. in clinical stool samples. […] Laboratory diagnosis of Blastocystis spp. in diarrheic patients. […] Comparison of direct fecal smear microscopy, culture, and polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Blastocystis sp. in human stool samples.

Zobacz więcej