Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Testicular lumps and swellings | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/sexual-and-reproductive/testicular-lumps-and-swellings/

  Lumps and swellings in the testicles (balls) are relatively common in boys, men and anyone with testicles. […] Speak to your GP practice if you have: a lump in your testicles, swollen testicles, a change in the shape of your testicles, a change in the way your testicles feel, 1 testicle that has become bigger than the other, aching or discomfort in your testicles that does not go away. […] There is not a singular test for testicular lumps and swellings. The doctor will discuss your situation and carry out a physical examination. […] If the lump or swelling is painful or very big, your doctor may refer you to a specialist for an operation to drain, shrink or remove it. […] Treatment for testicular lumps and swellings will vary depending on whats causing it. […] If you have been diagnosed with testicular cancer, you will be cared for by a team of clinicians who will help decide the best treatment for you. Surgery to remove the affected testicle will be recommended in most cases and this may sometimes be followed by a course of chemotherapy or radiotherapy.

• #2 Testicle Lump: Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and More

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321980

  Possible causes of testicular lumps include cysts, varicoceles, testicular torsion, and more. […] In rare cases, lumps on testicles can be a sign of testicular cancer. […] A physician should evaluate any testicular lump or swelling to check for a serious condition, such as cancer, and to advise about next steps. […] It is difficult for a person to tell the cause of a lump without an examination by a doctor. […] A doctor will need to examine the persons testicles. They may also need to do tests to find the cause of the lump. […] A doctor may request an imaging scan, such as an ultrasound, to check the lump. An ultrasound uses sound waves to make a picture of the inside of the body. […] Anyone who finds a lump in their testicles should see a doctor as soon as possible. […] Regularly checking the testicles for lumps can help spot the early signs of testicular cancer. […] However, if a person notices a lump in one or both testicles, it’s important to talk to a doctor to determine the cause, as it could be an early sign of testicular cancer and several other serious conditions.

• #3 Scrotal masses – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352609

  To find out what kind of scrotal mass you have, you may need tests such as: […] A physical exam. During this exam, a doctor or other health care professional feels your scrotum, its contents and nearby areas of the groin while you stand and lie down. […] Transillumination. Shining a bright light through the scrotum might provide information about the size, location and makeup of a scrotal mass. […] Ultrasound. This test uses sound waves to make an image of the inside of the body. It can provide detailed information about the size, location and makeup of a scrotal mass. It also can show the condition of the testicles. An ultrasound often is needed to diagnose a scrotal mass. […] Urine test. Lab tests of a sample of urine might find an infection caused by a virus or bacteria. A urine test also might detect the presence of blood or pus in the urine.

• #4 Testicle lump Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/symptoms/testicle-lump

  A testicle lump is swelling or a growth (mass) in one or both testicles. […] A testicle lump that does not hurt may be a sign of cancer. Most cases of testicular cancer occur in men ages 15 to 40. It can also occur at older or younger ages. […] If you have a lump in your testicle, tell your health care provider right away. A lump on the testicle may be the first sign of testicular cancer. Many men with testicular cancer have been given a wrong diagnosis. Therefore, it is important to go back to your provider if you have a lump that doesn’t go away. […] Contact your provider right away if you notice any unexplained lumps or any other changes in your testicles. […] Your provider will examine you. This may include looking at and feeling (palpating) the testicles and scrotum. You will be asked questions about your health history and symptoms, such as: When did you notice the lump? Have you had any previous lumps? Do you have any pain? Does the lump change in size? Exactly where on the testicle is the lump? Is only one testicle involved? Have you had any recent injuries or infections? Have you ever had surgery on your testicles or in the area? What other symptoms do you have? Is there scrotal swelling? Do you have abdominal pain or lumps or swelling anywhere else? Were you born with both testicles in the scrotum? […] Tests and treatments depend on the results of the physical exam. A scrotal ultrasound may be done to find the cause of the swelling.

• #5 Diagnosing testicular lumps in primary care – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29020728/

  Although the incidence of testicular cancer has increased over the past few decades, testicular tumours are still rare and many GPs will only see one or two new diagnoses in their career. […] In one UK study, out of 845 patients who had been referred with testicular lumps or pain, only 33 (4%) were diagnosed with testicular cancer. […] The vast majority (95-98%) of testicular cancers are germ cell tumours. […] When examining scrotal swellings, the key question is whether the lump is intra- or extra-testicular, as palpable intra-testicular lesions are highly likely (around 90%) to be malignant, whereas those lying outside the testis are usually benign. […] NICE recommends that men with non-painful enlargement or change in shape or texture of the testis should be referred via the two-week wait cancer pathway.

• #6 Scrotal masses – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352609

  To find out what kind of scrotal mass you have, you may need tests such as: […] A physical exam. During this exam, a doctor or other health care professional feels your scrotum, its contents and nearby areas of the groin while you stand and lie down. […] Transillumination. Shining a bright light through the scrotum might provide information about the size, location and makeup of a scrotal mass. […] Ultrasound. This test uses sound waves to make an image of the inside of the body. It can provide detailed information about the size, location and makeup of a scrotal mass. It also can show the condition of the testicles. An ultrasound often is needed to diagnose a scrotal mass. […] Urine test. Lab tests of a sample of urine might find an infection caused by a virus or bacteria. A urine test also might detect the presence of blood or pus in the urine.

• #7

  https://www.baus.org.uk/patients/conditions/12/testicular_lump/

  If you find a lump inside the scrotum, not arising from the skin of the scrotum itself, you should contact your GP immediately for further advice. […] A simple ultrasound scan will usually differentiate between benign and cancerous swellings. […] If a lump is within the body of the testis itself, there is a 90% chance that it is a testicular cancer. […] Testicular cancer is the commonest malignant tumour in men between 20 and 50 years old. […] Early diagnosis and treatment mean that more than 95% of men can be cured of testicular cancer, even if it has spread beyond the testicle itself. […] Your GP should work through a recommended scheme of assessment for patients with a scrotal swelling. This will normally include some or all of the following: A full history, A physical examination, Additional tests.

• #8 Diagnosing testicular lumps in primary care – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29020728/

  Although the incidence of testicular cancer has increased over the past few decades, testicular tumours are still rare and many GPs will only see one or two new diagnoses in their career. […] In one UK study, out of 845 patients who had been referred with testicular lumps or pain, only 33 (4%) were diagnosed with testicular cancer. […] The vast majority (95-98%) of testicular cancers are germ cell tumours. […] When examining scrotal swellings, the key question is whether the lump is intra- or extra-testicular, as palpable intra-testicular lesions are highly likely (around 90%) to be malignant, whereas those lying outside the testis are usually benign. […] NICE recommends that men with non-painful enlargement or change in shape or texture of the testis should be referred via the two-week wait cancer pathway.

• #9 Scrotal masses – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352609

  To find out what kind of scrotal mass you have, you may need tests such as: […] A physical exam. During this exam, a doctor or other health care professional feels your scrotum, its contents and nearby areas of the groin while you stand and lie down. […] Transillumination. Shining a bright light through the scrotum might provide information about the size, location and makeup of a scrotal mass. […] Ultrasound. This test uses sound waves to make an image of the inside of the body. It can provide detailed information about the size, location and makeup of a scrotal mass. It also can show the condition of the testicles. An ultrasound often is needed to diagnose a scrotal mass. […] Urine test. Lab tests of a sample of urine might find an infection caused by a virus or bacteria. A urine test also might detect the presence of blood or pus in the urine.

• #10 Symptoms of testicular cancer, lump on your testicle | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/testicular-cancer/symptoms

  The most common symptom of testicular cancer is a lump or swelling in your testicle. […] A lump or swelling in part of one testicle is the most common symptom of a testicular cancer. It can be as small as a pea but may be much larger. […] Most testicular lumps are not cancer. But do contact your GP surgery to make an appointment to see your doctor, so you can be checked. […] Your doctor may shine a strong light through your scrotum. This test is called transillumination. This is useful because: light shows through a harmless, fluid filled cyst (for example a hydrocoele); light can’t show through a cancer, which is a solid lump. […] Testicular cancer is not usually painful. But the first symptom for some men is a sharp pain in the testicle or scrotum. […] You usually start by seeing your GP. They might refer you for tests or to a specialist if you have symptoms that could be caused by testicular cancer.

• #11 Testicle lumps and swellings

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/testicle-lumps-and-swellings/

  Lumps and swellings in the testicles (balls) are not usually caused by anything serious, but you should always get them checked by a GP. […] Lumps in the testicles can be a sign of testicular cancer. This is easier to treat if it’s found early. […] To find out what the cause of the lump or swelling in your testicle is, the GP may: look at and feel your testicles, shine a torch through the bag of skin containing your testicles (scrotum) to check for a build-up of fluid, refer you for an ultrasound scan. […] Treatment for a lump or swelling depends on the cause. You might not need treatment if it does not cause any problems and is not getting worse. […] If the lump or swelling is painful or very big, the GP may refer you to a specialist for an operation to drain, shrink or remove it. […] But sometimes they can be a sign of something serious, such as testicular cancer. […] Do not try to self-diagnose the cause of your lump always see a GP.

• #12 Swollen Testicles (Testicular Swelling): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/22518-swollen-testicles-scrotal-swelling

  Swollen testicles (also known as scrotal swelling) are larger than usual testicles that may look red or shiny. A number of conditions can lead to swollen testicles, from testicular trauma to cysts and testicular cancer. Its important to reach out to your healthcare provider if you notice swelling in your scrotum (or testicles), especially if you have swelling without pain. […] Swollen testicles (also known as scrotal swelling) can be a sign of a variety of things, including injury, infection or a testicular tumor. […] If you have swollen testicles, you may also have other symptoms, including: Bruising. Difficulty peeing. Pain. Nausea and/or vomiting. Discharge from your penis. […] Many conditions can cause swelling in one or sometimes both testicles. These include: Trauma (injury) can cause swollen testicles.

• #13 Scrotal masses – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352609

  To find out what kind of scrotal mass you have, you may need tests such as: […] A physical exam. During this exam, a doctor or other health care professional feels your scrotum, its contents and nearby areas of the groin while you stand and lie down. […] Transillumination. Shining a bright light through the scrotum might provide information about the size, location and makeup of a scrotal mass. […] Ultrasound. This test uses sound waves to make an image of the inside of the body. It can provide detailed information about the size, location and makeup of a scrotal mass. It also can show the condition of the testicles. An ultrasound often is needed to diagnose a scrotal mass. […] Urine test. Lab tests of a sample of urine might find an infection caused by a virus or bacteria. A urine test also might detect the presence of blood or pus in the urine.

• #14 Scrotal masses – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352609

  To find out what kind of scrotal mass you have, you may need tests such as: […] A physical exam. During this exam, a doctor or other health care professional feels your scrotum, its contents and nearby areas of the groin while you stand and lie down. […] Transillumination. Shining a bright light through the scrotum might provide information about the size, location and makeup of a scrotal mass. […] Ultrasound. This test uses sound waves to make an image of the inside of the body. It can provide detailed information about the size, location and makeup of a scrotal mass. It also can show the condition of the testicles. An ultrasound often is needed to diagnose a scrotal mass. […] Urine test. Lab tests of a sample of urine might find an infection caused by a virus or bacteria. A urine test also might detect the presence of blood or pus in the urine.

• #15 Evaluation of Scrotal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0501/p723.html

  Testicular malignancies cause pain in 15% of cases. […] If ultrasonography shows an intratesticular mass, timely urology referral is indicated. […] Any patient presenting with acute scrotal pain and a mass or swelling should be evaluated for testicular torsion by scrotal ultrasonography or surgical exploration within six hours of symptom onset. […] Testicular torsion should be suspected in patients with rapid onset of acute unilateral scrotal pain and swelling, nausea or vomiting, high position of the testicle, and an abnormal cremasteric reflex. […] Ultrasonography can reliably differentiate extratesticular masses from intratesticular masses. […] With the addition of Doppler imaging, the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography for testicular torsion range from 86% to 93%.

• #16 printer-glyph

  https://harleystreetultrasound.com/articles/lumps-in-testes/

  Ultrasounds are incredibly effective at differentiating between various kinds of testicular lumps. They can easily distinguish fluid-filled cysts, like hydroceles, from solid tumours, which could indicate cancer. […] If the ultrasound reveals a solid mass, it often leads to further investigative measures, such as additional imaging tests or surgery to remove the testicle for closer examination. […] Your ultrasound also checks for signs of infection or injury that could be causing discomfort or pain. […] The scan detects any signs of inflammation that could indicate other underlying health issues. […] Early detection and timely intervention can make all the difference.

• #17 Evaluation of Scrotal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0501/p723.html

  Testicular malignancies cause pain in 15% of cases. […] If ultrasonography shows an intratesticular mass, timely urology referral is indicated. […] Any patient presenting with acute scrotal pain and a mass or swelling should be evaluated for testicular torsion by scrotal ultrasonography or surgical exploration within six hours of symptom onset. […] Testicular torsion should be suspected in patients with rapid onset of acute unilateral scrotal pain and swelling, nausea or vomiting, high position of the testicle, and an abnormal cremasteric reflex. […] Ultrasonography can reliably differentiate extratesticular masses from intratesticular masses. […] With the addition of Doppler imaging, the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography for testicular torsion range from 86% to 93%.

• #18 Evaluation of Scrotal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2008/1115/p1165.html

  Careful physical examination should include attention to the location of the swelling in relation to the normal anatomic structures within the scrotum, and transillumination to check for testicular masses. […] Patients with suspected torsion should be evaluated emergently by a urologist, because surgery must be performed immediately to maximize the likelihood of salvaging the testis. […] Ultrasonography with color Doppler imaging has become the accepted standard for evaluation of the acutely swollen scrotum. […] For testicular torsion, color Doppler ultrasonography has a sensitivity of 86 to 88 percent and a specificity of 90 to 100 percent. […] Suspected torsion is a surgical emergency; the testicular salvage rate for detorsion is 90 percent if performed within six hours of symptom onset, but drops to 50 percent after 12 hours, and to only 10 percent after 24 hours.

• #19

  https://www.baus.org.uk/patients/conditions/12/testicular_lump/

  If your GP suspects testicular cancer, he/she may arrange some specific blood tests to measure tumour markers (alpha-fetoprotein, beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin, lactate dehydrogenase). […] An ultrasound scan will normally be arranged to assess exactly where the swelling is in relation to your testicle. […] If you are found to have testicular cancer, you will be referred urgently to the urology clinic. Following further investigations, you will normally be advised to have the testicle removed as soon as possible. […] The need for further treatment (radiotherapy or chemotherapy) is determined by the pathology results, the results of your tumour marker blood tests the findings on a CT scan.

• #20 Scrotal masses – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352609

  Blood test. Lab tests of a blood sample might find a bacterial or viral infection. Or they might detect higher levels of certain proteins that are linked with testicular cancer. […] Computerized tomography (CT) scan. If other tests show you have testicular cancer, you’ll likely get this series of X-rays. A CT scan of your chest, stomach area and groin can check to see if cancer has spread to other tissues or organs. […] If your scrotal mass is caused by cancer that starts in a testicle, you’ll likely see a cancer doctor called an oncologist. The oncologist may recommend treatments based on whether the cancer is in the testicle or has spread to other body parts. Your age and overall health also are factors. […] The main treatment choices include: […] Radical inguinal orchiectomy. This is the main treatment for testicular cancer. It’s surgery to remove the affected testicle and the spermatic cord through a cut in the groin. Lymph nodes in your stomach area also might be removed if the cancer has spread to them.

• #21

  https://www.baus.org.uk/patients/conditions/12/testicular_lump/

  If your GP suspects testicular cancer, he/she may arrange some specific blood tests to measure tumour markers (alpha-fetoprotein, beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin, lactate dehydrogenase). […] An ultrasound scan will normally be arranged to assess exactly where the swelling is in relation to your testicle. […] If you are found to have testicular cancer, you will be referred urgently to the urology clinic. Following further investigations, you will normally be advised to have the testicle removed as soon as possible. […] The need for further treatment (radiotherapy or chemotherapy) is determined by the pathology results, the results of your tumour marker blood tests the findings on a CT scan.

• #22

  https://www.baus.org.uk/patients/conditions/12/testicular_lump/

  If your GP suspects testicular cancer, he/she may arrange some specific blood tests to measure tumour markers (alpha-fetoprotein, beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin, lactate dehydrogenase). […] An ultrasound scan will normally be arranged to assess exactly where the swelling is in relation to your testicle. […] If you are found to have testicular cancer, you will be referred urgently to the urology clinic. Following further investigations, you will normally be advised to have the testicle removed as soon as possible. […] The need for further treatment (radiotherapy or chemotherapy) is determined by the pathology results, the results of your tumour marker blood tests the findings on a CT scan.

• #23 Testicular Cancer Diagnosis | Testicular Cancer Testing | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/testicular-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  Ultrasound of the testicles is often the first test done if the doctor thinks you might have testicular cancer. […] Blood tests for tumor markers can help diagnose testicular tumors. […] Most types of cancer are diagnosed by removing a small piece of the tumor and looking at it under a microscope for cancer cells. […] A testicular tumor might also increase the levels of an enzyme called lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). […] If testicular cancer is found, your doctor will order imaging tests of other parts of your body to check for spread outside the testicle. […] Imaging tests use x-rays, magnetic fields, sound waves, or radioactive substances to create pictures of the inside of your body. […] CT scans can be used to help determine the stage (extent) of the cancer by showing if it has spread to the lymph nodes, lungs, liver, or other organs. […] A bone scan can help show if a cancer has spread to the bones.

• #24 Scrotal masses – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352609

  Blood test. Lab tests of a blood sample might find a bacterial or viral infection. Or they might detect higher levels of certain proteins that are linked with testicular cancer. […] Computerized tomography (CT) scan. If other tests show you have testicular cancer, you’ll likely get this series of X-rays. A CT scan of your chest, stomach area and groin can check to see if cancer has spread to other tissues or organs. […] If your scrotal mass is caused by cancer that starts in a testicle, you’ll likely see a cancer doctor called an oncologist. The oncologist may recommend treatments based on whether the cancer is in the testicle or has spread to other body parts. Your age and overall health also are factors. […] The main treatment choices include: […] Radical inguinal orchiectomy. This is the main treatment for testicular cancer. It’s surgery to remove the affected testicle and the spermatic cord through a cut in the groin. Lymph nodes in your stomach area also might be removed if the cancer has spread to them.

• #25 Scrotal masses – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352609

  Blood test. Lab tests of a blood sample might find a bacterial or viral infection. Or they might detect higher levels of certain proteins that are linked with testicular cancer. […] Computerized tomography (CT) scan. If other tests show you have testicular cancer, you’ll likely get this series of X-rays. A CT scan of your chest, stomach area and groin can check to see if cancer has spread to other tissues or organs. […] If your scrotal mass is caused by cancer that starts in a testicle, you’ll likely see a cancer doctor called an oncologist. The oncologist may recommend treatments based on whether the cancer is in the testicle or has spread to other body parts. Your age and overall health also are factors. […] The main treatment choices include: […] Radical inguinal orchiectomy. This is the main treatment for testicular cancer. It’s surgery to remove the affected testicle and the spermatic cord through a cut in the groin. Lymph nodes in your stomach area also might be removed if the cancer has spread to them.

• #26 Diagnosis of testicular cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/testicular/diagnosis

  Based on the results of an ultrasound and tumour marker tests, doctors usually know if a lump in a testicle is cancerous or non-cancerous. If doctors believe a lump is cancer, they will do an orchiectomy. This surgery removes all of the testicle and spermatic cord. The testicle is removed to definitely diagnose the cancer, and this surgery is the first treatment for testicular cancer. […] Tumour marker tests are generally used to check your response to cancer treatment. They can also be used to diagnose testicular cancer.

• #27 Testicular Cancer: Diagnosis | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/testicular-cancer-diagnosis

  If your healthcare provider thinks you might have testicular cancer, you will need certain exams and tests to be sure. […] A physical exam will be done. It will include checking your testicles for swelling, sore areas, or lumps. If there is a lump, your healthcare provider will note its size and location. […] An ultrasound is often the first test done if you have a lump on or near your testicle. […] Blood levels of certain proteins tend to change if you have testicular cancer. These proteins are called tumor markers. […] Your healthcare providers may be able to tell what kind of testicular cancer you have based on these marker levels. […] If a lump is found and the healthcare provider thinks it’s cancer, a surgeon will most likely try to remove it. […] The removed testicle and spermatic cord are sent to a lab for testing. There, a healthcare provider called a pathologist will look at the removed tissues under the microscope to check for cancer cells. […] You will likely need more tests if cancer is found.

• #28 Scrotal masses – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352609

  To find out what kind of scrotal mass you have, you may need tests such as: […] A physical exam. During this exam, a doctor or other health care professional feels your scrotum, its contents and nearby areas of the groin while you stand and lie down. […] Transillumination. Shining a bright light through the scrotum might provide information about the size, location and makeup of a scrotal mass. […] Ultrasound. This test uses sound waves to make an image of the inside of the body. It can provide detailed information about the size, location and makeup of a scrotal mass. It also can show the condition of the testicles. An ultrasound often is needed to diagnose a scrotal mass. […] Urine test. Lab tests of a sample of urine might find an infection caused by a virus or bacteria. A urine test also might detect the presence of blood or pus in the urine.

• #29 Scrotal masses – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352609

  To find out what kind of scrotal mass you have, you may need tests such as: […] A physical exam. During this exam, a doctor or other health care professional feels your scrotum, its contents and nearby areas of the groin while you stand and lie down. […] Transillumination. Shining a bright light through the scrotum might provide information about the size, location and makeup of a scrotal mass. […] Ultrasound. This test uses sound waves to make an image of the inside of the body. It can provide detailed information about the size, location and makeup of a scrotal mass. It also can show the condition of the testicles. An ultrasound often is needed to diagnose a scrotal mass. […] Urine test. Lab tests of a sample of urine might find an infection caused by a virus or bacteria. A urine test also might detect the presence of blood or pus in the urine.

• #30 Epididymitis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/epididymitis.htm

  Ultrasound should be used primarily for ruling out torsion of the spermatic cord in cases of acute, unilateral, painful scrotal swelling. […] Although ultrasound can demonstrate epididymal hyperemia and swelling associated with epididymitis, it provides minimal diagnostic usefulness for men with a clinical presentation consistent with epididymitis. […] A negative ultrasound does not rule out epididymitis and thus does not alter clinical management. […] All suspected cases of acute epididymitis should be evaluated for objective evidence of inflammation by one of the following POC tests: […] All suspected cases of acute epididymitis should be tested for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae by NAAT. […] Men who have acute epididymitis confirmed or suspected to be caused by N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis should be advised to abstain from sexual intercourse until they and their partners have been treated and symptoms have resolved. […] Men who experience swelling and tenderness that persist after completion of antimicrobial therapy should be evaluated for alternative diagnoses, including tumor, abscess, infarction, testicular cancer, TB, and fungal epididymitis.

• #31 Inflammation of the Testicle (Orchitis)

  https://www.webmd.com/men/inflammation-testicle-orchitis

  Orchitis Diagnosis Your doctor may do a series of tests including: An ultrasound of the inflamed testicle (or both testicles) to figure out whether you have orchitis or testicular torsion […] A urine test to look for STDs and other bacteria that might be responsible for the infection.

• #32 Scrotal masses – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352609

  Blood test. Lab tests of a blood sample might find a bacterial or viral infection. Or they might detect higher levels of certain proteins that are linked with testicular cancer. […] Computerized tomography (CT) scan. If other tests show you have testicular cancer, you’ll likely get this series of X-rays. A CT scan of your chest, stomach area and groin can check to see if cancer has spread to other tissues or organs. […] If your scrotal mass is caused by cancer that starts in a testicle, you’ll likely see a cancer doctor called an oncologist. The oncologist may recommend treatments based on whether the cancer is in the testicle or has spread to other body parts. Your age and overall health also are factors. […] The main treatment choices include: […] Radical inguinal orchiectomy. This is the main treatment for testicular cancer. It’s surgery to remove the affected testicle and the spermatic cord through a cut in the groin. Lymph nodes in your stomach area also might be removed if the cancer has spread to them.

• #33 How We Diagnose Testicular Cancer | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/testicular-cancer/diagnosis

  The removed testicle will be sent to our pathology laboratory for a thorough examination under a microscope. […] Dana-Farber Brigham Cancer Center pathologists are well-known for their expert evaluation of testicular cancer. They will diagnose and classify your cancer quickly and competently. […] Most testicular cancers are classified as germ cell tumors. […] In order to decide what treatment is best for you, it is important to know whether or not your testicular cancer has spread beyond the testicle. […] The CT scan is quick and painless and will look at your abdomen and chest. […] Testicular cancer is divided or staged into groups based on how far the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. […] Stage 1 means that the X-rays/CT scans do not show any evidence of cancer beyond the testicle.

• #34 How We Diagnose Testicular Cancer | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/testicular-cancer/diagnosis

  The removed testicle will be sent to our pathology laboratory for a thorough examination under a microscope. […] Dana-Farber Brigham Cancer Center pathologists are well-known for their expert evaluation of testicular cancer. They will diagnose and classify your cancer quickly and competently. […] Most testicular cancers are classified as germ cell tumors. […] In order to decide what treatment is best for you, it is important to know whether or not your testicular cancer has spread beyond the testicle. […] The CT scan is quick and painless and will look at your abdomen and chest. […] Testicular cancer is divided or staged into groups based on how far the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. […] Stage 1 means that the X-rays/CT scans do not show any evidence of cancer beyond the testicle.

• #35 Testicular Cancer Diagnosis | Testicular Cancer Testing | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/testicular-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  Ultrasound of the testicles is often the first test done if the doctor thinks you might have testicular cancer. […] Blood tests for tumor markers can help diagnose testicular tumors. […] Most types of cancer are diagnosed by removing a small piece of the tumor and looking at it under a microscope for cancer cells. […] A testicular tumor might also increase the levels of an enzyme called lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). […] If testicular cancer is found, your doctor will order imaging tests of other parts of your body to check for spread outside the testicle. […] Imaging tests use x-rays, magnetic fields, sound waves, or radioactive substances to create pictures of the inside of your body. […] CT scans can be used to help determine the stage (extent) of the cancer by showing if it has spread to the lymph nodes, lungs, liver, or other organs. […] A bone scan can help show if a cancer has spread to the bones.

• #36 Diagnosis – Testicular Cancer – Cancers We Treat – Wilmot Cancer Institute – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/cancer-institute/cancers/testicular/diagnosis

  Inguinal orchiectomy, a surgical procedure, similar to a biopsy, which removes the entire testicle through an incision in the groin. The tissue is then examined by a pathologist. A less-invasive biopsy is not done because of fear of spreading the cancer to the scrotum and lymph nodes. […] Imaging, which includes x-rays, CT scans, MRIs, and PET scans to give doctors detailed pictures of the area.

• #37 How do you know if you have testicular cancer? | The Royal Marsden

  https://www.royalmarsden.nhs.uk/private-care/news-and-blogs/how-do-you-know-if-you-have-testicular-cancer

  Histology: The doctor examines part of the lump under a microscope to confirm a testicular cancer diagnosis. […] Histology can confirm your diagnosis but it requires the affected testicle to be removed. This is because it is not possible to take a small sample of a testicular lump (a biopsy) for examination. […] If you receive a testicular cancer diagnosis, you will need to have further tests to see if the cancer has spread. […] You may need one or more of the following tests to see if the cancer has spread: Chest X-ray: This is an imaging test that allows the doctor to check for any tumours on your chest. […] CT scan: This is a scan of your entire body that allows the doctor to see any areas that the cancer may have spread to. […] MRI scan: This is another imaging test that produces detailed images of the inside of your body so the doctor can check whether the cancer has spread.

• #38 How do you know if you have testicular cancer? | The Royal Marsden

  https://www.royalmarsden.nhs.uk/private-care/news-and-blogs/how-do-you-know-if-you-have-testicular-cancer

  Histology: The doctor examines part of the lump under a microscope to confirm a testicular cancer diagnosis. […] Histology can confirm your diagnosis but it requires the affected testicle to be removed. This is because it is not possible to take a small sample of a testicular lump (a biopsy) for examination. […] If you receive a testicular cancer diagnosis, you will need to have further tests to see if the cancer has spread. […] You may need one or more of the following tests to see if the cancer has spread: Chest X-ray: This is an imaging test that allows the doctor to check for any tumours on your chest. […] CT scan: This is a scan of your entire body that allows the doctor to see any areas that the cancer may have spread to. […] MRI scan: This is another imaging test that produces detailed images of the inside of your body so the doctor can check whether the cancer has spread.

• #39 How do you know if you have testicular cancer? | The Royal Marsden

  https://www.royalmarsden.nhs.uk/private-care/news-and-blogs/how-do-you-know-if-you-have-testicular-cancer

  Histology: The doctor examines part of the lump under a microscope to confirm a testicular cancer diagnosis. […] Histology can confirm your diagnosis but it requires the affected testicle to be removed. This is because it is not possible to take a small sample of a testicular lump (a biopsy) for examination. […] If you receive a testicular cancer diagnosis, you will need to have further tests to see if the cancer has spread. […] You may need one or more of the following tests to see if the cancer has spread: Chest X-ray: This is an imaging test that allows the doctor to check for any tumours on your chest. […] CT scan: This is a scan of your entire body that allows the doctor to see any areas that the cancer may have spread to. […] MRI scan: This is another imaging test that produces detailed images of the inside of your body so the doctor can check whether the cancer has spread.

• #40 Testicular Cancer Diagnosis | Testicular Cancer Testing | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/testicular-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  Ultrasound of the testicles is often the first test done if the doctor thinks you might have testicular cancer. […] Blood tests for tumor markers can help diagnose testicular tumors. […] Most types of cancer are diagnosed by removing a small piece of the tumor and looking at it under a microscope for cancer cells. […] A testicular tumor might also increase the levels of an enzyme called lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). […] If testicular cancer is found, your doctor will order imaging tests of other parts of your body to check for spread outside the testicle. […] Imaging tests use x-rays, magnetic fields, sound waves, or radioactive substances to create pictures of the inside of your body. […] CT scans can be used to help determine the stage (extent) of the cancer by showing if it has spread to the lymph nodes, lungs, liver, or other organs. […] A bone scan can help show if a cancer has spread to the bones.

• #41 Scrotal Lumps – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/urology/presentations/scrotal-lumps/

  A scrotal lump is an abnormal mass or swelling within the scrotum. They can originate from either testicular or extra-testicular sources. […] For the majority of scrotal lumps, especially those testicular in origin, an ultrasound scan of the scrotum is the first line investigation. Additional blood tests or further imaging may be warranted, depending on the suspected underlying cause. […] Any mass arising from the testes will often need an urgent ultrasound scan to assess for testicular cancer. Unlike many other malignancies, a biopsy is not warranted for the diagnosis of testicular cancer (due to risk of seeding cancer), instead diagnosis is made purely on clinical features, ultrasound, and histopathological examination of the testis following orchidectomy. […] Suspected tumours need an urgent ultrasound scan for diagnosis, alongside tumour markers to aid in the diagnosis, staging, and monitoring to response of treatment for the cancer. […] Ensure to assess for features of malignancy in all cases of scrotal swelling and send for urgent investigation if suspected.

• #42 Testicular cancer

  https://www.cancervic.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/testicular_cancer/diagnosing-testicular.html

  You will usually begin by seeing your doctor, who will examine your testicles and scrotum for a lump or swelling. […] If the doctor feels a lump that might be cancer, you will have an ultrasound. If the lump looks like a tumour on the ultrasound, you will have a blood test and are likely to be referred to a specialist called a urologist. The urologist may recommend removal of the testicle to confirm the diagnosis. […] The only way to be sure of the diagnosis is to surgically remove the affected testicle and examine it in a laboratory. The surgery to remove a testicle is called an orchidectomy or orchiectomy. In most cases, the surgeon needs to remove only one testicle. […] If the removal of your testicle and initial tests show that you have cancer, you may have further tests to see whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as lymph nodes or other organs.

• #43 How We Diagnose Testicular Cancer | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/testicular-cancer/diagnosis

  First, the doctor will examine your testicles for lumps or swelling. […] A blood test will be performed to test for certain proteins in your blood. These proteins are called tumor markers and can be used to diagnose testicular cancer. […] If your blood test is positive for testicular cancer tumor markers, or if your ultrasound reveals a cancerous-appearing lump in your testicle, you will be referred to a specialist called a urologist. […] Unlike other cancers for which a biopsy (the removal of a sample of cells for examination) is performed, when testicular cancer is suspected the entire testicle is removed in a procedure called an orchiectomy through an incision in the groin and pulling the testicle up from the scrotum. […] Removing the entire testicle out of the scrotum is the only safe way to diagnose for testicular cancer.

• #44 Diagnosis of testicular cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/testicular/diagnosis

  Based on the results of an ultrasound and tumour marker tests, doctors usually know if a lump in a testicle is cancerous or non-cancerous. If doctors believe a lump is cancer, they will do an orchiectomy. This surgery removes all of the testicle and spermatic cord. The testicle is removed to definitely diagnose the cancer, and this surgery is the first treatment for testicular cancer. […] Tumour marker tests are generally used to check your response to cancer treatment. They can also be used to diagnose testicular cancer.

• #45 Testicular cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/testicular-cancer

  If you notice any changes, you should visit your GP who will examine your testicles for any lumps or swelling. […] Other tests used to diagnose testicular cancer include: […] To confirm the presence of a mass. […] Blood tests for the tumour markers alpha-fetoprotein, beta human chorionic gonadotrophin and lactate dehydrogenase. […] The only way to definitely diagnose testicular cancer is by surgical removal of the affected testicle. While many other types of cancers are diagnosed by biopsy (removing a small piece of tissue from the tumour), cutting into a testicle could spread the cancer to other parts of the body. Hence the whole testicle needs to be removed if cancer is strongly suspected.

• #46 How We Diagnose Testicular Cancer | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/testicular-cancer/diagnosis

  First, the doctor will examine your testicles for lumps or swelling. […] A blood test will be performed to test for certain proteins in your blood. These proteins are called tumor markers and can be used to diagnose testicular cancer. […] If your blood test is positive for testicular cancer tumor markers, or if your ultrasound reveals a cancerous-appearing lump in your testicle, you will be referred to a specialist called a urologist. […] Unlike other cancers for which a biopsy (the removal of a sample of cells for examination) is performed, when testicular cancer is suspected the entire testicle is removed in a procedure called an orchiectomy through an incision in the groin and pulling the testicle up from the scrotum. […] Removing the entire testicle out of the scrotum is the only safe way to diagnose for testicular cancer.

• #47 How We Diagnose Testicular Cancer | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/testicular-cancer/diagnosis

  First, the doctor will examine your testicles for lumps or swelling. […] A blood test will be performed to test for certain proteins in your blood. These proteins are called tumor markers and can be used to diagnose testicular cancer. […] If your blood test is positive for testicular cancer tumor markers, or if your ultrasound reveals a cancerous-appearing lump in your testicle, you will be referred to a specialist called a urologist. […] Unlike other cancers for which a biopsy (the removal of a sample of cells for examination) is performed, when testicular cancer is suspected the entire testicle is removed in a procedure called an orchiectomy through an incision in the groin and pulling the testicle up from the scrotum. […] Removing the entire testicle out of the scrotum is the only safe way to diagnose for testicular cancer.

• #48 Scrotal Lumps, Pain and Swelling: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/mens-health/scrotal-lumps-pain-and-swelling

  There are many causes of lumps or pain in the scrotum, including hydrocele, varicocele, and testicular torsion. Most lumps are not cancer, and many are not serious. However, you should always see a doctor if you have pain or a lump in this area. […] You should always see a doctor if you notice any pain or swelling in your scrotum. If it is painful, you should seek advice urgently. […] Common causes of pain or swelling in the scrotum include: Torsion of the testis. Epididymo-orchitis and orchitis. Haematocele (collection of blood around your testicle that may be caused by an injury). Hydroceles (see Hydrocele in Adults and Hydrocele in Children). Inguinal hernia. Epididymal cyst. Spermatocele – a cyst which feels like an epididymal cyst but it is filled with sperm (semen). Varicocele. Testicular cancer.

• #49 Evaluation of Scrotal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0501/p723.html

  Scrotal masses are caused by a variety of disorders, ranging from benign conditions to those requiring emergent surgical intervention. […] Painful scrotal masses require urgent evaluation. […] Characteristics that suggest testicular torsion include rapid symptom onset, nausea and vomiting, high position of the testicle, and abnormal cremasteric reflex. […] Doppler ultrasonography or surgical exploration is required to confirm the diagnosis. […] Surgical repair must occur within six hours of symptom onset to reliably salvage the testicle. […] Epididymitis/orchitis have a slower onset and are associated with a C-reactive protein level greater than 24 mg per L (228.6 nmol per L) and increased blood flow on ultrasonography. […] Acute onset of pain with near normal physical examination and ultrasound findings is consistent with torsion of the testicular appendage.

• #50 Evaluation of Scrotal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0501/p723.html

  Scrotal masses are caused by a variety of disorders, ranging from benign conditions to those requiring emergent surgical intervention. […] Painful scrotal masses require urgent evaluation. […] Characteristics that suggest testicular torsion include rapid symptom onset, nausea and vomiting, high position of the testicle, and abnormal cremasteric reflex. […] Doppler ultrasonography or surgical exploration is required to confirm the diagnosis. […] Surgical repair must occur within six hours of symptom onset to reliably salvage the testicle. […] Epididymitis/orchitis have a slower onset and are associated with a C-reactive protein level greater than 24 mg per L (228.6 nmol per L) and increased blood flow on ultrasonography. […] Acute onset of pain with near normal physical examination and ultrasound findings is consistent with torsion of the testicular appendage.

• #51 Evaluation of Scrotal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0501/p723.html

  Scrotal masses are caused by a variety of disorders, ranging from benign conditions to those requiring emergent surgical intervention. […] Painful scrotal masses require urgent evaluation. […] Characteristics that suggest testicular torsion include rapid symptom onset, nausea and vomiting, high position of the testicle, and abnormal cremasteric reflex. […] Doppler ultrasonography or surgical exploration is required to confirm the diagnosis. […] Surgical repair must occur within six hours of symptom onset to reliably salvage the testicle. […] Epididymitis/orchitis have a slower onset and are associated with a C-reactive protein level greater than 24 mg per L (228.6 nmol per L) and increased blood flow on ultrasonography. […] Acute onset of pain with near normal physical examination and ultrasound findings is consistent with torsion of the testicular appendage.

• #52 Evaluation of Scrotal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0501/p723.html

  Scrotal masses are caused by a variety of disorders, ranging from benign conditions to those requiring emergent surgical intervention. […] Painful scrotal masses require urgent evaluation. […] Characteristics that suggest testicular torsion include rapid symptom onset, nausea and vomiting, high position of the testicle, and abnormal cremasteric reflex. […] Doppler ultrasonography or surgical exploration is required to confirm the diagnosis. […] Surgical repair must occur within six hours of symptom onset to reliably salvage the testicle. […] Epididymitis/orchitis have a slower onset and are associated with a C-reactive protein level greater than 24 mg per L (228.6 nmol per L) and increased blood flow on ultrasonography. […] Acute onset of pain with near normal physical examination and ultrasound findings is consistent with torsion of the testicular appendage.

• #53 Evaluation of Scrotal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2008/1115/p1165.html

  Careful physical examination should include attention to the location of the swelling in relation to the normal anatomic structures within the scrotum, and transillumination to check for testicular masses. […] Patients with suspected torsion should be evaluated emergently by a urologist, because surgery must be performed immediately to maximize the likelihood of salvaging the testis. […] Ultrasonography with color Doppler imaging has become the accepted standard for evaluation of the acutely swollen scrotum. […] For testicular torsion, color Doppler ultrasonography has a sensitivity of 86 to 88 percent and a specificity of 90 to 100 percent. […] Suspected torsion is a surgical emergency; the testicular salvage rate for detorsion is 90 percent if performed within six hours of symptom onset, but drops to 50 percent after 12 hours, and to only 10 percent after 24 hours.

• #54 Evaluation of Scrotal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0501/p723.html

  Testicular malignancies cause pain in 15% of cases. […] If ultrasonography shows an intratesticular mass, timely urology referral is indicated. […] Any patient presenting with acute scrotal pain and a mass or swelling should be evaluated for testicular torsion by scrotal ultrasonography or surgical exploration within six hours of symptom onset. […] Testicular torsion should be suspected in patients with rapid onset of acute unilateral scrotal pain and swelling, nausea or vomiting, high position of the testicle, and an abnormal cremasteric reflex. […] Ultrasonography can reliably differentiate extratesticular masses from intratesticular masses. […] With the addition of Doppler imaging, the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography for testicular torsion range from 86% to 93%.

• #55 Evaluation of Scrotal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0501/p723.html

  Scrotal masses are caused by a variety of disorders, ranging from benign conditions to those requiring emergent surgical intervention. […] Painful scrotal masses require urgent evaluation. […] Characteristics that suggest testicular torsion include rapid symptom onset, nausea and vomiting, high position of the testicle, and abnormal cremasteric reflex. […] Doppler ultrasonography or surgical exploration is required to confirm the diagnosis. […] Surgical repair must occur within six hours of symptom onset to reliably salvage the testicle. […] Epididymitis/orchitis have a slower onset and are associated with a C-reactive protein level greater than 24 mg per L (228.6 nmol per L) and increased blood flow on ultrasonography. […] Acute onset of pain with near normal physical examination and ultrasound findings is consistent with torsion of the testicular appendage.

• #56 Epididymitis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/epididymitis.htm

  Men who have acute epididymitis typically have unilateral testicular pain and tenderness, hydrocele, and palpable swelling of the epididymis. […] The spermatic cord is usually tender and swollen. Spermatic cord (testicular) torsion, a surgical emergency, should be considered in all cases; however, it occurs more frequently among adolescents and men without evidence of inflammation or infection. […] For men with severe unilateral pain with sudden onset, those whose test results do not support a diagnosis of urethritis or urinary tract infection, or for whom diagnosis of acute epididymitis is questionable, immediate referral to a urologist for evaluation for testicular torsion is vital because testicular viability might be compromised. […] Bilateral symptoms should increase suspicion of other causes of testicular pain.

• #57 Evaluation of Scrotal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0501/p723.html

  Scrotal masses are caused by a variety of disorders, ranging from benign conditions to those requiring emergent surgical intervention. […] Painful scrotal masses require urgent evaluation. […] Characteristics that suggest testicular torsion include rapid symptom onset, nausea and vomiting, high position of the testicle, and abnormal cremasteric reflex. […] Doppler ultrasonography or surgical exploration is required to confirm the diagnosis. […] Surgical repair must occur within six hours of symptom onset to reliably salvage the testicle. […] Epididymitis/orchitis have a slower onset and are associated with a C-reactive protein level greater than 24 mg per L (228.6 nmol per L) and increased blood flow on ultrasonography. […] Acute onset of pain with near normal physical examination and ultrasound findings is consistent with torsion of the testicular appendage.

• #58 Evaluation of Scrotal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0501/p723.html

  Scrotal masses are caused by a variety of disorders, ranging from benign conditions to those requiring emergent surgical intervention. […] Painful scrotal masses require urgent evaluation. […] Characteristics that suggest testicular torsion include rapid symptom onset, nausea and vomiting, high position of the testicle, and abnormal cremasteric reflex. […] Doppler ultrasonography or surgical exploration is required to confirm the diagnosis. […] Surgical repair must occur within six hours of symptom onset to reliably salvage the testicle. […] Epididymitis/orchitis have a slower onset and are associated with a C-reactive protein level greater than 24 mg per L (228.6 nmol per L) and increased blood flow on ultrasonography. […] Acute onset of pain with near normal physical examination and ultrasound findings is consistent with torsion of the testicular appendage.

• #59 Epididymitis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/epididymitis.htm

  Ultrasound should be used primarily for ruling out torsion of the spermatic cord in cases of acute, unilateral, painful scrotal swelling. […] Although ultrasound can demonstrate epididymal hyperemia and swelling associated with epididymitis, it provides minimal diagnostic usefulness for men with a clinical presentation consistent with epididymitis. […] A negative ultrasound does not rule out epididymitis and thus does not alter clinical management. […] All suspected cases of acute epididymitis should be evaluated for objective evidence of inflammation by one of the following POC tests: […] All suspected cases of acute epididymitis should be tested for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae by NAAT. […] Men who have acute epididymitis confirmed or suspected to be caused by N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis should be advised to abstain from sexual intercourse until they and their partners have been treated and symptoms have resolved. […] Men who experience swelling and tenderness that persist after completion of antimicrobial therapy should be evaluated for alternative diagnoses, including tumor, abscess, infarction, testicular cancer, TB, and fungal epididymitis.

• #60 Swollen Testicles (Testicular Swelling): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/22518-swollen-testicles-scrotal-swelling

  Hydrocele (pronounced hy-dra-sel) is when your scrotum fills with extra fluid, making it look swollen. […] Epididymitis (pronounced e-pe-di-de-mi-tis) is a medical term for swelling and irritation of your epididymis, a tube at the back of your testicle that carries sperm. […] Inguinal hernia is when fatty tissue or part of your intestine pokes into your groin at the top of your inner thigh. […] Varicocele (pronounced ver-e-kol-sel) is a condition that affects the veins inside your scrotum. […] Orchitis (pronounced or-kit-es) is a swelling in one or both testicles. […] Fluid buildup (edema) in your scrotum may be a sign of congestive heart failure. […] Spermatocele (pronounced sper-mat-e-sel) is a lump (cyst) filled with fluid. […] Testicular torsion is a medical emergency. […] Testicular cancer may develop when cancerous (malignant) cells grow in your testicle.

• #61 Symptoms of testicular cancer, lump on your testicle | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/testicular-cancer/symptoms

  The most common symptom of testicular cancer is a lump or swelling in your testicle. […] A lump or swelling in part of one testicle is the most common symptom of a testicular cancer. It can be as small as a pea but may be much larger. […] Most testicular lumps are not cancer. But do contact your GP surgery to make an appointment to see your doctor, so you can be checked. […] Your doctor may shine a strong light through your scrotum. This test is called transillumination. This is useful because: light shows through a harmless, fluid filled cyst (for example a hydrocoele); light can’t show through a cancer, which is a solid lump. […] Testicular cancer is not usually painful. But the first symptom for some men is a sharp pain in the testicle or scrotum. […] You usually start by seeing your GP. They might refer you for tests or to a specialist if you have symptoms that could be caused by testicular cancer.

• #62 Scrotal Lumps – Zero To Finals

  https://zerotofinals.com/surgery/urology/scrotallumps/

  The key causes of scrotal or testicular lumps are: Hydrocele, Varicocele, Epididymal cyst, Testicular cancer, Epididymo-orchitis, Inguinal hernia, Testicular torsion. […] Examination findings with a hydrocele are: The testicle is palpable within the hydrocele, Soft, fluctuant and may be large, Irreducible and has no bowel sounds (distinguishing it from a hernia), Transilluminated by shining torch through the skin, into the fluid (the testicle floats within the fluid). […] Management involves excluding serious causes (e.g., cancer). Idiopathic hydroceles may be managed conservatively. Surgery, aspiration or sclerotherapy may be required in large or symptomatic cases. […] Varicoceles may present with: Throbbing/dull pain or discomfort, worse on standing, A dragging sensation, Sub-fertility or infertility.

• #63 Testicular Swelling, Swollen Testicle Causes, Hydrocele | University of Utah Health | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/mens-health/conditions/hydrocele-swollen-testicle

  Doctors also refer to a swollen testicle as testicular enlargement. It occurs when the scrotum (the sac surrounding the testicles) grows abnormally large. […] Testicular swelling occurs when fluid starts to accumulate around the testicle or within other parts of the scrotum. […] Your doctor may give you an ultrasound to check the blood flow in the testicle and determine the severity of the torsion. […] Your doctor can diagnose a hydrocele by shining a bright light at your scrotum to see if any light passes through. […] Before your doctor treats you for orchitis, they will examine your scrotum and may even run tests like a testicular ultrasound or a urinalysis (a urine test). […] If you suspect that you have a testicular tumor, make an appointment with your doctor right away. […] Call your doctor immediately if you are experiencing unexplained or painful scrotal swelling or a testicle lump.

• #64 Benign Testicular Swelling – Urology Waikato

  https://urologywaikato.co.nz/patient-resources/benign-testicular-swelling/

  Most times no. The commonest lumps are fluid collections around the testicle, which is called a hydrocoele, or next to the testicle (epididymal cyst). […] Cancers are normally rock hard. Hydrocoeles and epididymal cysts are usually slightly soft. […] No, although it is common to do ultrasounds on the scrotum, the diagnosis can usually be made by how it feels and by shining a light through the fluid collection. A bright light should pass through the hydrocele or epididymal cyst. […] Very, very rarely a hydrocoele can occur with atesticular cancer, so that although a hydrocoele can be worked out without an x-ray, often an ultrasound is used to make sure the testes under the hydrocele is normal.

• #65 Scrotal Lumps – Zero To Finals

  https://zerotofinals.com/surgery/urology/scrotallumps/

  Examination findings are: A scrotal mass that feels like a “bag of worms”, More prominent on standing, Disappears when lying down, Asymmetry in testicular size if the varicocele has affected the growth of the testicle. […] Investigations to consider are: Ultrasound with Doppler imaging can be used to confirm the diagnosis, Semen analysis if there are concerns about fertility, Hormonal tests (e.g., FSH and testosterone) if there are concerns about function. […] Surgery or endovascular embolisation may be indicated for pain, testicular atrophy or infertility. […] Examination findings are: Soft, round lump, Typically at the top of the testicle, Associated with the epididymis, Separate from the testicle, May be able to transilluminate large cysts (appearing separate from the testicle).

• #66 Scrotal Lumps – Zero To Finals

  https://zerotofinals.com/surgery/urology/scrotallumps/

  Examination findings are: A scrotal mass that feels like a “bag of worms”, More prominent on standing, Disappears when lying down, Asymmetry in testicular size if the varicocele has affected the growth of the testicle. […] Investigations to consider are: Ultrasound with Doppler imaging can be used to confirm the diagnosis, Semen analysis if there are concerns about fertility, Hormonal tests (e.g., FSH and testosterone) if there are concerns about function. […] Surgery or endovascular embolisation may be indicated for pain, testicular atrophy or infertility. […] Examination findings are: Soft, round lump, Typically at the top of the testicle, Associated with the epididymis, Separate from the testicle, May be able to transilluminate large cysts (appearing separate from the testicle).

• #67 Scrotal Lumps – Zero To Finals

  https://zerotofinals.com/surgery/urology/scrotallumps/

  Examination findings are: A scrotal mass that feels like a “bag of worms”, More prominent on standing, Disappears when lying down, Asymmetry in testicular size if the varicocele has affected the growth of the testicle. […] Investigations to consider are: Ultrasound with Doppler imaging can be used to confirm the diagnosis, Semen analysis if there are concerns about fertility, Hormonal tests (e.g., FSH and testosterone) if there are concerns about function. […] Surgery or endovascular embolisation may be indicated for pain, testicular atrophy or infertility. […] Examination findings are: Soft, round lump, Typically at the top of the testicle, Associated with the epididymis, Separate from the testicle, May be able to transilluminate large cysts (appearing separate from the testicle).

• #68 Scrotal Lumps – Zero To Finals

  https://zerotofinals.com/surgery/urology/scrotallumps/

  Examination findings are: A scrotal mass that feels like a “bag of worms”, More prominent on standing, Disappears when lying down, Asymmetry in testicular size if the varicocele has affected the growth of the testicle. […] Investigations to consider are: Ultrasound with Doppler imaging can be used to confirm the diagnosis, Semen analysis if there are concerns about fertility, Hormonal tests (e.g., FSH and testosterone) if there are concerns about function. […] Surgery or endovascular embolisation may be indicated for pain, testicular atrophy or infertility. […] Examination findings are: Soft, round lump, Typically at the top of the testicle, Associated with the epididymis, Separate from the testicle, May be able to transilluminate large cysts (appearing separate from the testicle).

• #69 Scrotal masses – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses/symptoms-causes/syc-20352604

  See a health care professional if you notice a lump in your scrotum or other unusual changes. Get a checkup even if you have a mass that isn’t painful or tender. […] Many health conditions can cause a scrotal mass or an unusual change in the scrotum. These include: Testicular cancer. This is cancer that starts in the testicles. It often causes a painless lump or swelling in the scrotum. But some people with testicular cancer don’t have any symptoms. See your doctor or other health care professional if you notice a new lump in your scrotum. […] A varicocele might cause infertility, which is when you can’t get your partner pregnant after a year of unprotected sex. […] Testicular torsion. This is a painful problem that cuts off blood to the testicle. It happens due to a twisting of the spermatic cord. That’s a bundle of blood vessels, nerves and the tube that carries semen from the testicle to the penis. Without prompt treatment, testicular torsion can lead to the loss of the testicle.

• #70 Scrotal Lumps – Zero To Finals

  https://zerotofinals.com/surgery/urology/scrotallumps/

  Examination findings are: A scrotal mass that feels like a “bag of worms”, More prominent on standing, Disappears when lying down, Asymmetry in testicular size if the varicocele has affected the growth of the testicle. […] Investigations to consider are: Ultrasound with Doppler imaging can be used to confirm the diagnosis, Semen analysis if there are concerns about fertility, Hormonal tests (e.g., FSH and testosterone) if there are concerns about function. […] Surgery or endovascular embolisation may be indicated for pain, testicular atrophy or infertility. […] Examination findings are: Soft, round lump, Typically at the top of the testicle, Associated with the epididymis, Separate from the testicle, May be able to transilluminate large cysts (appearing separate from the testicle).

• #71 Swollen Testicles (Testicular Swelling): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/22518-swollen-testicles-scrotal-swelling

  Hydrocele (pronounced hy-dra-sel) is when your scrotum fills with extra fluid, making it look swollen. […] Epididymitis (pronounced e-pe-di-de-mi-tis) is a medical term for swelling and irritation of your epididymis, a tube at the back of your testicle that carries sperm. […] Inguinal hernia is when fatty tissue or part of your intestine pokes into your groin at the top of your inner thigh. […] Varicocele (pronounced ver-e-kol-sel) is a condition that affects the veins inside your scrotum. […] Orchitis (pronounced or-kit-es) is a swelling in one or both testicles. […] Fluid buildup (edema) in your scrotum may be a sign of congestive heart failure. […] Spermatocele (pronounced sper-mat-e-sel) is a lump (cyst) filled with fluid. […] Testicular torsion is a medical emergency. […] Testicular cancer may develop when cancerous (malignant) cells grow in your testicle.

• #72 Scrotal Lumps – Zero To Finals

  https://zerotofinals.com/surgery/urology/scrotallumps/

  Examination findings are: A scrotal mass that feels like a “bag of worms”, More prominent on standing, Disappears when lying down, Asymmetry in testicular size if the varicocele has affected the growth of the testicle. […] Investigations to consider are: Ultrasound with Doppler imaging can be used to confirm the diagnosis, Semen analysis if there are concerns about fertility, Hormonal tests (e.g., FSH and testosterone) if there are concerns about function. […] Surgery or endovascular embolisation may be indicated for pain, testicular atrophy or infertility. […] Examination findings are: Soft, round lump, Typically at the top of the testicle, Associated with the epididymis, Separate from the testicle, May be able to transilluminate large cysts (appearing separate from the testicle).

• #73 Lumps, swelling and pain in the testicles and scrotum

  https://info.health.nz/conditions-treatments/mens-health/testicles-and-scrotum-lumps-swelling-and-pain

  Lumps and swelling in your testicles are fairly common and, in most cases, the cause is not serious. But if you have lumps, swelling or pain you should see your healthcare provider. […] You should see your healthcare provider if you have: a lump in your testicles this can be a sign of testicular cancer and this is easier to treat when it is found early. […] Pain in the testicles can be caused by an infection in the testicles or any of the possible causes described here. […] Your healthcare provider may be able to treat this problem by untwisting your testicle. In severe cases, you will need surgery. […] If they get large, they can be uncomfortable. You may need surgery if you have a large cyst. […] If it gets large, it can cause an ache or feeling of heaviness in your scrotum. […] But if it gets very large or painful, your healthcare provider may recommend surgery to remove the fluid. […] If you have problems such as aching or discomfort, the varicocele can be treated by embolization.

• #74 Scrotal Lumps, Pain and Swelling: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/mens-health/scrotal-lumps-pain-and-swelling

  Your doctor will often be able to tell what kind of swelling it is just from examining you. For example, they may shine a light through your scrotum, as fluid will light up. Or they may ask you to cough which may make a hernia more obvious. […] You will usually have an ultrasound scan to be sure of the cause and to find out whether you need any treatment. An ultrasound scan is a painless test that uses sound waves to create images of organs and structures inside your body. Sometimes a blood test may be helpful too. […] The treatment totally depends on the cause. Often no treatment at all is needed. Other times – for example, in testicular torsion or testicular cancer – treatment is needed urgently. See each individual leaflet for further information on the different treatments.

• #75 Scrotal Swelling – Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/kidney-and-urinary-tract-disorders/symptoms-of-kidney-and-urinary-tract-disorders/scrotal-swelling

  Swelling of the scrotum (the sac that surrounds and protects the testes) on one or both sides may be a symptom of a urinary tract disorder. […] Painless swelling of the scrotum can be caused by generally harmless conditions or they can be a sign of cancer. […] Cancer of a testis is the most concerning cause of painless scrotal swelling. […] Any testicular swelling or lump should be checked by a doctor. […] In men with a lump in the scrotum, the most concerning signs are a solid lump that is attached to the testis or part of the testis. […] Men who have a balloonlike swelling that extends from the abdomen into the scrotum and cannot be pushed back could have an inguinal hernia that has become trapped (incarcerated). […] If a painless swelling suddenly becomes painful, men should also see a doctor right away because the cause may be an inguinal hernia that has become trapped and the blood supply shut off (strangulated hernia).

• #76 Scrotal Lumps – Zero To Finals

  https://zerotofinals.com/surgery/urology/scrotallumps/

  The key causes of scrotal or testicular lumps are: Hydrocele, Varicocele, Epididymal cyst, Testicular cancer, Epididymo-orchitis, Inguinal hernia, Testicular torsion. […] Examination findings with a hydrocele are: The testicle is palpable within the hydrocele, Soft, fluctuant and may be large, Irreducible and has no bowel sounds (distinguishing it from a hernia), Transilluminated by shining torch through the skin, into the fluid (the testicle floats within the fluid). […] Management involves excluding serious causes (e.g., cancer). Idiopathic hydroceles may be managed conservatively. Surgery, aspiration or sclerotherapy may be required in large or symptomatic cases. […] Varicoceles may present with: Throbbing/dull pain or discomfort, worse on standing, A dragging sensation, Sub-fertility or infertility.

• #77 Scrotal Lumps, Pain and Swelling: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/mens-health/scrotal-lumps-pain-and-swelling

  Your doctor will often be able to tell what kind of swelling it is just from examining you. For example, they may shine a light through your scrotum, as fluid will light up. Or they may ask you to cough which may make a hernia more obvious. […] You will usually have an ultrasound scan to be sure of the cause and to find out whether you need any treatment. An ultrasound scan is a painless test that uses sound waves to create images of organs and structures inside your body. Sometimes a blood test may be helpful too. […] The treatment totally depends on the cause. Often no treatment at all is needed. Other times – for example, in testicular torsion or testicular cancer – treatment is needed urgently. See each individual leaflet for further information on the different treatments.

• #78 Scrotal masses – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses/symptoms-causes/syc-20352604

  Scrotal masses are lumps or swelling in the scrotum, the bag of skin that holds the testicles. […] It’s key to get a scrotal mass checked by a health care professional, even if you don’t have pain or other symptoms. Some masses could be cancer. Or they could be caused by another medical condition that affects the health of the testicles and how well they work. […] Symptoms of a scrotal mass might include: An unusual lump. Sudden pain. Dull aching or a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum. Pain that spreads all over the groin, stomach area or lower back. A tender, swollen or hardened testicle or epididymis (ep-ih-DID-uh-miss). The epididymis is the soft, comma-shaped tube above and behind the testicle that stores and transports sperm. Swelling in the scrotum. A change in color of the skin of the scrotum. Upset stomach or vomiting.

• #79 Testicular Cancer: Symptoms, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Treatment, Stages

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/do-i-have-testicular-cancer

  Testicular cancer is when unusual cells grow out of control in the tissue of one or both of your testicles. […] Testicular cancer is generally rare, but its the most common form in males ages 15 to 34. Its also one of the easiest cancers to cure. […] A painless lump on your testicle […] Swelling or a feeling of weight in your scrotum, with or without pain […] Talk to your doctor if you notice any changes in your testicles, especially if they last more than 2 weeks. […] Your doctor will examine your testes during a routine physical exam. If they think something doesnt seem right, they may order tests to rule out other conditions or confirm a diagnosis. […] Ultrasound. This uses sound waves to make a picture of your testicles. It can tell whether growths are more likely to be cancer or something harmless.

• #80 Testicular Cancer Signs and Symptoms | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/testicular-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-and-symptoms.html

  Lump or swelling in the testicle. […] Most often, the first symptom of testicular cancer is a lump on the testicle, or the testicle becomes swollen or larger. […] Some testicular tumors might cause pain, but most of the time they don’t. […] Men with testicular cancer can also have a feeling of heaviness or aching in the lower belly (abdomen) or scrotum. […] But if you have any of these signs or symptoms, see your doctor right away. […] Even if testicular cancer has spread to other parts of the body, many men might not have symptoms right away. […] But some men might have some of the following: Low back pain, from cancer spread to the lymph nodes (bean-sized collections of immune cells) in back of the belly. […] Shortness of breath, chest pain, or a cough (even coughing up blood) may develop from cancer spread in the lungs. […] Belly pain, either from enlarged lymph nodes or because the cancer has spread to the liver. […] Headaches or confusion, from cancer spread in the brain.

• #81 Testicular Lumps and Swellings | The Pelvic Specialists

  https://thepelvicspecialists.co.uk/conditions-treated/mens-health/testicular-lumps-and-swellings/

  A testicle lump or swelling is an abnormal mass that can form in or around the testicles, sometimes referred to as scrotal swelling. […] Evaluation of scrotal lumps requires taking a careful history, an examination and often an ultrasound scan of the scrotum by an experienced ultrasonographer. […] Typical symptoms of testicular cancer are a painless lump on the testicle or a change in the shape or texture of the testicle. […] Evaluation for a suspected testicular tumour involves examining the scrotum and an ultrasound scan of the scrotum. […] Treatment for testicular cancer is usually very successful, with very favourable outcomes compared to most cancers. […] Treatment almost always includes surgery to remove the affected testicle (radical orchidectomy).

• #82 Testicular cancer

  https://www.cancervic.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/testicular_cancer/diagnosing-testicular.html

  You will usually begin by seeing your doctor, who will examine your testicles and scrotum for a lump or swelling. […] If the doctor feels a lump that might be cancer, you will have an ultrasound. If the lump looks like a tumour on the ultrasound, you will have a blood test and are likely to be referred to a specialist called a urologist. The urologist may recommend removal of the testicle to confirm the diagnosis. […] The only way to be sure of the diagnosis is to surgically remove the affected testicle and examine it in a laboratory. The surgery to remove a testicle is called an orchidectomy or orchiectomy. In most cases, the surgeon needs to remove only one testicle. […] If the removal of your testicle and initial tests show that you have cancer, you may have further tests to see whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as lymph nodes or other organs.

• #83 How We Diagnose Testicular Cancer | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/testicular-cancer/diagnosis

  First, the doctor will examine your testicles for lumps or swelling. […] A blood test will be performed to test for certain proteins in your blood. These proteins are called tumor markers and can be used to diagnose testicular cancer. […] If your blood test is positive for testicular cancer tumor markers, or if your ultrasound reveals a cancerous-appearing lump in your testicle, you will be referred to a specialist called a urologist. […] Unlike other cancers for which a biopsy (the removal of a sample of cells for examination) is performed, when testicular cancer is suspected the entire testicle is removed in a procedure called an orchiectomy through an incision in the groin and pulling the testicle up from the scrotum. […] Removing the entire testicle out of the scrotum is the only safe way to diagnose for testicular cancer.

• #84 Lump On Testicle (Scrotal Mass): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/21026-scrotal-masses

  Lumps or swelling on your testicles (scrotal masses) are usually benign. But in rare cases, they may be a sign of cancer. A healthcare provider should examine your scrotum and testicles and order tests to determine the cause of any lumps or swelling. […] A testicular lump can be a symptom of other medical conditions, most of which aren’t serious. Most scrotal masses are benign (not cancerous). However, some testicle lumps can affect fertility. In some cases, they can even be a sign of a serious condition, such as testicular cancer. […] Call a healthcare provider right away to schedule an appointment if you notice a lump on your testicle. A provider can diagnose what kind of scrotal mass you have and, if necessary, recommend the most appropriate treatment. […] Testicular lumps are common. Most lumps you may discover on or around your testicles aren’t cancerous. But you should still schedule an appointment with a healthcare provider to get an official diagnosis and proper treatment, if necessary.

• #85 Testicle Lump: Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and More

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321980

  Possible causes of testicular lumps include cysts, varicoceles, testicular torsion, and more. […] In rare cases, lumps on testicles can be a sign of testicular cancer. […] A physician should evaluate any testicular lump or swelling to check for a serious condition, such as cancer, and to advise about next steps. […] It is difficult for a person to tell the cause of a lump without an examination by a doctor. […] A doctor will need to examine the persons testicles. They may also need to do tests to find the cause of the lump. […] A doctor may request an imaging scan, such as an ultrasound, to check the lump. An ultrasound uses sound waves to make a picture of the inside of the body. […] Anyone who finds a lump in their testicles should see a doctor as soon as possible. […] Regularly checking the testicles for lumps can help spot the early signs of testicular cancer. […] However, if a person notices a lump in one or both testicles, it’s important to talk to a doctor to determine the cause, as it could be an early sign of testicular cancer and several other serious conditions.

• #86 Lump On Testicle (Scrotal Mass): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/21026-scrotal-masses

  Lumps or swelling on your testicles (scrotal masses) are usually benign. But in rare cases, they may be a sign of cancer. A healthcare provider should examine your scrotum and testicles and order tests to determine the cause of any lumps or swelling. […] A testicular lump can be a symptom of other medical conditions, most of which aren’t serious. Most scrotal masses are benign (not cancerous). However, some testicle lumps can affect fertility. In some cases, they can even be a sign of a serious condition, such as testicular cancer. […] Call a healthcare provider right away to schedule an appointment if you notice a lump on your testicle. A provider can diagnose what kind of scrotal mass you have and, if necessary, recommend the most appropriate treatment. […] Testicular lumps are common. Most lumps you may discover on or around your testicles aren’t cancerous. But you should still schedule an appointment with a healthcare provider to get an official diagnosis and proper treatment, if necessary.

• #87 Testicular lumps and swellings | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/sexual-and-reproductive/testicular-lumps-and-swellings/

  Lumps and swellings in the testicles (balls) are relatively common in boys, men and anyone with testicles. […] Speak to your GP practice if you have: a lump in your testicles, swollen testicles, a change in the shape of your testicles, a change in the way your testicles feel, 1 testicle that has become bigger than the other, aching or discomfort in your testicles that does not go away. […] There is not a singular test for testicular lumps and swellings. The doctor will discuss your situation and carry out a physical examination. […] If the lump or swelling is painful or very big, your doctor may refer you to a specialist for an operation to drain, shrink or remove it. […] Treatment for testicular lumps and swellings will vary depending on whats causing it. […] If you have been diagnosed with testicular cancer, you will be cared for by a team of clinicians who will help decide the best treatment for you. Surgery to remove the affected testicle will be recommended in most cases and this may sometimes be followed by a course of chemotherapy or radiotherapy.

• #88 Swollen or painful testicle | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/swollen-or-painful-testicle

  If pain in your testicles is severe, or came on suddenly, seek medical help immediately by either calling your doctor, going to your nearest emergency department or calling an ambulance on triple zero (000). It may be a sign of a serious illness that requires urgent treatment. […] It’s important to regularly check your testicles for new lumps or swellings. […] A swollen or painful testicle should not be ignored as it can be a sign of an urgent and serious illness. […] You should see a doctor immediately if you have sudden or severe pain in your testicles, lower abdomen (tummy) or groin. […] You should make an appointment to see your doctor within a few days if you have a lump on your testicle. […] Your doctor will examine your testicles. They may also order urine tests and imaging tests such as an ultrasound. […] Treatment will depend on what is causing your pain or swelling. […] It’s important to regularly check your testicles for new lumps or swellings. Your doctor can show you how to do this if you are unsure. Most lumps are not cancer, but it’s important to have them checked out.

• #89 Testicular lumps and swellings | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/sexual-and-reproductive/testicular-lumps-and-swellings/

  Lumps and swellings in the testicles (balls) are relatively common in boys, men and anyone with testicles. […] Speak to your GP practice if you have: a lump in your testicles, swollen testicles, a change in the shape of your testicles, a change in the way your testicles feel, 1 testicle that has become bigger than the other, aching or discomfort in your testicles that does not go away. […] There is not a singular test for testicular lumps and swellings. The doctor will discuss your situation and carry out a physical examination. […] If the lump or swelling is painful or very big, your doctor may refer you to a specialist for an operation to drain, shrink or remove it. […] Treatment for testicular lumps and swellings will vary depending on whats causing it. […] If you have been diagnosed with testicular cancer, you will be cared for by a team of clinicians who will help decide the best treatment for you. Surgery to remove the affected testicle will be recommended in most cases and this may sometimes be followed by a course of chemotherapy or radiotherapy.

• #90 Testicular lumps and swellings | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/sexual-and-reproductive/testicular-lumps-and-swellings/

  Lumps and swellings in the testicles (balls) are relatively common in boys, men and anyone with testicles. […] Speak to your GP practice if you have: a lump in your testicles, swollen testicles, a change in the shape of your testicles, a change in the way your testicles feel, 1 testicle that has become bigger than the other, aching or discomfort in your testicles that does not go away. […] There is not a singular test for testicular lumps and swellings. The doctor will discuss your situation and carry out a physical examination. […] If the lump or swelling is painful or very big, your doctor may refer you to a specialist for an operation to drain, shrink or remove it. […] Treatment for testicular lumps and swellings will vary depending on whats causing it. […] If you have been diagnosed with testicular cancer, you will be cared for by a team of clinicians who will help decide the best treatment for you. Surgery to remove the affected testicle will be recommended in most cases and this may sometimes be followed by a course of chemotherapy or radiotherapy.

• #91 Swollen or painful testicle | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/swollen-or-painful-testicle

  If pain in your testicles is severe, or came on suddenly, seek medical help immediately by either calling your doctor, going to your nearest emergency department or calling an ambulance on triple zero (000). It may be a sign of a serious illness that requires urgent treatment. […] It’s important to regularly check your testicles for new lumps or swellings. […] A swollen or painful testicle should not be ignored as it can be a sign of an urgent and serious illness. […] You should see a doctor immediately if you have sudden or severe pain in your testicles, lower abdomen (tummy) or groin. […] You should make an appointment to see your doctor within a few days if you have a lump on your testicle. […] Your doctor will examine your testicles. They may also order urine tests and imaging tests such as an ultrasound. […] Treatment will depend on what is causing your pain or swelling. […] It’s important to regularly check your testicles for new lumps or swellings. Your doctor can show you how to do this if you are unsure. Most lumps are not cancer, but it’s important to have them checked out.

• #92 Evaluation of Scrotal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2008/1115/p1165.html

  Scrotal masses can represent a wide range of medical issues, from benign congenital conditions to life-threatening malignancies and acute surgical emergencies. […] Testicular swelling may be caused by orchitis, cancer, or testicular torsion. […] Although history and examination may suggest the diagnosis, testicular torsion can be reliably confirmed only with color Doppler ultrasonography, which must be obtained immediately. […] Any patient reporting swelling of the scrotum should be evaluated immediately. […] If testicular torsion is suspected, emergent surgical consultation with or without Doppler ultrasonography should be obtained. […] Because of potential emergencies (e.g., testicular torsion) and potentially life-threatening diseases (e.g., testicular carcinoma), any patient with a new or changing scrotal mass should be evaluated immediately in the office or emergency department.

• #93 Testicle lump Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/symptoms/testicle-lump

  A testicle lump is swelling or a growth (mass) in one or both testicles. […] A testicle lump that does not hurt may be a sign of cancer. Most cases of testicular cancer occur in men ages 15 to 40. It can also occur at older or younger ages. […] If you have a lump in your testicle, tell your health care provider right away. A lump on the testicle may be the first sign of testicular cancer. Many men with testicular cancer have been given a wrong diagnosis. Therefore, it is important to go back to your provider if you have a lump that doesn’t go away. […] Contact your provider right away if you notice any unexplained lumps or any other changes in your testicles. […] Your provider will examine you. This may include looking at and feeling (palpating) the testicles and scrotum. You will be asked questions about your health history and symptoms, such as: When did you notice the lump? Have you had any previous lumps? Do you have any pain? Does the lump change in size? Exactly where on the testicle is the lump? Is only one testicle involved? Have you had any recent injuries or infections? Have you ever had surgery on your testicles or in the area? What other symptoms do you have? Is there scrotal swelling? Do you have abdominal pain or lumps or swelling anywhere else? Were you born with both testicles in the scrotum? […] Tests and treatments depend on the results of the physical exam. A scrotal ultrasound may be done to find the cause of the swelling.

• #94 Scrotal masses – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352609

  To find out what kind of scrotal mass you have, you may need tests such as: […] A physical exam. During this exam, a doctor or other health care professional feels your scrotum, its contents and nearby areas of the groin while you stand and lie down. […] Transillumination. Shining a bright light through the scrotum might provide information about the size, location and makeup of a scrotal mass. […] Ultrasound. This test uses sound waves to make an image of the inside of the body. It can provide detailed information about the size, location and makeup of a scrotal mass. It also can show the condition of the testicles. An ultrasound often is needed to diagnose a scrotal mass. […] Urine test. Lab tests of a sample of urine might find an infection caused by a virus or bacteria. A urine test also might detect the presence of blood or pus in the urine.

• #95 How do you know if you have testicular cancer? | The Royal Marsden

  https://www.royalmarsden.nhs.uk/private-care/news-and-blogs/how-do-you-know-if-you-have-testicular-cancer

  Testicular cancer is a condition that occurs when cancerous cells develop in the tissue of a testicle. […] Early diagnosis and treatment improves outcomes for those affected by the condition. […] If you spot the signs of testicular cancer, you should see your GP. It is unlikely that your symptoms are caused by cancer. But the only way to be sure is to get them checked out. […] After your examination, if your GP thinks you may have testicular cancer they will refer you to a hospital for further testing. […] Further tests may include: Scrotal ultrasound: An imaging test which allows the doctor to see any lumps and assess whether they could be cancerous. […] Blood tests: These check for hormones in your blood known as markers. Markers that can indicate testicular cancer are alpha feto-protein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG).

• #96

  https://www.baus.org.uk/patients/conditions/12/testicular_lump/

  If you find a lump inside the scrotum, not arising from the skin of the scrotum itself, you should contact your GP immediately for further advice. […] A simple ultrasound scan will usually differentiate between benign and cancerous swellings. […] If a lump is within the body of the testis itself, there is a 90% chance that it is a testicular cancer. […] Testicular cancer is the commonest malignant tumour in men between 20 and 50 years old. […] Early diagnosis and treatment mean that more than 95% of men can be cured of testicular cancer, even if it has spread beyond the testicle itself. […] Your GP should work through a recommended scheme of assessment for patients with a scrotal swelling. This will normally include some or all of the following: A full history, A physical examination, Additional tests.

• #97 Scrotal masses – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352609

  Blood test. Lab tests of a blood sample might find a bacterial or viral infection. Or they might detect higher levels of certain proteins that are linked with testicular cancer. […] Computerized tomography (CT) scan. If other tests show you have testicular cancer, you’ll likely get this series of X-rays. A CT scan of your chest, stomach area and groin can check to see if cancer has spread to other tissues or organs. […] If your scrotal mass is caused by cancer that starts in a testicle, you’ll likely see a cancer doctor called an oncologist. The oncologist may recommend treatments based on whether the cancer is in the testicle or has spread to other body parts. Your age and overall health also are factors. […] The main treatment choices include: […] Radical inguinal orchiectomy. This is the main treatment for testicular cancer. It’s surgery to remove the affected testicle and the spermatic cord through a cut in the groin. Lymph nodes in your stomach area also might be removed if the cancer has spread to them.

• #98

  https://www.baus.org.uk/patients/conditions/12/testicular_lump/

  If your GP suspects testicular cancer, he/she may arrange some specific blood tests to measure tumour markers (alpha-fetoprotein, beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin, lactate dehydrogenase). […] An ultrasound scan will normally be arranged to assess exactly where the swelling is in relation to your testicle. […] If you are found to have testicular cancer, you will be referred urgently to the urology clinic. Following further investigations, you will normally be advised to have the testicle removed as soon as possible. […] The need for further treatment (radiotherapy or chemotherapy) is determined by the pathology results, the results of your tumour marker blood tests the findings on a CT scan.

• #99 Scrotal masses – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352609

  To find out what kind of scrotal mass you have, you may need tests such as: […] A physical exam. During this exam, a doctor or other health care professional feels your scrotum, its contents and nearby areas of the groin while you stand and lie down. […] Transillumination. Shining a bright light through the scrotum might provide information about the size, location and makeup of a scrotal mass. […] Ultrasound. This test uses sound waves to make an image of the inside of the body. It can provide detailed information about the size, location and makeup of a scrotal mass. It also can show the condition of the testicles. An ultrasound often is needed to diagnose a scrotal mass. […] Urine test. Lab tests of a sample of urine might find an infection caused by a virus or bacteria. A urine test also might detect the presence of blood or pus in the urine.

• #100 Scrotal masses – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352609

  Blood test. Lab tests of a blood sample might find a bacterial or viral infection. Or they might detect higher levels of certain proteins that are linked with testicular cancer. […] Computerized tomography (CT) scan. If other tests show you have testicular cancer, you’ll likely get this series of X-rays. A CT scan of your chest, stomach area and groin can check to see if cancer has spread to other tissues or organs. […] If your scrotal mass is caused by cancer that starts in a testicle, you’ll likely see a cancer doctor called an oncologist. The oncologist may recommend treatments based on whether the cancer is in the testicle or has spread to other body parts. Your age and overall health also are factors. […] The main treatment choices include: […] Radical inguinal orchiectomy. This is the main treatment for testicular cancer. It’s surgery to remove the affected testicle and the spermatic cord through a cut in the groin. Lymph nodes in your stomach area also might be removed if the cancer has spread to them.

• #101 Testicular cancer

  https://www.cancervic.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/testicular_cancer/diagnosing-testicular.html

  You will usually begin by seeing your doctor, who will examine your testicles and scrotum for a lump or swelling. […] If the doctor feels a lump that might be cancer, you will have an ultrasound. If the lump looks like a tumour on the ultrasound, you will have a blood test and are likely to be referred to a specialist called a urologist. The urologist may recommend removal of the testicle to confirm the diagnosis. […] The only way to be sure of the diagnosis is to surgically remove the affected testicle and examine it in a laboratory. The surgery to remove a testicle is called an orchidectomy or orchiectomy. In most cases, the surgeon needs to remove only one testicle. […] If the removal of your testicle and initial tests show that you have cancer, you may have further tests to see whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as lymph nodes or other organs.

• #102 Evaluation of Scrotal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2008/1115/p1165.html

  Scrotal masses can represent a wide range of medical issues, from benign congenital conditions to life-threatening malignancies and acute surgical emergencies. […] Testicular swelling may be caused by orchitis, cancer, or testicular torsion. […] Although history and examination may suggest the diagnosis, testicular torsion can be reliably confirmed only with color Doppler ultrasonography, which must be obtained immediately. […] Any patient reporting swelling of the scrotum should be evaluated immediately. […] If testicular torsion is suspected, emergent surgical consultation with or without Doppler ultrasonography should be obtained. […] Because of potential emergencies (e.g., testicular torsion) and potentially life-threatening diseases (e.g., testicular carcinoma), any patient with a new or changing scrotal mass should be evaluated immediately in the office or emergency department.

• #103 Evaluation of Scrotal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0501/p723.html

  Acute scrotal pain is commonly caused by testicular torsion. […] Timely diagnosis is key to preserving testicular function. […] If repaired within six hours of symptom onset, the salvage rate of the testicle is as high as 80% to 100%. […] Testicular cancer usually presents as a firm, unilateral nodule. […] Urgent referral to a urologist is indicated for patients with intratesticular masses, even though smaller masses are less likely to be cancerous. […] When cancer is a concern in a patient with a testicular mass, laboratory testing includes -fetoprotein, beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin, and lactate dehydrogenase levels. […] An incidental mass less than 5 mm in diameter in a patient with negative serum tumor markers is likely benign. […] In patients with larger or enlarging masses, excisional biopsy that spares the testicle is prudent to rule out testicular cancer.

• #104

  https://www.baus.org.uk/patients/conditions/12/testicular_lump/

  If you find a lump inside the scrotum, not arising from the skin of the scrotum itself, you should contact your GP immediately for further advice. […] A simple ultrasound scan will usually differentiate between benign and cancerous swellings. […] If a lump is within the body of the testis itself, there is a 90% chance that it is a testicular cancer. […] Testicular cancer is the commonest malignant tumour in men between 20 and 50 years old. […] Early diagnosis and treatment mean that more than 95% of men can be cured of testicular cancer, even if it has spread beyond the testicle itself. […] Your GP should work through a recommended scheme of assessment for patients with a scrotal swelling. This will normally include some or all of the following: A full history, A physical examination, Additional tests.

• #105 Testicular self examination | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/testicular-self-examination

  Testicular self-examination (TSE) only takes a minute and can help detect abnormalities. […] See your doctor for prompt diagnosis of any testicular lumps or swellings. […] If you recognise changes in your testicles, see a doctor as soon as possible. […] If you have been treated for testicular cancer, still examine your remaining testicle because you have a one in 25 chance of developing cancer in this testicle also. […] See your doctor for further information or instruction on TSE, and for prompt diagnosis of any testicular lumps or swellings. […] Symptoms of testicular cancer include a testicular lump that is usually painless (about one in 10 are painful), a sensation of heaviness in the scrotum, and a persistent ache in the affected testicle. […] See your doctor for a prompt diagnosis.

• #106 Testicular lump – Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust

  https://www.leedsth.nhs.uk/services/urology/common-urological-conditions/testicular-lump/

  What should I do if I have a testicular lump? To feel for testicular lumps, it is best to examine yourself when you are warm and relaxed (e.g. after a bath or shower). Stand in front of a mirror and hold each testicle in turn between your fingers. Feel the body of the testicle and all the structures attached to it. […] If your GP is concerned that you could have testicular cancer, you may be referred urgently to the urology department using the fast-track (2-week wait) referral system. […] A simple ultrasound scan will usually differentiate between benign and cancerous swellings. […] If a lump is within the body of the testis itself, there is a 90% chance that it is a testicular cancer. […] Early diagnosis and treatment mean that more than 95% of men can be cured of testicular cancer, even if it has spread beyond the testicle itself.

• #107 Testicular lump – Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust

  https://www.leedsth.nhs.uk/services/urology/common-urological-conditions/testicular-lump/

  What should I do if I have a testicular lump? To feel for testicular lumps, it is best to examine yourself when you are warm and relaxed (e.g. after a bath or shower). Stand in front of a mirror and hold each testicle in turn between your fingers. Feel the body of the testicle and all the structures attached to it. […] If your GP is concerned that you could have testicular cancer, you may be referred urgently to the urology department using the fast-track (2-week wait) referral system. […] A simple ultrasound scan will usually differentiate between benign and cancerous swellings. […] If a lump is within the body of the testis itself, there is a 90% chance that it is a testicular cancer. […] Early diagnosis and treatment mean that more than 95% of men can be cured of testicular cancer, even if it has spread beyond the testicle itself.

• #108 Should You Worry About Swollen Testicles? | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/healthfeed/2024/11/should-you-worry-about-swollen-testicles

  The testicles are a very sensitive part of the body, and discovering that one or both testicles are swollen can be a cause for alarm. […] There are several reasons why a testicle would be swollen: […] Testicular cancer can cause the testicle to swell up and feel hard, but often without causing pain. […] A simple, quick way to keep your testicles healthy is to perform a testicular self-exam every month or so. […] Swollen testicles can potentially impact fertility or the ability of the testicle to make testosterone (particularly if the reason is cancer), severe trauma, infection, or varicocele. […] You should also see a doctor if: […] No pain, along with a firm, swollen testicle, could be a warning sign of cancer. […] If the swelling persists, it is likely a sign that you have something that requires medical attention.

• #109 Testicular self examination | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/testicular-self-examination

  Testicular self-examination (TSE) only takes a minute and can help detect abnormalities. […] See your doctor for prompt diagnosis of any testicular lumps or swellings. […] If you recognise changes in your testicles, see a doctor as soon as possible. […] If you have been treated for testicular cancer, still examine your remaining testicle because you have a one in 25 chance of developing cancer in this testicle also. […] See your doctor for further information or instruction on TSE, and for prompt diagnosis of any testicular lumps or swellings. […] Symptoms of testicular cancer include a testicular lump that is usually painless (about one in 10 are painful), a sensation of heaviness in the scrotum, and a persistent ache in the affected testicle. […] See your doctor for a prompt diagnosis.

• #110 Testicle Self-Check: What to Look For

  https://www.greaterbostonurology.com/blog/testicle-self-check-what-to-look-for

  April is Testicular Cancer Awareness Month. The American Cancer Society notes that this type of cancer is not common. One of every 250 males will develop testicular cancer at some point during their lifetime, with the average age of diagnosis being 33. […] That said, like any cancer, early detection is important. It’s important for males to know their risks and to perform monthly self-checks. […] The American Cancer Society reports the following: „Inflammation of the testicle (known as orchitis) and inflammation of the epididymis (epididymitis) can cause swelling and pain of the testicle. Both of these also can be caused by viral or bacterial infections.” […] This is why it’s important to conduct regular self-checks and to consult a doctor if anything appears off. Early treatment is not only critical for cancer, but also for other medical conditions. […] If you notice something, don’t panic. Again, not all symptoms point to testicular cancer. Make an appointment with your doctor and share your concerns.

• #111 Testicular Cancer: Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://atlanticurologyclinics.com/conditions/testicular-cancer/

  Diagnosing this type of cancer involves a combination of medical evaluation, imaging tests, and laboratory analyses. Typically, this cancer is diagnosed by: […] Your healthcare provider will perform a thorough physical examination of your testicles, abdomen, and groin to check for any abnormalities. […] An ultrasound helps identify the presence, size, and characteristics of any lumps or masses. […] Blood tests measure specific tumor markers, such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (-hCG), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Elevated levels of these markers can indicate the presence of testicular cancer. […] In some cases, a biopsy might be performed to confirm the diagnosis. However, due to the risk of spreading cancer cells, biopsies are not often done before surgery to remove the affected testicle. […] Removal of the affected testicle can be both a treatment and diagnostic test. Instead of a biopsy, the entire testicle is removed and examined.

• #112 Epididymitis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/epididymitis.htm

  Men who have acute epididymitis typically have unilateral testicular pain and tenderness, hydrocele, and palpable swelling of the epididymis. […] The spermatic cord is usually tender and swollen. Spermatic cord (testicular) torsion, a surgical emergency, should be considered in all cases; however, it occurs more frequently among adolescents and men without evidence of inflammation or infection. […] For men with severe unilateral pain with sudden onset, those whose test results do not support a diagnosis of urethritis or urinary tract infection, or for whom diagnosis of acute epididymitis is questionable, immediate referral to a urologist for evaluation for testicular torsion is vital because testicular viability might be compromised. […] Bilateral symptoms should increase suspicion of other causes of testicular pain.

• #113 Benign Testicular Swelling – Urology Waikato

  https://urologywaikato.co.nz/patient-resources/benign-testicular-swelling/

  Most times no. The commonest lumps are fluid collections around the testicle, which is called a hydrocoele, or next to the testicle (epididymal cyst). […] Cancers are normally rock hard. Hydrocoeles and epididymal cysts are usually slightly soft. […] No, although it is common to do ultrasounds on the scrotum, the diagnosis can usually be made by how it feels and by shining a light through the fluid collection. A bright light should pass through the hydrocele or epididymal cyst. […] Very, very rarely a hydrocoele can occur with atesticular cancer, so that although a hydrocoele can be worked out without an x-ray, often an ultrasound is used to make sure the testes under the hydrocele is normal.

• #114 Testicle Problems – Swelling, Lumps and Enlarged Testicles – The Waiting Room

  https://thewaitingroom.karger.com/embarrassing-problems/testicle-problems-swelling-lumps-and-enlarged-testicles/

  It is important that all lumps within your scrotum, on or alongside your testicle are examined by a doctor. […] Even if you think the swelling is non-cancerous, get it checked! If your doctor is not sure, he/she will arrange for you to have an ultrasound scan (which is painless). Also see your doctor if one testicle feels enlarged and heavy, or if when you squeeze it gently it feels much firmer than the other side. […] In all these cases, it could be a cancer of the testicle. Testicular cancer is the most common type of cancer to affect young men in their 20s and 30s (but it can occur at any age). […] About 1 in 500 men will develop cancer of the testicle before the age of 50, but the good news is that 95% of men will survive their cancer for five years or more after diagnosis (ONS 2019).

• #115 Evaluation of Scrotal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0501/p723.html

  Acute scrotal pain is commonly caused by testicular torsion. […] Timely diagnosis is key to preserving testicular function. […] If repaired within six hours of symptom onset, the salvage rate of the testicle is as high as 80% to 100%. […] Testicular cancer usually presents as a firm, unilateral nodule. […] Urgent referral to a urologist is indicated for patients with intratesticular masses, even though smaller masses are less likely to be cancerous. […] When cancer is a concern in a patient with a testicular mass, laboratory testing includes -fetoprotein, beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin, and lactate dehydrogenase levels. […] An incidental mass less than 5 mm in diameter in a patient with negative serum tumor markers is likely benign. […] In patients with larger or enlarging masses, excisional biopsy that spares the testicle is prudent to rule out testicular cancer.

• #116 Evaluation of Scrotal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0501/p723.html

  Scrotal masses are caused by a variety of disorders, ranging from benign conditions to those requiring emergent surgical intervention. […] Painful scrotal masses require urgent evaluation. […] Characteristics that suggest testicular torsion include rapid symptom onset, nausea and vomiting, high position of the testicle, and abnormal cremasteric reflex. […] Doppler ultrasonography or surgical exploration is required to confirm the diagnosis. […] Surgical repair must occur within six hours of symptom onset to reliably salvage the testicle. […] Epididymitis/orchitis have a slower onset and are associated with a C-reactive protein level greater than 24 mg per L (228.6 nmol per L) and increased blood flow on ultrasonography. […] Acute onset of pain with near normal physical examination and ultrasound findings is consistent with torsion of the testicular appendage.

• #117 Evaluation of Scrotal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2008/1115/p1165.html

  Scrotal masses can represent a wide range of medical issues, from benign congenital conditions to life-threatening malignancies and acute surgical emergencies. […] Testicular swelling may be caused by orchitis, cancer, or testicular torsion. […] Although history and examination may suggest the diagnosis, testicular torsion can be reliably confirmed only with color Doppler ultrasonography, which must be obtained immediately. […] Any patient reporting swelling of the scrotum should be evaluated immediately. […] If testicular torsion is suspected, emergent surgical consultation with or without Doppler ultrasonography should be obtained. […] Because of potential emergencies (e.g., testicular torsion) and potentially life-threatening diseases (e.g., testicular carcinoma), any patient with a new or changing scrotal mass should be evaluated immediately in the office or emergency department.

• #118 Testicular lump – Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust

  https://www.leedsth.nhs.uk/services/urology/common-urological-conditions/testicular-lump/

  What should I do if I have a testicular lump? To feel for testicular lumps, it is best to examine yourself when you are warm and relaxed (e.g. after a bath or shower). Stand in front of a mirror and hold each testicle in turn between your fingers. Feel the body of the testicle and all the structures attached to it. […] If your GP is concerned that you could have testicular cancer, you may be referred urgently to the urology department using the fast-track (2-week wait) referral system. […] A simple ultrasound scan will usually differentiate between benign and cancerous swellings. […] If a lump is within the body of the testis itself, there is a 90% chance that it is a testicular cancer. […] Early diagnosis and treatment mean that more than 95% of men can be cured of testicular cancer, even if it has spread beyond the testicle itself.

• #119 Diagnosing testicular lumps in primary care – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29020728/

  Any painful or tender mass within the body of the testis which is not suggestive of infection should also be referred. […] GPs should refer patients for an urgent ultrasound if they are aged 20-40 with a hydrocele; if there is uncertainty as to whether the mass is intra-testicular or extra-testicular; or if the testis cannot be fully palpated.

• #120 Evaluation of Scrotal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0501/p723.html

  Acute scrotal pain is commonly caused by testicular torsion. […] Timely diagnosis is key to preserving testicular function. […] If repaired within six hours of symptom onset, the salvage rate of the testicle is as high as 80% to 100%. […] Testicular cancer usually presents as a firm, unilateral nodule. […] Urgent referral to a urologist is indicated for patients with intratesticular masses, even though smaller masses are less likely to be cancerous. […] When cancer is a concern in a patient with a testicular mass, laboratory testing includes -fetoprotein, beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin, and lactate dehydrogenase levels. […] An incidental mass less than 5 mm in diameter in a patient with negative serum tumor markers is likely benign. […] In patients with larger or enlarging masses, excisional biopsy that spares the testicle is prudent to rule out testicular cancer.

• #121 Testicular lumps or swelling?  Could it be cancer? – Sonoworld London

  https://sonoworld.co.uk/blog/testicular-lumps-or-swelling-could-it-be-cancer

  Testicular lumps or swelling of the scrotum are very common and affect males of all ages. A testicular ultrasound scan, a quick and non-invasive examination procedure using sound waves, can accurately identify the cause of the lump or swelling. […] Testicular cancer is relatively common, and according to Cancer Research UK, the incidence of testicular cancer will rise to 10 cases per 100,000 males by 2035. Testicular cancer has various appearances on ultrasound, but most commonly presents as a dark, rounded, well-defined circle with high vascularity. If the ultrasound scan is suspicious of testicular cancer, an urgent referral to a urologist within two weeks is required. […] However, it is essential to rule out the possibility of a cancerous lump, and a testicular ultrasound scan can provide the necessary confirmation.

• #122 What is causing your testicle lump? Find out your options

  https://www.ultrasound-direct.com/information-hub/health/testes-lump

  You should always check out any lumps in your testes and scrotum. […] Most can be treated with simple measures including painkillers, wearing supportive underwear or antibiotics. Surgery is needed only in a minority of cases. […] Luckily, a simple ultrasound scan can usually differentiate between testicular cancer and a range of benign problems. […] If you notice pain or swelling, you can book a Testes and Scrotum Scan directly with Ultrasound Direct. […] The Testes and Scrotum Scan uses ultrasound waves to assess the superficial tissue of the scrotum (the bag of loose skin that surrounds the testes), the testicles, epididymis, and the spermatic cord. […] Testicular cancer symptoms include a lump or swelling in part of one of the testicles. […] Testicular cancer is usually diagnosed by examination, blood tests and an ultrasound scan of the testes and scrotum. […] A scan can differentiate between a solid tumour and other types of benign lumps. […] Treatment involves removal of the affected testicle, a procedure called orchidectomy.

• #123 Testicular lumps or swelling?  Could it be cancer? – Sonoworld London

  https://sonoworld.co.uk/blog/testicular-lumps-or-swelling-could-it-be-cancer

  Testicular lumps or swelling of the scrotum are very common and affect males of all ages. A testicular ultrasound scan, a quick and non-invasive examination procedure using sound waves, can accurately identify the cause of the lump or swelling. […] Testicular cancer is relatively common, and according to Cancer Research UK, the incidence of testicular cancer will rise to 10 cases per 100,000 males by 2035. Testicular cancer has various appearances on ultrasound, but most commonly presents as a dark, rounded, well-defined circle with high vascularity. If the ultrasound scan is suspicious of testicular cancer, an urgent referral to a urologist within two weeks is required. […] However, it is essential to rule out the possibility of a cancerous lump, and a testicular ultrasound scan can provide the necessary confirmation.

• #124 Diagnosis – Testicular Cancer – Cancers We Treat – Wilmot Cancer Institute – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/cancer-institute/cancers/testicular/diagnosis

  Inguinal orchiectomy, a surgical procedure, similar to a biopsy, which removes the entire testicle through an incision in the groin. The tissue is then examined by a pathologist. A less-invasive biopsy is not done because of fear of spreading the cancer to the scrotum and lymph nodes. […] Imaging, which includes x-rays, CT scans, MRIs, and PET scans to give doctors detailed pictures of the area.

• #125 Scrotal masses | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/scrotal-masses

  Scrotal masses are lumps or swelling in the scrotum, the bag of skin that holds the testicles. […] It’s key to get a scrotal mass checked by a health care professional, even if you don’t have pain or other symptoms. Some masses could be cancer. […] See a health care professional if you notice a lump in your scrotum or other unusual changes. Get a checkup even if you have a mass that isn’t painful or tender. […] Testicular cancer. This is cancer that starts in the testicles. It often causes a painless lump or swelling in the scrotum. But some people with testicular cancer don’t have any symptoms. See your doctor or other health care professional if you notice a new lump in your scrotum. […] To find out what kind of scrotal mass you have, you may need tests such as: A physical exam. […] Ultrasound. This test uses sound waves to make an image of the inside of the body. It can provide detailed information about the size, location and makeup of a scrotal mass. It also can show the condition of the testicles. An ultrasound often is needed to diagnose a scrotal mass.

• #126 Scrotal Swelling in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=scrotal-swelling-in-children-160-59

  How is scrotal swelling diagnosed in a child? The healthcare provider will ask about your child’s symptoms and health history. He or she may also ask about your family’s health history. He or she will give your child a physical exam. The physical exam will include an exam of the belly, the scrotum, and the testicles. Your child will likely have a urine test. A urine sample will be checked for signs of infection. Your child may also have an ultrasound. These are painless imaging tests that use sound waves or a small amount of radiation to show tissues in the body. […] Symptoms vary depending on the cause. In addition to the swelling, your child may also have pain or other symptoms. Make sure your child sees his healthcare provider for a diagnosis.

• #127 Scrotal Swelling in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=scrotal-swelling-in-children-160-59

  How is scrotal swelling diagnosed in a child? The healthcare provider will ask about your child’s symptoms and health history. He or she may also ask about your family’s health history. He or she will give your child a physical exam. The physical exam will include an exam of the belly, the scrotum, and the testicles. Your child will likely have a urine test. A urine sample will be checked for signs of infection. Your child may also have an ultrasound. These are painless imaging tests that use sound waves or a small amount of radiation to show tissues in the body. […] Symptoms vary depending on the cause. In addition to the swelling, your child may also have pain or other symptoms. Make sure your child sees his healthcare provider for a diagnosis.

• #128 Scrotal Swelling in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=scrotal-swelling-in-children-160-59

  How is scrotal swelling diagnosed in a child? The healthcare provider will ask about your child’s symptoms and health history. He or she may also ask about your family’s health history. He or she will give your child a physical exam. The physical exam will include an exam of the belly, the scrotum, and the testicles. Your child will likely have a urine test. A urine sample will be checked for signs of infection. Your child may also have an ultrasound. These are painless imaging tests that use sound waves or a small amount of radiation to show tissues in the body. […] Symptoms vary depending on the cause. In addition to the swelling, your child may also have pain or other symptoms. Make sure your child sees his healthcare provider for a diagnosis.

• #129 Testicular Cancer: Symptoms, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Treatment, Stages

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/do-i-have-testicular-cancer

  Blood test. Your doctor might want to test your blood. Testicular cancers often make proteins or enzymes that can be found in your blood. If you have cancer, the tests might tell your doctor which type you have and whether its likely to have spread. […] If your doctor finds a tumor, theyll do more tests like X-rays and other scans to make sure cancer hasnt spread. […] If your child has a testicular tumor, their doctor will probably do a procedure called inguinal exploration. They make a cut just above the pubic bone and take the testicle out of the scrotum. The doctor can get a close look at it and decide on the next steps to take.

• #130 Causes of painless scrotal swelling in children and adolescents – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/causes-of-painless-scrotal-swelling-in-children-and-adolescents

  The clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of hydrocele, varicocele, spermatocele will be discussed below along with the presentation and diagnosis of testicular cancer. […] The most common causes of painless scrotal swelling in children and adolescents include hydrocele and inguinal hernias that are not incarcerated. Less common causes are varicocele, spermatocele, localized edema from insect bites, nephrotic syndrome (swelling is usually bilateral), and rarely, testicular cancer (table 1). Scrotal swelling and testicular masses warrant prompt evaluation. […] A hydrocele is a collection of peritoneal fluid between the parietal and visceral layers of the tunica vaginalis. Hydroceles may be communicating or noncommunicating.

• #131 Lump On Testicle (Scrotal Mass): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/21026-scrotal-masses

  A healthcare provider will review your medical history, ask questions about your symptoms and sexual health, and conduct a physical examination. They may also order several tests to identify the cause of the scrotal mass, including testicular ultrasound, blood tests, and urinalysis. […] With proper treatment, symptoms from testicular lumps can resolve. It’s important to seek treatment as soon as you notice any changes to your testicles to avoid any possible complications. […] The earlier you see a healthcare provider to diagnose your scrotal mass, the better your chances of avoiding serious complications. […] It’s important to see a healthcare provider as soon as you notice a lump on your testicle.

• #132 printer-glyph

  https://harleystreetultrasound.com/articles/lumps-in-testes/

  Ultrasounds are incredibly effective at differentiating between various kinds of testicular lumps. They can easily distinguish fluid-filled cysts, like hydroceles, from solid tumours, which could indicate cancer. […] If the ultrasound reveals a solid mass, it often leads to further investigative measures, such as additional imaging tests or surgery to remove the testicle for closer examination. […] Your ultrasound also checks for signs of infection or injury that could be causing discomfort or pain. […] The scan detects any signs of inflammation that could indicate other underlying health issues. […] Early detection and timely intervention can make all the difference.

• #133 Diagnosis – Testicular Cancer – Cancers We Treat – Wilmot Cancer Institute – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/cancer-institute/cancers/testicular/diagnosis

  Inguinal orchiectomy, a surgical procedure, similar to a biopsy, which removes the entire testicle through an incision in the groin. The tissue is then examined by a pathologist. A less-invasive biopsy is not done because of fear of spreading the cancer to the scrotum and lymph nodes. […] Imaging, which includes x-rays, CT scans, MRIs, and PET scans to give doctors detailed pictures of the area.

• #134 Testicular Cancer: Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://atlanticurologyclinics.com/conditions/testicular-cancer/

  Diagnosing this type of cancer involves a combination of medical evaluation, imaging tests, and laboratory analyses. Typically, this cancer is diagnosed by: […] Your healthcare provider will perform a thorough physical examination of your testicles, abdomen, and groin to check for any abnormalities. […] An ultrasound helps identify the presence, size, and characteristics of any lumps or masses. […] Blood tests measure specific tumor markers, such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (-hCG), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Elevated levels of these markers can indicate the presence of testicular cancer. […] In some cases, a biopsy might be performed to confirm the diagnosis. However, due to the risk of spreading cancer cells, biopsies are not often done before surgery to remove the affected testicle. […] Removal of the affected testicle can be both a treatment and diagnostic test. Instead of a biopsy, the entire testicle is removed and examined.

• #135 Detection and Diagnosis | GW Cancer Center

  https://cancercenter.gwu.edu/specialties/testicular-cancer/detection-diagnosis

  The most important first step in detecting testicular cancer is awareness of bodily changes and self-examinations for a lump or swelling. Often men will have their testicles examined as part of their annual physical exam. Outside of this visit, if a lump or other symptoms occur, men should schedule a visit with their physician for a testicular exam. […] If you or your physician find a lump you may be referred to our urologic cancer specialists. Early diagnosis and treatment offer the best outcomes. […] GW Cancer Center offers the following diagnostic tests for testicular cancer: […] Blood tests: Testicular cancer makes proteins and enzymes that can be identified through blood tests. […] Imaging studies: Studies, such as X-rays, ultrasound, and computed tomography (CT) scans take internal pictures of the body to detect cancerous growths and confirm any mass that was found on an exam. Imaging studies are also used by the surgeon to estimate the stage of cancer before surgery.

• #136 Diagnosis – Testicular Cancer | UCLA Health Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center

  https://www.uclahealth.org/cancer/cancer-services/testicular-cancer/diagnosis

  Testicular cancer is usually found by the patient himself during a self-exam. […] In order to find out the reason for your symptoms, your doctor will perform a physical exam of the testicles and abdomen and may order laboratory and diagnostic tests. […] These tests include: Blood tests to measure the levels of certain tumor markers. If these tumor markers are elevated, cancer may be present. […] Ultrasound uses sound waves to make a picture of your testicle. The ultrasound pictures give your doctor information about the size of testicle, its shape and the size of mass in your testicle. It can help rule out other conditions, such as swelling due to an infections. […] Have your healthcare provider check any swellings or lumps you find. Changes in the testicles can have causes other than cancer. But it is important to see your healthcare provider if you are unsure about anything you see or feel. […] Most healthcare providers agree that examining a man’s testicles should also be part of regular physical exams. The healthcare provider may be able to find any lumps you missed.

• #137 Lump On Testicle (Scrotal Mass): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/21026-scrotal-masses

  A healthcare provider will review your medical history, ask questions about your symptoms and sexual health, and conduct a physical examination. They may also order several tests to identify the cause of the scrotal mass, including testicular ultrasound, blood tests, and urinalysis. […] With proper treatment, symptoms from testicular lumps can resolve. It’s important to seek treatment as soon as you notice any changes to your testicles to avoid any possible complications. […] The earlier you see a healthcare provider to diagnose your scrotal mass, the better your chances of avoiding serious complications. […] It’s important to see a healthcare provider as soon as you notice a lump on your testicle.

• #138 Testicular lumps or swelling?  Could it be cancer? – Sonoworld London

  https://sonoworld.co.uk/blog/testicular-lumps-or-swelling-could-it-be-cancer

  Testicular lumps or swelling of the scrotum are very common and affect males of all ages. A testicular ultrasound scan, a quick and non-invasive examination procedure using sound waves, can accurately identify the cause of the lump or swelling. […] Testicular cancer is relatively common, and according to Cancer Research UK, the incidence of testicular cancer will rise to 10 cases per 100,000 males by 2035. Testicular cancer has various appearances on ultrasound, but most commonly presents as a dark, rounded, well-defined circle with high vascularity. If the ultrasound scan is suspicious of testicular cancer, an urgent referral to a urologist within two weeks is required. […] However, it is essential to rule out the possibility of a cancerous lump, and a testicular ultrasound scan can provide the necessary confirmation.

• #139 How We Diagnose Testicular Cancer | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/testicular-cancer/diagnosis

  The removed testicle will be sent to our pathology laboratory for a thorough examination under a microscope. […] Dana-Farber Brigham Cancer Center pathologists are well-known for their expert evaluation of testicular cancer. They will diagnose and classify your cancer quickly and competently. […] Most testicular cancers are classified as germ cell tumors. […] In order to decide what treatment is best for you, it is important to know whether or not your testicular cancer has spread beyond the testicle. […] The CT scan is quick and painless and will look at your abdomen and chest. […] Testicular cancer is divided or staged into groups based on how far the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. […] Stage 1 means that the X-rays/CT scans do not show any evidence of cancer beyond the testicle.

• #140 Scrotal masses – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352609

  Blood test. Lab tests of a blood sample might find a bacterial or viral infection. Or they might detect higher levels of certain proteins that are linked with testicular cancer. […] Computerized tomography (CT) scan. If other tests show you have testicular cancer, you’ll likely get this series of X-rays. A CT scan of your chest, stomach area and groin can check to see if cancer has spread to other tissues or organs. […] If your scrotal mass is caused by cancer that starts in a testicle, you’ll likely see a cancer doctor called an oncologist. The oncologist may recommend treatments based on whether the cancer is in the testicle or has spread to other body parts. Your age and overall health also are factors. […] The main treatment choices include: […] Radical inguinal orchiectomy. This is the main treatment for testicular cancer. It’s surgery to remove the affected testicle and the spermatic cord through a cut in the groin. Lymph nodes in your stomach area also might be removed if the cancer has spread to them.

• #141 Diagnosis | Testicular Cancer | Henry Ford Health – Detroit, MI

  https://www.henryford.com/services/testicular/diagnosis

  Testicular cancer is a relatively rare but very treatable cancer type, accounting for around 1 percent of all cancers that occur in men. […] Effective testicular cancer treatment starts with a thorough, accurate diagnostic process. Our experts will determine your type of testicular cancer to develop a treatment plan that is unique to your diagnosis and health needs. […] To determine if you have testicular cancer, a urologist will first determine if your symptoms may signal another condition […] If your urologist suspects your symptoms may be a sign of testicular cancer, theyll want to test if cancer is growing and examine your scrotum, belly, lymph nodes, and other parts to look for signs of cancer. […] You may have one or more of these tests to confirm a diagnosis of testicular cancer:

• #142 Testicular self examination | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/testicular-self-examination

  Testicular self-examination (TSE) only takes a minute and can help detect abnormalities. […] See your doctor for prompt diagnosis of any testicular lumps or swellings. […] If you recognise changes in your testicles, see a doctor as soon as possible. […] If you have been treated for testicular cancer, still examine your remaining testicle because you have a one in 25 chance of developing cancer in this testicle also. […] See your doctor for further information or instruction on TSE, and for prompt diagnosis of any testicular lumps or swellings. […] Symptoms of testicular cancer include a testicular lump that is usually painless (about one in 10 are painful), a sensation of heaviness in the scrotum, and a persistent ache in the affected testicle. […] See your doctor for a prompt diagnosis.

• #143 Finding testicular cancer early | | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/testicular-cancer/getting-diagnosed/testicular-cancer-check

  You should make an appointment to see your doctor about any changes you find. Cancers are easier to treat when they are found early. […] You should see your doctor if you have: a lump or swelling in part of one testicle […] Your GP can talk to you about what you can do to find testicular cancer early. This includes checking your testicles for lumps and swellings, or any other changes. […] Your GP should refer you to a specialist if your symptoms could be due to testicular cancer. […] You have tests to diagnose testicular cancer and to find out whether it has spread (the stage).

• #144 Testicle Problems – Swelling, Lumps and Enlarged Testicles – The Waiting Room

  https://thewaitingroom.karger.com/embarrassing-problems/testicle-problems-swelling-lumps-and-enlarged-testicles/

  It is important that all lumps within your scrotum, on or alongside your testicle are examined by a doctor. […] Even if you think the swelling is non-cancerous, get it checked! If your doctor is not sure, he/she will arrange for you to have an ultrasound scan (which is painless). Also see your doctor if one testicle feels enlarged and heavy, or if when you squeeze it gently it feels much firmer than the other side. […] In all these cases, it could be a cancer of the testicle. Testicular cancer is the most common type of cancer to affect young men in their 20s and 30s (but it can occur at any age). […] About 1 in 500 men will develop cancer of the testicle before the age of 50, but the good news is that 95% of men will survive their cancer for five years or more after diagnosis (ONS 2019).

• #145 Signs And Symptoms of Testicular Cancer | Ultrasound Dimensions Dublin

  https://ultrasound.ie/testicular-cancer-signs/

  Testicular cancer is one of the most curable forms of cancer, particularly when it is diagnosed early. […] The symptoms of possible testicular cancer may vary from person to person, but in general they include: Swelling or lumps in the scrotum that may be tender or painful. […] Your GP will likely order tests to rule out these conditions. They may order blood tests that look for tumour markers called alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). These tumour markers suggest the presence of a testicular tumour. Imaging tests such as testicular ultrasound and CT scans can also detect abnormalities in the testicles. […] If these tests return a diagnosis of testicular cancer, surgery to remove the testicle is almost always the first step in treatment. […] Testicular cancer can present with a variety of different signs and symptoms.

• #146 Signs And Symptoms of Testicular Cancer | Ultrasound Dimensions Dublin

  https://ultrasound.ie/testicular-cancer-signs/

  Enlargement of the testicle, or a small hard lump on the testicle, are typically the initial symptoms of testicular cancer. […] Some symptoms of testicular cancer may not be noticed until after the cancer has metastasized and spread to other parts of the body at which point it is much more difficult to successfully treat. […] While you’re performing your self-examination, pay attention to any of the following signs and symptoms, which may indicate the possibility of testicular cancer: Any lumps or swelling in either testicle. […] Testicular cancer responds very well to treatment if it is detected early, and because of that performing monthly self-examinations is extremely important. Testicular cancer can often be detected while it still in its early stages. […] Men between the ages of fifteen and 55 should perform self-examinations on a monthly basis. If you do notice any swelling, lumps, hardness, tenderness, pain, or changes in either or both testicles should immediately contact their doctor to schedule an examination.

• #147 Signs And Symptoms of Testicular Cancer | Ultrasound Dimensions Dublin

  https://ultrasound.ie/testicular-cancer-signs/

  Routine physical examinations can catch other symptoms, particularly if blood tests and other diagnostic tests are performed as part of an examination. […] If you feel you are at-risk for testicular cancer, or have noticed any signs of swelling, lumps, or other symptoms during your monthly self-exam, contact us today to schedule a testicular ultrasound.

• #148 Testicle Lump: Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and More

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321980

  Possible causes of testicular lumps include cysts, varicoceles, testicular torsion, and more. […] In rare cases, lumps on testicles can be a sign of testicular cancer. […] A physician should evaluate any testicular lump or swelling to check for a serious condition, such as cancer, and to advise about next steps. […] It is difficult for a person to tell the cause of a lump without an examination by a doctor. […] A doctor will need to examine the persons testicles. They may also need to do tests to find the cause of the lump. […] A doctor may request an imaging scan, such as an ultrasound, to check the lump. An ultrasound uses sound waves to make a picture of the inside of the body. […] Anyone who finds a lump in their testicles should see a doctor as soon as possible. […] Regularly checking the testicles for lumps can help spot the early signs of testicular cancer. […] However, if a person notices a lump in one or both testicles, it’s important to talk to a doctor to determine the cause, as it could be an early sign of testicular cancer and several other serious conditions.

• #149 Scrotal masses – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352609

  To find out what kind of scrotal mass you have, you may need tests such as: […] A physical exam. During this exam, a doctor or other health care professional feels your scrotum, its contents and nearby areas of the groin while you stand and lie down. […] Transillumination. Shining a bright light through the scrotum might provide information about the size, location and makeup of a scrotal mass. […] Ultrasound. This test uses sound waves to make an image of the inside of the body. It can provide detailed information about the size, location and makeup of a scrotal mass. It also can show the condition of the testicles. An ultrasound often is needed to diagnose a scrotal mass. […] Urine test. Lab tests of a sample of urine might find an infection caused by a virus or bacteria. A urine test also might detect the presence of blood or pus in the urine.

• #150 Scrotal masses – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses/symptoms-causes/syc-20352604

  Scrotal masses are lumps or swelling in the scrotum, the bag of skin that holds the testicles. […] It’s key to get a scrotal mass checked by a health care professional, even if you don’t have pain or other symptoms. Some masses could be cancer. Or they could be caused by another medical condition that affects the health of the testicles and how well they work. […] Symptoms of a scrotal mass might include: An unusual lump. Sudden pain. Dull aching or a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum. Pain that spreads all over the groin, stomach area or lower back. A tender, swollen or hardened testicle or epididymis (ep-ih-DID-uh-miss). The epididymis is the soft, comma-shaped tube above and behind the testicle that stores and transports sperm. Swelling in the scrotum. A change in color of the skin of the scrotum. Upset stomach or vomiting.

• #151

  https://www.baus.org.uk/patients/conditions/12/testicular_lump/

  If you find a lump inside the scrotum, not arising from the skin of the scrotum itself, you should contact your GP immediately for further advice. […] A simple ultrasound scan will usually differentiate between benign and cancerous swellings. […] If a lump is within the body of the testis itself, there is a 90% chance that it is a testicular cancer. […] Testicular cancer is the commonest malignant tumour in men between 20 and 50 years old. […] Early diagnosis and treatment mean that more than 95% of men can be cured of testicular cancer, even if it has spread beyond the testicle itself. […] Your GP should work through a recommended scheme of assessment for patients with a scrotal swelling. This will normally include some or all of the following: A full history, A physical examination, Additional tests.

• #152 Scrotal Lumps, Pain and Swelling: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/mens-health/scrotal-lumps-pain-and-swelling

  There are many causes of lumps or pain in the scrotum, including hydrocele, varicocele, and testicular torsion. Most lumps are not cancer, and many are not serious. However, you should always see a doctor if you have pain or a lump in this area. […] You should always see a doctor if you notice any pain or swelling in your scrotum. If it is painful, you should seek advice urgently. […] Common causes of pain or swelling in the scrotum include: Torsion of the testis. Epididymo-orchitis and orchitis. Haematocele (collection of blood around your testicle that may be caused by an injury). Hydroceles (see Hydrocele in Adults and Hydrocele in Children). Inguinal hernia. Epididymal cyst. Spermatocele – a cyst which feels like an epididymal cyst but it is filled with sperm (semen). Varicocele. Testicular cancer.

• #153 Evaluation of Scrotal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0501/p723.html

  Acute scrotal pain is commonly caused by testicular torsion. […] Timely diagnosis is key to preserving testicular function. […] If repaired within six hours of symptom onset, the salvage rate of the testicle is as high as 80% to 100%. […] Testicular cancer usually presents as a firm, unilateral nodule. […] Urgent referral to a urologist is indicated for patients with intratesticular masses, even though smaller masses are less likely to be cancerous. […] When cancer is a concern in a patient with a testicular mass, laboratory testing includes -fetoprotein, beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin, and lactate dehydrogenase levels. […] An incidental mass less than 5 mm in diameter in a patient with negative serum tumor markers is likely benign. […] In patients with larger or enlarging masses, excisional biopsy that spares the testicle is prudent to rule out testicular cancer.

• #154 Signs And Symptoms of Testicular Cancer | Ultrasound Dimensions Dublin

  https://ultrasound.ie/testicular-cancer-signs/

  Enlargement of the testicle, or a small hard lump on the testicle, are typically the initial symptoms of testicular cancer. […] Some symptoms of testicular cancer may not be noticed until after the cancer has metastasized and spread to other parts of the body at which point it is much more difficult to successfully treat. […] While you’re performing your self-examination, pay attention to any of the following signs and symptoms, which may indicate the possibility of testicular cancer: Any lumps or swelling in either testicle. […] Testicular cancer responds very well to treatment if it is detected early, and because of that performing monthly self-examinations is extremely important. Testicular cancer can often be detected while it still in its early stages. […] Men between the ages of fifteen and 55 should perform self-examinations on a monthly basis. If you do notice any swelling, lumps, hardness, tenderness, pain, or changes in either or both testicles should immediately contact their doctor to schedule an examination.

• #155 Signs And Symptoms of Testicular Cancer | Ultrasound Dimensions Dublin

  https://ultrasound.ie/testicular-cancer-signs/

  Testicular cancer is one of the most curable forms of cancer, particularly when it is diagnosed early. […] The symptoms of possible testicular cancer may vary from person to person, but in general they include: Swelling or lumps in the scrotum that may be tender or painful. […] Your GP will likely order tests to rule out these conditions. They may order blood tests that look for tumour markers called alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). These tumour markers suggest the presence of a testicular tumour. Imaging tests such as testicular ultrasound and CT scans can also detect abnormalities in the testicles. […] If these tests return a diagnosis of testicular cancer, surgery to remove the testicle is almost always the first step in treatment. […] Testicular cancer can present with a variety of different signs and symptoms.

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