Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Testicular lumps and swellings | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/sexual-and-reproductive/testicular-lumps-and-swellings/

  Lumps and swellings in the testicles (balls) are relatively common in boys, men and anyone with testicles. […] Speak to your GP practice if you have: a lump in your testicles, swollen testicles, a change in the shape of your testicles, a change in the way your testicles feel, 1 testicle that has become bigger than the other, aching or discomfort in your testicles that does not go away. […] The vast majority of testicular lumps and swellings are caused by non-cancerous (benign) conditions. Most of these may not need treatment. […] If you have been diagnosed with testicular cancer, you will be cared for by a team of clinicians who will help decide the best treatment for you. Surgery to remove the affected testicle will be recommended in most cases and this may sometimes be followed by a course of chemotherapy or radiotherapy.

• #2 Scrotal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0800/scrotal-masses.html

  Scrotal and testicular masses can be broadly categorized into painful conditions, which include testicular torsion, torsion of the testicular appendage, and epididymitis, and painless conditions, which include hydrocele, varicocele, and testicular cancer. […] Testicular cancer is the most common solid tumor diagnosed in men between 15 and 34 years of age, and usually presents as a firm, unilateral nodule that is often but not necessarily painless. […] The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends against screening for testicular cancer in asymptomatic average-risk adolescents and adult men because of the low prevalence of the disease and the high cure rates even in advanced cases. […] A varicocele is abnormal dilation of the pampiniform plexus, either caused by incompetence of the gonadal vein valves or external compression of the gonadal vein.

• #3 How Can I Tell If I Have Testicular Cancer? – Scripps Health

  https://www.scripps.org/news_items/7529-how-to-tell-if-you-have-testicular-cancer

  Testicular cancer is a rare type of cancer, making up less than 1% of all cancers in men. But unlike most cancers, testicular cancer tends to develop at a younger age. It is the most common cancer in men 15 to 35. […] The American Cancer Society estimates 9,760 new cases of testicular cancer will be diagnosed and 500 people will die from the disease in 2024. […] The most common sign of testicular cancer is a lump or swelling in one of the testicles. This lump may be painless or may cause discomfort. […] Not all lumps in the testicles are cancer. Other conditions and health issues can cause the same symptoms, such as an injury or an infection. Still, its crucial to have any lumps or swelling checked by a doctor to rule out testicular cancer. […] Patients with testicular masses can have very different symptoms, explains Munveer Bhangoo, MD, medical oncologist at Scripps Clinic.

• #4 Testicular Cancer: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279007-overview

  Testicular cancers are an uncommon malignancy, representing only 0.5% of all new cancer cases in the United States. The American Cancer Society (ACS) estimates that about 9190 new cases of testicular cancer will be diagnosed during 2023 in the United States. The lifetime chance of developing testicular cancer is about one in 250 and the risk of dying is very low about one in 5,000. Most cases occur in men aged 20-34 years; the median age at diagnosis is approximately 32 years. […] In the United States, the incidence increased by 100% from 1988 to 2001. Diagnoses of seminomas increased 124% during that period and diagnoses of nonseminomas increased by 64%. No significant increase occurred in the incidence of early-stage disease in proportion to all diagnoses in this population, indicating that the increase was not due to more widespread screening or earlier detection.

• #5 Testicular cancer: Symptoms, causes, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/166993

  Testicular cancer is a relatively rare type of cancer that occurs in the testicles, or testes. In the United States, around 1 in 250 males develop testicular cancer during their lifetime. In 2019, experts predict that 9,560 males will receive a diagnosis of testicular cancer. The average age at diagnosis is 33 years; the condition mostly affects young and middle aged men. In very rare cases, it can happen before puberty. Only 8% of cases occur after the age of 55. […] Testicular cancer is highly treatable, especially in the early stages. Most males with a diagnosis of testicular cancer will live at least another 5 years following diagnosis. […] A doctor will carry out surveillance after a person has had treatment for testicular cancer, to check for any signs that the cancer has come back. Surveillance does not involve active treatment, but the individual will attend regular appointments and undergo tests.

• #6 Testicular Cancer: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279007-overview

  According to Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data from 18 geographic areas, the age-adjusted annual incidence of testicular cancer from 2016-2020 was 6.0 per 100,000 men. However, the incidence varies widely by race/ethnicity. […] Studies of testicular cancer in selected global populations from 1973-2007 have shown a clear trend toward an increased incidence in most populations evaluated. In recent years, however, rates have plateaued in some areas and even decreased in a few. […] Epidemiologic observations have suggested that environmental factors are instrumental in determining risk for testicular cancers. However, epidemiologic evidence does not consistently support any specific risk factor. […] The incidence of testicular cancer is fivefold higher in whites than in African Americans; however, African Americans tend to present with higher-grade disease and have much worse prognosis than whites. […] Testicular cancer can occur at any age but is most common between the ages of 15 and 35 years; about 50% of cases occur in men 20-34 years old. There is also a secondary peak in incidence after age 60.

• #7 Testicular Cancer: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279007-overview

  According to Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data from 18 geographic areas, the age-adjusted annual incidence of testicular cancer from 2016-2020 was 6.0 per 100,000 men. However, the incidence varies widely by race/ethnicity. […] Studies of testicular cancer in selected global populations from 1973-2007 have shown a clear trend toward an increased incidence in most populations evaluated. In recent years, however, rates have plateaued in some areas and even decreased in a few. […] Epidemiologic observations have suggested that environmental factors are instrumental in determining risk for testicular cancers. However, epidemiologic evidence does not consistently support any specific risk factor. […] The incidence of testicular cancer is fivefold higher in whites than in African Americans; however, African Americans tend to present with higher-grade disease and have much worse prognosis than whites. […] Testicular cancer can occur at any age but is most common between the ages of 15 and 35 years; about 50% of cases occur in men 20-34 years old. There is also a secondary peak in incidence after age 60.

• #8 Testicular cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicular_cancer

  Globally testicular cancer resulted in 8,300 deaths in 2013 up from 7,000 deaths in 1990. Testicular cancer has the highest prevalence in the U.S. and Europe, and is uncommon in Asia and Africa. Worldwide incidence has doubled since the 1960s, with the highest rates of prevalence in Scandinavia, Germany, and New Zealand. […] Although testicular cancer is most common among men aged 15-40 years, it has three peaks: infancy through the age of four as teratomas and yolk sac tumors, ages 25-40 years as post-pubertal seminomas and non-seminomas, and from age 60 as spermatocytic tumors. […] Germ cell tumors of the testis are the most common cancer in young men between the ages of 15 and 35 years. […] In the United States, about 8,900 cases are diagnosed a year. The risk of testicular cancer in white men is approximately 45 times the risk in black men, and more than three times that of Asian American men. The risk of testicular cancer in Latinos and American Indians is between that of white and Asian men. The cause of these differences is unknown. […] In the UK, approximately 2,000 people are diagnosed a year. Over a lifetime, the risk is roughly 1 in 200 (0.5%). It is the 16th most common cancer in men. It accounts for less than 1% of cancer deaths in men (around 60 men died in 2012).

• #9 Testicular cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicular_cancer

  Globally testicular cancer resulted in 8,300 deaths in 2013 up from 7,000 deaths in 1990. Testicular cancer has the highest prevalence in the U.S. and Europe, and is uncommon in Asia and Africa. Worldwide incidence has doubled since the 1960s, with the highest rates of prevalence in Scandinavia, Germany, and New Zealand. […] Although testicular cancer is most common among men aged 15-40 years, it has three peaks: infancy through the age of four as teratomas and yolk sac tumors, ages 25-40 years as post-pubertal seminomas and non-seminomas, and from age 60 as spermatocytic tumors. […] Germ cell tumors of the testis are the most common cancer in young men between the ages of 15 and 35 years. […] In the United States, about 8,900 cases are diagnosed a year. The risk of testicular cancer in white men is approximately 45 times the risk in black men, and more than three times that of Asian American men. The risk of testicular cancer in Latinos and American Indians is between that of white and Asian men. The cause of these differences is unknown. […] In the UK, approximately 2,000 people are diagnosed a year. Over a lifetime, the risk is roughly 1 in 200 (0.5%). It is the 16th most common cancer in men. It accounts for less than 1% of cancer deaths in men (around 60 men died in 2012).

• #10 Testicular cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicular_cancer

  Globally testicular cancer resulted in 8,300 deaths in 2013 up from 7,000 deaths in 1990. Testicular cancer has the highest prevalence in the U.S. and Europe, and is uncommon in Asia and Africa. Worldwide incidence has doubled since the 1960s, with the highest rates of prevalence in Scandinavia, Germany, and New Zealand. […] Although testicular cancer is most common among men aged 15-40 years, it has three peaks: infancy through the age of four as teratomas and yolk sac tumors, ages 25-40 years as post-pubertal seminomas and non-seminomas, and from age 60 as spermatocytic tumors. […] Germ cell tumors of the testis are the most common cancer in young men between the ages of 15 and 35 years. […] In the United States, about 8,900 cases are diagnosed a year. The risk of testicular cancer in white men is approximately 45 times the risk in black men, and more than three times that of Asian American men. The risk of testicular cancer in Latinos and American Indians is between that of white and Asian men. The cause of these differences is unknown. […] In the UK, approximately 2,000 people are diagnosed a year. Over a lifetime, the risk is roughly 1 in 200 (0.5%). It is the 16th most common cancer in men. It accounts for less than 1% of cancer deaths in men (around 60 men died in 2012).

• #11 Testicular cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicular_cancer

  Globally testicular cancer resulted in 8,300 deaths in 2013 up from 7,000 deaths in 1990. Testicular cancer has the highest prevalence in the U.S. and Europe, and is uncommon in Asia and Africa. Worldwide incidence has doubled since the 1960s, with the highest rates of prevalence in Scandinavia, Germany, and New Zealand. […] Although testicular cancer is most common among men aged 15-40 years, it has three peaks: infancy through the age of four as teratomas and yolk sac tumors, ages 25-40 years as post-pubertal seminomas and non-seminomas, and from age 60 as spermatocytic tumors. […] Germ cell tumors of the testis are the most common cancer in young men between the ages of 15 and 35 years. […] In the United States, about 8,900 cases are diagnosed a year. The risk of testicular cancer in white men is approximately 45 times the risk in black men, and more than three times that of Asian American men. The risk of testicular cancer in Latinos and American Indians is between that of white and Asian men. The cause of these differences is unknown. […] In the UK, approximately 2,000 people are diagnosed a year. Over a lifetime, the risk is roughly 1 in 200 (0.5%). It is the 16th most common cancer in men. It accounts for less than 1% of cancer deaths in men (around 60 men died in 2012).

• #12 Testicular cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicular_cancer

  Globally testicular cancer resulted in 8,300 deaths in 2013 up from 7,000 deaths in 1990. Testicular cancer has the highest prevalence in the U.S. and Europe, and is uncommon in Asia and Africa. Worldwide incidence has doubled since the 1960s, with the highest rates of prevalence in Scandinavia, Germany, and New Zealand. […] Although testicular cancer is most common among men aged 15-40 years, it has three peaks: infancy through the age of four as teratomas and yolk sac tumors, ages 25-40 years as post-pubertal seminomas and non-seminomas, and from age 60 as spermatocytic tumors. […] Germ cell tumors of the testis are the most common cancer in young men between the ages of 15 and 35 years. […] In the United States, about 8,900 cases are diagnosed a year. The risk of testicular cancer in white men is approximately 45 times the risk in black men, and more than three times that of Asian American men. The risk of testicular cancer in Latinos and American Indians is between that of white and Asian men. The cause of these differences is unknown. […] In the UK, approximately 2,000 people are diagnosed a year. Over a lifetime, the risk is roughly 1 in 200 (0.5%). It is the 16th most common cancer in men. It accounts for less than 1% of cancer deaths in men (around 60 men died in 2012).

• #13 Testicular cancer: Symptoms, causes, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/166993

  Testicular cancer is a relatively rare type of cancer that occurs in the testicles, or testes. In the United States, around 1 in 250 males develop testicular cancer during their lifetime. In 2019, experts predict that 9,560 males will receive a diagnosis of testicular cancer. The average age at diagnosis is 33 years; the condition mostly affects young and middle aged men. In very rare cases, it can happen before puberty. Only 8% of cases occur after the age of 55. […] Testicular cancer is highly treatable, especially in the early stages. Most males with a diagnosis of testicular cancer will live at least another 5 years following diagnosis. […] A doctor will carry out surveillance after a person has had treatment for testicular cancer, to check for any signs that the cancer has come back. Surveillance does not involve active treatment, but the individual will attend regular appointments and undergo tests.

• #14 Diagnosis and Treatment of Early-Stage Testicular Cancer: AUA Guideline – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/testicular-cancer-guideline

  Risk factors for developing testis cancer include germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS), history of undescended testis (UDT)/ cryptorchidism, family history, and a personal history of testis cancer. Infertility is associated with the presence of GCT, though this association is thought to arise from inherent testicular dysfunction. GCNIS is the precursor lesion from which the majority of GCTs arise. Among men with invasive GCT, GCNIS is found in adjacent testicular parenchyma in 80-90%. Among men with GCNIS, the risk of developing invasive GCT is approximately 50% within 5 years. Men with cryptorchidism have a four to six fold increased risk of developing testis cancer in the affected testicle, but the relative risk (RR) falls to two to three fold if orchiopexy is performed before puberty. Studies assessing the cancer risk of UDT in the contralateral testis are conflicting, though a meta-analysis of cryptorchidism studies showed the contralateral descended testis is also at slightly increased risk of developing cancer (RR 1.74; 95% Confidence Interval [CI], 1.01 to 2.98). Men with a first-degree relative with GCT are at an increased risk of developing testis cancer and at an earlier age. Men with a personal history of testis cancer are at a 12-fold increased risk of developing GCT in the contralateral testis, but the 15-year cumulative incidence is only 2%.

• #15 Diagnosis and Treatment of Early-Stage Testicular Cancer: AUA Guideline – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/testicular-cancer-guideline

  Risk factors for developing testis cancer include germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS), history of undescended testis (UDT)/ cryptorchidism, family history, and a personal history of testis cancer. Infertility is associated with the presence of GCT, though this association is thought to arise from inherent testicular dysfunction. GCNIS is the precursor lesion from which the majority of GCTs arise. Among men with invasive GCT, GCNIS is found in adjacent testicular parenchyma in 80-90%. Among men with GCNIS, the risk of developing invasive GCT is approximately 50% within 5 years. Men with cryptorchidism have a four to six fold increased risk of developing testis cancer in the affected testicle, but the relative risk (RR) falls to two to three fold if orchiopexy is performed before puberty. Studies assessing the cancer risk of UDT in the contralateral testis are conflicting, though a meta-analysis of cryptorchidism studies showed the contralateral descended testis is also at slightly increased risk of developing cancer (RR 1.74; 95% Confidence Interval [CI], 1.01 to 2.98). Men with a first-degree relative with GCT are at an increased risk of developing testis cancer and at an earlier age. Men with a personal history of testis cancer are at a 12-fold increased risk of developing GCT in the contralateral testis, but the 15-year cumulative incidence is only 2%.

• #16 What Is Testicular Cancer? | UCLA Medical School

  https://medschool.ucla.edu/news-article/testicular-cancer-symptoms-treatment-and-causes

  Testicular cancer is relatively rare, accounting for only around 1% of all cancers in men. However, it is the most common type of cancer in young men aged 18 to 40. And the incidence of testicular cancer has been increasing over the past few decades. According to the American Cancer Society, about 9,190 new cases of testicular cancer will be diagnosed in the United States in 2023. […] Testicular cancer is most common in young men aged 18 to 40, although it can occur in men of any age. […] Testicular cancer risk factors include: Abnormal Testicle Development: Men who have a condition called cryptorchidism where one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum during fetal development have a higher risk of testicular cancer. […] Testicular cancer does have a tendency to run in families. So if a person has a father or a brother with a history of testicular cancer history, their chances of it are increased.

• #17 Testicular lumps and swellings | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/sexual-and-reproductive/testicular-lumps-and-swellings/

  Lumps and swellings in the testicles (balls) are relatively common in boys, men and anyone with testicles. […] Speak to your GP practice if you have: a lump in your testicles, swollen testicles, a change in the shape of your testicles, a change in the way your testicles feel, 1 testicle that has become bigger than the other, aching or discomfort in your testicles that does not go away. […] The vast majority of testicular lumps and swellings are caused by non-cancerous (benign) conditions. Most of these may not need treatment. […] If you have been diagnosed with testicular cancer, you will be cared for by a team of clinicians who will help decide the best treatment for you. Surgery to remove the affected testicle will be recommended in most cases and this may sometimes be followed by a course of chemotherapy or radiotherapy.

• #18 Self Screening

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/life-stages-populations/mens-health/self-screening.html

  Testicular cancer occurs in the testicles (testes), which are located inside the scrotum, a loose bag of skin underneath the penis. Compared with other types of cancer, testicular cancer is rare. But for young men aged 15 to 34, testicular cancer is the most common cancer here in the United States. The cause of testicular cancer is unknown. […] Testicular cancer is highly treatable, even when cancer has spread beyond the testicle. Depending on the type and stage of testicular cancer, you may receive one of several treatments, or a combination of treatments. […] Regular testicular self-examinations can help identify growths early, when the chance for successful treatment of testicular cancer is highest. […] If you find a lump, see a doctor right away. The abnormality may not be cancer, but if it is, the chances are great it can spread if not stopped by treatment. Only a physician can make a positive diagnosis.

• #19 Testicular Cancer Screening | Finding Testicular Cancer Early | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/testicular-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/detection.html

  Most testicular cancers can be found at an early stage, when they’re small and haven’t spread. In some men, early testicular cancers cause symptoms that lead them to seek medical attention. Most of the time a lump on the testicle is the first symptom, or the testicle might be swollen or larger than normal. […] The American Cancer Society advises men to be aware of testicular cancer and to see a doctor right away if they find a lump in a testicle. […] Because regular testicular self-exams have not been studied enough to know if they reduce the death rate from this cancer, the ACS does not have a recommendation on regular testicular self-exams for all men.

• #20 Scrotal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0800/scrotal-masses.html

  Scrotal and testicular masses can be broadly categorized into painful conditions, which include testicular torsion, torsion of the testicular appendage, and epididymitis, and painless conditions, which include hydrocele, varicocele, and testicular cancer. […] Testicular cancer is the most common solid tumor diagnosed in men between 15 and 34 years of age, and usually presents as a firm, unilateral nodule that is often but not necessarily painless. […] The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends against screening for testicular cancer in asymptomatic average-risk adolescents and adult men because of the low prevalence of the disease and the high cure rates even in advanced cases. […] A varicocele is abnormal dilation of the pampiniform plexus, either caused by incompetence of the gonadal vein valves or external compression of the gonadal vein.

• #21 Testicular Cancer | Rose City Urology in Tyler Texas

  https://www.rosecityurology.com/testicular-cancer.html

  Testicular cancer happens when cells in the testicle grow to form a tumor. This is rare. More than 90 percent of testicular cancers begin in the germ cells, which produce sperm. There are two types of germ cell cancers (GCTs). Seminoma can grow slowly and respond very well to radiation and chemotherapy. Non-seminoma can grow more quickly and can be less responsive to those treatments. There are a few types of non-seminomas: choriocarcinoma, embryonal carcinoma, teratoma and yolk sac tumors. […] Surveillance is a way to look for changes with normal checkups. These include a physical exam, tumor marker tests and imaging tests. Imaging tests start with an ultrasound of the scrotum. They can also involve chest x-rays or CT scans. Most men may be checked for signs of low testosterone as well. […] Surveillance is recommended for patients with Stage 0 and some Stage I cancers as described below.

• #22 Testicular Cancer | Rose City Urology in Tyler Texas

  https://www.rosecityurology.com/testicular-cancer.html

  Testicular cancer happens when cells in the testicle grow to form a tumor. This is rare. More than 90 percent of testicular cancers begin in the germ cells, which produce sperm. There are two types of germ cell cancers (GCTs). Seminoma can grow slowly and respond very well to radiation and chemotherapy. Non-seminoma can grow more quickly and can be less responsive to those treatments. There are a few types of non-seminomas: choriocarcinoma, embryonal carcinoma, teratoma and yolk sac tumors. […] Surveillance is a way to look for changes with normal checkups. These include a physical exam, tumor marker tests and imaging tests. Imaging tests start with an ultrasound of the scrotum. They can also involve chest x-rays or CT scans. Most men may be checked for signs of low testosterone as well. […] Surveillance is recommended for patients with Stage 0 and some Stage I cancers as described below.

• #23 Testicular Cancer | Rose City Urology in Tyler Texas

  https://www.rosecityurology.com/testicular-cancer.html

  Testicular cancer happens when cells in the testicle grow to form a tumor. This is rare. More than 90 percent of testicular cancers begin in the germ cells, which produce sperm. There are two types of germ cell cancers (GCTs). Seminoma can grow slowly and respond very well to radiation and chemotherapy. Non-seminoma can grow more quickly and can be less responsive to those treatments. There are a few types of non-seminomas: choriocarcinoma, embryonal carcinoma, teratoma and yolk sac tumors. […] Surveillance is a way to look for changes with normal checkups. These include a physical exam, tumor marker tests and imaging tests. Imaging tests start with an ultrasound of the scrotum. They can also involve chest x-rays or CT scans. Most men may be checked for signs of low testosterone as well. […] Surveillance is recommended for patients with Stage 0 and some Stage I cancers as described below.

• #24 What Is Testicular Cancer? | UCLA Medical School

  https://medschool.ucla.edu/news-article/testicular-cancer-symptoms-treatment-and-causes

  Testicular cancer treatment depends on several factors, including the stage and type of cancer, as well as the patient’s overall health and preferences. […] In some cases, particularly for low-risk, early-stage cancers, doctors may recommend „watchful waiting” or surveillance instead of immediate treatment. This involves monitoring the cancer with regular exams and imaging tests to see if it changes or grows over time. […] The overall testicular cancer survival rate is quite high, with more than 95% of men diagnosed with testicular cancer surviving at least five years after their initial diagnosis, and many living for decades after treatment. […] Regular self-exams and routine medical check-ups can help detect testicular cancer early when it is most treatable and can increase the chances of a successful outcome. […] Testicular Cancer Awareness Month is an annual event observed in April to raise awareness about testicular cancer and promote education, prevention, and early detection of the disease.

• #25 Testicle Lump: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/testicle-lump

  A testicular lump, or testicular lump, is an abnormal mass that can form in the testicles. […] A testicular lump is a fairly common condition that can have many different causes. Testicular lumps can occur in men, teenage boys, or younger children. […] Testicular cancer isn’t common overall, but it’s the most common type of cancer among American men between the ages of 15 and 35. […] Your doctor can properly diagnose the cause of a testicular lump. […] Most testicular lumps can be diagnosed during a physical examination. However, your doctor may order other tests to confirm the diagnosis. […] Testicular cancer is treated using surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and other methods. Your specific course of treatment will depend on how early your cancer is detected and other factors. […] Most cases of testicular lumps aren’t serious or cancerous. Testicular cancer is rare. It’s also highly treatable, and it’s curable if you find it early. […] Since it’s difficult to figure out the cause of a testicular lump based on your symptoms alone, it’s important to visit a doctor if you notice any changes.

• #26 How Can I Tell If I Have Testicular Cancer? – Scripps Health

  https://www.scripps.org/news_items/7529-how-to-tell-if-you-have-testicular-cancer

  A sign of testicular cancer is when one or both testicles change in size or shape. This could be caused by a tumor or swelling in the testicle. […] Some men with testicular cancer may feel heaviness in their scrotum, the sac that holds the testicles. […] While testicular cancer is often painless, some people may experience pain or discomfort in the testicle or scrotum. […] If you have any of these symptoms, its important to see your doctor to rule out or confirm testicular cancer. […] A physical exam and an ultrasound are usually the first tests performed. […] Blood tests can show if there are tumor markers in the blood. These markers come from cancer cells and can be found in the blood. […] Sometimes, your doctor might suggest a biopsy to check for testicular cancer. […] If you have testicular cancer, your doctor will check how much the cancer has spread. […] Treatment for testicular cancer depends on the stage of the cancer, your health and preferences. […] Sometimes, the doctor may recommend surveillance. This means having regular check-ups and tests to keep an eye on the cancer.

• #27 Testicular cancer: Symptoms, signs & treatment | Healthy Male

  https://healthymale.org.au/mens-health/testicular-cancer

  Testicular cancer occurs in 1 in 25,000-30,000 Australian men. Around 900 Australian men are diagnosed with testicular cancer each year and almost 90% of them are aged under 50 years. […] Although testicular cancer accounts for less than 1% of cancers in men, its the most common type of tumour in men aged in their 20s and 30s. […] Testicular cancer is diagnosed through an ultrasound to examine a testicular lump, and blood tests to measure molecules that indicate the presence of cancer. […] MRI or CT scans are used to look for the spread of cancer to other parts of the body.

• #28 Testicular cancer: Symptoms, causes, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/166993

  Testicular cancer is a relatively rare type of cancer that occurs in the testicles, or testes. In the United States, around 1 in 250 males develop testicular cancer during their lifetime. In 2019, experts predict that 9,560 males will receive a diagnosis of testicular cancer. The average age at diagnosis is 33 years; the condition mostly affects young and middle aged men. In very rare cases, it can happen before puberty. Only 8% of cases occur after the age of 55. […] Testicular cancer is highly treatable, especially in the early stages. Most males with a diagnosis of testicular cancer will live at least another 5 years following diagnosis. […] A doctor will carry out surveillance after a person has had treatment for testicular cancer, to check for any signs that the cancer has come back. Surveillance does not involve active treatment, but the individual will attend regular appointments and undergo tests.

• #29 Testicular Cancer | Testicular Cancer Symptoms | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/testicularcancer.html

  Testicular cancer is very rare. You can get it at any age, but it is most common in men between the ages of 20 and 39. […] The symptoms of testicular cancer may include: A painless lump or swelling in either testicle. […] Surveillance, which might be done after surgery. It means that your provider will closely follow your condition with regular exams and tests. You won’t get any further treatment unless there are changes in your test results. […] After you have finished your treatment, you will need regular follow-up testing to make sure that the cancer has not come back.

• #30 About Testicular Cancer | Testicular Cancer Information | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/services/cancer-services/genitourinary-cancer/testicular-cancer/about-testicular-cancer

  There are different types of treatment for patients with testicular cancer. […] Surveillance is closely following a patient’s condition without giving any treatment unless there are changes in test results. […] Follow-up tests may be needed. […] Men who have had testicular cancer have an increased risk of developing cancer in the other testicle. […] Long-term clinical exams are very important.

• #31 Testicular Cancer: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279007-overview

  According to Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data from 18 geographic areas, the age-adjusted annual incidence of testicular cancer from 2016-2020 was 6.0 per 100,000 men. However, the incidence varies widely by race/ethnicity. […] Studies of testicular cancer in selected global populations from 1973-2007 have shown a clear trend toward an increased incidence in most populations evaluated. In recent years, however, rates have plateaued in some areas and even decreased in a few. […] Epidemiologic observations have suggested that environmental factors are instrumental in determining risk for testicular cancers. However, epidemiologic evidence does not consistently support any specific risk factor. […] The incidence of testicular cancer is fivefold higher in whites than in African Americans; however, African Americans tend to present with higher-grade disease and have much worse prognosis than whites. […] Testicular cancer can occur at any age but is most common between the ages of 15 and 35 years; about 50% of cases occur in men 20-34 years old. There is also a secondary peak in incidence after age 60.

• #32 Diagnosing testicular lumps in primary care – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29020728/

  Although the incidence of testicular cancer has increased over the past few decades, testicular tumours are still rare and many GPs will only see one or two new diagnoses in their career. […] In one UK study, out of 845 patients who had been referred with testicular lumps or pain, only 33 (4%) were diagnosed with testicular cancer. […] The vast majority (95-98%) of testicular cancers are germ cell tumours. […] In Western Europe, five-year survival for testicular cancer is approximately 95%. […] NICE recommends that men with non-painful enlargement or change in shape or texture of the testis should be referred via the two-week wait cancer pathway. […] Any painful or tender mass within the body of the testis which is not suggestive of infection should also be referred. […] GPs should refer patients for an urgent ultrasound if they are aged 20-40 with a hydrocele; if there is uncertainty as to whether the mass is intra-testicular or extra-testicular; or if the testis cannot be fully palpated.

• #33 Selection of men for investigation of possible testicular cancer in primary care: a large case–control study using electronic patient records

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6058651/

  Testicular cancer incidence has risen over the last two decades and is expected to continue to rise. […] There are no primary care studies on the clinical features of testicular cancer, with recent National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidance based solely upon clinical consensus. […] Nine features were independently associated with testicular cancer, the top three being testicular swelling (odds ratio [OR] 280, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 110 to 690), testicular lump (OR 270, 95% CI = 100 to 740), and scrotal swelling (OR 170, 95% CI = 35 to 800). […] Testicular enlargement carries a risk of cancer of 2.5% close to the current 3% threshold in UK referral guidance. […] The current NICE guidance for testicular cancer recommends urgent specialist referral for men with non-painful enlargement or a change in shape or texture of the testis.

• #34 Selection of men for investigation of possible testicular cancer in primary care: a large case–control study using electronic patient records

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6058651/

  Most of the symptoms of testicular enlargement or swelling have risks of cancer around 3%, supporting NICE’s recommendation for urgent referral. […] Testicular lump and testicular swelling were each strongly associated with cancer in the 50 years age group, with PPVs of 2.5% and 2.3%, values just below the 3% threshold for urgent referral. […] Recorded hydrocele, epididymis/orchitis, or testicular pain (especially when these lead to a second consultation) are important features of testicular cancer in primary care.

• #35 Selection of men for investigation of possible testicular cancer in primary care: a large case–control study using electronic patient records

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6058651/

  Most of the symptoms of testicular enlargement or swelling have risks of cancer around 3%, supporting NICE’s recommendation for urgent referral. […] Testicular lump and testicular swelling were each strongly associated with cancer in the 50 years age group, with PPVs of 2.5% and 2.3%, values just below the 3% threshold for urgent referral. […] Recorded hydrocele, epididymis/orchitis, or testicular pain (especially when these lead to a second consultation) are important features of testicular cancer in primary care.

• #36 Testicular Cancer: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279007-overview

  According to Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data from 18 geographic areas, the age-adjusted annual incidence of testicular cancer from 2016-2020 was 6.0 per 100,000 men. However, the incidence varies widely by race/ethnicity. […] Studies of testicular cancer in selected global populations from 1973-2007 have shown a clear trend toward an increased incidence in most populations evaluated. In recent years, however, rates have plateaued in some areas and even decreased in a few. […] Epidemiologic observations have suggested that environmental factors are instrumental in determining risk for testicular cancers. However, epidemiologic evidence does not consistently support any specific risk factor. […] The incidence of testicular cancer is fivefold higher in whites than in African Americans; however, African Americans tend to present with higher-grade disease and have much worse prognosis than whites. […] Testicular cancer can occur at any age but is most common between the ages of 15 and 35 years; about 50% of cases occur in men 20-34 years old. There is also a secondary peak in incidence after age 60.

• #37 Testicular Cancer: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279007-overview

  According to Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data from 18 geographic areas, the age-adjusted annual incidence of testicular cancer from 2016-2020 was 6.0 per 100,000 men. However, the incidence varies widely by race/ethnicity. […] Studies of testicular cancer in selected global populations from 1973-2007 have shown a clear trend toward an increased incidence in most populations evaluated. In recent years, however, rates have plateaued in some areas and even decreased in a few. […] Epidemiologic observations have suggested that environmental factors are instrumental in determining risk for testicular cancers. However, epidemiologic evidence does not consistently support any specific risk factor. […] The incidence of testicular cancer is fivefold higher in whites than in African Americans; however, African Americans tend to present with higher-grade disease and have much worse prognosis than whites. […] Testicular cancer can occur at any age but is most common between the ages of 15 and 35 years; about 50% of cases occur in men 20-34 years old. There is also a secondary peak in incidence after age 60.

• #38 Diagnosing testicular lumps in primary care – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29020728/

  Although the incidence of testicular cancer has increased over the past few decades, testicular tumours are still rare and many GPs will only see one or two new diagnoses in their career. […] In one UK study, out of 845 patients who had been referred with testicular lumps or pain, only 33 (4%) were diagnosed with testicular cancer. […] The vast majority (95-98%) of testicular cancers are germ cell tumours. […] In Western Europe, five-year survival for testicular cancer is approximately 95%. […] NICE recommends that men with non-painful enlargement or change in shape or texture of the testis should be referred via the two-week wait cancer pathway. […] Any painful or tender mass within the body of the testis which is not suggestive of infection should also be referred. […] GPs should refer patients for an urgent ultrasound if they are aged 20-40 with a hydrocele; if there is uncertainty as to whether the mass is intra-testicular or extra-testicular; or if the testis cannot be fully palpated.

• #39 What Is Testicular Cancer? | UCLA Medical School

  https://medschool.ucla.edu/news-article/testicular-cancer-symptoms-treatment-and-causes

  Testicular cancer treatment depends on several factors, including the stage and type of cancer, as well as the patient’s overall health and preferences. […] In some cases, particularly for low-risk, early-stage cancers, doctors may recommend „watchful waiting” or surveillance instead of immediate treatment. This involves monitoring the cancer with regular exams and imaging tests to see if it changes or grows over time. […] The overall testicular cancer survival rate is quite high, with more than 95% of men diagnosed with testicular cancer surviving at least five years after their initial diagnosis, and many living for decades after treatment. […] Regular self-exams and routine medical check-ups can help detect testicular cancer early when it is most treatable and can increase the chances of a successful outcome. […] Testicular Cancer Awareness Month is an annual event observed in April to raise awareness about testicular cancer and promote education, prevention, and early detection of the disease.

• #40 Diagnosis and Treatment of Early-Stage Testicular Cancer: AUA Guideline – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/testicular-cancer-guideline

  Testis cancer is the most common solid malignancy in young males. Testis cancer is a relatively rare malignancy, with outcomes defined by specific cancer- and patient-related factors. The vast majority of men with testis cancer have low-stage disease (limited to the testis and retroperitoneum; clinical stages I-IIB); survival rates are high with standard therapy. A priority for those patients with low-stage disease is limiting the burden of therapy and treatment-related toxicity without compromising cancer control. Thus, surveillance has assumed an increasing role among those with cancer clinically confined to the testis. […] In 2019, an estimated 9,500 men will be diagnosed with testis cancer in the United States, and 400 will die from the disease. Testis cancer is the most common solid malignancy among men aged 20 to 40 years. The incidence rate is highest among Caucasians, lowest among African-Americans, and most rapidly increasing in Hispanic populations. Age-adjusted incidence has nearly doubled over the last 4 decades for unknown reasons, from 3.7 per 100,000 in 1975 to 6.4 per 100,000 in 2014. A stage migration of GCT has been observed, presumably due to increased awareness and earlier diagnosis. Between 1973 and 2014, the percentage of tumors diagnosed at a localized stage increased from 55% to 68% in the United States. Currently, less than 15% of men present with stage III disease (to the lungs, viscera, or non-regional lymph nodes).

• #41 Testicular Cancer: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279007-overview

  Testicular cancers are an uncommon malignancy, representing only 0.5% of all new cancer cases in the United States. The American Cancer Society (ACS) estimates that about 9190 new cases of testicular cancer will be diagnosed during 2023 in the United States. The lifetime chance of developing testicular cancer is about one in 250 and the risk of dying is very low about one in 5,000. Most cases occur in men aged 20-34 years; the median age at diagnosis is approximately 32 years. […] In the United States, the incidence increased by 100% from 1988 to 2001. Diagnoses of seminomas increased 124% during that period and diagnoses of nonseminomas increased by 64%. No significant increase occurred in the incidence of early-stage disease in proportion to all diagnoses in this population, indicating that the increase was not due to more widespread screening or earlier detection.

• #42 Testicular Cancer: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279007-overview

  Testicular cancers are an uncommon malignancy, representing only 0.5% of all new cancer cases in the United States. The American Cancer Society (ACS) estimates that about 9190 new cases of testicular cancer will be diagnosed during 2023 in the United States. The lifetime chance of developing testicular cancer is about one in 250 and the risk of dying is very low about one in 5,000. Most cases occur in men aged 20-34 years; the median age at diagnosis is approximately 32 years. […] In the United States, the incidence increased by 100% from 1988 to 2001. Diagnoses of seminomas increased 124% during that period and diagnoses of nonseminomas increased by 64%. No significant increase occurred in the incidence of early-stage disease in proportion to all diagnoses in this population, indicating that the increase was not due to more widespread screening or earlier detection.

• #43 Testicular Cancer: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279007-overview

  According to Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data from 18 geographic areas, the age-adjusted annual incidence of testicular cancer from 2016-2020 was 6.0 per 100,000 men. However, the incidence varies widely by race/ethnicity. […] Studies of testicular cancer in selected global populations from 1973-2007 have shown a clear trend toward an increased incidence in most populations evaluated. In recent years, however, rates have plateaued in some areas and even decreased in a few. […] Epidemiologic observations have suggested that environmental factors are instrumental in determining risk for testicular cancers. However, epidemiologic evidence does not consistently support any specific risk factor. […] The incidence of testicular cancer is fivefold higher in whites than in African Americans; however, African Americans tend to present with higher-grade disease and have much worse prognosis than whites. […] Testicular cancer can occur at any age but is most common between the ages of 15 and 35 years; about 50% of cases occur in men 20-34 years old. There is also a secondary peak in incidence after age 60.

• #44 Diagnosis and Treatment of Early-Stage Testicular Cancer: AUA Guideline – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/testicular-cancer-guideline

  Testis cancer is the most common solid malignancy in young males. Testis cancer is a relatively rare malignancy, with outcomes defined by specific cancer- and patient-related factors. The vast majority of men with testis cancer have low-stage disease (limited to the testis and retroperitoneum; clinical stages I-IIB); survival rates are high with standard therapy. A priority for those patients with low-stage disease is limiting the burden of therapy and treatment-related toxicity without compromising cancer control. Thus, surveillance has assumed an increasing role among those with cancer clinically confined to the testis. […] In 2019, an estimated 9,500 men will be diagnosed with testis cancer in the United States, and 400 will die from the disease. Testis cancer is the most common solid malignancy among men aged 20 to 40 years. The incidence rate is highest among Caucasians, lowest among African-Americans, and most rapidly increasing in Hispanic populations. Age-adjusted incidence has nearly doubled over the last 4 decades for unknown reasons, from 3.7 per 100,000 in 1975 to 6.4 per 100,000 in 2014. A stage migration of GCT has been observed, presumably due to increased awareness and earlier diagnosis. Between 1973 and 2014, the percentage of tumors diagnosed at a localized stage increased from 55% to 68% in the United States. Currently, less than 15% of men present with stage III disease (to the lungs, viscera, or non-regional lymph nodes).

• #45 What Is Testicular Cancer? | UCLA Medical School

  https://medschool.ucla.edu/news-article/testicular-cancer-symptoms-treatment-and-causes

  Testicular cancer treatment depends on several factors, including the stage and type of cancer, as well as the patient’s overall health and preferences. […] In some cases, particularly for low-risk, early-stage cancers, doctors may recommend „watchful waiting” or surveillance instead of immediate treatment. This involves monitoring the cancer with regular exams and imaging tests to see if it changes or grows over time. […] The overall testicular cancer survival rate is quite high, with more than 95% of men diagnosed with testicular cancer surviving at least five years after their initial diagnosis, and many living for decades after treatment. […] Regular self-exams and routine medical check-ups can help detect testicular cancer early when it is most treatable and can increase the chances of a successful outcome. […] Testicular Cancer Awareness Month is an annual event observed in April to raise awareness about testicular cancer and promote education, prevention, and early detection of the disease.

• #46 How Can I Tell If I Have Testicular Cancer? – Scripps Health

  https://www.scripps.org/news_items/7529-how-to-tell-if-you-have-testicular-cancer

  Testicular cancer is a rare type of cancer, making up less than 1% of all cancers in men. But unlike most cancers, testicular cancer tends to develop at a younger age. It is the most common cancer in men 15 to 35. […] The American Cancer Society estimates 9,760 new cases of testicular cancer will be diagnosed and 500 people will die from the disease in 2024. […] The most common sign of testicular cancer is a lump or swelling in one of the testicles. This lump may be painless or may cause discomfort. […] Not all lumps in the testicles are cancer. Other conditions and health issues can cause the same symptoms, such as an injury or an infection. Still, its crucial to have any lumps or swelling checked by a doctor to rule out testicular cancer. […] Patients with testicular masses can have very different symptoms, explains Munveer Bhangoo, MD, medical oncologist at Scripps Clinic.

• #47 What Is Testicular Cancer? | UCLA Medical School

  https://medschool.ucla.edu/news-article/testicular-cancer-symptoms-treatment-and-causes

  Testicular cancer treatment depends on several factors, including the stage and type of cancer, as well as the patient’s overall health and preferences. […] In some cases, particularly for low-risk, early-stage cancers, doctors may recommend „watchful waiting” or surveillance instead of immediate treatment. This involves monitoring the cancer with regular exams and imaging tests to see if it changes or grows over time. […] The overall testicular cancer survival rate is quite high, with more than 95% of men diagnosed with testicular cancer surviving at least five years after their initial diagnosis, and many living for decades after treatment. […] Regular self-exams and routine medical check-ups can help detect testicular cancer early when it is most treatable and can increase the chances of a successful outcome. […] Testicular Cancer Awareness Month is an annual event observed in April to raise awareness about testicular cancer and promote education, prevention, and early detection of the disease.

• #48 Testicular cancer: Symptoms, signs & treatment | Healthy Male

  https://healthymale.org.au/mens-health/testicular-cancer

  Testicular cancer occurs in 1 in 25,000-30,000 Australian men. Around 900 Australian men are diagnosed with testicular cancer each year and almost 90% of them are aged under 50 years. […] Although testicular cancer accounts for less than 1% of cancers in men, its the most common type of tumour in men aged in their 20s and 30s. […] Testicular cancer is diagnosed through an ultrasound to examine a testicular lump, and blood tests to measure molecules that indicate the presence of cancer. […] MRI or CT scans are used to look for the spread of cancer to other parts of the body.

• #49 Testicular cancer: Symptoms, causes, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/166993

  Testicular cancer is a relatively rare type of cancer that occurs in the testicles, or testes. In the United States, around 1 in 250 males develop testicular cancer during their lifetime. In 2019, experts predict that 9,560 males will receive a diagnosis of testicular cancer. The average age at diagnosis is 33 years; the condition mostly affects young and middle aged men. In very rare cases, it can happen before puberty. Only 8% of cases occur after the age of 55. […] Testicular cancer is highly treatable, especially in the early stages. Most males with a diagnosis of testicular cancer will live at least another 5 years following diagnosis. […] A doctor will carry out surveillance after a person has had treatment for testicular cancer, to check for any signs that the cancer has come back. Surveillance does not involve active treatment, but the individual will attend regular appointments and undergo tests.

• #50 Men’s Health Conditions | Health First

  https://hf.org/healthcare-home/departments-services/mens-health/mens-health-conditions

  Testicular cancer is rare but responds very well to treatment with early detection. It is most commonly found in teens and men, ages 15 to 44, though it can occur at any age. Treatment ranges from surveillance to surgery, or radiation and chemotherapy. […] Monthly self-exams are a quick and painless way to stay on top of your testicular health and detect any unusual changes. […] Look and feel for lumps, swelling, or anything that doesn’t look right to you. Lumps or bumps on your testicles or pain in your testicles should be checked out by a doctor. […] If you notice anything unusual or any new changes, or if you are experiencing pain in your testicles, make an appointment with your primary care doctor as soon as possible. […] Other symptoms of testicular health concerns include: A painless lump in your testicle, Swelling of the testicle or a feeling of weight in your scrotum, Pain or a dull ache in your testicle, scrotum, or groin, Tenderness, pain, swelling, or changes in your breast tissue, Swelling of the epididymis, Testicular torsion, or twisting of the testicles, Fluid building up in the scrotum.

• #51 Testicular lumps and swellings | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/sexual-and-reproductive/testicular-lumps-and-swellings/

  Lumps and swellings in the testicles (balls) are relatively common in boys, men and anyone with testicles. […] Speak to your GP practice if you have: a lump in your testicles, swollen testicles, a change in the shape of your testicles, a change in the way your testicles feel, 1 testicle that has become bigger than the other, aching or discomfort in your testicles that does not go away. […] The vast majority of testicular lumps and swellings are caused by non-cancerous (benign) conditions. Most of these may not need treatment. […] If you have been diagnosed with testicular cancer, you will be cared for by a team of clinicians who will help decide the best treatment for you. Surgery to remove the affected testicle will be recommended in most cases and this may sometimes be followed by a course of chemotherapy or radiotherapy.

• #52 Epididymitis and Orchitis: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0401/p583.html

  Epididymitis and orchitis are commonly seen in the outpatient setting. Men between 14 and 35 years of age are most often affected, and Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are the most common pathogens in this age group. […] In 2002, epididymitis or orchitis accounted for 1 in 144 outpatient visits (0.69 percent) in men 18 to 50 years of age. There are approximately 600,000 cases of epididymitis per year in the United States, most of which occur in men between 18 and 35 years of age. […] Epididymitis is more common than orchitis. In one outpatient study, orchitis occurred in 58 percent of men diagnosed with epididymitis. Isolated orchitis is rare and is generally associated with mumps infection in prepubertal boys (13 years or younger).

• #53 Epididymitis and Orchitis: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0401/p583.html

  Epididymitis and orchitis are commonly seen in the outpatient setting. Men between 14 and 35 years of age are most often affected, and Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are the most common pathogens in this age group. […] In 2002, epididymitis or orchitis accounted for 1 in 144 outpatient visits (0.69 percent) in men 18 to 50 years of age. There are approximately 600,000 cases of epididymitis per year in the United States, most of which occur in men between 18 and 35 years of age. […] Epididymitis is more common than orchitis. In one outpatient study, orchitis occurred in 58 percent of men diagnosed with epididymitis. Isolated orchitis is rare and is generally associated with mumps infection in prepubertal boys (13 years or younger).

• #54 What Is Testicular Cancer? | UCLA Medical School

  https://medschool.ucla.edu/news-article/testicular-cancer-symptoms-treatment-and-causes

  Testicular cancer treatment depends on several factors, including the stage and type of cancer, as well as the patient’s overall health and preferences. […] In some cases, particularly for low-risk, early-stage cancers, doctors may recommend „watchful waiting” or surveillance instead of immediate treatment. This involves monitoring the cancer with regular exams and imaging tests to see if it changes or grows over time. […] The overall testicular cancer survival rate is quite high, with more than 95% of men diagnosed with testicular cancer surviving at least five years after their initial diagnosis, and many living for decades after treatment. […] Regular self-exams and routine medical check-ups can help detect testicular cancer early when it is most treatable and can increase the chances of a successful outcome. […] Testicular Cancer Awareness Month is an annual event observed in April to raise awareness about testicular cancer and promote education, prevention, and early detection of the disease.

• #55 What are the 5 warning signs of testicular cancer? FAQs and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-are-5-warning-signs-of-testicular-cancer

  The five warning signs of testicular cancer may include swelling, pain, and heaviness in the testicle area, along with breast growth and early puberty in boys. […] However, not everyone has symptoms in the beginning stages, and many may not experience them even after the cancer spreads. […] Enlargement or swelling of a testicle is frequently the first sign. […] The swelling usually affects one side and uncommonly involves both sides. […] Although the initial swelling is not painful, approximately one-third of people with testicular cancer have dull pain. […] Some individuals may have a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum or lower belly. […] In rare cases, this occurs because some testicular cancers secrete high levels of human chorionic gonadotropin, a hormone that stimulates breast development.

• #56 What are the 5 warning signs of testicular cancer? FAQs and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-are-5-warning-signs-of-testicular-cancer

  Some testicular cancers can make male sex hormones. […] When testicular cancer spreads to other parts of the body, many people may not experience symptoms right away. […] Symptoms that may suggest the cancer has spread to other parts of the body include low back pain, confusion, and chest pain. […] Because it is possible for someone to have testicular cancer and not have symptoms, some doctors recommend that males perform monthly self-examinations. […] When a doctor catches testicular cancer in the very early stage, the outlook is positive.

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