Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Brain tumor – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brain-tumor/symptoms-causes/syc-20350084

  Brain tumors that start as a growth of cells in the brain are called primary brain tumors. They might start right in the brain or in the tissue nearby. Nearby tissue might include the membranes that cover the brain, called meninges. Brain tumors also can happen in nerves, the pituitary gland and the pineal gland. […] Brain tumors happen when cells in or near the brain get changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to grow quickly and continue living when healthy cells would die as part of their natural life cycle. This makes a lot of extra cells in the brain. The cells can form a growth called a tumor. […] It’s not clear what causes the DNA changes that lead to brain tumors. For many people with brain tumors, the cause is never known. Sometimes parents pass DNA changes to their children. The changes can increase the risk of having a brain tumor. These hereditary brain tumors are rare. If you have a family history of brain tumors, talk about it with your health care provider.

• #2 Brain Tumor: Symptoms, Signs & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6149-brain-cancer-brain-tumor

  Brain tumors can be malignant (cancerous) or benign (noncancerous). […] Only about one-third of brain tumors are cancerous. […] Researchers know brain tumors develop when certain genes on the chromosomes of a cell are damaged and no longer function properly, but they aren’t sure why this happens. […] In some cases, a person may be born with changes in one or more of these genes. Environmental factors, such as exposure to large amounts of radiation from X-rays or previous cancer treatment, may then lead to further damage. […] In other cases, the environmental injury to the genes may be the only cause. […] There are a few rare, inherited (passed down from parent to child) genetic syndromes that are associated with brain tumors, including: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1 gene), Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2 gene), Turcot syndrome (APC gene), Gorlin syndrome (PTCH gene), Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC1 and TSC2 genes), Li-Fraumeni syndrome (TP53 gene). […] Only about 5% to 10% of people with brain tumors have a family history of a brain tumor.

• #3 What Causes Brain Tumors? | Causes of Brain Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/brain-spinal-cord-tumors-adults/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Many different types of tumors can start in the brain or spinal cord. These different tumors are unlikely to all have the same causes, but they might share some things in common. […] The cause of most brain and spinal cord tumors is not fully understood, and there are very few well-established risk factors. But researchers have found some of the changes that occur in normal brain cells that may lead them to form brain tumors. […] Brain and spinal cord tumors, like other tumors, are caused by changes in the DNA inside cells. […] Cancers can be caused by DNA changes that turn on oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. […] Researchers have found gene changes that cause some rare inherited syndromes (like neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and von Hippel-Lindau syndrome) that increase the risk of developing some brain and spinal cord tumors.

• #3 What Causes Brain Tumors? | Causes of Brain Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/brain-spinal-cord-tumors-adults/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  It’s usually not known why people without inherited syndromes develop brain or spinal cord tumors. […] Other than radiation, no known lifestyle-related or environmental factors are clearly linked to brain tumors. Most gene changes are probably just random events that sometimes happen inside a cell, without having an outside cause.

• #4 Brain Tumors – AANS

  https://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/brain-tumors/

  Brain tumors are thought to arise when certain genes on the chromosomes of a cell are damaged and no longer function properly. These genes normally regulate the rate at which the cell divides (if it divides at all) and repair genes that fix defects of other genes, as well as genes that should cause the cell to self-destruct if the damage is beyond repair. In some cases, an individual may be born with partial defects in one or more of these genes. Environmental factors may then lead to further damage. In other cases, the environmental injury to the genes may be the only cause. It is not known why some people in an environment develop brain tumors, while others do not. […] Once a cell is dividing rapidly and internal mechanisms to check its growth are damaged, the cell can eventually grow into a tumor. Another line of defense may be the body’s immune system, which optimally would detect the abnormal cell and kill it. Tumors may produce substances that block the immune system from recognizing the abnormal tumor cells and eventually overpower all internal and external deterrents to its growth.

• #5 Brain Tumor Causes | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/cancer-care/brain-and-spine-cancers/tumors-of-brain/causes-and-diagnoses

  The exact cause of brain tumors is unknown. But, certain factors can increase your chance of developing a brain tumor. Risk factors include: […] People who have received radiation to the head are at higher risk for brain tumors. In most cases, this occurs due to radiation used to treat another type of cancer, such as leukemia during childhood. […] People who are born with certain syndromes have an increased risk for brain tumors. Examples include neurofibromatosis, Von Hippel-Lindau disease, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Lynch syndrome, and tuberous sclerosis. […] Most people with brain tumors do not have a family history of the disease. But, in rare cases, tumors can run in families. […] People who have a weakened immune system have a higher risk of central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma. This includes people with AIDS or an organ transplant. However, aging also is associated with a weakening of the immune system.

• #6 Brain Tumors: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/brain-cancer/brain-tumors-in-adults

  Brain tumors develop because the DNA in the cells that make up the tumor has been damaged in such a way that the cells no longer function in the way they’re supposed to. But experts don’t know exactly how this happens. When the DNA is damaged in this way, the abnormal cells multiply and grow faster than your normal cells, which forms the tumor. […] Usually, environmental exposure adds to the DNA damage. Sometimes, people are born with DNA damage and they get tumors at a very young age. […] Most of the time, doctors can’t tell what causes a brain tumor. There are only a few known risk factors for brain tumors in adults. […] Exposure to radiation. Children who receive radiation to the head have a higher risk of getting a brain tumor as adults. […] Family history. Some brain tumors are linked to certain rare genetic conditions such as neurofibromatosis or Li-Fraumeni syndrome. […] Age. People between ages 65 and 79 make up the population most likely to be diagnosed with a brain tumor. […] No history of chickenpox. One study has found that people who had chickenpox are less likely to get gliomas.

• #7 Risks and causes of brain tumours | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/brain-tumours/risks-causes

  Age is a risk factor in brain tumours. The older you get the higher the risk. […] Being overweight or obese increases the risk of some cancer types, including a type of brain tumour called meningioma. About 2 out of 100 brain tumours (2%) diagnosed in the UK every year are caused by being overweight or obese. […] Less than 1 out of every 100 brain tumours (less than 1%) diagnosed in the UK are caused by ionising radiation. Most cases happen in people who have received radiation from previous radiotherapy treatments, rather than from x-rays and CT scans. […] Your risk is higher than other people in the general population if you have a close relative who has had a brain tumour. A close relative is a parent, sibling or child. […] A small proportion of brain tumours are related to known genetic conditions. People who have one of these rare syndromes have an increased risk of getting a brain tumour.

• #8

  https://braintumourresearch.org/pages/information-brain-tumour-causes?srsltid=AfmBOorqZ5BX30EEequ8zjZFLKUsUNa1VGOO5dChZeCCwt18WUOP5IQE

  No single, definitive cause has yet been identified for primary brain tumours – tumours that originate in the brain rather than metastasising from another form of cancer such as breast, lung or melanoma. […] Some risk factors have been identified, but due to the complex and unique health history for each patient, scientists are still unable to answer this fundamental question of why a brain tumour has appeared. […] Like all tumours and cancers, mutations in the DNA of a cell leads to abnormal growth (uncontrolled division), but what causes these mutations is likely to vary between individuals. […] The most well known environmental risk factor for the development of brain tumours is exposure to radiation, especially where this has been used for previous cancer treatment in the same site.

• #8

  https://braintumourresearch.org/pages/information-brain-tumour-causes?srsltid=AfmBOorqZ5BX30EEequ8zjZFLKUsUNa1VGOO5dChZeCCwt18WUOP5IQE

  As humans age, there is a higher the risk of developing a wide range of health conditions, including certain brain tumours. […] There is evidence that, in a very small number of cases, inherited genetic factors or conditions have contributed to the development of a brain tumour. […] Some scientists strongly contest this and some studies suggest there is a connection between mobile phone use, glioma and acoustic neuroma (a form of schwannoma brain tumour). […] There is some evidence of a connection between pesticide exposure (including some pesticides approved for domestic/home use), farming and an increased risk of developing a brain tumour. […] There are studies that suggest a connection between being a painter, working in the printing industry, being a hairdresser, personal hair dye use and an increased risk of developing a brain tumour.

• #8

  https://braintumourresearch.org/pages/information-brain-tumour-causes?srsltid=AfmBOorqZ5BX30EEequ8zjZFLKUsUNa1VGOO5dChZeCCwt18WUOP5IQE

  The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been indicated as a possible contributory factor to the development of gliomas, but it is not clear what role the virus may play, if any. […] High levels of blood glucose (blood sugar) is related to poorer survival rates in glioblastoma (GBM) brain tumours, but has not been identified as a risk factor. […] The risk factors for developing a brain tumour again can vary depending on the type of tumour and the individual’s medical history.

• #9 Environmental causes of childhood brain tumours

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2408544/

  Brain tumours develop as a consequence of cellular genetic alterations that permit them to evade normal regulatory mechanisms and destruction by the immune system. These alterations may have an inherited or acquired (chemical, physical or biological neurocarcinogens) cause. Overall, only a very small proportion of brain tumours can be attributed to the effect of inherited predisposition. The various implicated and suspected environmental factors includes ionizing radiation, non-ionizing radiation, N-nitroso compounds, viral infections (JC virus, cytomegalovirus, Human immunodeficiency virus, SV-40, varicella-zoster, chicken pox), and head injury. […] Ionizing radiation in therapeutic doses is the only unequivocal acquired factor that has been identified for glial and meningeal neoplasms. […] The associations with exposure to various neurocarcinogens N-akyl-nitrosoureas, non-ionizing radiation, head trauma and infective agents are yet to be fully substantiated. Continued research into genetic, dietary, infectious and immune factors may clarify more on the aetiology of brain tumours.

• #10 Brain tumor – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor

  A known cause of brain cancers is ionizing radiation. Approximately 4% of brain cancers in the general population are caused by CT-scan radiation. For brain cancers that follow a CT scan at lags of 2 years or more, it has been estimated that 40% are attributable to CT-scan radiation. The risk of brain cancer is dose dependent, with the relative risk increasing by 0.8 for each 100 gray of ionizing radiation received. At this dose, approximately 6391 people would have to be exposed to cause 1 case of brain cancer. Ionizing radiation to the head as part of treatment for other cancers is also a risk factor for developing brain cancer. […] Mutations and deletions of tumor suppressor genes, such as P53, are thought to be the cause of some forms of brain tumor. Inherited conditions, such as Von Hippel-Lindau disease, tuberous sclerosis, multiple endocrine neoplasia, and neurofibromatosis type 2 carry a high risk for the development of brain tumors. People with celiac disease have a slightly increased risk of developing brain tumors. Smoking may increase the risk, but evidence of this remains unclear.

• #10 Brain tumor – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor

  Although studies have not shown any link between cell-phone or mobile-phone radiation and the occurrence of brain tumors, the World Health Organization has classified mobile-phone radiation on the IARC scale into Group 2B possibly carcinogenic. The claim that cell-phone usage may cause brain cancer is likely based on epidemiological studies which observed a slight increase in glioma risk among heavy users of wireless phones. When those studies were conducted, GSM (2G) phones were in use. Modern, third-generation (3G) phones emit, on average, about 1% of the energy emitted by those GSM (2G) phones, and therefore the finding of an association between cell-phone usage and increased risk of brain cancer is not based upon current phone usage.

• #11 Brain tumor – primary – adults: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007222.htm

  A primary brain tumor is a group (mass) of abnormal cells that start in the brain. […] The cause of primary brain tumors is unknown. There are many risk factors that could play a role: […] Radiation therapy used to treat brain cancers increases the risk of brain tumors up to 20 or 30 years later. […] Some inherited conditions increase the risk of brain tumors, including neurofibromatosis, Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and Turcot syndrome. […] Lymphomas that begin in the brain in people with a weakened immune system (such as people with HIV) are sometimes linked to infection by the Epstein-Barr virus. […] These have not proven to be risk factors: […] Exposure to radiation at work, or to power lines, cell phones, cordless phones, or wireless devices […] Head injuries […] Smoking […] Hormone therapy.

• #12 Brain Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and 2025 Advances in Treatment – OncoDaily

  https://oncodaily.com/oncolibrary/cancer-types/brain-cancer

  Environmental exposures, though less clearly established, are suspected to play a role. Ionizing radiation is the only well-documented environmental risk factor. Patients who have undergone radiation therapy to the head, especially during childhood, have an increased risk of developing brain tumors later in life. […] Age and gender also influence risk. Brain tumors can occur at any age but are more commonly diagnosed in older adults. Some tumor types, like meningiomas, are more common in women, while glioblastomas occur more frequently in men. […] Immunosuppression is another factor. Individuals with compromised immune systems, including those with HIV/AIDS or those on long-term immunosuppressive therapy, may have a higher incidence of certain brain cancers, particularly primary central nervous system lymphoma. […] Lifestyle factors, such as cell phone use and dietary habits, have been studied extensively, but no consistent or conclusive link has been established between these and brain cancer risk.

• #13 What causes brain tumours? | The Brain Tumour Charity

  https://www.thebraintumourcharity.org/brain-tumour-diagnosis-treatment/how-brain-tumours-are-diagnosed/brain-tumour-biology/what-causes-brain-tumours/

  Ionising radiation is thought to increase the risk of developing a brain tumour. And, about 1% of brain tumours are thought to be caused by this. […] People with HIV or AIDS have an increased risk of developing a type of brain tumour called a CNS lymphoma. […] Around 2% of brain tumours are thought to be caused by obesity. […] Some studies have shown an increase in the risk of developing certain types of brain tumour.

• #14 Brain Cancer: Causes, Types & Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/brain-cancer

  Brain cancer is the result of cancerous cell growth in your brain. […] The exact cause of primary brain cancer is unknown. But studies have shown a link between exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation and an increased risk of brain cancer. […] Other risk factors that might be related to developing brain cancer include: increased age, a family history of brain cancer, long-term smoking, exposure to pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizer, working with elements that can cause cancer, like lead, plastic, rubber, petroleum, and some textiles, having an Epstein-Barr virus infection, or mononucleosis. […] Secondary brain cancer, the type of brain cancer that occurs when cancer that began in another part of your body spreads to your brain, is more likely to be caused by some types of cancer than others. […] Cancers that commonly spread, or metastasize, to the brain include: lung cancer, breast cancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer, melanoma, which is a type of skin cancer.

• #15 Brain Tumors: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/brain-tumors-causes-and-risk-factors-4164743

  Risk factors can vary depending on the particular type of brain tumor, such as glioma, meningioma, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, and more, and may include: […] Exposure to radiation. either diagnostic (such as a CT scan or X-ray of the head), therapeutic (such as with radiation therapy to the head to treat leukemia, or when radiation was used to treat scalp psoriasis), as well as radiation related to atomic bomb blasts are associated with a higher risk of developing a brain tumor (gliomas and meningiomas). […] Both childhood cancers, and cancers such as non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, leukemia, and glioma in adults, are associated with an increased risk of developing brain tumors. […] People living with HIV/AIDS have roughly double the risk of developing a brain tumor. […] People who are overweight or obese have an increased risk of brain tumors.

• #16 Glioblastoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glioblastoma

  The cause of most cases of glioblastoma is not known. […] Uncommon risk factors include genetic disorders, such as neurofibromatosis and LiFraumeni syndrome, and previous radiation therapy. […] The best known risk factor is exposure to ionizing radiation, and CT scan radiation is an important cause. […] Uncommon risk factors include genetic disorders such as neurofibromatosis, LiFraumeni syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, or Turcot syndrome. […] Glioblastoma has been associated with the viruses SV40, HHV-6, and cytomegalovirus (CMV). […] Infection with an oncogenic CMV may even be necessary for the development of glioblastoma. […] There are currently three molecular subtypes of glioblastoma that were identified based on gene expression. […] Many other genetic alterations have been described in glioblastoma, and the majority of them are clustered in two pathways, the RB and the PI3K/AKT.

• #17 Brain tumor – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brain-tumor/symptoms-causes/syc-20350084

  When brain tumors happen in children, they’re likely to be primary brain tumors. In adults, brain tumors are more likely to be cancer that started somewhere else and spread to the brain. […] Brain metastases happen when cancer begins elsewhere in the body and spreads (metastasizes) to the brain. […] Secondary brain tumors happen when cancer starts somewhere else and spreads to the brain. When cancer spreads, it’s called metastatic cancer. […] Any cancer can spread to the brain, but common types include breast cancer, colon cancer, kidney cancer, lung cancer, and melanoma. […] It’s not clear why some cancers spread to the brain and others are more likely to spread to other places. […] In adults, secondary brain tumors are far more common than are primary brain tumors.

• #18 Metastatic brain tumor: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000769.htm

  A metastatic brain tumor is cancer that started in another part of the body and has spread to the brain. […] Many tumor or cancer types can spread to the brain. The most common are: Lung cancer, Breast cancer, Melanoma, Kidney cancer. […] Some types of cancer rarely spread to the brain, such as prostate and colon cancer. In some cases, a tumor can spread to the brain from an unknown location. This is called cancer of unknown primary (CUP). […] Metastatic brain tumors occur in about one fourth (25%) of all cancers that spread through the body. They are much more common than primary brain tumors (tumors that start in the brain). […] Prognosis depends on the type of tumor and how it responds to treatment.

• #19 Brain Tumors | Brain Cancer Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.pacificneuroscienceinstitute.org/blog/brain-tumor/risk-factors-why-did-i-get-a-brain-tumor/

  Previous treatment to the brain or head with ionizing radiation, including x-rays, has shown, in some cases, to be a risk factor for a brain tumor. […] Serious head trauma has long been studied for its relationship to brain tumors. Some studies have shown a link between head trauma and meningioma, but not one between head trauma and glioma. […] Some studies of diet and vitamin supplementation seem to indicate that dietary N-nitroso compounds may raise the risk of both childhood and adult brain tumors. […] One study has shown that some Gulf War veterans have an increased risk of a brain tumor from exposure to nerve agents; however, more research is needed before a definitive link can be made.

• #20 Brain Tumor Causes, Risk Factors & Reducing Risk | Compass Oncology

  https://www.compassoncology.com/brain-cancer/causes-risk-factors-and-prevention

  Primary brain tumors begin in the brain itself or in surrounding tissues, such as the brain-covering membranes (meninges), cranial nerves, pineal gland, or pituitary gland. […] Most brain tumors are not linked with any known risk factors. However, there are a few factors that can raise the risk. […] Risk factors for brain tumors may include: A compromised immune system, which can increase the risk of developing lymphomas of the brain. […] Radiation exposure, which is most often from radiation therapy to treat another condition. Imaging tests that use radiation (X-rays, CT scans) could possibly increase the risk, but it is not known for sure. […] Family history, although this is very rare. Von Hippel-Lindau disease, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Tuberous sclerosis, and Neurofibromatosis (NF1 and NF2) are inherited conditions that have been found in families with a history of rare brain tumors. […] Regarding brain tumors, however, there are no known lifestyle-related or environmental risk factors other than radiation exposure.

• #21 What causes brain tumors? Answers to this and five more brain tumor questions | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/how-many-types-of-brain-tumors-are-there-what-causes-brain-tumors-and-more-common-brain-tumor-questions.h00-159460845.html

  There are 120 types of brain tumors described in the master neuro-pathology handbook, according to the World Health Organization. […] Tumors are caused by changes in the DNA of cells. When cells start dividing in a manner that is not controllable, this causes a mass. […] Weathers confirms that the only known risk factor for developing a brain tumor is previous exposure to ionizing radiation. This might apply to patients who were diagnosed with leukemia at a younger age who underwent radiation treatment to the brain. […] Some rare genetic cancer syndromes, such as Li-Fraumeni Syndrome, also increase the risk of a brain tumor diagnosis in addition to other cancer diagnoses. […] Brain tumors, in general, are not hereditary, unless you have a rare hereditary cancer syndrome like Li-Fraumeni Syndrome. The overwhelming majority of brain tumors are sporadic or random without risk of passing the diagnosis to your children, says Weathers.

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