Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Brain Tumor Epidemiology: Consensus from the Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium (BTEC)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2861559/

  Epidemiologists in the Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium (BTEC) have prioritized areas for further research. […] A major priority based on available evidence and technologies includes expanding research in genetics and molecular epidemiology of brain tumors. […] There is also a pressing need to bring more researchers, especially junior investigators, to study brain tumor epidemiology. […] The annual global age-standardized incidence of primary malignant brain tumors is ~3.7 per 100,000 for males and 2.6 per 100,000 for females. […] Rates appear to be higher in more developed countries than in less developed countries. […] Data from several national cancer registries support differences in the epidemiology of brain tumors in children versus adults. […] Worldwide age-standardized mortality for primary malignant brain tumors is ~2.8 for males and 2.0 for females per 100,000.

• #2 Epidemiology and socioeconomic correlates of brain and central nervous system cancers in Asia in 2020 and their projection to 2040 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-73277-z

  Brain and central nervous system (CNS) cancers constitute a heterogeneous group of cancers with poor 5-year survival rates. We aimed to report the epidemiology of brain and CNS cancers in Asia in 2020 and their projections up to 2040 by age, sex, and country, as well as their correlation with socioeconomic status. In 2020, there were 166,925 new cases of brain and CNS cancers in Asia, indicating a 5-year prevalence rate of 9.40 per 100,000. We also estimated the total ASIR, ASMR, and MIR as 3.20, 2.60, and 0.83, respectively. In 2040, there will be 232,000 new cases of brain and CNS cancers and 200,000 subsequent deaths in Asia. Our study revealed higher brain and CNS cancer rates in Western Asia among males and elderly individuals. Reporting the epidemiology of cancer in Asia is highly important since 59.5% of the global population resides on this continent, and these findings can be helpful for regional health policymaking. Moreover, 49.3% of all new cases of cancer and 58.3% of all cancer deaths in 2020 occurred in Asia. The projections of brain and CNS cancers in Asia from 2020 to 2044 show an increase in ASIRs, whereas the ASMRs gradually decrease. We aimed to report the 5-year prevalence, incidence, and mortality of brain and CNS cancers in Asia for each age group and Asian subregion, by sex, and for each country in 2020. The HDI demonstrated a significant strong negative correlation with MIR (correlation coefficient: 0.538, p value0.001). We also found moderately significant positive correlations between CHE/GDP% and ASIR (correlation coefficient: 0.388, p value: 0.010) and between CHE/GDP% and ASMR (correlation coefficient: 0.373, p value: 0.014). We estimated that the number of newly diagnosed cases of brain and CNS cancers in Asia will increase by 39.30%, from 166,925 in 2020 to 232,000 cases in 2040. Similarly, deaths caused by brain and CNS cancers are estimated to increase by 45.00%, from 137,646 in 2020 to 200,000 deaths in 2040.

• #3 Brain Tumor Epidemiology: Consensus from the Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium (BTEC)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2861559/

  Epidemiologists in the Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium (BTEC) have prioritized areas for further research. […] A major priority based on available evidence and technologies includes expanding research in genetics and molecular epidemiology of brain tumors. […] There is also a pressing need to bring more researchers, especially junior investigators, to study brain tumor epidemiology. […] The annual global age-standardized incidence of primary malignant brain tumors is ~3.7 per 100,000 for males and 2.6 per 100,000 for females. […] Rates appear to be higher in more developed countries than in less developed countries. […] Data from several national cancer registries support differences in the epidemiology of brain tumors in children versus adults. […] Worldwide age-standardized mortality for primary malignant brain tumors is ~2.8 for males and 2.0 for females per 100,000.

• #4 CBTRUS Fact Sheet 2024 – CBTRUS

  https://cbtrus.org/cbtrus-fact-sheet/

  CBTRUS presents observed and relative survival based on the CDC/NPCR data. […] The incidence rate of all primary malignant and non-malignant brain and other CNS tumors in the United States was 25.34 cases per 100,000 population, for a total count of 467,894 incident tumors; (6.89 per 100,000 for malignant tumors [126,807 cases] and 18.46 per 100,000 for non-malignant tumors [341,087 cases]). […] The average annual mortality rate in the United States between 2017 and 2021 was 4.41 per 100,000 population with 87,053 total deaths attributed to primary malignant brain and other CNS tumors. […] The five-year relative survival rate in the United States from 2001 to 2020 following diagnosis of a primary malignant brain and other CNS tumor was 35.7%. […] While incidence of brain and other CNS tumors increased overall and among non-malignant tumors only, there was a significant decrease in malignant tumors overall from 2004-2017. […] The overall prevalence as of December 31, 2019 for all primary brain and other CNS tumors was estimated to be 1,323,121 cases, of which 14.6% were malignant (195,048 cases).

• #5 CBTRUS Fact Sheet 2024 – CBTRUS

  https://cbtrus.org/cbtrus-fact-sheet/

  CBTRUS presents observed and relative survival based on the CDC/NPCR data. […] The incidence rate of all primary malignant and non-malignant brain and other CNS tumors in the United States was 25.34 cases per 100,000 population, for a total count of 467,894 incident tumors; (6.89 per 100,000 for malignant tumors [126,807 cases] and 18.46 per 100,000 for non-malignant tumors [341,087 cases]). […] The average annual mortality rate in the United States between 2017 and 2021 was 4.41 per 100,000 population with 87,053 total deaths attributed to primary malignant brain and other CNS tumors. […] The five-year relative survival rate in the United States from 2001 to 2020 following diagnosis of a primary malignant brain and other CNS tumor was 35.7%. […] While incidence of brain and other CNS tumors increased overall and among non-malignant tumors only, there was a significant decrease in malignant tumors overall from 2004-2017. […] The overall prevalence as of December 31, 2019 for all primary brain and other CNS tumors was estimated to be 1,323,121 cases, of which 14.6% were malignant (195,048 cases).

• #6 Brain and Other Nervous System Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/brain.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 24,820 […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 18,330 […] % of All New Cancer Cases 1.2% […] % of All Cancer Deaths 3.0% […] The rate of new cases of brain and other nervous system cancer was 6.1 per 100,000 men and women per year. The death rate was 4.4 per 100,000 men and women per year. […] Approximately 0.6 percent of men and women will be diagnosed with brain and other nervous system cancer at some point during their lifetime, based on 20182021 data, excluding 2020 due to COVID. […] In 2022, there were an estimated 187,162 people living with brain and other nervous system cancer in the United States. […] Brain and other nervous system cancer represents 1.2% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 24,820 new cases of brain and other nervous system cancer and an estimated 18,330 people will die of this disease.

• #7 Brain, other CNS and intracranial tumours incidence statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/brain-other-cns-and-intracranial-tumours/incidence

  Brain, other CNS and intracranial tumours is the 9th most common cancer in the UK, accounting for 3% of all new cancer cases (2017-2019). […] In females in the UK, brain, other CNS and intracranial tumours is the 7th most common cancer (4% of all new female cancer cases). In males in the UK, it is the 11th most common cancer (3% of all new male cancer cases). […] Brain, other CNS and intracranial tumours incidence rates (European age-standardised (AS) rate) for persons are significantly higher than the UK average in Wales and Northern Ireland and are similar to the UK average in all other UK constituent countries. […] For brain, other CNS and intracranial tumours, there are few established risk factors therefore differences between countries largely reflect differences in diagnosis and data recording.

• #8 Brain Tumor Epidemiology: Consensus from the Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium (BTEC)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2861559/

  Epidemiologists in the Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium (BTEC) have prioritized areas for further research. […] A major priority based on available evidence and technologies includes expanding research in genetics and molecular epidemiology of brain tumors. […] There is also a pressing need to bring more researchers, especially junior investigators, to study brain tumor epidemiology. […] The annual global age-standardized incidence of primary malignant brain tumors is ~3.7 per 100,000 for males and 2.6 per 100,000 for females. […] Rates appear to be higher in more developed countries than in less developed countries. […] Data from several national cancer registries support differences in the epidemiology of brain tumors in children versus adults. […] Worldwide age-standardized mortality for primary malignant brain tumors is ~2.8 for males and 2.0 for females per 100,000.

• #9 CBTRUS Fact Sheet 2024 – CBTRUS

  https://cbtrus.org/cbtrus-fact-sheet/

  CBTRUS presents observed and relative survival based on the CDC/NPCR data. […] The incidence rate of all primary malignant and non-malignant brain and other CNS tumors in the United States was 25.34 cases per 100,000 population, for a total count of 467,894 incident tumors; (6.89 per 100,000 for malignant tumors [126,807 cases] and 18.46 per 100,000 for non-malignant tumors [341,087 cases]). […] The average annual mortality rate in the United States between 2017 and 2021 was 4.41 per 100,000 population with 87,053 total deaths attributed to primary malignant brain and other CNS tumors. […] The five-year relative survival rate in the United States from 2001 to 2020 following diagnosis of a primary malignant brain and other CNS tumor was 35.7%. […] While incidence of brain and other CNS tumors increased overall and among non-malignant tumors only, there was a significant decrease in malignant tumors overall from 2004-2017. […] The overall prevalence as of December 31, 2019 for all primary brain and other CNS tumors was estimated to be 1,323,121 cases, of which 14.6% were malignant (195,048 cases).

• #10 Brain and Other Nervous System Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/brain.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 24,820 […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 18,330 […] % of All New Cancer Cases 1.2% […] % of All Cancer Deaths 3.0% […] The rate of new cases of brain and other nervous system cancer was 6.1 per 100,000 men and women per year. The death rate was 4.4 per 100,000 men and women per year. […] Approximately 0.6 percent of men and women will be diagnosed with brain and other nervous system cancer at some point during their lifetime, based on 20182021 data, excluding 2020 due to COVID. […] In 2022, there were an estimated 187,162 people living with brain and other nervous system cancer in the United States. […] Brain and other nervous system cancer represents 1.2% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 24,820 new cases of brain and other nervous system cancer and an estimated 18,330 people will die of this disease.

• #11 Brain Tumor Facts

  https://braintumor.org/brain-tumors/about-brain-tumors/brain-tumor-facts/

  There are more than 100 distinct types of primary brain tumors, each with its own spectrum of presentations, treatments, and outcomes. […] More than any other cancer, brain tumors can have lasting and life-altering physical, cognitive, and psychological impacts on a patients life. […] And, despite years of research, brain cancer survival rates have remained little-changed in recent years, even while survival rates for many other cancers have been significantly improved. […] The following statistics and facts provide a snapshot of the burden primary brain tumors cause to Americans of all walks of life. […] An estimated 94,390 people will receive a new primary brain tumor diagnosis in 2023. […] The five-year relative survival rate for all patients with primary brain tumors is 76%. […] Survival rates vary by age at diagnosis and tumor type and generally decrease with age.

• #12 Brain Tumor Facts

  https://braintumor.org/brain-tumors/about-brain-tumors/brain-tumor-facts/

  For patients with malignant brain tumors, the five-year relative survival rate following diagnosis is 35.7%. […] Brain cancer is estimated to be the 10th leading cause of cancer death in 2023 for both males and females in all age groups. […] Approximately 14.3% of all primary brain tumors occur in the AYA population. […] Brain tumors are the second most common cancer overall in individuals ages 15-39 and the second leading cause of cancer related death in those 15-39 years of age. […] The five-year relative survival rate for adults diagnosed with a primary brain tumor is 72.5%. […] Survival rates for adult and pediatric patients with brain tumors have not changed significantly over the past 45 years despite major improvements made in the treatment of other cancers. […] Each year, approximately 70,000-200,000 patients are diagnosed with brain metastases (metastatic brain tumors/secondary brain tumors), while ~100,000 will die every year as the result of brain metastases. […] Metastatic brain tumors are five times more common than primary brain tumors (those that originate in the brain).

• #13 Brain Tumor Facts

  https://braintumor.org/brain-tumors/about-brain-tumors/brain-tumor-facts/

  There are more than 100 distinct types of primary brain tumors, each with its own spectrum of presentations, treatments, and outcomes. […] More than any other cancer, brain tumors can have lasting and life-altering physical, cognitive, and psychological impacts on a patients life. […] And, despite years of research, brain cancer survival rates have remained little-changed in recent years, even while survival rates for many other cancers have been significantly improved. […] The following statistics and facts provide a snapshot of the burden primary brain tumors cause to Americans of all walks of life. […] An estimated 94,390 people will receive a new primary brain tumor diagnosis in 2023. […] The five-year relative survival rate for all patients with primary brain tumors is 76%. […] Survival rates vary by age at diagnosis and tumor type and generally decrease with age.

• #14 Brain Tumor Facts

  https://braintumor.org/brain-tumors/about-brain-tumors/brain-tumor-facts/

  For patients with malignant brain tumors, the five-year relative survival rate following diagnosis is 35.7%. […] Brain cancer is estimated to be the 10th leading cause of cancer death in 2023 for both males and females in all age groups. […] Approximately 14.3% of all primary brain tumors occur in the AYA population. […] Brain tumors are the second most common cancer overall in individuals ages 15-39 and the second leading cause of cancer related death in those 15-39 years of age. […] The five-year relative survival rate for adults diagnosed with a primary brain tumor is 72.5%. […] Survival rates for adult and pediatric patients with brain tumors have not changed significantly over the past 45 years despite major improvements made in the treatment of other cancers. […] Each year, approximately 70,000-200,000 patients are diagnosed with brain metastases (metastatic brain tumors/secondary brain tumors), while ~100,000 will die every year as the result of brain metastases. […] Metastatic brain tumors are five times more common than primary brain tumors (those that originate in the brain).

• #15 Brain Tumor Epidemiology: Consensus from the Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium (BTEC)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2861559/

  In summary, progress in diagnostic technologies and ascertainment, particularly for non-malignant brain tumors, may account for much of the modest increase in incidence. […] There is consensus among brain tumor epidemiologists that variations in study designs, population characteristics, information sources, measurement, and classification have limited the ability to make conclusive associations of specific types of adult brain tumors with individual risk factors. […] Certain forms and doses of ionizing radiation are generally accepted causes of brain tumors. […] The association of exposure to non-ionizing radiation, specifically exposures in the radio frequency range (RF) or electromagnetic fields in the extremely low frequency range (EMF ELF) and development of primary BTs remains unresolved.

• #16 Epidemiology of Brain and Other CNS Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8613072/

  Brain and other CNS tumors are the number one cause of cancer related mortality in children diagnosed at 0-14 years old and overall survival for childhood and adolescent brain and other CNS tumors varies greatly by brain and other CNS tumor histology. […] There are two primary risk factors for brain and other CNS tumors in children, adolescents and adults that have been well validated: single gene inherited disorders (~4% of childhood cases) and ionizing radiation. […] Numerous environmental exposures have been evaluated as potential risk factors for brain and other CNS tumors in adults, but the only consistent risk factor that has been identified is exposure to high-dose ionizing radiation. […] Mounting evidence from diverse studies suggests that higher socioeconomic position (SEP) is associated with an increased risk of adult CNS tumors when compared to individuals with a lower SEP.

• #17 Epidemiology of Brain and Other CNS Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8613072/

  Brain and other CNS tumors are the number one cause of cancer related mortality in children diagnosed at 0-14 years old and overall survival for childhood and adolescent brain and other CNS tumors varies greatly by brain and other CNS tumor histology. […] There are two primary risk factors for brain and other CNS tumors in children, adolescents and adults that have been well validated: single gene inherited disorders (~4% of childhood cases) and ionizing radiation. […] Numerous environmental exposures have been evaluated as potential risk factors for brain and other CNS tumors in adults, but the only consistent risk factor that has been identified is exposure to high-dose ionizing radiation. […] Mounting evidence from diverse studies suggests that higher socioeconomic position (SEP) is associated with an increased risk of adult CNS tumors when compared to individuals with a lower SEP.

• #18 Epidemiology of Brain and Other CNS Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8613072/

  Brain and other CNS tumors are the number one cause of cancer related mortality in children diagnosed at 0-14 years old and overall survival for childhood and adolescent brain and other CNS tumors varies greatly by brain and other CNS tumor histology. […] There are two primary risk factors for brain and other CNS tumors in children, adolescents and adults that have been well validated: single gene inherited disorders (~4% of childhood cases) and ionizing radiation. […] Numerous environmental exposures have been evaluated as potential risk factors for brain and other CNS tumors in adults, but the only consistent risk factor that has been identified is exposure to high-dose ionizing radiation. […] Mounting evidence from diverse studies suggests that higher socioeconomic position (SEP) is associated with an increased risk of adult CNS tumors when compared to individuals with a lower SEP.

• #19 Brain Tumor Epidemiology: Consensus from the Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium (BTEC)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2861559/

  In summary, progress in diagnostic technologies and ascertainment, particularly for non-malignant brain tumors, may account for much of the modest increase in incidence. […] There is consensus among brain tumor epidemiologists that variations in study designs, population characteristics, information sources, measurement, and classification have limited the ability to make conclusive associations of specific types of adult brain tumors with individual risk factors. […] Certain forms and doses of ionizing radiation are generally accepted causes of brain tumors. […] The association of exposure to non-ionizing radiation, specifically exposures in the radio frequency range (RF) or electromagnetic fields in the extremely low frequency range (EMF ELF) and development of primary BTs remains unresolved.

• #20 Brain Tumor Epidemiology: Consensus from the Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium (BTEC)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2861559/

  In summary, progress in diagnostic technologies and ascertainment, particularly for non-malignant brain tumors, may account for much of the modest increase in incidence. […] There is consensus among brain tumor epidemiologists that variations in study designs, population characteristics, information sources, measurement, and classification have limited the ability to make conclusive associations of specific types of adult brain tumors with individual risk factors. […] Certain forms and doses of ionizing radiation are generally accepted causes of brain tumors. […] The association of exposure to non-ionizing radiation, specifically exposures in the radio frequency range (RF) or electromagnetic fields in the extremely low frequency range (EMF ELF) and development of primary BTs remains unresolved.

• #21 Epidemiology of Brain and Other CNS Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8613072/

  Brain and other central nervous system (CNS) tumors, while rare, cause significant morbidity and mortality across all ages. This article summarizes the current state of the knowledge on the epidemiology of brain and other CNS tumors. […] For childhood and adolescent brain and other CNS tumors, high birth weight, non-chromosomal structural birth defects and higher socioeconomic position were shown to be risk factors. For adults, increased leukocyte telomere length, proportion of European ancestry, higher socioeconomic position, and HLA haplotypes increase risk of malignant brain tumors, while immune factors decrease risk. […] Although no risk factor accounting for a large proportion of brain and other CNS tumors has been discovered, the use of high throughput omics approaches and improved detection/measurement of environmental exposures will help us refine our current understanding of these factors and discover novel risk factors for this disease.

• #22 The global prevalence of primary central nervous system tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis | European Journal of Medical Research | Full Text

  https://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40001-023-01011-y

  Because CNS tumors are very diverse and cause different complications in different people and cause severe disabilities in a person, early diagnosis of tumor type is very important. […] The present study is conducted to investigate the prevalence of different types of primary CNS tumors. […] The prevalence of primary tumors is increasing in some European countries. […] Various environmental reasons have been put forward for including, including ionizing radiation, some serum compounds such as N nitrous compounds, air pollution, radio spectrum of electromagnetic waves, and ionizing radiation of the brain, which are among the environmental factors increasing the risk of central nervous system primary tumors. […] It has been observed that the prevalence of primary tumors is increasing in some European countries.

• #23 The global prevalence of primary central nervous system tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis | European Journal of Medical Research | Full Text

  https://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40001-023-01011-y

  Because CNS tumors are very diverse and cause different complications in different people and cause severe disabilities in a person, early diagnosis of tumor type is very important. […] The present study is conducted to investigate the prevalence of different types of primary CNS tumors. […] The prevalence of primary tumors is increasing in some European countries. […] Various environmental reasons have been put forward for including, including ionizing radiation, some serum compounds such as N nitrous compounds, air pollution, radio spectrum of electromagnetic waves, and ionizing radiation of the brain, which are among the environmental factors increasing the risk of central nervous system primary tumors. […] It has been observed that the prevalence of primary tumors is increasing in some European countries.

• #24 Brain Tumor Epidemiology: Consensus from the Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium (BTEC)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2861559/

  In summary, progress in diagnostic technologies and ascertainment, particularly for non-malignant brain tumors, may account for much of the modest increase in incidence. […] There is consensus among brain tumor epidemiologists that variations in study designs, population characteristics, information sources, measurement, and classification have limited the ability to make conclusive associations of specific types of adult brain tumors with individual risk factors. […] Certain forms and doses of ionizing radiation are generally accepted causes of brain tumors. […] The association of exposure to non-ionizing radiation, specifically exposures in the radio frequency range (RF) or electromagnetic fields in the extremely low frequency range (EMF ELF) and development of primary BTs remains unresolved.

• #25 Epidemiology of Brain and Other CNS Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8613072/

  Brain and other central nervous system (CNS) tumors, while rare, cause significant morbidity and mortality across all ages. This article summarizes the current state of the knowledge on the epidemiology of brain and other CNS tumors. […] For childhood and adolescent brain and other CNS tumors, high birth weight, non-chromosomal structural birth defects and higher socioeconomic position were shown to be risk factors. For adults, increased leukocyte telomere length, proportion of European ancestry, higher socioeconomic position, and HLA haplotypes increase risk of malignant brain tumors, while immune factors decrease risk. […] Although no risk factor accounting for a large proportion of brain and other CNS tumors has been discovered, the use of high throughput omics approaches and improved detection/measurement of environmental exposures will help us refine our current understanding of these factors and discover novel risk factors for this disease.

• #26 Brain Tumor Epidemiology: Consensus from the Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium (BTEC)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2861559/

  Meta-analyses of an extensive literature based on numerous case-control and two cohort studies indicates that there is an inverse association of self-reported allergies with glioma that is unlikely to be due to chance or methodologic biases alone. […] Although the epidemiologic literature on brain tumors is, in many areas, inconclusive, there are many promising areas to pursue in future research. […] One primary area of prioritization is to develop and identify additional funding sources for the epidemiological investigation of brain tumors; this is particularly important for childhood brain tumors. […] The fundamental challenges inherent in the study of brain tumors are no longer insurmountable in the age of high-speed electronic communications, genomics and bioinformatics.

• #27 Epidemiology of Brain and Other CNS Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8613072/

  Brain and other central nervous system (CNS) tumors, while rare, cause significant morbidity and mortality across all ages. This article summarizes the current state of the knowledge on the epidemiology of brain and other CNS tumors. […] For childhood and adolescent brain and other CNS tumors, high birth weight, non-chromosomal structural birth defects and higher socioeconomic position were shown to be risk factors. For adults, increased leukocyte telomere length, proportion of European ancestry, higher socioeconomic position, and HLA haplotypes increase risk of malignant brain tumors, while immune factors decrease risk. […] Although no risk factor accounting for a large proportion of brain and other CNS tumors has been discovered, the use of high throughput omics approaches and improved detection/measurement of environmental exposures will help us refine our current understanding of these factors and discover novel risk factors for this disease.

• #28 Brain Tumor Facts

  https://braintumor.org/brain-tumors/about-brain-tumors/brain-tumor-facts/

  There are more than 100 distinct types of primary brain tumors, each with its own spectrum of presentations, treatments, and outcomes. […] More than any other cancer, brain tumors can have lasting and life-altering physical, cognitive, and psychological impacts on a patients life. […] And, despite years of research, brain cancer survival rates have remained little-changed in recent years, even while survival rates for many other cancers have been significantly improved. […] The following statistics and facts provide a snapshot of the burden primary brain tumors cause to Americans of all walks of life. […] An estimated 94,390 people will receive a new primary brain tumor diagnosis in 2023. […] The five-year relative survival rate for all patients with primary brain tumors is 76%. […] Survival rates vary by age at diagnosis and tumor type and generally decrease with age.

• #29 Epidemiology and Demography of Brain Tumors | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-16-2659-3_1

  Primary central nervous system tumors consist of malignant and nonmalignant tumors involving brain, spinal cord, meninges, and cranial nerves. […] Primary CNS tumors affect both adult and children with majority primarily involving brain. […] The most common histological type in adults is glioma followed by ependymoma, schwannomas, medulloblastoma, CNS lymphoma, and meningioma. […] In children, common histologic types are glial tumors, embryonal tumors like medulloblastoma, atypical rhabdoid teratoid tumor (ATRT), choroid plexus tumors, ependymoma, craniopharyngioma, germ cell tumors, pineal tumors, and brainstem glioma. […] This chapter will provide an overview of epidemiology and demography of brain tumors.

• #30 The global prevalence of primary central nervous system tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis | European Journal of Medical Research | Full Text

  https://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40001-023-01011-y

  Primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms, including benign and malignant tumors. […] This study was performed to determine the overall prevalence of different primary CNS tumors. […] Based on 8 studies, the prevalence of brain tumors was 70.9%. […] As a result, it can be stated that brain tumors are the most common type of primary CNS tumors. […] It was also observed that tumors involving neuroepithelial cells are more common in patients than other types of tumors. […] Determining the general prevalence of nervous system tumors can make policy measures in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of tumors effective and reduce treatment costs. […] CNS tumors are recognized as one of the leading causes of death in children and adults. […] In a way, these tumors are the second leading cause of death in children and the third leading cause of death in adults.

• #31 The global prevalence of primary central nervous system tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis | European Journal of Medical Research | Full Text

  https://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40001-023-01011-y

  Among the cases that measured the prevalence according to age and sex, we can mention the study of Martin Preston, in which it was found that the prevalence of primary tumors is higher in women. […] A study by Joannstrand et al. found that the prevalence of pituitary tumors in women was higher than in men. […] Prevalence concerning age has been reported in almost similar studies, and those studies have shown that these tumors are more prevalent in middle-aged people. […] It can be stated that brain tumors are the most common type of primary CNS tumors. […] It was also observed that tumors involving neuroepithelial cells are more common than other tumors.

• #32 The global prevalence of primary central nervous system tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis | European Journal of Medical Research | Full Text

  https://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40001-023-01011-y

  Primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms, including benign and malignant tumors. […] This study was performed to determine the overall prevalence of different primary CNS tumors. […] Based on 8 studies, the prevalence of brain tumors was 70.9%. […] As a result, it can be stated that brain tumors are the most common type of primary CNS tumors. […] It was also observed that tumors involving neuroepithelial cells are more common in patients than other types of tumors. […] Determining the general prevalence of nervous system tumors can make policy measures in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of tumors effective and reduce treatment costs. […] CNS tumors are recognized as one of the leading causes of death in children and adults. […] In a way, these tumors are the second leading cause of death in children and the third leading cause of death in adults.

• #33 Epidemiology and Demography of Brain Tumors | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-16-2659-3_1

  Primary central nervous system tumors consist of malignant and nonmalignant tumors involving brain, spinal cord, meninges, and cranial nerves. […] Primary CNS tumors affect both adult and children with majority primarily involving brain. […] The most common histological type in adults is glioma followed by ependymoma, schwannomas, medulloblastoma, CNS lymphoma, and meningioma. […] In children, common histologic types are glial tumors, embryonal tumors like medulloblastoma, atypical rhabdoid teratoid tumor (ATRT), choroid plexus tumors, ependymoma, craniopharyngioma, germ cell tumors, pineal tumors, and brainstem glioma. […] This chapter will provide an overview of epidemiology and demography of brain tumors.

• #34 Brain Tumor Epidemiology: Consensus from the Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium (BTEC)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2861559/

  Epidemiologists in the Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium (BTEC) have prioritized areas for further research. […] A major priority based on available evidence and technologies includes expanding research in genetics and molecular epidemiology of brain tumors. […] There is also a pressing need to bring more researchers, especially junior investigators, to study brain tumor epidemiology. […] The annual global age-standardized incidence of primary malignant brain tumors is ~3.7 per 100,000 for males and 2.6 per 100,000 for females. […] Rates appear to be higher in more developed countries than in less developed countries. […] Data from several national cancer registries support differences in the epidemiology of brain tumors in children versus adults. […] Worldwide age-standardized mortality for primary malignant brain tumors is ~2.8 for males and 2.0 for females per 100,000.

• #35 Brain tumor – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor

  The incidence of brain tumors is higher in developed countries. This could be explained by undiagnosed tumor-related deaths in resource limited or lower income countries or by early deaths caused by other poverty-related causes that preempt a patient’s life before tumors develop. […] The incidence of CNS tumors in the United States, Israel, and the Nordic countries is relatively high, while Japan and Asian countries have a lower incidence. […] In the United States in 2015, approximately 166,039 people were living with brain or other central nervous system tumors. Over 2018, it was projected that there would be 23,880 new cases of brain tumors and 16,830 deaths in 2018 as a result, accounting for 1.4 percent of all cancers and 2.8 percent of all cancer deaths. […] Brain, other CNS or intracranial tumors are the ninth most common cancer in the UK (around 10,600 people were diagnosed in 2013), and it is the eighth most common cause of cancer death (around 5,200 people died in 2012).

• #36 Brain and Other Nervous System Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/brain.html

  The rate of new cases of brain and other nervous system cancer was 6.1 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20182022 cases, age-adjusted. […] Brain and other nervous system cancer is most frequently diagnosed among people aged 6574. […] Brain and other nervous system cancer is the ninth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. The death rate was 4.4 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20192023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] The percent of brain and other nervous system cancer deaths is highest among people aged 6574. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new brain and other nervous system cancer cases have been falling on average 1.0% each year over 20132022. Age-adjusted death rates have been stable over 20142023.

• #37 Brain tumors | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/brain-tumors-1?lang=us

  Brain tumors increase in frequency with age, with individual exceptions (e.g. pilocytic astrocytoma, the vast majority of which are found in young patients), and a number of uncommon tumors found in infancy (see brain tumors of infancy). […] There are few gender differences, except that as a general rule, gliomas are more frequent in men and meningiomas are more frequent in women. […] Overall incidence: 5-13 cases per 100,000. […] Incidence in children: 2-4 cases per 100,000. […] 80% of all intracranial tumors are supratentorial. […] 40% are metastases. […] 70% of tumors in 1-year-olds to adolescents are in the posterior fossa.

• #38 Brain Tumor Epidemiology: Consensus from the Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium (BTEC)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2861559/

  Epidemiologists in the Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium (BTEC) have prioritized areas for further research. […] A major priority based on available evidence and technologies includes expanding research in genetics and molecular epidemiology of brain tumors. […] There is also a pressing need to bring more researchers, especially junior investigators, to study brain tumor epidemiology. […] The annual global age-standardized incidence of primary malignant brain tumors is ~3.7 per 100,000 for males and 2.6 per 100,000 for females. […] Rates appear to be higher in more developed countries than in less developed countries. […] Data from several national cancer registries support differences in the epidemiology of brain tumors in children versus adults. […] Worldwide age-standardized mortality for primary malignant brain tumors is ~2.8 for males and 2.0 for females per 100,000.

• #39 Brain tumor – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor

  The incidence of brain tumors is higher in developed countries. This could be explained by undiagnosed tumor-related deaths in resource limited or lower income countries or by early deaths caused by other poverty-related causes that preempt a patient’s life before tumors develop. […] The incidence of CNS tumors in the United States, Israel, and the Nordic countries is relatively high, while Japan and Asian countries have a lower incidence. […] In the United States in 2015, approximately 166,039 people were living with brain or other central nervous system tumors. Over 2018, it was projected that there would be 23,880 new cases of brain tumors and 16,830 deaths in 2018 as a result, accounting for 1.4 percent of all cancers and 2.8 percent of all cancer deaths. […] Brain, other CNS or intracranial tumors are the ninth most common cancer in the UK (around 10,600 people were diagnosed in 2013), and it is the eighth most common cause of cancer death (around 5,200 people died in 2012).

• #40 Brain tumor – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor

  The incidence of brain tumors is higher in developed countries. This could be explained by undiagnosed tumor-related deaths in resource limited or lower income countries or by early deaths caused by other poverty-related causes that preempt a patient’s life before tumors develop. […] The incidence of CNS tumors in the United States, Israel, and the Nordic countries is relatively high, while Japan and Asian countries have a lower incidence. […] In the United States in 2015, approximately 166,039 people were living with brain or other central nervous system tumors. Over 2018, it was projected that there would be 23,880 new cases of brain tumors and 16,830 deaths in 2018 as a result, accounting for 1.4 percent of all cancers and 2.8 percent of all cancer deaths. […] Brain, other CNS or intracranial tumors are the ninth most common cancer in the UK (around 10,600 people were diagnosed in 2013), and it is the eighth most common cause of cancer death (around 5,200 people died in 2012).

• #41 Epidemiology and socioeconomic correlates of brain and central nervous system cancers in Asia in 2020 and their projection to 2040 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-73277-z

  Brain and central nervous system (CNS) cancers constitute a heterogeneous group of cancers with poor 5-year survival rates. We aimed to report the epidemiology of brain and CNS cancers in Asia in 2020 and their projections up to 2040 by age, sex, and country, as well as their correlation with socioeconomic status. In 2020, there were 166,925 new cases of brain and CNS cancers in Asia, indicating a 5-year prevalence rate of 9.40 per 100,000. We also estimated the total ASIR, ASMR, and MIR as 3.20, 2.60, and 0.83, respectively. In 2040, there will be 232,000 new cases of brain and CNS cancers and 200,000 subsequent deaths in Asia. Our study revealed higher brain and CNS cancer rates in Western Asia among males and elderly individuals. Reporting the epidemiology of cancer in Asia is highly important since 59.5% of the global population resides on this continent, and these findings can be helpful for regional health policymaking. Moreover, 49.3% of all new cases of cancer and 58.3% of all cancer deaths in 2020 occurred in Asia. The projections of brain and CNS cancers in Asia from 2020 to 2044 show an increase in ASIRs, whereas the ASMRs gradually decrease. We aimed to report the 5-year prevalence, incidence, and mortality of brain and CNS cancers in Asia for each age group and Asian subregion, by sex, and for each country in 2020. The HDI demonstrated a significant strong negative correlation with MIR (correlation coefficient: 0.538, p value0.001). We also found moderately significant positive correlations between CHE/GDP% and ASIR (correlation coefficient: 0.388, p value: 0.010) and between CHE/GDP% and ASMR (correlation coefficient: 0.373, p value: 0.014). We estimated that the number of newly diagnosed cases of brain and CNS cancers in Asia will increase by 39.30%, from 166,925 in 2020 to 232,000 cases in 2040. Similarly, deaths caused by brain and CNS cancers are estimated to increase by 45.00%, from 137,646 in 2020 to 200,000 deaths in 2040.

• #42 Epidemiology of Brain and Other CNS Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8613072/

  Brain and other CNS tumors are the number one cause of cancer related mortality in children diagnosed at 0-14 years old and overall survival for childhood and adolescent brain and other CNS tumors varies greatly by brain and other CNS tumor histology. […] There are two primary risk factors for brain and other CNS tumors in children, adolescents and adults that have been well validated: single gene inherited disorders (~4% of childhood cases) and ionizing radiation. […] Numerous environmental exposures have been evaluated as potential risk factors for brain and other CNS tumors in adults, but the only consistent risk factor that has been identified is exposure to high-dose ionizing radiation. […] Mounting evidence from diverse studies suggests that higher socioeconomic position (SEP) is associated with an increased risk of adult CNS tumors when compared to individuals with a lower SEP.

• #43 Brain tumor – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor

  In the United States more than 28,000 people under 20 are estimated to have a brain tumor. About 3,720 new cases of brain tumors are expected to be diagnosed in those under 15 in 2019. Higher rates were reported in 1985-1994 than in 1975-1983. […] Central nervous system tumors make up 20-25 percent of cancers in children.

• #44 Brain tumor – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor

  In the United States more than 28,000 people under 20 are estimated to have a brain tumor. About 3,720 new cases of brain tumors are expected to be diagnosed in those under 15 in 2019. Higher rates were reported in 1985-1994 than in 1975-1983. […] Central nervous system tumors make up 20-25 percent of cancers in children.

• #45 Brain Tumor Facts

  https://braintumor.org/brain-tumors/about-brain-tumors/brain-tumor-facts/

  For patients with malignant brain tumors, the five-year relative survival rate following diagnosis is 35.7%. […] Brain cancer is estimated to be the 10th leading cause of cancer death in 2023 for both males and females in all age groups. […] Approximately 14.3% of all primary brain tumors occur in the AYA population. […] Brain tumors are the second most common cancer overall in individuals ages 15-39 and the second leading cause of cancer related death in those 15-39 years of age. […] The five-year relative survival rate for adults diagnosed with a primary brain tumor is 72.5%. […] Survival rates for adult and pediatric patients with brain tumors have not changed significantly over the past 45 years despite major improvements made in the treatment of other cancers. […] Each year, approximately 70,000-200,000 patients are diagnosed with brain metastases (metastatic brain tumors/secondary brain tumors), while ~100,000 will die every year as the result of brain metastases. […] Metastatic brain tumors are five times more common than primary brain tumors (those that originate in the brain).

• #46 Brain Tumor Epidemiology: Consensus from the Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium (BTEC)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2861559/

  Epidemiologists in the Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium (BTEC) have prioritized areas for further research. […] A major priority based on available evidence and technologies includes expanding research in genetics and molecular epidemiology of brain tumors. […] There is also a pressing need to bring more researchers, especially junior investigators, to study brain tumor epidemiology. […] The annual global age-standardized incidence of primary malignant brain tumors is ~3.7 per 100,000 for males and 2.6 per 100,000 for females. […] Rates appear to be higher in more developed countries than in less developed countries. […] Data from several national cancer registries support differences in the epidemiology of brain tumors in children versus adults. […] Worldwide age-standardized mortality for primary malignant brain tumors is ~2.8 for males and 2.0 for females per 100,000.

• #47 Brain tumors | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/brain-tumors-1?lang=us

  Brain tumors increase in frequency with age, with individual exceptions (e.g. pilocytic astrocytoma, the vast majority of which are found in young patients), and a number of uncommon tumors found in infancy (see brain tumors of infancy). […] There are few gender differences, except that as a general rule, gliomas are more frequent in men and meningiomas are more frequent in women. […] Overall incidence: 5-13 cases per 100,000. […] Incidence in children: 2-4 cases per 100,000. […] 80% of all intracranial tumors are supratentorial. […] 40% are metastases. […] 70% of tumors in 1-year-olds to adolescents are in the posterior fossa.

• #48 Overview of the clinical features and diagnosis of brain tumors in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-the-clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-brain-tumors-in-adults

  Brain tumors are a diverse group of neoplasms arising from different cells within the central nervous system (CNS) or from systemic cancers that have metastasized to the CNS. Systemic cancers most likely to metastasize to the CNS include lung cancer, melanoma, and breast cancer. Primary brain tumors include a number of histologic types with markedly different tumor growth rates (table 1A-G). […] The age-adjusted incidence rate of primary brain and nervous system tumors in the United States is estimated to be 25 per 100,000 persons. Approximately 30 percent of tumors are malignant, and the remainder are nonmalignant. Meningiomas and glial tumors (eg, glioblastoma, astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma) account for approximately two-thirds of all primary brain tumors in adults. […] The frequency of various tumor types and grades varies by age group. In adolescents and young adults, primary brain tumors are more common than metastatic tumors, and among primary brain tumors, low-grade gliomas predominate. In adults above the age of 30 to 40 years, metastatic brain tumors become increasingly prevalent, accounting for more than half of all brain tumors. Glioblastoma is the most common malignant primary brain tumor in adults, with a median age at diagnosis of 64 years.

• #49 Brain and Other Nervous System Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/brain.html

  The rate of new cases of brain and other nervous system cancer was 6.1 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20182022 cases, age-adjusted. […] Brain and other nervous system cancer is most frequently diagnosed among people aged 6574. […] Brain and other nervous system cancer is the ninth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. The death rate was 4.4 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20192023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] The percent of brain and other nervous system cancer deaths is highest among people aged 6574. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new brain and other nervous system cancer cases have been falling on average 1.0% each year over 20132022. Age-adjusted death rates have been stable over 20142023.

• #50 Brain, other CNS and intracranial tumours incidence statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/brain-other-cns-and-intracranial-tumours/incidence

  Brain, other CNS and intracranial tumours European age-standardised (AS) incidence rates for females and males combined increased by 24% in the UK between 2000-2002 and 2017-2019. […] The increase was larger in females than in males. […] For females, brain, other CNS and intracranial tumours AS incidence rates in the UK increased by 32% between 2000-2002 and 2017-2019. For males, brain, other CNS and intracranial tumours AS incidence rates in the UK increased by 15% between 2000-2002 and 2017-2019. […] Brain, other CNS and intracranial tumours incidence rates have increased overall in all broad age groups in females and males combined in the UK since the early 2000s. […] The best current estimate is that secondary brain cancers occur in at least 6% of all cancer patients, with marked variation by primary cancer site. […] Based on this estimate, metastatic brain tumours are thought to outnumber primary malignant brain tumours by at least three to one.

• #51 Brain and Other Nervous System Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/brain.html

  The rate of new cases of brain and other nervous system cancer was 6.1 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20182022 cases, age-adjusted. […] Brain and other nervous system cancer is most frequently diagnosed among people aged 6574. […] Brain and other nervous system cancer is the ninth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. The death rate was 4.4 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20192023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] The percent of brain and other nervous system cancer deaths is highest among people aged 6574. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new brain and other nervous system cancer cases have been falling on average 1.0% each year over 20132022. Age-adjusted death rates have been stable over 20142023.

• #52 Current epidemiological trends and surveillance issues in brain tumors

  https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br/index.php/acervo/buscador.html?task=detalhes&id=W2123748842

  The absence of an overall increase in incidence rates for all primary brain tumors since the 1950s argues against a recently introduced environmental tumorigen impacting these tumors. […] Historical increases in brain cancer mortality and incidence rates appear to be leveling off following the widespread introduction of CT and MRI scans, indicating that increases in overall rates of malignant tumors are likely to be an artifact of diagnosis and reporting issues. […] Further studies are needed to understand those tumor types with rates that do appear to be increasing among adults; specifically lymphomas, nerve sheath tumors, pituitary tumors and ependymomas. […] Patterns of incidence by race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and seasonal and regional variation would assist in directing relevant new research questions. […] Filling in the gap of information on patterns for prevalent, second primaries and metastatic tumors may be useful in understanding the public perception regarding brain tumor rates and would be a valuable addition to healthcare planning tools.

• #53 CBTRUS Fact Sheet 2024 – CBTRUS

  https://cbtrus.org/cbtrus-fact-sheet/

  The Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS) maintains and regularly updates a database of primary malignant and non-malignant tumors of the brain, other central nervous system (CNS), tumors of the pituitary and pineal glands, olfactory tumors of the nasal cavity, and brain lymphoma and leukemia. […] CBTRUS presents incidence data on all newly diagnosed primary brain and other CNS tumors from two national sources: the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR) and the National Institute of Health’s National Cancer Institute’s (NCI) Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program. […] Incidence rates in the United States provided by CBTRUS are based on the 2000 US standard population and are reported per 100,000 population for 2017-2021.

• #54 :: BTRT :: Brain Tumor Research and Treatment

  https://btrt.org/DOIx.php?id=10.14791/btrt.2017.5.1.16

  This report aims to provide accurate nationwide epidemiologic data on primary brain and central nervous system (CNS) tumors in the Republic of Korea. We updated the data by analyzing primary brain and CNS tumors diagnosed in 2013 using the data from the national cancer incidence database. […] A total of 11,827 patients were diagnosed with primary brain and CNS tumors in 2013. […] This study should provide valuable information regarding the primary brain tumor epidemiology in Republic of Korea. […] Many registries, such as the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS) and surveillance epidemiology and end results program in USA, collect and disseminate the epidemiology of brain tumor. […] This is the third nationwide report on primary brain and CNS tumors, encompassing benign, borderline, and malignant tumors in the Republic of Korea. […] Updated incidence of brain tumors will help to assess disease burden, facilitate etiologic studies, and establish cancer prevention and control strategies.

• #55 General info – Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium

  https://sites.usc.edu/braintumorcause/general-info/

  The Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium is a 503(C) nonprofit organization which aims to support collaborative research and to educate the public on new findings in brain cancer research. […] The Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium (BTEC) is an open scientific forum organized to foster the development of multi-center, international and inter-disciplinary collaborations that will lead to a better understanding of the etiology, outcomes, and prevention of brain tumors. […] BTEC meetings are the only yearly meetings that focus solely on the etiology and epidemiology of brain tumors. These meetings provide an opportunity for international researchers to exchange ideas and form novel collaborations as well as providing an opportunity for mentoring young investigators studying these tumors.

• #56 :: BTRT :: Brain Tumor Research and Treatment

  https://btrt.org/DOIx.php?id=10.14791/btrt.2017.5.1.16

  This report aims to provide accurate nationwide epidemiologic data on primary brain and central nervous system (CNS) tumors in the Republic of Korea. We updated the data by analyzing primary brain and CNS tumors diagnosed in 2013 using the data from the national cancer incidence database. […] A total of 11,827 patients were diagnosed with primary brain and CNS tumors in 2013. […] This study should provide valuable information regarding the primary brain tumor epidemiology in Republic of Korea. […] Many registries, such as the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS) and surveillance epidemiology and end results program in USA, collect and disseminate the epidemiology of brain tumor. […] This is the third nationwide report on primary brain and CNS tumors, encompassing benign, borderline, and malignant tumors in the Republic of Korea. […] Updated incidence of brain tumors will help to assess disease burden, facilitate etiologic studies, and establish cancer prevention and control strategies.

• #57 Epidemiology and socioeconomic correlates of brain and central nervous system cancers in Asia in 2020 and their projection to 2040 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-73277-z

  Brain and central nervous system (CNS) cancers constitute a heterogeneous group of cancers with poor 5-year survival rates. We aimed to report the epidemiology of brain and CNS cancers in Asia in 2020 and their projections up to 2040 by age, sex, and country, as well as their correlation with socioeconomic status. In 2020, there were 166,925 new cases of brain and CNS cancers in Asia, indicating a 5-year prevalence rate of 9.40 per 100,000. We also estimated the total ASIR, ASMR, and MIR as 3.20, 2.60, and 0.83, respectively. In 2040, there will be 232,000 new cases of brain and CNS cancers and 200,000 subsequent deaths in Asia. Our study revealed higher brain and CNS cancer rates in Western Asia among males and elderly individuals. Reporting the epidemiology of cancer in Asia is highly important since 59.5% of the global population resides on this continent, and these findings can be helpful for regional health policymaking. Moreover, 49.3% of all new cases of cancer and 58.3% of all cancer deaths in 2020 occurred in Asia. The projections of brain and CNS cancers in Asia from 2020 to 2044 show an increase in ASIRs, whereas the ASMRs gradually decrease. We aimed to report the 5-year prevalence, incidence, and mortality of brain and CNS cancers in Asia for each age group and Asian subregion, by sex, and for each country in 2020. The HDI demonstrated a significant strong negative correlation with MIR (correlation coefficient: 0.538, p value0.001). We also found moderately significant positive correlations between CHE/GDP% and ASIR (correlation coefficient: 0.388, p value: 0.010) and between CHE/GDP% and ASMR (correlation coefficient: 0.373, p value: 0.014). We estimated that the number of newly diagnosed cases of brain and CNS cancers in Asia will increase by 39.30%, from 166,925 in 2020 to 232,000 cases in 2040. Similarly, deaths caused by brain and CNS cancers are estimated to increase by 45.00%, from 137,646 in 2020 to 200,000 deaths in 2040.

• #58 Epidemiology and socioeconomic correlates of brain and central nervous system cancers in Asia in 2020 and their projection to 2040 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-73277-z

  Brain and central nervous system (CNS) cancers constitute a heterogeneous group of cancers with poor 5-year survival rates. We aimed to report the epidemiology of brain and CNS cancers in Asia in 2020 and their projections up to 2040 by age, sex, and country, as well as their correlation with socioeconomic status. In 2020, there were 166,925 new cases of brain and CNS cancers in Asia, indicating a 5-year prevalence rate of 9.40 per 100,000. We also estimated the total ASIR, ASMR, and MIR as 3.20, 2.60, and 0.83, respectively. In 2040, there will be 232,000 new cases of brain and CNS cancers and 200,000 subsequent deaths in Asia. Our study revealed higher brain and CNS cancer rates in Western Asia among males and elderly individuals. Reporting the epidemiology of cancer in Asia is highly important since 59.5% of the global population resides on this continent, and these findings can be helpful for regional health policymaking. Moreover, 49.3% of all new cases of cancer and 58.3% of all cancer deaths in 2020 occurred in Asia. The projections of brain and CNS cancers in Asia from 2020 to 2044 show an increase in ASIRs, whereas the ASMRs gradually decrease. We aimed to report the 5-year prevalence, incidence, and mortality of brain and CNS cancers in Asia for each age group and Asian subregion, by sex, and for each country in 2020. The HDI demonstrated a significant strong negative correlation with MIR (correlation coefficient: 0.538, p value0.001). We also found moderately significant positive correlations between CHE/GDP% and ASIR (correlation coefficient: 0.388, p value: 0.010) and between CHE/GDP% and ASMR (correlation coefficient: 0.373, p value: 0.014). We estimated that the number of newly diagnosed cases of brain and CNS cancers in Asia will increase by 39.30%, from 166,925 in 2020 to 232,000 cases in 2040. Similarly, deaths caused by brain and CNS cancers are estimated to increase by 45.00%, from 137,646 in 2020 to 200,000 deaths in 2040.

• #59 Brain and Other Nervous System Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/brain.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 24,820 […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 18,330 […] % of All New Cancer Cases 1.2% […] % of All Cancer Deaths 3.0% […] The rate of new cases of brain and other nervous system cancer was 6.1 per 100,000 men and women per year. The death rate was 4.4 per 100,000 men and women per year. […] Approximately 0.6 percent of men and women will be diagnosed with brain and other nervous system cancer at some point during their lifetime, based on 20182021 data, excluding 2020 due to COVID. […] In 2022, there were an estimated 187,162 people living with brain and other nervous system cancer in the United States. […] Brain and other nervous system cancer represents 1.2% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 24,820 new cases of brain and other nervous system cancer and an estimated 18,330 people will die of this disease.

• #60 Brain Tumor Facts

  https://braintumor.org/brain-tumors/about-brain-tumors/brain-tumor-facts/

  There are more than 100 distinct types of primary brain tumors, each with its own spectrum of presentations, treatments, and outcomes. […] More than any other cancer, brain tumors can have lasting and life-altering physical, cognitive, and psychological impacts on a patients life. […] And, despite years of research, brain cancer survival rates have remained little-changed in recent years, even while survival rates for many other cancers have been significantly improved. […] The following statistics and facts provide a snapshot of the burden primary brain tumors cause to Americans of all walks of life. […] An estimated 94,390 people will receive a new primary brain tumor diagnosis in 2023. […] The five-year relative survival rate for all patients with primary brain tumors is 76%. […] Survival rates vary by age at diagnosis and tumor type and generally decrease with age.

• #61 Brain Tumor Statistics | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/brain-tumor/types/statistics

  5. About 17,200 people die from malignant brain tumors annually. […] The overall incidence rate of primary malignant brain tumors is approximately 7 per 100,000 individuals annually. […] Approximately 18,280 adults succumb to primary malignant brain tumors each year in the U.S. […] The 5-year relative survival rate for all patients with malignant brain tumors hovers around 36%, displaying considerable variation based on age, tumor type, and other factors. […] 6. The 5-year survival rate for children with brain tumors exhibits a wide range, contingent on tumor type and other factors, ranging from less than 20% for certain aggressive tumors to over 90% for some low-grade tumors. […] Brain tumors stand as the leading cause of cancer-related fatalities among individuals under the age of 40. […] The annual toll of lives claimed by brain tumors surpasses 5,300. […] The current estimate suggests that at least 88,000 children and adults are living with a brain tumor in the UK. […] On average, brain tumors reduce life expectancy by 27 years, marking the highest impact among all cancer types.

• #62 The global prevalence of primary central nervous system tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis | European Journal of Medical Research | Full Text

  https://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40001-023-01011-y

  Primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms, including benign and malignant tumors. […] This study was performed to determine the overall prevalence of different primary CNS tumors. […] Based on 8 studies, the prevalence of brain tumors was 70.9%. […] As a result, it can be stated that brain tumors are the most common type of primary CNS tumors. […] It was also observed that tumors involving neuroepithelial cells are more common in patients than other types of tumors. […] Determining the general prevalence of nervous system tumors can make policy measures in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of tumors effective and reduce treatment costs. […] CNS tumors are recognized as one of the leading causes of death in children and adults. […] In a way, these tumors are the second leading cause of death in children and the third leading cause of death in adults.

• #63 The global prevalence of primary central nervous system tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis | European Journal of Medical Research | Full Text

  https://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40001-023-01011-y

  Primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms, including benign and malignant tumors. […] This study was performed to determine the overall prevalence of different primary CNS tumors. […] Based on 8 studies, the prevalence of brain tumors was 70.9%. […] As a result, it can be stated that brain tumors are the most common type of primary CNS tumors. […] It was also observed that tumors involving neuroepithelial cells are more common in patients than other types of tumors. […] Determining the general prevalence of nervous system tumors can make policy measures in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of tumors effective and reduce treatment costs. […] CNS tumors are recognized as one of the leading causes of death in children and adults. […] In a way, these tumors are the second leading cause of death in children and the third leading cause of death in adults.

• #64

  https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/does-brain-tumor-epidemiology-differ-from-place-to-another-saudi-single-tertiary-care-center-experience-10638.html

  Brain tumors are associated with marked disability and mortality. Understanding the patterns and epidemiological characteristics associated with brain tumors can be crucial to their treatment. […] To explore the magnitude and epidemiological features of primary brain tumors among patients admitted to Aseer Central Hospital (ACH), Abha City, Saudi Arabia, and to identify different decisions for their management. […] Most patients with brain tumors admitted to ACH undergo surgery. Meningioma grade I is the most commonly encountered brain tumor, and this finding may reflect different epidemiological findings from the internationally accepted concept that glioblastoma multiforme is the most common brain tumor. The most common locations for brain tumors are the frontal and parietal lobes. […] Brain tumors represent among the most common human diseases. It has been estimated that the prevalence of brain tumors among the Saudi population is 0.3%. In the Middle East, Iran ranks highest with respect to the highest prevalence rate of brain tumors, with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) ranking second.

• #65 Epidemiology and socioeconomic correlates of brain and central nervous system cancers in Asia in 2020 and their projection to 2040 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-73277-z

  Brain and central nervous system (CNS) cancers constitute a heterogeneous group of cancers with poor 5-year survival rates. We aimed to report the epidemiology of brain and CNS cancers in Asia in 2020 and their projections up to 2040 by age, sex, and country, as well as their correlation with socioeconomic status. In 2020, there were 166,925 new cases of brain and CNS cancers in Asia, indicating a 5-year prevalence rate of 9.40 per 100,000. We also estimated the total ASIR, ASMR, and MIR as 3.20, 2.60, and 0.83, respectively. In 2040, there will be 232,000 new cases of brain and CNS cancers and 200,000 subsequent deaths in Asia. Our study revealed higher brain and CNS cancer rates in Western Asia among males and elderly individuals. Reporting the epidemiology of cancer in Asia is highly important since 59.5% of the global population resides on this continent, and these findings can be helpful for regional health policymaking. Moreover, 49.3% of all new cases of cancer and 58.3% of all cancer deaths in 2020 occurred in Asia. The projections of brain and CNS cancers in Asia from 2020 to 2044 show an increase in ASIRs, whereas the ASMRs gradually decrease. We aimed to report the 5-year prevalence, incidence, and mortality of brain and CNS cancers in Asia for each age group and Asian subregion, by sex, and for each country in 2020. The HDI demonstrated a significant strong negative correlation with MIR (correlation coefficient: 0.538, p value0.001). We also found moderately significant positive correlations between CHE/GDP% and ASIR (correlation coefficient: 0.388, p value: 0.010) and between CHE/GDP% and ASMR (correlation coefficient: 0.373, p value: 0.014). We estimated that the number of newly diagnosed cases of brain and CNS cancers in Asia will increase by 39.30%, from 166,925 in 2020 to 232,000 cases in 2040. Similarly, deaths caused by brain and CNS cancers are estimated to increase by 45.00%, from 137,646 in 2020 to 200,000 deaths in 2040.

• #66 Brain Tumor Facts

  https://braintumor.org/brain-tumors/about-brain-tumors/brain-tumor-facts/

  For patients with malignant brain tumors, the five-year relative survival rate following diagnosis is 35.7%. […] Brain cancer is estimated to be the 10th leading cause of cancer death in 2023 for both males and females in all age groups. […] Approximately 14.3% of all primary brain tumors occur in the AYA population. […] Brain tumors are the second most common cancer overall in individuals ages 15-39 and the second leading cause of cancer related death in those 15-39 years of age. […] The five-year relative survival rate for adults diagnosed with a primary brain tumor is 72.5%. […] Survival rates for adult and pediatric patients with brain tumors have not changed significantly over the past 45 years despite major improvements made in the treatment of other cancers. […] Each year, approximately 70,000-200,000 patients are diagnosed with brain metastases (metastatic brain tumors/secondary brain tumors), while ~100,000 will die every year as the result of brain metastases. […] Metastatic brain tumors are five times more common than primary brain tumors (those that originate in the brain).

• #67 Brain Tumor Facts

  https://braintumor.org/brain-tumors/about-brain-tumors/brain-tumor-facts/

  For patients with malignant brain tumors, the five-year relative survival rate following diagnosis is 35.7%. […] Brain cancer is estimated to be the 10th leading cause of cancer death in 2023 for both males and females in all age groups. […] Approximately 14.3% of all primary brain tumors occur in the AYA population. […] Brain tumors are the second most common cancer overall in individuals ages 15-39 and the second leading cause of cancer related death in those 15-39 years of age. […] The five-year relative survival rate for adults diagnosed with a primary brain tumor is 72.5%. […] Survival rates for adult and pediatric patients with brain tumors have not changed significantly over the past 45 years despite major improvements made in the treatment of other cancers. […] Each year, approximately 70,000-200,000 patients are diagnosed with brain metastases (metastatic brain tumors/secondary brain tumors), while ~100,000 will die every year as the result of brain metastases. […] Metastatic brain tumors are five times more common than primary brain tumors (those that originate in the brain).

• #68 Brain Tumor Facts

  https://braintumor.org/brain-tumors/about-brain-tumors/brain-tumor-facts/

  For patients with malignant brain tumors, the five-year relative survival rate following diagnosis is 35.7%. […] Brain cancer is estimated to be the 10th leading cause of cancer death in 2023 for both males and females in all age groups. […] Approximately 14.3% of all primary brain tumors occur in the AYA population. […] Brain tumors are the second most common cancer overall in individuals ages 15-39 and the second leading cause of cancer related death in those 15-39 years of age. […] The five-year relative survival rate for adults diagnosed with a primary brain tumor is 72.5%. […] Survival rates for adult and pediatric patients with brain tumors have not changed significantly over the past 45 years despite major improvements made in the treatment of other cancers. […] Each year, approximately 70,000-200,000 patients are diagnosed with brain metastases (metastatic brain tumors/secondary brain tumors), while ~100,000 will die every year as the result of brain metastases. […] Metastatic brain tumors are five times more common than primary brain tumors (those that originate in the brain).

• #69 Brain, other CNS and intracranial tumours incidence statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/brain-other-cns-and-intracranial-tumours/incidence

  Brain, other CNS and intracranial tumours European age-standardised (AS) incidence rates for females and males combined increased by 24% in the UK between 2000-2002 and 2017-2019. […] The increase was larger in females than in males. […] For females, brain, other CNS and intracranial tumours AS incidence rates in the UK increased by 32% between 2000-2002 and 2017-2019. For males, brain, other CNS and intracranial tumours AS incidence rates in the UK increased by 15% between 2000-2002 and 2017-2019. […] Brain, other CNS and intracranial tumours incidence rates have increased overall in all broad age groups in females and males combined in the UK since the early 2000s. […] The best current estimate is that secondary brain cancers occur in at least 6% of all cancer patients, with marked variation by primary cancer site. […] Based on this estimate, metastatic brain tumours are thought to outnumber primary malignant brain tumours by at least three to one.

• #70 Overview of the clinical features and diagnosis of brain tumors in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-the-clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-brain-tumors-in-adults

  Brain tumors are a diverse group of neoplasms arising from different cells within the central nervous system (CNS) or from systemic cancers that have metastasized to the CNS. Systemic cancers most likely to metastasize to the CNS include lung cancer, melanoma, and breast cancer. Primary brain tumors include a number of histologic types with markedly different tumor growth rates (table 1A-G). […] The age-adjusted incidence rate of primary brain and nervous system tumors in the United States is estimated to be 25 per 100,000 persons. Approximately 30 percent of tumors are malignant, and the remainder are nonmalignant. Meningiomas and glial tumors (eg, glioblastoma, astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma) account for approximately two-thirds of all primary brain tumors in adults. […] The frequency of various tumor types and grades varies by age group. In adolescents and young adults, primary brain tumors are more common than metastatic tumors, and among primary brain tumors, low-grade gliomas predominate. In adults above the age of 30 to 40 years, metastatic brain tumors become increasingly prevalent, accounting for more than half of all brain tumors. Glioblastoma is the most common malignant primary brain tumor in adults, with a median age at diagnosis of 64 years.

• #71 Epidemiology and survival outcomes of synchronous and metachronous brain metastases: a retrospective population-based study in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 55 Issue 2 (2023) Journals

  https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/55/2/article-pE3.xml

  Understanding the epidemiology of BM is tremendously important to inform screening recommendations, preventative measures, and treatment decisions. […] The incidence of BMs in this study is lower than rates previously published in population and hospital-based studies. […] We found synchronous BMs in 5.6%, 0.4%, 0.8%, 0.9%, and 0.3% of patients with lung and bronchus, breast, melanoma, renal, and colorectal malignancies, respectively. […] This trend supports current National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) screening guidelines for BM.

• #72 Epidemiology and survival outcomes of synchronous and metachronous brain metastases: a retrospective population-based study in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 55 Issue 2 (2023) Journals

  https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/55/2/article-pE3.xml

  Brain metastases (BMs) are the most common CNS tumors, yet their prevalence is difficult to determine. Most studies only report synchronous metastases, which make up a fraction of all BMs. The authors report the incidence and prognosis of patients with synchronous and metachronous BMs over a decade. […] The majority of BMs present metachronously and arise within 2 years of primary cancer diagnosis. The substantial rate of BMs presenting within 6 months of primary cancer, especially liver, lung, and pancreatic cancer, may guide future recommendations on intracranial staging. Antineoplastic therapy prior to the development of BM may prolong the time before metastasis and improve survival. Further characterization of this population can better inform screening, prevention, and treatment efforts.

• #73 Epidemiology and survival outcomes of synchronous and metachronous brain metastases: a retrospective population-based study in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 55 Issue 2 (2023) Journals

  https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/55/2/article-pE3.xml

  Brain metastases (BMs) are the most common CNS tumors, yet their prevalence is difficult to determine. Most studies only report synchronous metastases, which make up a fraction of all BMs. The authors report the incidence and prognosis of patients with synchronous and metachronous BMs over a decade. […] The majority of BMs present metachronously and arise within 2 years of primary cancer diagnosis. The substantial rate of BMs presenting within 6 months of primary cancer, especially liver, lung, and pancreatic cancer, may guide future recommendations on intracranial staging. Antineoplastic therapy prior to the development of BM may prolong the time before metastasis and improve survival. Further characterization of this population can better inform screening, prevention, and treatment efforts.

• #74 Epidemiology and survival outcomes of synchronous and metachronous brain metastases: a retrospective population-based study in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 55 Issue 2 (2023) Journals

  https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/55/2/article-pE3.xml

  Brain metastases (BMs) are the most common CNS tumors, yet their prevalence is difficult to determine. Most studies only report synchronous metastases, which make up a fraction of all BMs. The authors report the incidence and prognosis of patients with synchronous and metachronous BMs over a decade. […] The majority of BMs present metachronously and arise within 2 years of primary cancer diagnosis. The substantial rate of BMs presenting within 6 months of primary cancer, especially liver, lung, and pancreatic cancer, may guide future recommendations on intracranial staging. Antineoplastic therapy prior to the development of BM may prolong the time before metastasis and improve survival. Further characterization of this population can better inform screening, prevention, and treatment efforts.

• #75 Brain Tumor Epidemiology: Consensus from the Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium (BTEC)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2861559/

  Meta-analyses of an extensive literature based on numerous case-control and two cohort studies indicates that there is an inverse association of self-reported allergies with glioma that is unlikely to be due to chance or methodologic biases alone. […] Although the epidemiologic literature on brain tumors is, in many areas, inconclusive, there are many promising areas to pursue in future research. […] One primary area of prioritization is to develop and identify additional funding sources for the epidemiological investigation of brain tumors; this is particularly important for childhood brain tumors. […] The fundamental challenges inherent in the study of brain tumors are no longer insurmountable in the age of high-speed electronic communications, genomics and bioinformatics.

• #76 Epidemiology of Brain and Other CNS Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8613072/

  Brain and other central nervous system (CNS) tumors, while rare, cause significant morbidity and mortality across all ages. This article summarizes the current state of the knowledge on the epidemiology of brain and other CNS tumors. […] For childhood and adolescent brain and other CNS tumors, high birth weight, non-chromosomal structural birth defects and higher socioeconomic position were shown to be risk factors. For adults, increased leukocyte telomere length, proportion of European ancestry, higher socioeconomic position, and HLA haplotypes increase risk of malignant brain tumors, while immune factors decrease risk. […] Although no risk factor accounting for a large proportion of brain and other CNS tumors has been discovered, the use of high throughput omics approaches and improved detection/measurement of environmental exposures will help us refine our current understanding of these factors and discover novel risk factors for this disease.

• #77 Brain Tumor Facts

  https://braintumor.org/brain-tumors/about-brain-tumors/brain-tumor-facts/

  There are more than 100 distinct types of primary brain tumors, each with its own spectrum of presentations, treatments, and outcomes. […] More than any other cancer, brain tumors can have lasting and life-altering physical, cognitive, and psychological impacts on a patients life. […] And, despite years of research, brain cancer survival rates have remained little-changed in recent years, even while survival rates for many other cancers have been significantly improved. […] The following statistics and facts provide a snapshot of the burden primary brain tumors cause to Americans of all walks of life. […] An estimated 94,390 people will receive a new primary brain tumor diagnosis in 2023. […] The five-year relative survival rate for all patients with primary brain tumors is 76%. […] Survival rates vary by age at diagnosis and tumor type and generally decrease with age.

• #78 Brain Tumor Facts

  https://braintumor.org/brain-tumors/about-brain-tumors/brain-tumor-facts/

  For patients with malignant brain tumors, the five-year relative survival rate following diagnosis is 35.7%. […] Brain cancer is estimated to be the 10th leading cause of cancer death in 2023 for both males and females in all age groups. […] Approximately 14.3% of all primary brain tumors occur in the AYA population. […] Brain tumors are the second most common cancer overall in individuals ages 15-39 and the second leading cause of cancer related death in those 15-39 years of age. […] The five-year relative survival rate for adults diagnosed with a primary brain tumor is 72.5%. […] Survival rates for adult and pediatric patients with brain tumors have not changed significantly over the past 45 years despite major improvements made in the treatment of other cancers. […] Each year, approximately 70,000-200,000 patients are diagnosed with brain metastases (metastatic brain tumors/secondary brain tumors), while ~100,000 will die every year as the result of brain metastases. […] Metastatic brain tumors are five times more common than primary brain tumors (those that originate in the brain).

• #79 Brain Tumor Epidemiology: Consensus from the Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium (BTEC)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2861559/

  In summary, progress in diagnostic technologies and ascertainment, particularly for non-malignant brain tumors, may account for much of the modest increase in incidence. […] There is consensus among brain tumor epidemiologists that variations in study designs, population characteristics, information sources, measurement, and classification have limited the ability to make conclusive associations of specific types of adult brain tumors with individual risk factors. […] Certain forms and doses of ionizing radiation are generally accepted causes of brain tumors. […] The association of exposure to non-ionizing radiation, specifically exposures in the radio frequency range (RF) or electromagnetic fields in the extremely low frequency range (EMF ELF) and development of primary BTs remains unresolved.

• #80 Brain Tumor Epidemiology: Consensus from the Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium (BTEC)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2861559/

  Epidemiologists in the Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium (BTEC) have prioritized areas for further research. […] A major priority based on available evidence and technologies includes expanding research in genetics and molecular epidemiology of brain tumors. […] There is also a pressing need to bring more researchers, especially junior investigators, to study brain tumor epidemiology. […] The annual global age-standardized incidence of primary malignant brain tumors is ~3.7 per 100,000 for males and 2.6 per 100,000 for females. […] Rates appear to be higher in more developed countries than in less developed countries. […] Data from several national cancer registries support differences in the epidemiology of brain tumors in children versus adults. […] Worldwide age-standardized mortality for primary malignant brain tumors is ~2.8 for males and 2.0 for females per 100,000.

• #81 Current epidemiological trends and surveillance issues in brain tumors

  https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br/index.php/acervo/buscador.html?task=detalhes&id=W2123748842

  The absence of an overall increase in incidence rates for all primary brain tumors since the 1950s argues against a recently introduced environmental tumorigen impacting these tumors. […] Historical increases in brain cancer mortality and incidence rates appear to be leveling off following the widespread introduction of CT and MRI scans, indicating that increases in overall rates of malignant tumors are likely to be an artifact of diagnosis and reporting issues. […] Further studies are needed to understand those tumor types with rates that do appear to be increasing among adults; specifically lymphomas, nerve sheath tumors, pituitary tumors and ependymomas. […] Patterns of incidence by race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and seasonal and regional variation would assist in directing relevant new research questions. […] Filling in the gap of information on patterns for prevalent, second primaries and metastatic tumors may be useful in understanding the public perception regarding brain tumor rates and would be a valuable addition to healthcare planning tools.

• #82 Current epidemiological trends and surveillance issues in brain tumors

  https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br/index.php/acervo/buscador.html?task=detalhes&id=W2123748842

  The absence of an overall increase in incidence rates for all primary brain tumors since the 1950s argues against a recently introduced environmental tumorigen impacting these tumors. […] Historical increases in brain cancer mortality and incidence rates appear to be leveling off following the widespread introduction of CT and MRI scans, indicating that increases in overall rates of malignant tumors are likely to be an artifact of diagnosis and reporting issues. […] Further studies are needed to understand those tumor types with rates that do appear to be increasing among adults; specifically lymphomas, nerve sheath tumors, pituitary tumors and ependymomas. […] Patterns of incidence by race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and seasonal and regional variation would assist in directing relevant new research questions. […] Filling in the gap of information on patterns for prevalent, second primaries and metastatic tumors may be useful in understanding the public perception regarding brain tumor rates and would be a valuable addition to healthcare planning tools.

• #83 Brain Tumor Epidemiology: Consensus from the Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium (BTEC)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2861559/

  Meta-analyses of an extensive literature based on numerous case-control and two cohort studies indicates that there is an inverse association of self-reported allergies with glioma that is unlikely to be due to chance or methodologic biases alone. […] Although the epidemiologic literature on brain tumors is, in many areas, inconclusive, there are many promising areas to pursue in future research. […] One primary area of prioritization is to develop and identify additional funding sources for the epidemiological investigation of brain tumors; this is particularly important for childhood brain tumors. […] The fundamental challenges inherent in the study of brain tumors are no longer insurmountable in the age of high-speed electronic communications, genomics and bioinformatics.

• #84 Epidemiology of Brain and Other CNS Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8613072/

  Brain and other central nervous system (CNS) tumors, while rare, cause significant morbidity and mortality across all ages. This article summarizes the current state of the knowledge on the epidemiology of brain and other CNS tumors. […] For childhood and adolescent brain and other CNS tumors, high birth weight, non-chromosomal structural birth defects and higher socioeconomic position were shown to be risk factors. For adults, increased leukocyte telomere length, proportion of European ancestry, higher socioeconomic position, and HLA haplotypes increase risk of malignant brain tumors, while immune factors decrease risk. […] Although no risk factor accounting for a large proportion of brain and other CNS tumors has been discovered, the use of high throughput omics approaches and improved detection/measurement of environmental exposures will help us refine our current understanding of these factors and discover novel risk factors for this disease.

• #85 Brain tumor epidemiology in the era of precision medicine: The 2017 Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium meeting report

  https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6b59n5nj

  The Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium (BTEC) is an international consortium that aims to advance the development of multicenter and interdisciplinary collaborations that focus on research related to the etiology, outcomes, and prevention of brain tumors. […] The meeting focused on the intersection between epidemiology and precision medicine, that is, the use of molecular indicators of risk, early disease and prognosis or precision epidemiology. […] With this in mind, plenary speakers described the molecular heterogeneity of adult and pediatric brain tumors and how those characteristics are currently being used to guide therapy and etiologic research. […] The incorporation of relevant molecular classifiers into population registries was emphasized for its role in future research endeavors, ensuring the accessibility of such tools for researchers and clinicians seeking to improve the lives of individuals with brain tumors and those at risk.

• #86 The global prevalence of primary central nervous system tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis | European Journal of Medical Research | Full Text

  https://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40001-023-01011-y

  Primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms, including benign and malignant tumors. […] This study was performed to determine the overall prevalence of different primary CNS tumors. […] Based on 8 studies, the prevalence of brain tumors was 70.9%. […] As a result, it can be stated that brain tumors are the most common type of primary CNS tumors. […] It was also observed that tumors involving neuroepithelial cells are more common in patients than other types of tumors. […] Determining the general prevalence of nervous system tumors can make policy measures in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of tumors effective and reduce treatment costs. […] CNS tumors are recognized as one of the leading causes of death in children and adults. […] In a way, these tumors are the second leading cause of death in children and the third leading cause of death in adults.

• #87 Clinical presentation and epidemiology of brain tumors firstly diagnosed in adults in the Emergency Department: a 10-year, single center retrospective study

  https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/15331/html

  Several patients with new onset brain tumors present to the Emergency Department (ED) complaining for new symptoms. […] This retrospective study was planned to investigate clinical presentation and epidemiology of brain tumors firstly diagnosed in a large urban ED throughout a 10-year period. […] Although primary and metastatic brain tumors are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, precise information on brain tumors epidemiology is poor, since the registration is not mandatory in many countries worldwide. […] In both American and European studies, the incidence rate of brain tumors ranges from 17.6/105 to 22.0/105. […] Approximately 18,500 new cases of primary malignant brain tumors are diagnosed each year in the United States, and they are associated with high rates of mortality.

• #88 Brain Tumor Epidemiology: Consensus from the Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium (BTEC)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2861559/

  Epidemiologists in the Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium (BTEC) have prioritized areas for further research. […] A major priority based on available evidence and technologies includes expanding research in genetics and molecular epidemiology of brain tumors. […] There is also a pressing need to bring more researchers, especially junior investigators, to study brain tumor epidemiology. […] The annual global age-standardized incidence of primary malignant brain tumors is ~3.7 per 100,000 for males and 2.6 per 100,000 for females. […] Rates appear to be higher in more developed countries than in less developed countries. […] Data from several national cancer registries support differences in the epidemiology of brain tumors in children versus adults. […] Worldwide age-standardized mortality for primary malignant brain tumors is ~2.8 for males and 2.0 for females per 100,000.

• #89 Brain Tumor Epidemiology: Consensus from the Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium (BTEC)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2861559/

  Meta-analyses of an extensive literature based on numerous case-control and two cohort studies indicates that there is an inverse association of self-reported allergies with glioma that is unlikely to be due to chance or methodologic biases alone. […] Although the epidemiologic literature on brain tumors is, in many areas, inconclusive, there are many promising areas to pursue in future research. […] One primary area of prioritization is to develop and identify additional funding sources for the epidemiological investigation of brain tumors; this is particularly important for childhood brain tumors. […] The fundamental challenges inherent in the study of brain tumors are no longer insurmountable in the age of high-speed electronic communications, genomics and bioinformatics.

• #90 General info – Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium

  https://sites.usc.edu/braintumorcause/general-info/

  The Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium is a 503(C) nonprofit organization which aims to support collaborative research and to educate the public on new findings in brain cancer research. […] The Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium (BTEC) is an open scientific forum organized to foster the development of multi-center, international and inter-disciplinary collaborations that will lead to a better understanding of the etiology, outcomes, and prevention of brain tumors. […] BTEC meetings are the only yearly meetings that focus solely on the etiology and epidemiology of brain tumors. These meetings provide an opportunity for international researchers to exchange ideas and form novel collaborations as well as providing an opportunity for mentoring young investigators studying these tumors.

• #91 Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium – The Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium is a 503(C) nonprofit organization which aims to support collaborative research and to educate the public on new findings in brain cancer research. Check back to our websi

  https://sites.usc.edu/braintumorcause/

  The Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium is a group of researchers studying the causes and consequences of brain tumors. This international organization hosts annual meetings, facilitates collaborative research projects, and promotes the development of brain tumor epidemiology research. Our goals are to learn the causes of brain tumors so that we can effect change by reducing the incidence through prevention and early detection, and by improving outcomes for those diagnosed with this disease.

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