Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/plague

  People infected with Y. pestis often develop symptoms after an incubation period of one to seven days. […] Plague is a very severe disease in people, particularly in its septicaemic (systemic infection caused by circulating bacteria in bloodstream) and pneumonic forms, with a case-fatality ratio of 30% to 100% if left untreated. The pneumonic form is invariably fatal unless treated early. […] People infected with plague usually develop acute febrile disease with other non-specific systemic symptoms after an incubation period of one to seven days, such as sudden onset of fever, chills, head and body aches, and weakness, vomiting and nausea. […] Bubonic plague is the most common form of plague and is caused by the bite of an infected flea. Plague bacillus, Y. pestis, enters at the bite and travels through the lymphatic system to the nearest lymph node where it replicates itself. The lymph node then becomes inflamed, tense and painful, and is called a bubo.

• #2 Plague (disease) – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_(disease)

  Symptoms include fever, weakness and headache. […] Usually this begins one to seven days after exposure. […] There are three forms of plague, each affecting a different part of the body and causing associated symptoms. Pneumonic plague infects the lungs, causing shortness of breath, coughing and chest pain; bubonic plague affects the lymph nodes, making them swell; and septicemic plague infects the blood and can cause tissues to turn black and die. […] General symptoms of plague include fever, chills, headaches, and nausea. […] Many people experience swelling in their lymph nodes if they have bubonic plague. […] For those with pneumonic plague, symptoms may (or may not) include a cough, pain in the chest, and haemoptysis. […] The initial signs are indistinguishable from several other respiratory illnesses; they include headache, weakness, and spitting or vomiting of blood. The course of the disease is rapid; unless diagnosed and treated soon enough, typically within a few hours, death may follow in one to six days; in untreated cases, mortality is nearly 100%.

• #3 Plague – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/plague/symptoms-causes/syc-20351291

  Plague usually can be treated with antibiotics. If not treated, the illness is often deadly. […] There are three types of plague. The symptoms vary for each type. […] Bubonic plague causes swelling of lymph nodes. These are small, bean-shaped filters in the body’s immune system. A swollen lymph node is called a bubo. The word „bubonic” is describing this feature of the disease. […] If a person has bubonic plague, buboes appear in the armpits, groin or neck. Buboes are tender or painful. They vary in size from about less than half an inch (1 centimeter) to about 4 inches (10 centimeters). […] Other symptoms of bubonic plague may include: Sudden high fever and chills. Headache. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. Weakness. Muscle aches. Rarely, skin sores. […] Septicemic plague occurs when plague bacteria multiply in the bloodstream. Buboes may not be present.

• #4 Plague: Types, History, Causes & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17782-plague

  When Y. pestis enters your body, it hides from your immune system, allowing it to multiply and spread out. When it gets into cells, it releases a toxin to kill the cell. […] Y. pestis can infect your lymph nodes (bubonic plague), causing large swellings called buboes. If it gets in your blood (septicemic plague), it can damage your organs. If it gets into your lungs (pneumonic plague), it can cause severe inflammation and respiratory failure. […] Symptoms of plague include: Fever. Chills. Headaches and body aches. Weakness and fatigue. Dizziness. Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Swollen, painful lymph nodes (bubonic plague). Abdominal pain and bleeding from your nose, your mouth or under your skin (septicemic plague). Shortness of breath, chest pain, cough and bloody or watery mucus (pneumonic plague). […] Without treatment, plague is nearly always fatal. With treatment, theres a 5 to 15% mortality (death) rate for bubonic plague and around a 50% mortality rate for pneumonic and septicemic plague.

• #5

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/plague

  People infected with Y. pestis often develop symptoms after an incubation period of one to seven days. […] Plague is a very severe disease in people, particularly in its septicaemic (systemic infection caused by circulating bacteria in bloodstream) and pneumonic forms, with a case-fatality ratio of 30% to 100% if left untreated. The pneumonic form is invariably fatal unless treated early. […] People infected with plague usually develop acute febrile disease with other non-specific systemic symptoms after an incubation period of one to seven days, such as sudden onset of fever, chills, head and body aches, and weakness, vomiting and nausea. […] Bubonic plague is the most common form of plague and is caused by the bite of an infected flea. Plague bacillus, Y. pestis, enters at the bite and travels through the lymphatic system to the nearest lymph node where it replicates itself. The lymph node then becomes inflamed, tense and painful, and is called a bubo.

• #6 Plague – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/plague/symptoms-causes/syc-20351291

  Plague usually can be treated with antibiotics. If not treated, the illness is often deadly. […] There are three types of plague. The symptoms vary for each type. […] Bubonic plague causes swelling of lymph nodes. These are small, bean-shaped filters in the body’s immune system. A swollen lymph node is called a bubo. The word „bubonic” is describing this feature of the disease. […] If a person has bubonic plague, buboes appear in the armpits, groin or neck. Buboes are tender or painful. They vary in size from about less than half an inch (1 centimeter) to about 4 inches (10 centimeters). […] Other symptoms of bubonic plague may include: Sudden high fever and chills. Headache. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. Weakness. Muscle aches. Rarely, skin sores. […] Septicemic plague occurs when plague bacteria multiply in the bloodstream. Buboes may not be present.

• #7 Plague Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/plague

  Plague is a severe bacterial infection that may cause death. The disease affects small mammals, mainly rodents, and humans. […] There are three types of plague: bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic. Bubonic plague is an infection of the lymph nodes. It is the most common type of plague in the United States. Flea bites are usually the cause. Bubonic plague symptoms appear suddenly, usually 2 to 8 days after exposure to the bacteria. Symptoms include: Fever and chills, General ill feeling (malaise), Headache, Muscle pain, Seizures, Smooth, painful lymph gland swelling called buboes that are commonly found in the groin, but may occur in the armpits or neck, most often at the site of the infection (flea bite or animal scratch). Pain may start before the swelling appears. […] Septicemic plague is an infection of the blood. It may occur from a flea bite or from handling an infected animal. It can also occur from untreated bubonic plague. Septicemic plague may cause death even before severe symptoms occur. Symptoms can include: Abdominal pain, Bleeding due to blood clotting problems, Diarrhea, Fever, Nausea, vomiting, Extreme weakness, Shock, Bleeding into the skin and organs, Tissue death (skin turns black and dies) on fingers, toes, and nose.

• #8 Plague (Yersinia Pestis) Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/plague-yersinia-pestis.html

  Plague occurs in different forms: bubonic, septicemic and pneumonic are the most common. […] Bubonic plague. This form of plague is the most common of all (more than 80% of all cases). It takes its name from the infected lymph nodes called „buboes.” Buboes are very painful, red and swollen lymph nodes that develop very quickly near the area of the flea bite. If the bite was on the leg, a bubo would probably appear in the groin. If the flea bite was on the arm, buboes might appear in the underarm or in the neck. About 2 to 6 days after the flea bite, a person with bubonic plague develops a high fever, chills, muscle aches, headache and extreme weakness and within another 24 hours, 1 or more buboes appear. With prompt treatment of appropriate antibiotics, over 90% of people will survive. Without proper treatment, the Y. pestis bacteria could spread through the bloodstream and a person could develop septicemic plague.

• #9

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/plague

  People infected with Y. pestis often develop symptoms after an incubation period of one to seven days. […] Plague is a very severe disease in people, particularly in its septicaemic (systemic infection caused by circulating bacteria in bloodstream) and pneumonic forms, with a case-fatality ratio of 30% to 100% if left untreated. The pneumonic form is invariably fatal unless treated early. […] People infected with plague usually develop acute febrile disease with other non-specific systemic symptoms after an incubation period of one to seven days, such as sudden onset of fever, chills, head and body aches, and weakness, vomiting and nausea. […] Bubonic plague is the most common form of plague and is caused by the bite of an infected flea. Plague bacillus, Y. pestis, enters at the bite and travels through the lymphatic system to the nearest lymph node where it replicates itself. The lymph node then becomes inflamed, tense and painful, and is called a bubo.

• #10 Plague FAQ | American Veterinary Medical Associationmultiple-users-1

  https://www.avma.org/plague-faq

  Q: What are the signs of plague in humans? A: People usually get symptoms of plague within 2 to 6 days after exposure. Human plague may be bubonic, septicemic, or pneumonic. Symptoms include sudden onset fever, chills, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal and/or back pain, and weakness. Bubonic plague includes the development of characteristic buboes (acutely swollen and painful lymph nodes) that appear about 24 hours after symptoms start. Primary septicemic (blood-stream infection) plague does not have the characteristic buboes but may progress to coagulopathies and potentially multi-organ failure. Septicemic plague may also result secondarily to bubonic plague. Gangrene (hence the name black death) may occur in untreated septicemic plague patients. […] Secondary pneumonic plague develops in approximately 10-15% of patients with bubonic or primary septicemic plague by spread of Y. pestis to the lungs. Patients with pneumonic plague will have additional symptoms that include cough, chest pain, bronchopneumonia and hemoptysis. Primary pneumonic plague caused by inhalation of Y. pestis is rare but has been reported after handling animals with pneumonic plague or close contact with people with pneumonic plague.

• #11 Plague – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/plague/symptoms-causes/syc-20351291

  Plague usually can be treated with antibiotics. If not treated, the illness is often deadly. […] There are three types of plague. The symptoms vary for each type. […] Bubonic plague causes swelling of lymph nodes. These are small, bean-shaped filters in the body’s immune system. A swollen lymph node is called a bubo. The word „bubonic” is describing this feature of the disease. […] If a person has bubonic plague, buboes appear in the armpits, groin or neck. Buboes are tender or painful. They vary in size from about less than half an inch (1 centimeter) to about 4 inches (10 centimeters). […] Other symptoms of bubonic plague may include: Sudden high fever and chills. Headache. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. Weakness. Muscle aches. Rarely, skin sores. […] Septicemic plague occurs when plague bacteria multiply in the bloodstream. Buboes may not be present.

• #12 Bubonic plague – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubonic_plague

  Bubonic plague is one of three types of plague caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. One to seven days after exposure to the bacteria, flu-like symptoms develop. These symptoms include fever, headaches, and vomiting, as well as swollen and painful lymph nodes occurring in the area closest to where the bacteria entered the skin. Acral necrosis, the dark discoloration of skin, is another symptom. Occasionally, swollen lymph nodes, known as „buboes”, may break open. […] After being transmitted via the bite of an infected flea, the Y. pestis bacteria become localized in an inflamed lymph node, where they begin to colonize and reproduce. Infected lymph nodes develop hemorrhages, which result in the death of tissue. Y. pestis bacilli can resist phagocytosis and even reproduce inside phagocytes and kill them. As the disease progresses, the lymph nodes can hemorrhage and become swollen and necrotic. Bubonic plague can progress to lethal septicemic plague in some cases. The plague is also known to spread to the lungs and become the disease known as the pneumonic plague. Symptoms appear two to seven days after getting bitten and they include: Chills, General ill feeling (malaise), High fever 39 C (102.2 F), Muscle cramps, Seizures, Smooth, painful lymph gland swelling called a bubo, commonly found in the groin, but may occur in the armpits or neck, most often near the site of the initial infection (bite or scratch), Pain may occur in the area before the swelling appears, Gangrene of the extremities such as toes, fingers, lips, and tip of the nose.

• #13 Plague Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/235627-clinical

  Travel to endemic areas within and outside the United States, history of a flea bite, close contact with a potential host, or exposure to dead rodents or rabbits should raise suspicion for plague. […] This is the most common presentation of naturally occurring plague. […] The incubation period varies but usually ranges 2-6 days. […] There is a sudden onset of high fever, chills, and headache associated with the development of swollen and painful lymph nodes. […] Patients with this type experience body aches, extreme exhaustion, weakness, abdominal pain, and/or diarrhea. […] Painful, swollen lymph glands (buboes) arise, usually in the groin (most common site), axilla, or neck. […] Without intervention, this stage may lead to secondary pneumonic plague or meningitis or may disseminate and manifest as sepsis.

• #14 Plague – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/plague/symptoms-causes/syc-20351291

  Plague usually can be treated with antibiotics. If not treated, the illness is often deadly. […] There are three types of plague. The symptoms vary for each type. […] Bubonic plague causes swelling of lymph nodes. These are small, bean-shaped filters in the body’s immune system. A swollen lymph node is called a bubo. The word „bubonic” is describing this feature of the disease. […] If a person has bubonic plague, buboes appear in the armpits, groin or neck. Buboes are tender or painful. They vary in size from about less than half an inch (1 centimeter) to about 4 inches (10 centimeters). […] Other symptoms of bubonic plague may include: Sudden high fever and chills. Headache. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. Weakness. Muscle aches. Rarely, skin sores. […] Septicemic plague occurs when plague bacteria multiply in the bloodstream. Buboes may not be present.

• #15

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/plague

  The most common form of human plague is bubonic plague. After an incubation period of 26 days, there is a sudden onset of high fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, joint aches, lethargy, abdominal pain, and diarrhoea. A papule (small bump), pustule (pus-filled blister), ulcer, or eschar (scab) may develop at the site of the flea bite (10% of cases). Within a few days the regional lymph nodes become swollen and extremely tender. These are called buboes and usually arise in the groin, armpit, or neck. The skin over the buboes becomes red, hot, swollen, and tense. Enlargement of the buboes can lead to rupture and discharge of malodorous pus. The liver and spleen may be enlarged and tender.[…] If treated at this stage, most symptoms improve in 2 to 5 days. The buboes can remain enlarged and tender for one or more weeks. If untreated, septicaemic plague can develop.

• #16 Plague Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/235627-clinical

  Patients exhibit a toxic appearance and soon become moribund. […] Septicemic plague carries a high mortality rate and is associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), multiorgan failure, peripheral gangrene, and profound hypotension. […] This manifests as purpura. […] Vesicles may be observed at the site of the infected flea bite. […] Buboes are unilateral, oval, extremely tender lymph nodes and can vary from 2-10 cm in size. […] Patients resist any attempt to examine the involved lymph nodes. […] Enlargement of the buboes leads to rupture and discharge of malodorous pus. […] Pneumonic plague causes fever, lymphadenopathy, productive sputum, and/or hemoptysis. […] Because of an overwhelming infection with the plague bacillus, patients with septicemic plague have a toxic appearance and may present with tachycardia, tachypnea, and hypotension. […] Generalized purpura may be observed and can progress to necrosis and gangrene of the distal extremities. […] No evidence of lymphadenitis or bubo formation is apparent. Patients may die of a high-grade bacteremia.

• #17 Plague and Other Yersinia Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-negative-bacilli/plague-and-other-yersinia-infections

  Plague is caused by the gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis. Symptoms are mainly severe pneumonia or large, tender lymphadenopathy with high fever, often progressing to septicemia. […] Symptoms and Signs of Plague Plague has several distinct clinical manifestations: Bubonic plague (most common), Pneumonic plague (primary or secondary), Septicemic plague, Pestis minor. […] In bubonic plague, the most common form, the incubation period is usually 2 to 5 days but varies from a few hours to 12 days. Onset of fever of 39.5 to 41 C is abrupt, often with chills. The pulse may be rapid and thready; hypotension may occur. Lymph nodes that drain the site of inoculation by the bacteria become enlarged and tender (buboes) and appear shortly after the fever. The femoral or inguinal lymph nodes are most commonly involved, followed by axillary, cervical, or multiple nodes. Typically, the nodes are extremely tender and firm, surrounded by considerable edema. They may suppurate in the second week. The overlying skin is smooth and reddened but often not warm. A primary cutaneous lesion (papule, pustule, ulcer, or eschar) may form at the site of the flea bite. The patient may be restless, delirious, confused, and uncoordinated. The liver and spleen may be enlarged. Because the bacteria can spread through the bloodstream to other parts of the body, bubonic plague may be complicated by hematogenous (secondary) pneumonic plague. The case fatality rate for untreated patients with bubonic plague is approximately 60% (1); most deaths result from septicemia in 3 to 5 days.

• #18

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/plague

  The most common form of human plague is bubonic plague. After an incubation period of 26 days, there is a sudden onset of high fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, joint aches, lethargy, abdominal pain, and diarrhoea. A papule (small bump), pustule (pus-filled blister), ulcer, or eschar (scab) may develop at the site of the flea bite (10% of cases). Within a few days the regional lymph nodes become swollen and extremely tender. These are called buboes and usually arise in the groin, armpit, or neck. The skin over the buboes becomes red, hot, swollen, and tense. Enlargement of the buboes can lead to rupture and discharge of malodorous pus. The liver and spleen may be enlarged and tender.[…] If treated at this stage, most symptoms improve in 2 to 5 days. The buboes can remain enlarged and tender for one or more weeks. If untreated, septicaemic plague can develop.

• #19 Plague – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549855/

  Plague is a zoonotic infection that has affected humans for thousands of years. In humans, the primary plague syndromes are bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic. All of these result from infection with the gram-negative bacillus Yersinia pestis. The most common presentation of Y. pestis infection in humans is bubonic plague; this begins with a bite from a flea and a 2- to 8-day incubation period. Following this, patients experience a sudden onset of fever, chills, headache, general weakness. Within the next day, a bubo develops. The bubo begins as intense pain in an area of regional lymph nodes, most commonly inguinal, followed by axillary or cervical nodes. Following this, swelling in the area of the bubo occurs, and the pain may be so intense that patients avoid movement. A bubo may be singular or present as a cluster of nodes, but the masses are typically non-fluctuant with overlying warmth. In addition to fever, other vital signs abnormalities include tachycardia and hypotension progressing to shock. In addition to the bubo, the physical exam may demonstrate hepatosplenomegaly.

• #20 Plague Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/plague

  Plague is a severe bacterial infection that may cause death. The disease affects small mammals, mainly rodents, and humans. […] There are three types of plague: bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic. Bubonic plague is an infection of the lymph nodes. It is the most common type of plague in the United States. Flea bites are usually the cause. Bubonic plague symptoms appear suddenly, usually 2 to 8 days after exposure to the bacteria. Symptoms include: Fever and chills, General ill feeling (malaise), Headache, Muscle pain, Seizures, Smooth, painful lymph gland swelling called buboes that are commonly found in the groin, but may occur in the armpits or neck, most often at the site of the infection (flea bite or animal scratch). Pain may start before the swelling appears. […] Septicemic plague is an infection of the blood. It may occur from a flea bite or from handling an infected animal. It can also occur from untreated bubonic plague. Septicemic plague may cause death even before severe symptoms occur. Symptoms can include: Abdominal pain, Bleeding due to blood clotting problems, Diarrhea, Fever, Nausea, vomiting, Extreme weakness, Shock, Bleeding into the skin and organs, Tissue death (skin turns black and dies) on fingers, toes, and nose.

• #21 Plague and Other Yersinia Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-negative-bacilli/plague-and-other-yersinia-infections

  Plague is caused by the gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis. Symptoms are mainly severe pneumonia or large, tender lymphadenopathy with high fever, often progressing to septicemia. […] Symptoms and Signs of Plague Plague has several distinct clinical manifestations: Bubonic plague (most common), Pneumonic plague (primary or secondary), Septicemic plague, Pestis minor. […] In bubonic plague, the most common form, the incubation period is usually 2 to 5 days but varies from a few hours to 12 days. Onset of fever of 39.5 to 41 C is abrupt, often with chills. The pulse may be rapid and thready; hypotension may occur. Lymph nodes that drain the site of inoculation by the bacteria become enlarged and tender (buboes) and appear shortly after the fever. The femoral or inguinal lymph nodes are most commonly involved, followed by axillary, cervical, or multiple nodes. Typically, the nodes are extremely tender and firm, surrounded by considerable edema. They may suppurate in the second week. The overlying skin is smooth and reddened but often not warm. A primary cutaneous lesion (papule, pustule, ulcer, or eschar) may form at the site of the flea bite. The patient may be restless, delirious, confused, and uncoordinated. The liver and spleen may be enlarged. Because the bacteria can spread through the bloodstream to other parts of the body, bubonic plague may be complicated by hematogenous (secondary) pneumonic plague. The case fatality rate for untreated patients with bubonic plague is approximately 60% (1); most deaths result from septicemia in 3 to 5 days.

• #22 Plague – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/plague/symptoms-causes/syc-20351291

  Early symptoms are very general and include: Sudden high fever and chills. Extreme weakness. Stomach pain, diarrhea and vomiting. […] More-serious symptoms may develop with advanced disease and organ failure. These include: Bleeding from the mouth, nose or rectum, or under the skin. Signs of shock, such as seizure, rash and low blood pressure. Blackening and death of tissue, called gangrene, most commonly on the fingers, toes, ears and nose. […] Pneumonic plague affects the lungs. The disease may begin in the lungs, or it may spread from infected lymph nodes to the lungs. Symptoms can begin within a few hours after exposure and worsen rapidly. […] Symptoms may include: Sudden high fever and chills. Cough, with bloody mucus. Difficulty or irregular breathing. Chest pain. Upset stomach and vomiting. Headache. Weakness.

• #23 Plague Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/plague

  Plague is a severe bacterial infection that may cause death. The disease affects small mammals, mainly rodents, and humans. […] There are three types of plague: bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic. Bubonic plague is an infection of the lymph nodes. It is the most common type of plague in the United States. Flea bites are usually the cause. Bubonic plague symptoms appear suddenly, usually 2 to 8 days after exposure to the bacteria. Symptoms include: Fever and chills, General ill feeling (malaise), Headache, Muscle pain, Seizures, Smooth, painful lymph gland swelling called buboes that are commonly found in the groin, but may occur in the armpits or neck, most often at the site of the infection (flea bite or animal scratch). Pain may start before the swelling appears. […] Septicemic plague is an infection of the blood. It may occur from a flea bite or from handling an infected animal. It can also occur from untreated bubonic plague. Septicemic plague may cause death even before severe symptoms occur. Symptoms can include: Abdominal pain, Bleeding due to blood clotting problems, Diarrhea, Fever, Nausea, vomiting, Extreme weakness, Shock, Bleeding into the skin and organs, Tissue death (skin turns black and dies) on fingers, toes, and nose.

• #24 Plague – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/plague/symptoms-causes/syc-20351291

  Early symptoms are very general and include: Sudden high fever and chills. Extreme weakness. Stomach pain, diarrhea and vomiting. […] More-serious symptoms may develop with advanced disease and organ failure. These include: Bleeding from the mouth, nose or rectum, or under the skin. Signs of shock, such as seizure, rash and low blood pressure. Blackening and death of tissue, called gangrene, most commonly on the fingers, toes, ears and nose. […] Pneumonic plague affects the lungs. The disease may begin in the lungs, or it may spread from infected lymph nodes to the lungs. Symptoms can begin within a few hours after exposure and worsen rapidly. […] Symptoms may include: Sudden high fever and chills. Cough, with bloody mucus. Difficulty or irregular breathing. Chest pain. Upset stomach and vomiting. Headache. Weakness.

• #25 Plague: Types, History, Causes & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17782-plague

  When Y. pestis enters your body, it hides from your immune system, allowing it to multiply and spread out. When it gets into cells, it releases a toxin to kill the cell. […] Y. pestis can infect your lymph nodes (bubonic plague), causing large swellings called buboes. If it gets in your blood (septicemic plague), it can damage your organs. If it gets into your lungs (pneumonic plague), it can cause severe inflammation and respiratory failure. […] Symptoms of plague include: Fever. Chills. Headaches and body aches. Weakness and fatigue. Dizziness. Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Swollen, painful lymph nodes (bubonic plague). Abdominal pain and bleeding from your nose, your mouth or under your skin (septicemic plague). Shortness of breath, chest pain, cough and bloody or watery mucus (pneumonic plague). […] Without treatment, plague is nearly always fatal. With treatment, theres a 5 to 15% mortality (death) rate for bubonic plague and around a 50% mortality rate for pneumonic and septicemic plague.

• #26 Plague – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/plague/symptoms-causes/syc-20351291

  Early symptoms are very general and include: Sudden high fever and chills. Extreme weakness. Stomach pain, diarrhea and vomiting. […] More-serious symptoms may develop with advanced disease and organ failure. These include: Bleeding from the mouth, nose or rectum, or under the skin. Signs of shock, such as seizure, rash and low blood pressure. Blackening and death of tissue, called gangrene, most commonly on the fingers, toes, ears and nose. […] Pneumonic plague affects the lungs. The disease may begin in the lungs, or it may spread from infected lymph nodes to the lungs. Symptoms can begin within a few hours after exposure and worsen rapidly. […] Symptoms may include: Sudden high fever and chills. Cough, with bloody mucus. Difficulty or irregular breathing. Chest pain. Upset stomach and vomiting. Headache. Weakness.

• #27 Plague Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/plague

  Plague is a severe bacterial infection that may cause death. The disease affects small mammals, mainly rodents, and humans. […] There are three types of plague: bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic. Bubonic plague is an infection of the lymph nodes. It is the most common type of plague in the United States. Flea bites are usually the cause. Bubonic plague symptoms appear suddenly, usually 2 to 8 days after exposure to the bacteria. Symptoms include: Fever and chills, General ill feeling (malaise), Headache, Muscle pain, Seizures, Smooth, painful lymph gland swelling called buboes that are commonly found in the groin, but may occur in the armpits or neck, most often at the site of the infection (flea bite or animal scratch). Pain may start before the swelling appears. […] Septicemic plague is an infection of the blood. It may occur from a flea bite or from handling an infected animal. It can also occur from untreated bubonic plague. Septicemic plague may cause death even before severe symptoms occur. Symptoms can include: Abdominal pain, Bleeding due to blood clotting problems, Diarrhea, Fever, Nausea, vomiting, Extreme weakness, Shock, Bleeding into the skin and organs, Tissue death (skin turns black and dies) on fingers, toes, and nose.

• #28 Plague Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/235627-clinical

  Patients exhibit a toxic appearance and soon become moribund. […] Septicemic plague carries a high mortality rate and is associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), multiorgan failure, peripheral gangrene, and profound hypotension. […] This manifests as purpura. […] Vesicles may be observed at the site of the infected flea bite. […] Buboes are unilateral, oval, extremely tender lymph nodes and can vary from 2-10 cm in size. […] Patients resist any attempt to examine the involved lymph nodes. […] Enlargement of the buboes leads to rupture and discharge of malodorous pus. […] Pneumonic plague causes fever, lymphadenopathy, productive sputum, and/or hemoptysis. […] Because of an overwhelming infection with the plague bacillus, patients with septicemic plague have a toxic appearance and may present with tachycardia, tachypnea, and hypotension. […] Generalized purpura may be observed and can progress to necrosis and gangrene of the distal extremities. […] No evidence of lymphadenitis or bubo formation is apparent. Patients may die of a high-grade bacteremia.

• #29 Septicemic plague: Symptoms, causes, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/septicemic-plague

  Septicemic plague is a complication of pneumonic or bubonic plague and can also occur independently. It develops when bacteria that cause plague multiply in the blood. […] Symptoms of septicemic plague may occur within several days of bacterial exposure, but healthcare professionals do not know the exact timeframe. […] When a person has septicemic plague, they may present with: chills, fever, abdominal pain, extreme weakness or exhaustion, bleeding, which typically occurs in the skin or organs, shock, gangrene, which is when skin and other tissues begin to die, particularly on the toes, fingers, and nose. […] When septicemic plague develops on its own, buboes are absent, but if it develops as a result of bubonic plague, a person may first develop buboes. […] Septicemic plague is a rarer form of plague and accounts for 10-15% of cases.

• #30 Plague Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/plague

  Plague is a severe bacterial infection that may cause death. The disease affects small mammals, mainly rodents, and humans. […] There are three types of plague: bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic. Bubonic plague is an infection of the lymph nodes. It is the most common type of plague in the United States. Flea bites are usually the cause. Bubonic plague symptoms appear suddenly, usually 2 to 8 days after exposure to the bacteria. Symptoms include: Fever and chills, General ill feeling (malaise), Headache, Muscle pain, Seizures, Smooth, painful lymph gland swelling called buboes that are commonly found in the groin, but may occur in the armpits or neck, most often at the site of the infection (flea bite or animal scratch). Pain may start before the swelling appears. […] Septicemic plague is an infection of the blood. It may occur from a flea bite or from handling an infected animal. It can also occur from untreated bubonic plague. Septicemic plague may cause death even before severe symptoms occur. Symptoms can include: Abdominal pain, Bleeding due to blood clotting problems, Diarrhea, Fever, Nausea, vomiting, Extreme weakness, Shock, Bleeding into the skin and organs, Tissue death (skin turns black and dies) on fingers, toes, and nose.

• #31 Plague – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/plague/symptoms-causes/syc-20351291

  If treatment is not begun the first day, the disease progresses rapidly to failure of the lungs, shock and death. […] The risk of death in people with all types of plague in the United States is around 11%. […] Most people with bubonic plague survive with prompt diagnosis and treatment. Death is more likely with septicemic plague because it is difficult to diagnose and worsens rapidly. Treatment may unintentionally be delayed. […] Pneumonic plague is severe and worsens rapidly. Risk of death is high if treatment doesn’t begin within 24 hours after symptoms start.

• #32 Plague Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/plague

  Pneumonic plague is an infection of the lungs. This is the most serious form and is what can cause epidemics to occur. It can occur from inhaling respiratory droplets from an infected human or animal (cat). It is the only type that spreads between humans. Untreated bubonic or septicemic plague can also develop into pneumonic plague when bacteria spread to the lungs. Pneumonic plague symptoms appear suddenly, typically 1 to 3 days after exposure. Pneumonia develops rapidly and symptoms include: Severe cough, Difficulty breathing and pain in the chest when breathing deeply, Weakness, Fever and chills, Headache, Frothy, bloody sputum, Respiratory failure, Shock. […] Human-to-human transmission of plague has not occurred in the United States since 1925.

• #33

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/plague

  Pneumonic plague, or lung-based plague, is the most virulent form of plague. Incubation can be as short as 24 hours. Any person with pneumonic plague may transmit the disease via droplets to other humans. Untreated pneumonic plague, if not diagnosed and treated early, can be fatal. […] Untreated pneumonic plague can be rapidly fatal, so early diagnosis and treatment is essential for survival and reduction of complications. Pneumonic plague can be fatal within 18 to 24 hours of disease onset if left untreated, but common antibiotics for enterobacteria (gram negative rods) can effectively cure the disease if they are delivered early.

• #34 Plague Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/plague

  Pneumonic plague is an infection of the lungs. This is the most serious form and is what can cause epidemics to occur. It can occur from inhaling respiratory droplets from an infected human or animal (cat). It is the only type that spreads between humans. Untreated bubonic or septicemic plague can also develop into pneumonic plague when bacteria spread to the lungs. Pneumonic plague symptoms appear suddenly, typically 1 to 3 days after exposure. Pneumonia develops rapidly and symptoms include: Severe cough, Difficulty breathing and pain in the chest when breathing deeply, Weakness, Fever and chills, Headache, Frothy, bloody sputum, Respiratory failure, Shock. […] Human-to-human transmission of plague has not occurred in the United States since 1925.

• #35

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/plague

  Pneumonic plague, or lung-based plague, is the most virulent form of plague. Incubation can be as short as 24 hours. Any person with pneumonic plague may transmit the disease via droplets to other humans. Untreated pneumonic plague, if not diagnosed and treated early, can be fatal. […] Untreated pneumonic plague can be rapidly fatal, so early diagnosis and treatment is essential for survival and reduction of complications. Pneumonic plague can be fatal within 18 to 24 hours of disease onset if left untreated, but common antibiotics for enterobacteria (gram negative rods) can effectively cure the disease if they are delivered early.

• #36 Plague – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/plague/symptoms-causes/syc-20351291

  Early symptoms are very general and include: Sudden high fever and chills. Extreme weakness. Stomach pain, diarrhea and vomiting. […] More-serious symptoms may develop with advanced disease and organ failure. These include: Bleeding from the mouth, nose or rectum, or under the skin. Signs of shock, such as seizure, rash and low blood pressure. Blackening and death of tissue, called gangrene, most commonly on the fingers, toes, ears and nose. […] Pneumonic plague affects the lungs. The disease may begin in the lungs, or it may spread from infected lymph nodes to the lungs. Symptoms can begin within a few hours after exposure and worsen rapidly. […] Symptoms may include: Sudden high fever and chills. Cough, with bloody mucus. Difficulty or irregular breathing. Chest pain. Upset stomach and vomiting. Headache. Weakness.

• #37 Plague Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/plague

  Pneumonic plague is an infection of the lungs. This is the most serious form and is what can cause epidemics to occur. It can occur from inhaling respiratory droplets from an infected human or animal (cat). It is the only type that spreads between humans. Untreated bubonic or septicemic plague can also develop into pneumonic plague when bacteria spread to the lungs. Pneumonic plague symptoms appear suddenly, typically 1 to 3 days after exposure. Pneumonia develops rapidly and symptoms include: Severe cough, Difficulty breathing and pain in the chest when breathing deeply, Weakness, Fever and chills, Headache, Frothy, bloody sputum, Respiratory failure, Shock. […] Human-to-human transmission of plague has not occurred in the United States since 1925.

• #38 Plague and Other Yersinia Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-negative-bacilli/plague-and-other-yersinia-infections

  Primary pneumonic plague has a 2- to 3-day incubation period, followed by abrupt onset of high fever, chills, tachycardia, chest pain, and headache, often severe. Cough, not prominent initially, develops within 24 hours. Sputum is mucoid at first, rapidly develops blood specks, and then becomes uniformly pink or bright red (resembling raspberry syrup) and foamy. Tachypnea and dyspnea are present, but pleuritic chest pain is not. Signs of consolidation are rare, and rales may be absent. Chest radiographs initially show a lobar pneumonia followed by dense consolidation and bronchopneumonic spread to other areas of the same or opposite lung. Untreated primary pneumonic plague is almost always fatal (1), and the risk of death remains significantly elevated when treatment is not initiated within 24 hours of symptom onset.

• #39 Plague Symptoms, Treatment, and Infection Prevention | NETEC

  https://netec.org/2022/08/08/plague-symptoms-treatment-and-infection-prevention/

  Plague is a serious bacterial infection. There are five forms of plague: bubonic, pneumonic, septicemic, meningeal and pharyngeal. […] Signs and symptoms of plague vary depending on the type of plague. Of the five forms of plague, bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic plague are the most common. […] The characteristics of bubonic plague include swollen, tender lymph nodes (i.e., bubo) near the site of a flea bite, fever, chills, malaise, and headache. Symptoms onset 2-8 days after exposure. […] Pneumonic plague is characterized by fever, shortness of breath, cough with purulent or bloody sputum. A chest X-ray (CXR) often looks worse than the patient early on in course. Symptoms typically start within 1-3 days. […] Septicemic plague is identified by fever, chills, extreme weakness, abdominal pain, shock, and possibly bleeding into the skin and other organs. Skin and other tissues may turn black and die, especially on fingers, toes, and the nose. Symptom onset is not clearly defined, but likely happens within days. […] Prior to the development of sulfonamide antibiotics, the mortality for all plague infections was between 66-93 percent. Modern antibiotics are effective at treating the plague, but plague infections can cause death if they are not identified and treated promptly.

• #40 Plague and Other Yersinia Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-negative-bacilli/plague-and-other-yersinia-infections

  Primary pneumonic plague has a 2- to 3-day incubation period, followed by abrupt onset of high fever, chills, tachycardia, chest pain, and headache, often severe. Cough, not prominent initially, develops within 24 hours. Sputum is mucoid at first, rapidly develops blood specks, and then becomes uniformly pink or bright red (resembling raspberry syrup) and foamy. Tachypnea and dyspnea are present, but pleuritic chest pain is not. Signs of consolidation are rare, and rales may be absent. Chest radiographs initially show a lobar pneumonia followed by dense consolidation and bronchopneumonic spread to other areas of the same or opposite lung. Untreated primary pneumonic plague is almost always fatal (1), and the risk of death remains significantly elevated when treatment is not initiated within 24 hours of symptom onset.

• #41 Plague Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/plague

  Pneumonic plague is an infection of the lungs. This is the most serious form and is what can cause epidemics to occur. It can occur from inhaling respiratory droplets from an infected human or animal (cat). It is the only type that spreads between humans. Untreated bubonic or septicemic plague can also develop into pneumonic plague when bacteria spread to the lungs. Pneumonic plague symptoms appear suddenly, typically 1 to 3 days after exposure. Pneumonia develops rapidly and symptoms include: Severe cough, Difficulty breathing and pain in the chest when breathing deeply, Weakness, Fever and chills, Headache, Frothy, bloody sputum, Respiratory failure, Shock. […] Human-to-human transmission of plague has not occurred in the United States since 1925.

• #42

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/plague

  Pneumonic plague, or lung-based plague, is the most virulent form of plague. Incubation can be as short as 24 hours. Any person with pneumonic plague may transmit the disease via droplets to other humans. Untreated pneumonic plague, if not diagnosed and treated early, can be fatal. […] Untreated pneumonic plague can be rapidly fatal, so early diagnosis and treatment is essential for survival and reduction of complications. Pneumonic plague can be fatal within 18 to 24 hours of disease onset if left untreated, but common antibiotics for enterobacteria (gram negative rods) can effectively cure the disease if they are delivered early.

• #43 Plague – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549855/

  Septicemic plague presents similarly to bubonic plague in all signs, but there is no associated bubo. […] Pneumonic plague can occur as a primary or secondary location of the infection. It most commonly occurs following hematogenous spread from the bubo and leads to cough, chest pain, and hemoptysis in addition to the typical high fever associated with the plague. It may occur with or without buboes. Primary inhalational pneumonic plague occurs following inhalational exposure to another pneumonic plague patient with a cough. Rarer presentations include meningitis, which usually occurs secondary to the bubonic plague that has not received treatment, and pharyngitis, which presents similarly to other forms of pharyngitis with significant inflammation of anterior cervical lymph nodes. Plague sometimes may also present with prominent nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain before the presence of buboes or sepsis, making initial diagnosis difficult.

• #44 Plague: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000596.htm

  Pneumonic plague is an infection of the lungs. This is the most serious form and is what can cause epidemics to occur. It can occur from inhaling respiratory droplets from an infected human or animal (cat). It is the only type that spreads between humans. Untreated bubonic or septicemic plague can also develop into pneumonic plague when bacteria spread to the lungs. […] Pneumonic plague symptoms appear suddenly, typically 1 to 3 days after exposure. Pneumonia develops rapidly and symptoms include: Severe cough, Difficulty breathing and pain in the chest when breathing deeply, Weakness, Fever and chills, Headache, Frothy, bloody sputum, Respiratory failure, Shock. […] Human-to-human transmission of plague has not occurred in the United States since 1925.

• #45 Plague (Yersinia Pestis) – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/plague-yersinia-pestis-a-to-z

  Pneumonic plague. This form of plague is currently very rare. It happens when Y. pestis bacteria infect the lungs and cause pneumonia. It can develop when a person breathes in droplets of Y. pestis from an animal or person who has plague infection in the lungs. People who have bubonic or septicemic plague can also develop Y. pestis infection in the lungs. Symptoms include high fever, chills, headaches, chest pain, rapid breathing, severe shortness of breath and cough that might bring up blood. Without proper treatment, the disease can quickly lead to death. […] With proper antibiotic treatment, most symptoms of uncomplicated bubonic plague will subside within two to five days. However, swollen buboes can remain for several weeks. Recovery from more severe septicemic plague and pneumonic plague usually takes longer. […] Without quick antibiotic treatment, plague can be fatal.

• #46

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/plague

  Septicaemic plague can occur when Y pestis infection spreads directly through the bloodstream without evidence of a bubo. More commonly, untreated bubonic plague can lead to invasion of the bloodstream by the bacteria. Gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhoea may initially predominate. This condition can rapidly progress to disseminated intravascular coagulation, which presents as bleeding into the skin (purpura) and other tissues, and gangrene of the extremities, hence the term, the black death. The patient may also develop profoundly low blood pressure, multi-organ failure, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (severe breathing difficulties). The fatality rate is high.[…] Pneumonic plague is the most lethal and least common form of plague. It can arise as a consequence of untreated bubonic or septicaemic plague, or it can result directly from inhaling infectious respiratory droplets or other materials. In the case of the latter, the incubation period is usually about 2 days. There is an abrupt onset of fever, chills, muscle aches, joint aches, dizziness, and lethargy. By the second day the patient has a cough with bloody sputum and shortness of breath. Acute respiratory distress syndrome develops, which can lead rapidly to death. […] About 50-60% of patients with untreated bubonic plague die. Untreated septicaemic or pneumonic plague is almost always fatal. Even with appropriate antibiotic treatment, about 10-20% of patients with bubonic plague die, and 50% of patients with pneumonic plague die.

• #47 Plague – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549855/

  The prognosis of all presentations of plague is poor. Bubonic plague has an estimated mortality of 50 to 90% untreated. Septicemic plague may have lower mortality, at approximately 22%. Proper diagnosis and early treatment of both of these etiologies decrease the mortality to 5 to 15%. Pneumonic plague is considered invariably fatal unless treated immediately following the exposure or within the first day of illness. Even with proper treatment, mortality is greater than 50%.

• #48 Plague Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/235627-clinical

  Patients exhibit a toxic appearance and soon become moribund. […] Septicemic plague carries a high mortality rate and is associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), multiorgan failure, peripheral gangrene, and profound hypotension. […] This manifests as purpura. […] Vesicles may be observed at the site of the infected flea bite. […] Buboes are unilateral, oval, extremely tender lymph nodes and can vary from 2-10 cm in size. […] Patients resist any attempt to examine the involved lymph nodes. […] Enlargement of the buboes leads to rupture and discharge of malodorous pus. […] Pneumonic plague causes fever, lymphadenopathy, productive sputum, and/or hemoptysis. […] Because of an overwhelming infection with the plague bacillus, patients with septicemic plague have a toxic appearance and may present with tachycardia, tachypnea, and hypotension. […] Generalized purpura may be observed and can progress to necrosis and gangrene of the distal extremities. […] No evidence of lymphadenitis or bubo formation is apparent. Patients may die of a high-grade bacteremia.

• #49 The Plague: Types, Causes, and Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/plague

  With no treatment, bubonic plague can multiply in the bloodstream (causing septicemic plague) or in the lungs (causing pneumonic plague). Death can occur within 24 hours after the appearance of the first symptom. […] Plague can be fatal if not treated quickly, so its important to visit the doctor as soon as symptoms appear. […] Getting treatment as quickly as possible is crucial to stop the plague from becoming deadly.

• #50 Plague FAQ | American Veterinary Medical Associationmultiple-users-1

  https://www.avma.org/plague-faq

  Q: How deadly is plague? A: The case fatality rate for untreated bubonic plague in humans is about 50% and in cats is nearly 60%. Modern treatment with antibiotics has reduced fatalities from bubonic plague. Pneumonic plague and septicemic plague also respond to antibiotic treatment if patients are treated quickly enough. Untreated primary septicemic plague and pneumonic plague are invariably fatal.

• #51 Plague: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article//967495-clinical

  Plague is an acute, contagious, febrile illness usually transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected flea. Plague occurs as 3 major clinical events: bubonic plague, septicemic plague, and pneumonic plague. Human-to-human transmission is uncommon except during epidemics of pneumonic plague. The risk of plague-related death depends on the type of plague and whether the infected individual receives appropriate treatment. The following are the estimated mortality rates associated with the different types of plague: Pneumonic plague – Untreated, 100%; treated, 50%; Bubonic plague – Untreated, up to 60%; treated, 5% when appropriate antibiotics are used; Septicemic plague – 20%-25%. […] Once the flea bites a susceptible host, the bacilli migrate to the regional lymph nodes, are phagocytosed by polymorphonuclear and mononuclear phagocytes, and multiply intracellularly. Survival and replication within macrophages are probably of greatest importance in early stages of the disease. Involved lymph nodes show dense concentrations of plague bacilli, destruction of the normal architecture, and medullary necrosis. With subsequent lysis of the phagocytes, bacteremia can occur and may lead to invasion of distant organs in the absence of specific therapy. […] The following are the modes of plague transmission in humans: Bites by fleas, Exposure to humans with pneumonic plague, Handling of infected carcasses, Scratches or bites from infected domestic cats, Exposure to aerosols containing plague-causing bacilli.

• #52

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/plague

  Pneumonic plague, or lung-based plague, is the most virulent form of plague. Incubation can be as short as 24 hours. Any person with pneumonic plague may transmit the disease via droplets to other humans. Untreated pneumonic plague, if not diagnosed and treated early, can be fatal. […] Untreated pneumonic plague can be rapidly fatal, so early diagnosis and treatment is essential for survival and reduction of complications. Pneumonic plague can be fatal within 18 to 24 hours of disease onset if left untreated, but common antibiotics for enterobacteria (gram negative rods) can effectively cure the disease if they are delivered early.

• #53

  https://www.cbsnews.com/news/plague-what-to-know-symptoms-transmission/

  Pneumonic plague: Untreated bubonic or septicemic plague can develop in the pneumonic plague, which spreads to the lungs. These patients may develop fever, headache, weakness, pneumonia, shortness of breath, chest pain, cough and sometimes bloody or watery mucous. Pneumonia could cause respiratory failure and shock. This type of plague is considered the most serious form of the disease, with a high fatality rate. […] Plague can be successfully treated with antibiotics, the CDC says, but the earlier the better to improve chances of a full recovery. […] The bubonic type has a case-fatality ratio of 30% to 60%, according to the World Health Organization. […] Pneumonic plague, when left untreated, is always fatal and death can occur within 18 to 24 hours.

• #54 Plague – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/plague/symptoms-causes/syc-20351291

  If treatment is not begun the first day, the disease progresses rapidly to failure of the lungs, shock and death. […] The risk of death in people with all types of plague in the United States is around 11%. […] Most people with bubonic plague survive with prompt diagnosis and treatment. Death is more likely with septicemic plague because it is difficult to diagnose and worsens rapidly. Treatment may unintentionally be delayed. […] Pneumonic plague is severe and worsens rapidly. Risk of death is high if treatment doesn’t begin within 24 hours after symptoms start.

• #55

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/plague

  Pneumonic plague, or lung-based plague, is the most virulent form of plague. Incubation can be as short as 24 hours. Any person with pneumonic plague may transmit the disease via droplets to other humans. Untreated pneumonic plague, if not diagnosed and treated early, can be fatal. […] Untreated pneumonic plague can be rapidly fatal, so early diagnosis and treatment is essential for survival and reduction of complications. Pneumonic plague can be fatal within 18 to 24 hours of disease onset if left untreated, but common antibiotics for enterobacteria (gram negative rods) can effectively cure the disease if they are delivered early.

• #56 Plague – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549855/

  The prognosis of all presentations of plague is poor. Bubonic plague has an estimated mortality of 50 to 90% untreated. Septicemic plague may have lower mortality, at approximately 22%. Proper diagnosis and early treatment of both of these etiologies decrease the mortality to 5 to 15%. Pneumonic plague is considered invariably fatal unless treated immediately following the exposure or within the first day of illness. Even with proper treatment, mortality is greater than 50%.

• #57 Plague (disease) – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_(disease)

  Symptoms include fever, weakness and headache. […] Usually this begins one to seven days after exposure. […] There are three forms of plague, each affecting a different part of the body and causing associated symptoms. Pneumonic plague infects the lungs, causing shortness of breath, coughing and chest pain; bubonic plague affects the lymph nodes, making them swell; and septicemic plague infects the blood and can cause tissues to turn black and die. […] General symptoms of plague include fever, chills, headaches, and nausea. […] Many people experience swelling in their lymph nodes if they have bubonic plague. […] For those with pneumonic plague, symptoms may (or may not) include a cough, pain in the chest, and haemoptysis. […] The initial signs are indistinguishable from several other respiratory illnesses; they include headache, weakness, and spitting or vomiting of blood. The course of the disease is rapid; unless diagnosed and treated soon enough, typically within a few hours, death may follow in one to six days; in untreated cases, mortality is nearly 100%.

• #58 Plague Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/235627-clinical

  Travel to endemic areas within and outside the United States, history of a flea bite, close contact with a potential host, or exposure to dead rodents or rabbits should raise suspicion for plague. […] This is the most common presentation of naturally occurring plague. […] The incubation period varies but usually ranges 2-6 days. […] There is a sudden onset of high fever, chills, and headache associated with the development of swollen and painful lymph nodes. […] Patients with this type experience body aches, extreme exhaustion, weakness, abdominal pain, and/or diarrhea. […] Painful, swollen lymph glands (buboes) arise, usually in the groin (most common site), axilla, or neck. […] Without intervention, this stage may lead to secondary pneumonic plague or meningitis or may disseminate and manifest as sepsis.

• #59

  https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/content/sdc/deh/pests/plague.html

  The early symptoms of plague usually appear two to eight days after exposure. These include nausea, vomiting, fever, chills, muscle aches, headache, and weakness. […] Plague is a very serious illness but treatable with antibiotics. The earlier a patient seeks medical care and receives treatment, the better their chances are of a full recovery. […] If you have symptoms like those listed here, seek medical attention right away. Prompt treatment with the correct medications is critical to prevent complications or death. […] Pets can also become sick from plague. An animal with plague will become very ill, may stop eating and will have a fever. Swollen lymph glands may occur, generally in the neck area.

• #60 Plague – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/plague/plague+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  People with plague are usually no longer infectious after receiving 48 hours of appropriate antibiotic treatment. […] Plague is a medical emergency. People with suspected or confirmed plague should be managed in a hospital. People with plague are usually cured if treated with appropriate antibiotics early. […] Without treatment pneumonic and septicaemic plague are almost always fatal and 50 to 60% of people with bubonic plague die from the disease.

• #61 Pneumonic Plague | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/emergencies/be-prepared-be-safe/diseases/pneumonic-plague

  Pneumonic plague occurs when the Y. pestis bacterium is inhaled. The symptoms of pneumonic plague begin one to four days after exposure to the bacteria. The symptoms include fever, headache, weakness and a bloody or watery cough due to infection of the lungs (pneumonia). The pneumonia rapidly becomes worse and without early treatment it can be fatal. […] Early treatment with appropriate antibiotics is essential because untreated plague especially the pneumonic form is almost always fatal.

• #62 Plague – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/plague/symptoms-causes/syc-20351291

  If treatment is not begun the first day, the disease progresses rapidly to failure of the lungs, shock and death. […] The risk of death in people with all types of plague in the United States is around 11%. […] Most people with bubonic plague survive with prompt diagnosis and treatment. Death is more likely with septicemic plague because it is difficult to diagnose and worsens rapidly. Treatment may unintentionally be delayed. […] Pneumonic plague is severe and worsens rapidly. Risk of death is high if treatment doesn’t begin within 24 hours after symptoms start.

• #63

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/plague

  Septicaemic plague can occur when Y pestis infection spreads directly through the bloodstream without evidence of a bubo. More commonly, untreated bubonic plague can lead to invasion of the bloodstream by the bacteria. Gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhoea may initially predominate. This condition can rapidly progress to disseminated intravascular coagulation, which presents as bleeding into the skin (purpura) and other tissues, and gangrene of the extremities, hence the term, the black death. The patient may also develop profoundly low blood pressure, multi-organ failure, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (severe breathing difficulties). The fatality rate is high.[…] Pneumonic plague is the most lethal and least common form of plague. It can arise as a consequence of untreated bubonic or septicaemic plague, or it can result directly from inhaling infectious respiratory droplets or other materials. In the case of the latter, the incubation period is usually about 2 days. There is an abrupt onset of fever, chills, muscle aches, joint aches, dizziness, and lethargy. By the second day the patient has a cough with bloody sputum and shortness of breath. Acute respiratory distress syndrome develops, which can lead rapidly to death. […] About 50-60% of patients with untreated bubonic plague die. Untreated septicaemic or pneumonic plague is almost always fatal. Even with appropriate antibiotic treatment, about 10-20% of patients with bubonic plague die, and 50% of patients with pneumonic plague die.

• #64 Plague: Types, History, Causes & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17782-plague

  When Y. pestis enters your body, it hides from your immune system, allowing it to multiply and spread out. When it gets into cells, it releases a toxin to kill the cell. […] Y. pestis can infect your lymph nodes (bubonic plague), causing large swellings called buboes. If it gets in your blood (septicemic plague), it can damage your organs. If it gets into your lungs (pneumonic plague), it can cause severe inflammation and respiratory failure. […] Symptoms of plague include: Fever. Chills. Headaches and body aches. Weakness and fatigue. Dizziness. Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Swollen, painful lymph nodes (bubonic plague). Abdominal pain and bleeding from your nose, your mouth or under your skin (septicemic plague). Shortness of breath, chest pain, cough and bloody or watery mucus (pneumonic plague). […] Without treatment, plague is nearly always fatal. With treatment, theres a 5 to 15% mortality (death) rate for bubonic plague and around a 50% mortality rate for pneumonic and septicemic plague.

• #65 Plague – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549855/

  The prognosis of all presentations of plague is poor. Bubonic plague has an estimated mortality of 50 to 90% untreated. Septicemic plague may have lower mortality, at approximately 22%. Proper diagnosis and early treatment of both of these etiologies decrease the mortality to 5 to 15%. Pneumonic plague is considered invariably fatal unless treated immediately following the exposure or within the first day of illness. Even with proper treatment, mortality is greater than 50%.

• #66 Plague: Types, History, Causes & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17782-plague

  When Y. pestis enters your body, it hides from your immune system, allowing it to multiply and spread out. When it gets into cells, it releases a toxin to kill the cell. […] Y. pestis can infect your lymph nodes (bubonic plague), causing large swellings called buboes. If it gets in your blood (septicemic plague), it can damage your organs. If it gets into your lungs (pneumonic plague), it can cause severe inflammation and respiratory failure. […] Symptoms of plague include: Fever. Chills. Headaches and body aches. Weakness and fatigue. Dizziness. Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Swollen, painful lymph nodes (bubonic plague). Abdominal pain and bleeding from your nose, your mouth or under your skin (septicemic plague). Shortness of breath, chest pain, cough and bloody or watery mucus (pneumonic plague). […] Without treatment, plague is nearly always fatal. With treatment, theres a 5 to 15% mortality (death) rate for bubonic plague and around a 50% mortality rate for pneumonic and septicemic plague.

• #67 Plague – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549855/

  The prognosis of all presentations of plague is poor. Bubonic plague has an estimated mortality of 50 to 90% untreated. Septicemic plague may have lower mortality, at approximately 22%. Proper diagnosis and early treatment of both of these etiologies decrease the mortality to 5 to 15%. Pneumonic plague is considered invariably fatal unless treated immediately following the exposure or within the first day of illness. Even with proper treatment, mortality is greater than 50%.

• #68 Plague Disease (Black Death): Symptoms, Types, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/plague/article_em.htm

  Plague is an infectious disease caused by plague bacillus (bacterium), Yersinia pestis. It spreads easily and can be fatal if not treated. […] Common plague symptoms include: Fever, Chills, Body aches, Sore throat, Headache, Weakness, A general feeling of illness, Abdominal pain (may be the only symptom of septicemic plague), Nausea, vomiting (may be bloody), Constipation, diarrhea, and black or tarry stools, Cough (may contain blood), Shortness of breath, Stiff neck, Fever, heart irregularities, low blood pressure, Confusion, seizures (later in the infection period). […] Bubo: This is an enlarged, tender, swollen lymph gland most commonly found in the groin, under the arms, or on the neck, depending on the locations of the flea bite. […] The death rate is about 13% for those treated for bubonic plague. A person with primary or secondary septicemic plague (infection in the bloodstream with associated shock symptoms) has an approximate 40% death rate, even when treated. Pneumonic plague has about a 100% death rate if not treated within the first 24 hours.

• #69 Plague Symptoms, Treatment, and Infection Prevention | NETEC

  https://netec.org/2022/08/08/plague-symptoms-treatment-and-infection-prevention/

  Plague is a serious bacterial infection. There are five forms of plague: bubonic, pneumonic, septicemic, meningeal and pharyngeal. […] Signs and symptoms of plague vary depending on the type of plague. Of the five forms of plague, bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic plague are the most common. […] The characteristics of bubonic plague include swollen, tender lymph nodes (i.e., bubo) near the site of a flea bite, fever, chills, malaise, and headache. Symptoms onset 2-8 days after exposure. […] Pneumonic plague is characterized by fever, shortness of breath, cough with purulent or bloody sputum. A chest X-ray (CXR) often looks worse than the patient early on in course. Symptoms typically start within 1-3 days. […] Septicemic plague is identified by fever, chills, extreme weakness, abdominal pain, shock, and possibly bleeding into the skin and other organs. Skin and other tissues may turn black and die, especially on fingers, toes, and the nose. Symptom onset is not clearly defined, but likely happens within days. […] Prior to the development of sulfonamide antibiotics, the mortality for all plague infections was between 66-93 percent. Modern antibiotics are effective at treating the plague, but plague infections can cause death if they are not identified and treated promptly.

• #70 Plague Symptoms, Treatment, and Infection Prevention | NETEC

  https://netec.org/2022/08/08/plague-symptoms-treatment-and-infection-prevention/

  Plague is a serious bacterial infection. There are five forms of plague: bubonic, pneumonic, septicemic, meningeal and pharyngeal. […] Signs and symptoms of plague vary depending on the type of plague. Of the five forms of plague, bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic plague are the most common. […] The characteristics of bubonic plague include swollen, tender lymph nodes (i.e., bubo) near the site of a flea bite, fever, chills, malaise, and headache. Symptoms onset 2-8 days after exposure. […] Pneumonic plague is characterized by fever, shortness of breath, cough with purulent or bloody sputum. A chest X-ray (CXR) often looks worse than the patient early on in course. Symptoms typically start within 1-3 days. […] Septicemic plague is identified by fever, chills, extreme weakness, abdominal pain, shock, and possibly bleeding into the skin and other organs. Skin and other tissues may turn black and die, especially on fingers, toes, and the nose. Symptom onset is not clearly defined, but likely happens within days. […] Prior to the development of sulfonamide antibiotics, the mortality for all plague infections was between 66-93 percent. Modern antibiotics are effective at treating the plague, but plague infections can cause death if they are not identified and treated promptly.

• #71 The Plague: Types, Causes, and Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/plague

  With no treatment, bubonic plague can multiply in the bloodstream (causing septicemic plague) or in the lungs (causing pneumonic plague). Death can occur within 24 hours after the appearance of the first symptom. […] Plague can be fatal if not treated quickly, so its important to visit the doctor as soon as symptoms appear. […] Getting treatment as quickly as possible is crucial to stop the plague from becoming deadly.

• #72 Plague: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Prevention and Treatments

  https://www.acko.com/health-insurance/diseases/plague/

  Symptoms are treatable when caught on time. So, if you are experiencing any of the above symptoms, consult the doctor immediately to prevent serious complications or death. […] Left untreated, this form of Plague can rapidly progress to multiple organ failures, leading to death. […] Serious complications are likely if not diagnosed and treated promptly. […] Therefore, the earlier you seek medical care, the greater the chance of full recovery. […] It usually takes 1 to 2 weeks to recover from Plague if you are treated within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms. Otherwise, Plague is fatal.

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