Materiały źródłowe

• #1 The Identification of Postpartum Depression

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2736559/

  Postpartum depression (PPD) is the most common medical complication of childbearing. Universal screening maximizes the likelihood of prompt identification of PPD. […] In this paper, we review the diagnostic criteria for postpartum depressive disorders and clinical risk factors predictive of PPD. […] In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV), an episode of major depression after delivery is defined as two weeks or more of persistent: 1) depressed mood, or 2) loss of interest in daily activities plus four associated symptoms (appetite disturbance, sleep disturbance, psychomotor agitation or slowing, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt, poor concentration, suicidal ideation) that onset within 4 weeks after childbirth. […] PPD contrasts with the transient symptoms of the baby blues – brief crying spells, irritability, nervousness, poor sleep and emotional reactivity.

• #1 Postpartum Depression Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Management: An Appraisal of the Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/14/7/2418

  Postpartum depression (PPD) is a severe mental health condition that affects women following childbirth and is marked by persistent sadness, anxiety, fatigue, and difficulty functioning. […] Early detection is crucial, with screening tools such as the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) commonly used in clinical practice. […] The diagnostic criteria for PPD include a “combination of depressed mood, loss of interest, anhedonia, sleep and appetite disturbance, impaired concentration, psychomotor disturbance, fatigue, feelings of guilt or worthlessness, and suicidal thoughts, which are present during the same two-week period and are a change from previous functioning.” […] The identification of these symptoms and confirmation of PPD is a sensitive clinical inquiry for obstetricians and primary care providers during the postpartum period.

• #1 Postpartum depression – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_depression

  The criteria required for the diagnosis of postpartum depression are the same as those required to make a diagnosis of non-childbirth-related major depression or minor depression. The criteria include at least five of the following nine symptoms, within two weeks: Feelings of sadness, emptiness, or hopelessness, nearly every day, for most of the day, or the observation of a depressed mood made by others; Loss of interest or pleasure in activities; Weight loss or decreased appetite; Changes in sleep patterns; Feelings of restlessness; Loss of energy; Feelings of worthlessness or guilt; Loss of concentration or increased indecisiveness; Recurrent thoughts of death, with or without plans of suicide. […] Screening for postpartum depression is critical as up to 50% of cases go undiagnosed in the US, emphasizing the significance of comprehensive screening measures. In the US, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists suggests healthcare providers consider depression screening for perinatal women.

• #1 Perinatal Depression – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519070/

  A major depressive episode that begins during pregnancy or within 4 weeks after delivery is classified as peripartum depression. […] The DSM-5-TR does not recognize postpartum depression as a separate entity. Instead, postpartum depression is included within the broader diagnosis of perinatal depression. […] Recognizing and addressing perinatal depression is crucial for the health and well-being of the patient and their baby. […] Screening for perinatal depression should be a routine part of prenatal and postpartum care, utilizing tools such as the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) to identify those at risk. […] The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and the American Academy of Family Medicine (AAFP) all recommend screening every patient for perinatal depression using the EPDS.

• #1 The Identification of Postpartum Depression

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2736559/

  The most common measure to screen for depression related to childbearing is the EPDS. This self-report instrument contains ten items ranked from 0 to 3 that reflect the patients experience over the past week. […] An EPDS 13 is an acceptable cut-point for identifying women at risk for major depression in clinical settings. […] The optimal time to screen for PPD is at the first postnatal obstetrical visit, since extensive data suggest the onset of postpartum disorders occur within the first month of childbirth. […] Patients with EPDS 13 are at substantial risk for major depression and require prompt depression care and treatment planning.

• #1 Screening and Diagnosis of Mental Health Conditions During Pregnancy and Postpartum | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/clinical-practice-guideline/articles/2023/06/screening-and-diagnosis-of-mental-health-conditions-during-pregnancy-and-postpartum

  To review evidence on the current understanding of mental health conditions in pregnancy and postpartum, with a focus on mood and anxiety disorders, and to outline guidelines for screening and diagnosis that are consistent with best available scientific evidence. […] This Clinical Practice Guideline includes recommendations on the screening and diagnosis of perinatal mental health conditions including depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, acute postpartum psychosis, and the symptom of suicidality. Recommendations are classified by strength and evidence quality. Ungraded Good Practice Points are included to provide guidance when a formal recommendation could not be made because of inadequate or nonexistent evidence. […] Assessing perinatal mental health. B12, vitamin B12; EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; GAD-7, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7; HCT, hematocrit; Hgb, hemoglobin; MDQ, Mood Disorder Questionnaire; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; PC-PTSD-5, Primary Care Post Traumatic Stress Disorder DSM-5; PCL-C, PTSD Check List-Civilian; TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone. […] Assessing risk of suicide. EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire 9. […] Assessing risk of harm to baby and asking about unwanted or intrusive thoughts.

• #1 Postpartum Depression Diagnosis – How To Get an Accurate PPD Diagnois

  https://www.postpartumdepression.org/postpartum-depression/diagnosis/

  If you suspect that you are experiencing symptoms of postpartum depression, getting an official diagnosis can help you progress with the proper treatment. A diagnosis can help you feel better and also assist you and your family members better understand and cope with your current condition. […] There is no single diagnostic tool or test that physicians use to reach a postpartum depression diagnosis. […] Instead, doctors will diagnose a mother with PPD by: Assessing her signs and symptoms, Interviewing the mother, Performing initial psychological screenings, Testing for other medical conditions or health problems. […] In addition to the diagnostic process used by the family doctor, new mothers can seek the support of a mental health professional. They can conduct a psychological assessment and reach a diagnosis.

• #1 Postpartum depression – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/postpartum-depression/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376623

  Your health care provider or mental health provider may ask you some questions, such as: What are your symptoms, and when did they start? […] Your provider may ask additional questions based on your responses, symptoms and needs. Preparing for questions will help you make the most of your appointment.

• #1 Postpartum Depression: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9312-postpartum-depression

  Talk to your healthcare provider about your symptoms and treatment. […] Your healthcare provider will evaluate you at your postpartum visit. […] Many providers schedule visits at two or three weeks postpartum to screen for depression. […] They may do a depression screening or ask you a series of questions to assess if you have postpartum depression. […] If your provider feels you have signs of postpartum depression, they will recommend an appropriate treatment. […] Postpartum depression is treated differently depending on the type and severity of your symptoms. […] Treatment options include anti-anxiety or antidepressant medicines, psychotherapy (talk therapy or cognitive behavioral therapy) and support group participation. […] Your healthcare provider may prescribe antidepressants to manage symptoms of postpartum depression.

• #1 How Doctors Diagnose and Treat Postpartum Depression. Medications and Treatment Overview

  https://www.webmd.com/depression/postpartum-depression/understanding-postpartum-depression-treatment

  Despite the fact that postpartum depression has been known about for a long time, many experts believe it isnt being properly diagnosed. […] If a woman is at risk, their doctor can evaluate their moods throughout the pregnancy. After a woman gives birth, they and those close to them should watch for symptoms of depression. Their doctor should look for such signs at their 6-week postpartum visit, as well. […] Theres no blood test or body scan that shows you have this mood disorder. Instead, your doctor will ask certain questions about your state of mind. […] If you have symptoms of postpartum depression, your doctor will evaluate their severity, including asking about whether you have thoughts of harming yourself or your baby. […] Your thyroid levels also may be checked to make sure the gland is working the way it should. Hypothyroidism can cause the same symptoms as postpartum depression.

• #1 Postnatal depression – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/512

  Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, depressed mood, anhedonia, decreased energy or increased fatigability, suicidal ideation, loss of confidence or self-esteem, unreasonable feelings of self-reproach or excessive and inappropriate guilt, and poor concentration. […] Other diagnostic factors include change in psychomotor activity, sleep disturbance, change in appetite, change in weight, obsessive/intrusive thoughts, significant self-harm or neglect or mistreatment of children, personal or family history of hypomania or mania, and psychotic symptoms. […] 1st investigations to order include Depression identification questions, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ). […] Investigations to consider include thyroid function tests, FBC, urine drug screen, and brain CT or MRI.

• #1 Identification and Management of Peripartum Depression | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0515/p852.html/1000

  Peripartum depression affects up to one in seven women and is associated with significant maternal and neonatal morbidity if untreated. […] The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends screening pregnant and postpartum women for depression. […] Both two-step and one-step screening strategies are effective in identifying peripartum depression. […] Women with peripartum depression should be evaluated for bipolar disorder, postpartum psychosis, and suicidal risk. […] The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. (DSM-5) classifies peripartum depression as a major depressive disorder that is identified during pregnancy or within four weeks postpartum, although some experts extend this to within one year postpartum. […] Because many symptoms of major depressive disorder are not specific for peripartum depression, validated screening tests should be used to evaluate pregnant women.

• #1 Postpartum depression often tricky to diagnose | MDedge

  https://mdedge.com/obgyn/article/194623/depression/postpartum-depression-often-tricky-diagnose

  The most widely used measure to screen for PPD is the 10-item self-rating Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. A total score of 10 or more is considered a flag for the need to follow up for possible depressive symptoms. […] The differential diagnosis of PPD includes the baby blues, postpartum psychosis, postpartum anxiety/PTSD, medical causes, substance use disorder, and PPD in bipolar disorder. Baby blues is not synonymous with PPD. It affects the majority (50%-80%) of new mothers and is characterized by emotional sensitivity, mood lability, and irritability. […] Postpartum psychosis (PPP) occurs in about 1-2 of every 1,000 deliveries, typically in the first 2 weeks after delivery. The onset occurs rapidly, and PPP is most frequently correlated with bipolar disorder over time. PPP itself is characterized by grandiose bizarre delusions, mood lability, hallucinations, confusion, and disorganized behavior.

• #1 New postpartum depression drugs are here. Diagnosis, treatment hurdles still stand in the way. | BioPharma Dive

  https://www.biopharmadive.com/news/postpartum-depression-drugs-access-hurdles-treatment-zurzuvae-zulresso/712747/

  New postpartum depression drugs are here. Diagnosis, treatment hurdles still stand in the way. […] An estimated 1 in 9 women experience postpartum depression, which can be severe and require treatment. […] Mental health professionals have relied on a guidebook called the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or DSM, to diagnose and treat their patients for more than 70 years. […] But the DSM didn’t recognize PPD until the 1990s, when its fourth edition codified the condition as a major depressive disorder occurring within four weeks of giving birth. […] The next edition, in 2013, went a bit further, defining PPD as a major depressive episode occurring during pregnancy or within four weeks after giving birth. […] Even with formal screening recommendations, diagnosis can still be challenging.

• #1 New postpartum depression drugs are here. Diagnosis, treatment hurdles still stand in the way. | BioPharma Dive

  https://www.biopharmadive.com/news/postpartum-depression-drugs-access-hurdles-treatment-zurzuvae-zulresso/712747/

  Questionnaires like the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and the Patient Health Questionnaire are often used by doctors to determine whether new mothers may be experiencing PPD or anxiety. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, approximately 60% of women with symptoms of postpartum depression go undiagnosed, and half of those diagnosed aren’t treated. […] Not every OB-GYN is trained to treat PPD since it has not always been a part of standard care. […] Before Sage’s drugs were available, physicians treating PPD typically turned to standard antidepressants like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SSRIs. […] Antidepressants can also cause weight gain, gastrointestinal issues, agitation and sleep disturbance. […] Additionally, treatment can be a difficult choice for pregnant or postpartum women, who may feel pressured to go without therapy or fear a drug might affect their child through breastfeeding.

• #1 Postpartum depression | Description, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/postpartum-depression

  Postpartum depression is associated with various risk factors and can have serious consequences for affected women and their infants. […] The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5; 2013) indicates that women are assigned a diagnosis of major depressive disorder with peripartum onset if they meet criteria for a major depressive episode during pregnancy or within the first four weeks following childbirth. […] A tool that is commonly used to screen for depression specific to the postpartum period is the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Rating Scale. […] The strongest predictors of postpartum depression are a previous history of depression before or during pregnancy, poor marital relationship, lack of social support, and stressful life events, including major events and ongoing child-care stressors. […] Although antidepressant medications, particularly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are prescribed for moderate to severe postpartum depression, researchers have focused on developing alternative psychosocial interventions.

• #1 Postpartum depression often tricky to diagnose | MDedge

  https://mdedge.com/obgyn/article/194623/depression/postpartum-depression-often-tricky-diagnose

  Postpartum depression can be tricky because of the wide range of body changes that occur during the postpartum period, but vigilance is warranted with mothers who express a lack of sleep and a lack of social support. […] One of the best questions to ask is: “Are you able to sleep when the baby sleeps?” This gives you information about depression and insomnia. Make sure to ask about anxiety symptoms. Also ask about any thoughts of suicide or harming the infant, and support from family and friends when she’s under stress and taking care of the baby. […] According to Dr. Friedman, a perinatal and forensic psychiatrist at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, social risk factors for postpartum depression (PPD) include being a victim of intimate partner violence and/or abuse, negative life events, decreased social support, relationship issues, and socioeconomic status. Psychological risk factors include anxiety/depression in pregnancy, personal or family history of PPD, and substance misuse. Biological risk factors include medical illness, multiple births, and having an infant with low birth weight/prematurity.

• #1 Postnatal depression – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/512

  Postnatal depression may present with symptoms of depressed mood, anhedonia, weight changes, sleep disturbance, psychomotor problems, low energy, excessive guilt, loss of confidence or self-esteem, poor concentration, or suicidal ideation. […] Recognition and effective treatment is vital; untreated postnatal depression causes substantial impairment for the woman, and may also result in impaired behavioural, emotional, and cognitive outcomes for the baby. […] Exclude postnatal psychosis and bipolar disorder in all patients. […] Treatment is with psychological therapy and/or medication. Antidepressants are recommended for more severe episodes if the woman declines psychological therapy or if psychological therapy is either ineffective or unavailable. […] Psychiatric referral may be necessary for patients who do not respond to treatment. Urgent psychiatric assessment is warranted if there is a risk of self-harm or harm to the child at any time, or if a postnatal psychosis, or manic or mixed episode, is suspected.

• #1 Postpartum depression – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/postpartum-depression/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376623

  Your health care provider will usually talk with you about your feelings, thoughts and mental health to help determine if you have a short-term case of postpartum baby blues or a more severe form of depression. […] As part of your evaluation, your health care provider may do a depression screening, including having you fill out a questionnaire. Your provider may order other tests, if needed, to rule out other causes for your symptoms. […] Postpartum depression is often treated with psychotherapy also called talk therapy or mental health counseling medicine or both. […] Your health care provider may recommend an antidepressant. […] With appropriate treatment, postpartum depression symptoms usually improve. […] It’s important to continue treatment after you begin to feel better. Stopping treatment too early may lead to a relapse.

• #1 Perinatal Depression – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519070/

  The objectives of the clinical evaluation are to constitute the diagnosis, assess suicidal and homicidal risks, and rule out other psychiatric illnesses. […] According to the DSM-5-TR, when an episode of mood symptoms meets the criteria for major depressive disorder and occurs during pregnancy or in the 4 weeks following delivery, the specifier „with peripartum onset” is used. […] The first-line treatment for perinatal depression is psychotherapy and antidepressant medications. […] A combination of therapy and antidepressant medications is recommended for moderate to severe depression. […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are the first choice medications for perinatal depression. […] The goal of treatment for perinatal depression is remission or resolution of symptoms of depression.

• #1 Postpartum depression | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/postpartum/postpartum-depression

  If you think you may have PPD, see your health care provider right away. Your provider can be: Your prenatal care provider. This is the provider who gave you medical care during pregnancy. Your primary care provider. This is your main health care provider who gives you general medical care. A mental health provider. This may be a psychiatrist, psychologist, social worker, counselor or a therapist. Your baby’s health care provider. […] To find out if you have PPD, your provider asks you questions about how you’re feeling. He wants to know if your feelings are causing problems in how you care for yourself and your baby. He may ask you to fill out a form called a depression screening questionnaire. Your answers on the form can help him find out if you have PPD. […] The sooner you see your provider about PPD, the better. You can get started on treatment so you can take good care of yourself and your baby. Treatment can include: Counseling, like CBT and IPT, Support groups. These are groups of people who meet together or go online to share their feelings and experiences about certain topics. Ask your provider or counselor to help you find a PPD support group. Medicine. PPD often is treated with medicine.

• #1 Postpartum Depression | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/postpartum-depression

  Postpartum depression is a type of depression that causes intense feelings of sadness, anxiety, or despair that keep people from being able to do their daily tasks. […] Postpartum depression can occur up to 1 year after having a baby, but it most commonly starts about 13 weeks after childbirth. […] Call your obstetrician-gynecologist (ob-gyn) or another health care professional right away if you think you may have postpartum depression, or if your partner or family members are concerned that you do. Do not wait until your postpartum checkup to talk with your ob-gyn. […] Postpartum depression can be treated with medications, including zuranolone and antidepressants. Talk therapy also is used to treat depression, sometimes with medications. […] Zuranolone is the first medication approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for treating postpartum depression in adults. It is taken by mouth for 14 days.

• #1 Postpartum Depression: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9312-postpartum-depression

  If you’re breastfeeding, talk to your healthcare provider about the risks and benefits of taking an antidepressant. […] Many healthcare providers use the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale to screen for postpartum depression. […] If your provider detects postpartum depression while you’re still in the hospital, they may recommend IV medication containing brexanolone. […] Contact your healthcare provider if you think you have postpartum depression.

• #1 Postpartum Depression – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/postpartum-care-and-associated-disorders/postpartum-depression

  Postpartum depression is depressive symptoms during the first year after delivery that last 2 weeks and meet criteria for major depression. […] Postpartum depression is diagnosed based on the same criteria as major depressive disorder, which are 5 symptoms for 2 weeks; symptoms include depressed mood and/or loss of interest or pleasure and […] Early diagnosis and treatment of postpartum depression substantially improve outcomes for women and their infant. […] All women should be screened at the postpartum visit for postpartum depression using a validated screening tool. […] The diagnosis of postpartum depression requires that symptoms be present for 2 weeks.

• #1 Postnatal depression – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/512

  Episodes of postnatal depression last 3 to 6 months on average, but may last for months or even years. […] Postnatal depression refers to the development of a depressive illness following childbirth and may form part of a bipolar or, more usually, a unipolar illness. […] The onset of a depressive episode within 4 weeks of childbirth can be recorded via the peripartum-onset specifier in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition, text revision (DSM-5-TR). […] Hence, in common usage, depressive episodes occurring within 6 to 12 months of delivery may be considered to be postnatal depression. […] This topic defines the postnatal period as up to 12 months after delivery, in accordance with several international guidelines. […] Symptom onset in pregnancy (and before pregnancy) is not uncommon; therefore, the term perinatal depression may be strictly more accurate.

• #1 Postpartum Depression: Early Diagnosis and Treatment are Key | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/news/article/postpartum-depression-early-diagnosis-and-treatment-are-key

  During the postpartum period, new moms may be emotionally sensitive or experience mood swings. […] But at least one in nine new moms develop a more serious condition, postpartum depression, which can negatively impact the emotional health of mom and baby. It is critical for new mothers to be evaluated and treated as early as possible. […] Fewer than 50 percent of women who experience postpartum depression will receive a diagnosis. Screening women at prenatal visits may help identify those at risk before the baby is born. […] Treatment for postpartum depression usually includes antidepressant medications (many are safe to use while breastfeeding). Psychotherapy is often incorporated into the treatment plan to help new moms develop coping skills. […] If you are concerned about postpartum depression, either during pregnancy or following delivery, contact your OB/GYN or request an obstetrics and gynecology appointment at UCLA Health.

• #1 Early identification of postpartum depression using demographic, clinical, and digital phenotyping | Translational Psychiatry

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-021-01245-6

  Postpartum depression (PPD) and adjustment disorder (AD) affect up to 25% of women after childbirth. However, there are no accurate screening tools for either disorder to identify at-risk mothers and enable them to benefit from early intervention. […] Early diagnosis and treatment of PPD can substantially improve the outcome, prevent relapse, and minimize the associated emotional and financial burden. […] PPD is often overlooked during postnatal visits, missing the critical window for early intervention. […] History of mental illness, vulnerability to hormonal changes, psychological and social distress, baby blues, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), unwanted pregnancy, traumatic birth experience and stressful life events are all associated with an increased risk of PPD. […] Here, we recruited two cohorts of mothers giving birth and followed them longitudinally over 12 weeks to explore whether an accurate prediction of PPD is feasible based on socio-demographic and clinical-anamnestic information as well as early symptom dynamics using remote mood and stress assessments.

• #1 Early identification of postpartum depression using demographic, clinical, and digital phenotyping | Translational Psychiatry

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-021-01245-6

  The best performing combination (high balanced accuracy at earliest possible time-point) for each pair-wise comparison was selected for replication analysis. […] A combination of baseline EPDS and week 3 remote follow-up EPDS, and mood scores achieved about 90% balanced accuracy for early identification of PPD as compared to HC. […] Our classification results suggest that a simple stepwise procedure including remote mood, EPDS, and MPAS assessments may be a promising approach towards early identification of PPD. […] In summary, by means of a longitudinal approach we identify and validate combinations of remote assessments allowing for early and accurate identification and differentiation of PPD and AD using a step-wise procedure.

• #1 Trends in Postpartum Depressive Symptoms — 27 States, 2004, 2008, and 2012 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6606a1.htm

  Postpartum depression is treatable with pharmacologic therapy and/or behavioral health interventions. However, depression is often underdiagnosed and untreated; nearly 60% of women with depressive symptoms do not receive a clinical diagnosis, and 50% of women with a diagnosis do not receive any treatment. […] These findings underscore the need for universal screening and appropriate treatment for pregnant and postpartum women, as recommended by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. ACOG recommends that providers screen for depressive symptoms at least once during pregnancy or postpartum, using a validated screening tool. […] Ongoing surveillance and activities to promote appropriate screening, referral, and treatment are needed to reduce PDS among U.S. women.

• #1 Postpartum Depression: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9312-postpartum-depression

  Postpartum depression is a type of depression that happens after having a baby. It affects up to 15% of women. […] Postpartum depression (PPD) is a type of depression that happens after you give birth. […] If you have postpartum depression, know that you’re not alone. It’s not your fault. And that help is out there. Your healthcare provider can manage your symptoms and help you feel better. […] Postpartum depression is a far more serious condition than the baby blues, affecting about 1 in 7 new moms. […] Symptoms range from mild to severe and may appear within a week of delivery or gradually, even up to a year later. […] Although symptoms can last several months, treatment with psychotherapy or antidepressants is very effective. […] Postpartum depression can last until one year after your child is born.

• #2 Postpartum Depression: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9312-postpartum-depression

  Postpartum depression is a type of depression that happens after having a baby. It affects up to 15% of women. […] Postpartum depression (PPD) is a type of depression that happens after you give birth. […] If you have postpartum depression, know that you’re not alone. It’s not your fault. And that help is out there. Your healthcare provider can manage your symptoms and help you feel better. […] Postpartum depression is a far more serious condition than the baby blues, affecting about 1 in 7 new moms. […] Symptoms range from mild to severe and may appear within a week of delivery or gradually, even up to a year later. […] Although symptoms can last several months, treatment with psychotherapy or antidepressants is very effective. […] Postpartum depression can last until one year after your child is born.

• #2 Postnatal depression – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/512

  Episodes of postnatal depression last 3 to 6 months on average, but may last for months or even years. […] Postnatal depression refers to the development of a depressive illness following childbirth and may form part of a bipolar or, more usually, a unipolar illness. […] The onset of a depressive episode within 4 weeks of childbirth can be recorded via the peripartum-onset specifier in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition, text revision (DSM-5-TR). […] Hence, in common usage, depressive episodes occurring within 6 to 12 months of delivery may be considered to be postnatal depression. […] This topic defines the postnatal period as up to 12 months after delivery, in accordance with several international guidelines. […] Symptom onset in pregnancy (and before pregnancy) is not uncommon; therefore, the term perinatal depression may be strictly more accurate.

• #2 Postpartum depression – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_depression

  The criteria required for the diagnosis of postpartum depression are the same as those required to make a diagnosis of non-childbirth-related major depression or minor depression. The criteria include at least five of the following nine symptoms, within two weeks: Feelings of sadness, emptiness, or hopelessness, nearly every day, for most of the day, or the observation of a depressed mood made by others; Loss of interest or pleasure in activities; Weight loss or decreased appetite; Changes in sleep patterns; Feelings of restlessness; Loss of energy; Feelings of worthlessness or guilt; Loss of concentration or increased indecisiveness; Recurrent thoughts of death, with or without plans of suicide. […] Screening for postpartum depression is critical as up to 50% of cases go undiagnosed in the US, emphasizing the significance of comprehensive screening measures. In the US, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists suggests healthcare providers consider depression screening for perinatal women.

• #2 Diagnosis and Management of Postpartum Depression

  http://www.fortunejournals.com/articles/diagnosis-and-management-of-postpartum-depression.html

  Postpartum Depression (PPD) is a severe mental health problem that affects up to 15% of mothers. […] The obstetrician, pediatrician and primary health care physicians have a crucial role in screening for and treating PPD. […] This review aims to provide a holistic approach for PPD diagnosis and management. […] Postpartum depression onset occurs before or during pregnancy in approximately 50%. Most commonly occurs within six weeks after childbirth. […] Postpartum depression is diagnosed when at least five depressive symptoms are present for at least two weeks. […] In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–5), postpartum depression is considered when a patient has a major depressive episode that begins within 12 months of delivery along with the peripartum onset.

• #2 Postpartum depression often tricky to diagnose | MDedge

  https://mdedge.com/obgyn/article/194623/depression/postpartum-depression-often-tricky-diagnose

  The most widely used measure to screen for PPD is the 10-item self-rating Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. A total score of 10 or more is considered a flag for the need to follow up for possible depressive symptoms. […] The differential diagnosis of PPD includes the baby blues, postpartum psychosis, postpartum anxiety/PTSD, medical causes, substance use disorder, and PPD in bipolar disorder. Baby blues is not synonymous with PPD. It affects the majority (50%-80%) of new mothers and is characterized by emotional sensitivity, mood lability, and irritability. […] Postpartum psychosis (PPP) occurs in about 1-2 of every 1,000 deliveries, typically in the first 2 weeks after delivery. The onset occurs rapidly, and PPP is most frequently correlated with bipolar disorder over time. PPP itself is characterized by grandiose bizarre delusions, mood lability, hallucinations, confusion, and disorganized behavior.

• #2 Postpartum Major Depression | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/1015/p926.html

  Postpartum major depression is a disorder that is often unrecognized and must be distinguished from baby blues. […] Screening with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale may be appropriate. […] The term postpartum depression commonly includes major and minor depression, which differ in severity and prognosis, and have a combined incidence of 7 to 15 percent in the first three months postpartum. […] The diagnosis of postpartum major depression should be strongly considered in women who score above 12 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, experience symptoms that cause moderate to severe social dysfunction, report any suicidal ideation, or experience symptoms for more than 10 days. […] The diagnosis of major depressive disorder requires the presence of five key symptoms that last at least two weeks and impair normal function.

• #2 Postpartum Depression Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Management: An Appraisal of the Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/14/7/2418

  Many mental health screening tools have been validated to measure perinatal mental health issues. […] Currently, 12 available instruments have been designed to assess the risk factors of PPD. […] The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale is considered the gold standard in screening for PPD. […] The validation and analysis of the EPDS’s items have been carried out in a large variety of studies/samples and in different countries and cultures. […] The use of the EPDS as a “gold standard” of postpartum depression may minimize the importance of postpartum anxiety symptoms. […] Compared to other scales used to measure PPD, the EPDS takes only few minutes to complete, is freely accessible, and has been validated for use throughout the perinatal period (during pregnancy and in the postpartum period). […] There are many more instruments that have been validated and utilized for PPD diagnosis; however, when choosing between one and another, their reliability and cultural validation results should be taken into consideration.

• #2 Postpartum Depression: Etiology, Treatment, and Consequences for Maternal Care

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/9/865

  Patients with risk factors should be screened with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). […] The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and Postpartum Depression Screening Scale (PDSS) are used specifically for the diagnosis of postnatal depression, while the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) is recommended for the diagnosis of depression in psychiatric medical institutions. […] Obstetricians should include brief screening methods for PPD in the evaluation of pregnant women during their visits. Thus, if PPD is diagnosed, patients should be informed about all therapeutic techniques.

• #2 Postpartum Depression: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9312-postpartum-depression

  Talk to your healthcare provider about your symptoms and treatment. […] Your healthcare provider will evaluate you at your postpartum visit. […] Many providers schedule visits at two or three weeks postpartum to screen for depression. […] They may do a depression screening or ask you a series of questions to assess if you have postpartum depression. […] If your provider feels you have signs of postpartum depression, they will recommend an appropriate treatment. […] Postpartum depression is treated differently depending on the type and severity of your symptoms. […] Treatment options include anti-anxiety or antidepressant medicines, psychotherapy (talk therapy or cognitive behavioral therapy) and support group participation. […] Your healthcare provider may prescribe antidepressants to manage symptoms of postpartum depression.

• #2 Postpartum depression – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/postpartum-depression/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376623

  Your health care provider will usually talk with you about your feelings, thoughts and mental health to help determine if you have a short-term case of postpartum baby blues or a more severe form of depression. […] As part of your evaluation, your health care provider may do a depression screening, including having you fill out a questionnaire. Your provider may order other tests, if needed, to rule out other causes for your symptoms. […] Postpartum depression is often treated with psychotherapy also called talk therapy or mental health counseling medicine or both. […] Your health care provider may recommend an antidepressant. […] With appropriate treatment, postpartum depression symptoms usually improve. […] It’s important to continue treatment after you begin to feel better. Stopping treatment too early may lead to a relapse.

• #2 Postpartum depression | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/postpartum/postpartum-depression

  If you think you may have PPD, see your health care provider right away. Your provider can be: Your prenatal care provider. This is the provider who gave you medical care during pregnancy. Your primary care provider. This is your main health care provider who gives you general medical care. A mental health provider. This may be a psychiatrist, psychologist, social worker, counselor or a therapist. Your baby’s health care provider. […] To find out if you have PPD, your provider asks you questions about how you’re feeling. He wants to know if your feelings are causing problems in how you care for yourself and your baby. He may ask you to fill out a form called a depression screening questionnaire. Your answers on the form can help him find out if you have PPD. […] The sooner you see your provider about PPD, the better. You can get started on treatment so you can take good care of yourself and your baby. Treatment can include: Counseling, like CBT and IPT, Support groups. These are groups of people who meet together or go online to share their feelings and experiences about certain topics. Ask your provider or counselor to help you find a PPD support group. Medicine. PPD often is treated with medicine.

• #2 How Doctors Diagnose and Treat Postpartum Depression. Medications and Treatment Overview

  https://www.webmd.com/depression/postpartum-depression/understanding-postpartum-depression-treatment

  Despite the fact that postpartum depression has been known about for a long time, many experts believe it isnt being properly diagnosed. […] If a woman is at risk, their doctor can evaluate their moods throughout the pregnancy. After a woman gives birth, they and those close to them should watch for symptoms of depression. Their doctor should look for such signs at their 6-week postpartum visit, as well. […] Theres no blood test or body scan that shows you have this mood disorder. Instead, your doctor will ask certain questions about your state of mind. […] If you have symptoms of postpartum depression, your doctor will evaluate their severity, including asking about whether you have thoughts of harming yourself or your baby. […] Your thyroid levels also may be checked to make sure the gland is working the way it should. Hypothyroidism can cause the same symptoms as postpartum depression.

• #2 Postnatal depression – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/512

  Postnatal depression may present with symptoms of depressed mood, anhedonia, weight changes, sleep disturbance, psychomotor problems, low energy, excessive guilt, loss of confidence or self-esteem, poor concentration, or suicidal ideation. […] Recognition and effective treatment is vital; untreated postnatal depression causes substantial impairment for the woman, and may also result in impaired behavioural, emotional, and cognitive outcomes for the baby. […] Exclude postnatal psychosis and bipolar disorder in all patients. […] Treatment is with psychological therapy and/or medication. Antidepressants are recommended for more severe episodes if the woman declines psychological therapy or if psychological therapy is either ineffective or unavailable. […] Psychiatric referral may be necessary for patients who do not respond to treatment. Urgent psychiatric assessment is warranted if there is a risk of self-harm or harm to the child at any time, or if a postnatal psychosis, or manic or mixed episode, is suspected.

• #2 Essential Reads: Postpartum Depression, Is it Unipolar or Bipolar? – MGH Center for Women’s Mental Health

  https://womensmentalhealth.org/posts/postpartum-depression-is-it-unipolar-or-bipolar/

  About 15% of women experience a depressive episode after the birth of a child. While most women presenting with depressive symptoms have unipolar depression, some women actually have bipolar depression. At this juncture, making the correct diagnosis is vital, as the treatment of bipolar depression differs from the treatments typically used for unipolar depression in this setting. The use of antidepressants in a woman with bipolar disorder may not be effective and may actually make the symptoms worse. […] In individuals presenting with postpartum depressive symptoms, making the correct diagnosis can be tricky. It is not difficult to recognize a full-blown manic episode; however, most women with bipolar disorder do not present with classic manic symptoms. In fact, for many women with bipolar disorder, depressive episodes are more common than manic episodes. It is fairly common for the first episode of bipolar disorder to be depressive in nature, and this episode may occur prior to the onset of a hypomanic or manic episode.

• #2 Peripartum and Postpartum Depression – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/mood/1-depression/postpartum-peripartum

  Postpartum Depression (PPD) (also known as Peripartum Depression, or Major Depressive Disorder with peripartum onset in the DSM-5) is a subtype of depression that occurs during pregnancy or in the first 4 weeks after delivery. However, women remain at risk for developing depression up to several months following delivery. PPD is the most common psychiatric complication related to child-bearing. […] The diagnosis of postpartum depression is the same the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder, except that the onset of symptoms are during the course of pregnancy or up to 4 weeks after delivery. […] In severe postpartum depression, pharmacotherapy (first-line medications are escitalopram, citalopram, and sertraline) is recommended over psychotherapy. This is because the risks of untreated depression during pregnancy are significant and well-documented, while the risks associated with antidepressant exposure remain poorly understood.

• #2 SciELO Brasil – Screening and diagnosing postpartum depression: when and how? Screening and diagnosing postpartum depression: when and how?

  https://www.scielo.br/j/trends/a/bYZYqjFz3zbW4YhfshwLy3s/?lang=en

  Prevalence rates of postpartum depression (PPD) vary widely, depending on the methodological parameters used in studies: differences in study populations, diagnostic methods, and postpartum time frame. […] There is also no consensus on the ideal time to perform screening, on whether PPD can only be diagnosed in the early postnatal period, or on how soon after a delivery depression may be related to it. […] The most frequent PPD diagnosis tool was the EPDS, but other scales were also used. The most common period for diagnosis was up to 3 months postpartum. However, some researchers diagnosed PPD 12 months or more postpartum. Greater standardization of parameters for investigation of this disease is needed. […] There is also no consensus on the ideal time to conduct screening, whether it is only possible to diagnose PPD during the puerperal period, or on how soon after a delivery depression may be related to it.

• #2 Postpartum Depression: Treatment and Diagnosis | Psych Central

  https://psychcentral.com/depression/postpartum-depression-treatment

  Postpartum depression is depression during pregnancy and after childbirth that can last for months or longer. […] The most widely used method to assess for PPD is the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), which consists of 10 questions that prompt people to score how they are feeling. […] Postpartum depression is already underdiagnosed, but there is even more of a disparity in women of color, says Kukla. […] According to one study, women of color and those with low socioeconomic status are at increased risk of prenatal (before delivery) and postpartum (after delivery) depressive symptoms. […] The American Psychiatric Association recommends psychotherapy without medication for pregnant people or those who are breastfeeding who have major depressive disorder if they are experiencing mild anxiety or depression.

• #2 Postpartum depression often tricky to diagnose | MDedge

  https://mdedge.com/obgyn/article/194623/depression/postpartum-depression-often-tricky-diagnose

  Postpartum depression can be tricky because of the wide range of body changes that occur during the postpartum period, but vigilance is warranted with mothers who express a lack of sleep and a lack of social support. […] One of the best questions to ask is: “Are you able to sleep when the baby sleeps?” This gives you information about depression and insomnia. Make sure to ask about anxiety symptoms. Also ask about any thoughts of suicide or harming the infant, and support from family and friends when she’s under stress and taking care of the baby. […] According to Dr. Friedman, a perinatal and forensic psychiatrist at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, social risk factors for postpartum depression (PPD) include being a victim of intimate partner violence and/or abuse, negative life events, decreased social support, relationship issues, and socioeconomic status. Psychological risk factors include anxiety/depression in pregnancy, personal or family history of PPD, and substance misuse. Biological risk factors include medical illness, multiple births, and having an infant with low birth weight/prematurity.

• #2 Postpartum depression | Description, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/postpartum-depression

  Postpartum depression is associated with various risk factors and can have serious consequences for affected women and their infants. […] The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5; 2013) indicates that women are assigned a diagnosis of major depressive disorder with peripartum onset if they meet criteria for a major depressive episode during pregnancy or within the first four weeks following childbirth. […] A tool that is commonly used to screen for depression specific to the postpartum period is the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Rating Scale. […] The strongest predictors of postpartum depression are a previous history of depression before or during pregnancy, poor marital relationship, lack of social support, and stressful life events, including major events and ongoing child-care stressors. […] Although antidepressant medications, particularly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are prescribed for moderate to severe postpartum depression, researchers have focused on developing alternative psychosocial interventions.

• #2 Diagnosis of PPD | Perinatal & Postpartum Depression (PPD) | Health & Senior Services

  https://health.mo.gov/living/families/womenshealth/perinataldepression/diagnosis.php

  Diagnosing perinatal and postpartum depressions (PPD) is key to treating the ailment. However, PPD remains highly underdiagnosed in the United States. One study points to a lack of doctors and health care providers knowing about and using a universal screening tool. […] A good tool to determine if a mother has PPD is the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. […] In addition, health care providers need to find workshops at both the introductory and advanced skills levels to better recognize the signs and symptoms of PPD. […] PPD, if left undiagnosed and untreated, can result in: […] Poor mother-infant attachment […] For more information: TEL-LINK: 1-800-TEL-LINK or 1-800-835-5465 Email: [email protected]

• #2 Trends in Postpartum Depressive Symptoms — 27 States, 2004, 2008, and 2012 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6606a1.htm

  Postpartum depression is treatable with pharmacologic therapy and/or behavioral health interventions. However, depression is often underdiagnosed and untreated; nearly 60% of women with depressive symptoms do not receive a clinical diagnosis, and 50% of women with a diagnosis do not receive any treatment. […] These findings underscore the need for universal screening and appropriate treatment for pregnant and postpartum women, as recommended by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. ACOG recommends that providers screen for depressive symptoms at least once during pregnancy or postpartum, using a validated screening tool. […] Ongoing surveillance and activities to promote appropriate screening, referral, and treatment are needed to reduce PDS among U.S. women.

• #2

  https://journals.lww.com/jaapa/fulltext/2013/02000/postpartum_depression__symptoms,_diagnosis,_and.9.aspx

  A total score of greater than 12 or any positive response to the item the thought of harming myself has occurred to me should prompt a more complete assessment for depression. […] A positive screen should prompt the clinician to conduct a complete interview to determine if the patient meets criteria for a major depressive episode. […] As previously noted, a designation of symptom onset within 4 weeks following birth allows for a diagnosis of PPD. […] Recent expert opinions suggest that onset within the first 3 months is a more clinically accurate criterion, and that symptom onset of PPD may occur at any point within the first 12 months after childbirth. […] A detailed history is crucial to carefully differentiate between PPD and a normal postpartum course. […] Pharmacologic options, psychological therapy, and other therapeutic approaches are available for the treatment of PPD.

• #2 Perinatal Depression – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519070/

  The objectives of the clinical evaluation are to constitute the diagnosis, assess suicidal and homicidal risks, and rule out other psychiatric illnesses. […] According to the DSM-5-TR, when an episode of mood symptoms meets the criteria for major depressive disorder and occurs during pregnancy or in the 4 weeks following delivery, the specifier „with peripartum onset” is used. […] The first-line treatment for perinatal depression is psychotherapy and antidepressant medications. […] A combination of therapy and antidepressant medications is recommended for moderate to severe depression. […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are the first choice medications for perinatal depression. […] The goal of treatment for perinatal depression is remission or resolution of symptoms of depression.

• #2 Perinatal Depression – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519070/

  Once an effective dose is reached, continued treatment for at least 6 to 12 months is recommended to prevent relapse of symptoms. […] Brexanolone, an intravenous neurosteroid that positively acts at the GABA-A receptors, was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in March 2019, specifically for perinatal depression. […] Zuranolone, a neuroactive steroid like brexanolone, is also a GABA-A receptor modulator that was FDA-approved on August 4, 2023, for perinatal depression management.

• #2 Postpartum Depression: Treatment and Diagnosis | Psych Central

  https://psychcentral.com/depression/postpartum-depression-treatment

  However, for those experiencing moderate or severe depression or anxiety, your doctor may prescribe antidepressant medication. […] Taking medications while breastfeeding and during pregnancy should be discussed with a psychiatrist who specializes in perinatal mental health, Kukla says. […] The American Psychiatric Association lists the following medications as options to treat PPD: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are used to treat depression, anxiety, and other mood disorders. […] In 2019, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first drug specifically for postpartum depression. […] Zulresso (brexanolone) is administered via IV infusion over a 60-hour period. […] The length of time for postpartum depression can vary. […] People with postpartum depression have an increased chance of postpartum depression again and should be monitored closely. […] While postpartum depression is a serious and complicated condition, there are treatments and help is available.

• #2 Postpartum Major Depression | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/1015/p926.html

  The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., text revision, does not distinguish between postpartum major depression and major depressive disorder, but does provide a postpartum onset specifier for major depressive disorder, defined as onset within four weeks of delivery. […] Many experts extend this to the first 12 months postpartum. […] Symptoms of postpartum major depression may differ from nonpostpartum major depression. […] The diagnosis of postpartum major depression should also include asking patients about past manic episodes. […] Because hypothyroidism may also cause depressive symptoms, physicians should measure thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in women with suspected postpartum major depression. […] The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale can be used to monitor progress over time.

• #2 Postpartum Depression Statistics | Research and Data On PPD (2024)

  https://www.postpartumdepression.org/resources/statistics/

  Postpartum depression is a condition that takes many forms and can remain undiagnosed for long periods of time. […] It is estimated that nearly 50% of mothers with postpartum depression are not diagnosed by a health professional. […] The overall success rate for treating postpartum depression is 80%, making it essential for anyone who wants to heal. […] As with all forms of mental illnesses, early recognition and treatment of postpartum depression can lead to better symptom management and faster recovery rates. […] Consult with your doctor immediately if you’re experiencing symptoms of postpartum depression. Get started on the path toward treatment today.

• #2 Postpartum depression | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/postpartum/postpartum-depression

  Postpartum depression (also called PPD) is a medical condition that many women get after having a baby. Its strong feelings of sadness, anxiety (worry) and tiredness that last for a long time after giving birth. These feelings can make it hard for you to take care of yourself and your baby. PPD can happen any time after childbirth. It often starts within 1 to 3 weeks of having a baby. It needs treatment to get better. […] If you think you have signs or symptoms of PPD, call your health care provider right away. There are things you and your provider can do to help you feel better. If you’re worried about hurting yourself or your baby, call emergency services at 911. […] Your health care provider screens (checks) you for PPD at your postpartum care checkups. Screening means that your provider asks you questions about your risks, feelings and mood. If the screening shows that you may have PPD or that you’re at risk for PPD, your provider can help you get treatment.

• #2 Medical Minute: Blood Test May Revolutionize Postpartum Depression Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.news9.com/story/672fbd3b16d0cf63da0b49c2/medical-minute:-blood-test-may-revolutionize-postpartum-depression-diagnosis-treatment

  Postpartum depression, a mental health condition affecting millions of new mothers, may soon be easier to diagnose and treat, thanks to a new blood test. […] Currently, postpartum depression is diagnosed through observation and typically treated with talk therapy and antidepressants. […] But researchers at Johns Hopkins are developing a first-of-its-kind blood test that could identify the condition even before a mother gives birth. […] The new test examines blood samples for extracellular vesicles (EVs) tiny sacs carrying genetic material from the brain. […] Abnormal levels of specific RNA molecules in these EVs are linked to brain disorders like postpartum depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy, and addiction. These RNA molecules could serve as biological markers for diagnosing such conditions earlier than ever. […] If we can figure out which people are going to respond to what drugs, thatd be a big deal, a researcher said. […] Scientists caution that their findings might be limited to postpartum depression, as they only studied women.

• #2 Perinatal Depression – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519070/

  A major depressive episode that begins during pregnancy or within 4 weeks after delivery is classified as peripartum depression. […] The DSM-5-TR does not recognize postpartum depression as a separate entity. Instead, postpartum depression is included within the broader diagnosis of perinatal depression. […] Recognizing and addressing perinatal depression is crucial for the health and well-being of the patient and their baby. […] Screening for perinatal depression should be a routine part of prenatal and postpartum care, utilizing tools such as the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) to identify those at risk. […] The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and the American Academy of Family Medicine (AAFP) all recommend screening every patient for perinatal depression using the EPDS.

• #2 Screening and Diagnosis of Mental Health Conditions During Pregnancy and Postpartum | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/clinical-practice-guideline/articles/2023/06/screening-and-diagnosis-of-mental-health-conditions-during-pregnancy-and-postpartum

  To review evidence on the current understanding of mental health conditions in pregnancy and postpartum, with a focus on mood and anxiety disorders, and to outline guidelines for screening and diagnosis that are consistent with best available scientific evidence. […] This Clinical Practice Guideline includes recommendations on the screening and diagnosis of perinatal mental health conditions including depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, acute postpartum psychosis, and the symptom of suicidality. Recommendations are classified by strength and evidence quality. Ungraded Good Practice Points are included to provide guidance when a formal recommendation could not be made because of inadequate or nonexistent evidence. […] Assessing perinatal mental health. B12, vitamin B12; EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; GAD-7, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7; HCT, hematocrit; Hgb, hemoglobin; MDQ, Mood Disorder Questionnaire; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; PC-PTSD-5, Primary Care Post Traumatic Stress Disorder DSM-5; PCL-C, PTSD Check List-Civilian; TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone. […] Assessing risk of suicide. EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire 9. […] Assessing risk of harm to baby and asking about unwanted or intrusive thoughts.

• #3 Perinatal Depression – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519070/

  Perinatal depression is a prevalent and potentially severe mood disorder that affects approximately 1 in 7 people during pregnancy or within the first year after childbirth. […] Effective recognition and management of perinatal depression are essential for optimizing the health outcomes of the parent and infant. […] Screening for perinatal depression using tools like the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is crucial for early diagnosis. […] Treatment typically involves psychotherapy, support groups, and medications such as antidepressants, which are generally safe during pregnancy and lactation. […] According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR), postpartum depression is now included in the term perinatal depression.

• #3 Postpartum Major Depression | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/1015/p926.html

  The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., text revision, does not distinguish between postpartum major depression and major depressive disorder, but does provide a postpartum onset specifier for major depressive disorder, defined as onset within four weeks of delivery. […] Many experts extend this to the first 12 months postpartum. […] Symptoms of postpartum major depression may differ from nonpostpartum major depression. […] The diagnosis of postpartum major depression should also include asking patients about past manic episodes. […] Because hypothyroidism may also cause depressive symptoms, physicians should measure thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in women with suspected postpartum major depression. […] The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale can be used to monitor progress over time.

• #3 Identification and Management of Peripartum Depression | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0515/p852.html/1000

  Both one-step and two-step screening strategies are effective in identifying peripartum depression. […] A statement from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends screening adults 18 years and older, including pregnant and postpartum women, for depression, with adequate systems in place to ensure accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and appropriate follow-up. […] When peripartum depression is suspected, a stepwise approach should be taken initially. […] Patients with active suicidal thoughts, thoughts of harming their newborns, or psychosis should have same-day psychiatric consultation for possible inpatient treatment.

• #3 What to Know About Zurzuvae, the New Pill to Treat Postpartum Depression > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/postpartum-depression-pill-zurzuvae-zuranolone

  One in seven mothers reports suffering from postpartum depression, a debilitating condition that occurs in the weeks and months after childbirth. […] Postpartum depression, she explains, is the most common postpartum mental health condition; other types include postpartum anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and/or psychosis. […] Although symptoms can arise between two weeks and three months after giving birth, they typically occur within four weeks, she adds. But women can be diagnosed with the condition all the way up through one year postpartum, Dr. Furey says. […] A diagnosis of postpartum depression requires that at least five depressive symptoms last for more than two weeks and are present almost every day. […] The clinical trial results for zuranolone for postpartum depression showed a significant drop in the rating scale used to gauge depressive symptoms and saw improvement within three days of treatment, which is astounding, Dr. Furey says. […] In the end, one pill is not a panacea for a major problem that affects many women, adds Dr. Furey. However, this is a big step in the right direction, she says.

• #3

  https://journals.lww.com/jaapa/fulltext/2013/02000/postpartum_depression__symptoms,_diagnosis,_and.9.aspx

  Counseling, the use of medications, or both are often considered first-line therapy, with other options used as adjuvant therapy. […] Among the pharmacologic options, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are considered to be the first-line choice for postpartum depression. […] The choice to use antidepressants may be based in part on the severity of the depression, availability and affordability of psychotherapy, and patient desires. […] Regardless of which medication is chosen, prescribe the starting dose for 4 days. […] After the depression has resolved, women should be treated for an additional 6 to 9 months before tapering the medication in order to avoid relapse. […] The use of antidepressants is a difficult choice for many patients and practitioners when a woman is breastfeeding.

• #3 Postpartum Depression: Diagnosis, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/postpartum-depression/

  Postpartum depression is a mental health illness that affects women after giving birth. For some women, it is normal to feel the “baby blues” for a week or two after giving birth. With postpartum depression, feelings of sadness, loneliness, worthlessness, restlessness, and anxiety may last longer than two weeks. […] Schedule a visit with your doctor if you suspect you have postpartum depression. Your doctor will talk to you about your symptoms and feelings. He or she will ask you how long you have been feeling depressed. Your doctor may ask you to complete a questionnaire about your depression or order a blood test to check your hormone levels. […] Additionally, the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) recommends screening for depression in the general adult population. This includes pregnant and postpartum women. Screening efforts should focus on ensuring accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and appropriate follow up.

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