Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Postpartum Depression Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Management: An Appraisal of the Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/14/7/2418

  Postpartum depression (PPD) is a severe mental health condition that affects women following childbirth and is marked by persistent sadness, anxiety, fatigue, and difficulty functioning. Globally, PPD impacts approximately 10–20% of postpartum women, with prevalence influenced by genetic, hormonal, psychological, and socio-environmental factors. Early detection is crucial, with screening tools such as the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) commonly used in clinical practice. Treatment options include pharmacological interventions such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), psychological therapies like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT), and lifestyle modifications. Despite the growing awareness of PPD, stigma remains a significant barrier to treatment, discouraging many women from seeking help. In low-income countries, where mental health care is often underfunded, accessing professionals trained in perinatal mental health presents an even greater challenge. This gap underscores the urgent need for a collaborative, multidisciplinary approach involving obstetricians, psychiatrists, pediatricians, and midwives to ensure comprehensive support and care for affected individuals.

• #2 Diagnosis and Management of Postpartum Depression

  http://www.fortunejournals.com/articles/diagnosis-and-management-of-postpartum-depression.html

  Postpartum depression impairs maternal functioning, is associated with poor nutrition and health in the offspring, and can interfere with breastfeeding, maternal-infant bonding, care of the infant and other children, and the woman’s relationship with her partner. In addition, postpartum depression is associated with abnormal development, cognitive impairment, and psychopathology in children.

• #3 Mapping global prevalence of depression among postpartum women | Translational Psychiatry

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-021-01663-6

  Postpartum depression (PPD) is the most common psychological condition following childbirth, and may have a detrimental effect on the social and cognitive health of spouses, infants, and children. The aim of this study was to complete a comprehensive overview of the current literature on the global epidemiology of PPD. A total of 565 studies from 80 different countries or regions were included in the final analysis. Postpartum depression was found in 17.22% (95% CI 16.0018.51) of the worlds population. […] Varied prevalence rates were noted in geographic regions with the highest rate found in Southern Africa (39.96%). Of interested was a significantly lower rate of PPD in developed countries or high-income countries or areas. […] Our results indicated that one out of every five women experiences PPD which is linked to income and geographic development. It is triggered by a variety of causes that necessitate the attention and committed intervention of primary care providers, clinicians, health authorities, and the general population.

• #4 Exploring predictors and prevalence of postpartum depression among mothers: Multinational study | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-024-18502-0

  The frequency of PPD among the mothers varied significantly across different countries. PPD has many protective and potential factors. […] Postpartum depression (PPD) is among the most prevalent mental health issues. The onset of depressive episodes after childbirth occurs at a pivotal point in a womans life and can last for an extended period of 3 to 6 months; however, this varies based on several factors. PPD can develop at any time within the first year after childbirth and last for years. […] Approximately 1 in 10 women will experience PPD after giving birth, with some studies reporting 1 in 7 women. Globally, the prevalence of PPD is estimated to be 17.22% (95% CI: 16.0018.05). […] The occurrence of postpartum depression is influenced by various factors, including social aspects like marital status, education level, lack of social support, violence, and financial difficulties, as well as other factors such as maternal age (particularly among younger women), obstetric stressors, parity, and unplanned pregnancy.

• #5

  https://www.who.int/teams/mental-health-and-substance-use/promotion-prevention/maternal-mental-health

  Worldwide about 10% of pregnant women and 13% of women who have just given birth experience a mental disorder, primarily depression. In developing countries this is even higher, i.e. 15.6% during pregnancy and 19.8% after child birth. […] A recent meta-analysis showed that about 20 % of mothers in developing countries experience clinical depression after childbirth. This is much higher than the previous figures on prevalence coming mostly from high income countries. […] Globally maternal mental health problems are considered as a major public health challenge. […] The mental health Gap Intervention Guide provides guidelines about identification and management of mental disorders by non-specialized mental health providers including in pregnant and postpartum mothers.

• #6 Postpartum Depression Statistics | Research and Data On PPD (2024)

  https://www.postpartumdepression.org/resources/statistics/

  Postpartum depression is a condition that takes many forms and can remain undiagnosed for long periods of time. […] Awareness of postpartum depression first arose in the late 1980s. Since then, many studies have been conducted on its incidence, risk factors, and successful treatment rates among the worlds population. […] Sadly, its believed that postpartum depression is much more common than the data reveals. Some healthcare providers believe the conditions prevalence could be at least twice as much as what is actually reported and diagnosed. If postpartum depression symptoms go unreported and untreated, they cannot be accounted for in public health statistics. […] Regardless, the numerous studies conducted on this condition have provided important statistics that shed light on the pervasiveness and magnitude of a global mental health issue.

• #7 Postpartum depression – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_depression

  Postpartum depression occurs in roughly 10 to 20% of postpartum women. […] The prevalence of postpartum depression differs across different months after childbirth. Studies done on postpartum depression amongst women in the Middle East show that the prevalence in the first three months of postpartum was 31%, while the prevalence from the fourth to twelfth months of postpartum was 19%. […] Within the United States, the prevalence of postpartum depression was lower than the global approximation at 11.5% but varied between states from as low as 8% to as high as 20.1%. […] Even with the variety of studies, it is difficult to find the exact rate as approximately 60% of US women are not diagnosed and of those diagnosed, approximately 50% are not treated for PPD. […] There are also examples of nations with noticeably higher rates, such as Iran at 40.2%, Bahrain at 37.1%, and Turkey at 27%.

• #8 Perinatal Depression – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519070/

  Perinatal depression is a prevalent and potentially severe mood disorder that affects approximately 1 in 7 people during pregnancy or within the first year after childbirth. […] Screening for perinatal depression using tools like the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is crucial for early diagnosis. […] Postpartum blues has an incidence of 39.0% (13.7%-76.0%). The prevalence varies widely by country due to varying definitions of postpartum blues in different geographical and cultural settings. […] Perinatal depression affects 6.5% to 20% of postpartum individuals globally. […] In a meta-analysis, the prevalence of perinatal depression was the highest in China, at 21.4%. In comparison, the prevalence in Japan was 14%, and the prevalence in the United States was 8.6%. […] Perinatal depression is associated with an increased risk of parental suicide, which is the second most common cause of mortality postpartum.

• #9 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20240519/Study-reveals-alarming-rates-of-postpartum-depression-among-mothers-in-six-countries.aspx

  In a recent study published in the journal BMC Public Health, researchers determined the frequency of postpartum depression (PPD). They identified associated predictors and coping strategies among mothers in six countries from June to August 2023. […] PPD is a prevalent mental health issue that affects about 10% of women after childbirth, with some studies suggesting up to one in seven women are affected. PPD can develop within the first year postpartum and persist for several years, thus significantly differing from the short-term „baby blues” many mothers experience. […] PPD often goes undiagnosed, with around 50% of cases unrecognized. […] The frequency of PPD in the total sample using the Edinburgh 10-question scale was 13.5%; however, this prevalence significantly varies across countries. PPD was highest among mothers in Ghana at 26.0%, followed by India, Egypt, Yemen, Iraq, and Syria at 21.7%, 19.1%, 8.5%, 7.7%, and 2.3%, respectively.

• #10

  https://abcnews.go.com/Health/rates-postpartum-depression-doubled-decade/story?id=116059096

  Rates of postpartum depression — a serious mood disorder affecting new moms within the first 12 months after childbirth — have doubled over the last decade, according to a new study of more than 440,000 people from Kaiser Permanente Southern California. The rate of diagnosis jumped from about 9% in 2010 to 19% in 2021. […] While all racial and ethnic groups saw a rise in postpartum depression, non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic white people had the highest rates of depression, the new study found. However, the largest increases were seen in Asian and Pacific Islanders and non-Hispanic Black individuals at 280% and 140%, respectively. […] Older women, people who reported substance use during pregnancy, and those who were overweight or had obesity were also at higher risk of postpartum depression, the study found.

• #11 Explore Postpartum Depression in the United States | AHR

  https://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/measures/postpartum_depression

  12.7% […] Percentage of women with a recent live birth who reported experiencing depressive symptoms […] Postpartum depression occurs following pregnancy and delivery. It is one of the most common medical complications during the six months following childbirth and is associated with adverse outcomes for both the mother and child. Approximately 1 in 7 mothers experience postpartum depression. […] The prevalence of postpartum depression is higher among: American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian/Pacific Islander and Black women compared with non-Hispanic white and Hispanic women. […] The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends that providers screen for postpartum depression and anxiety as part of the comprehensive postpartum visit. […] Healthy People 2030 has an objective to increase the proportion of women who are screened for postpartum depression at their postpartum checkups.

• #12 Postpartum Depression: Overview, Risk Factors for Postpartum Mood Disorders, Screening for Postpartum Mood Disorders

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/271662-overview

  During the postpartum period, up to 85% of women experience some type of mood disturbance; the AAP estimates that more than 400,000 infants are born each year to mothers who are depressed. […] Although for most women, symptoms of mood disturbance are transient and relatively mild (ie, postpartum blues), 10-15% of women experience a more disabling and persistent form of depression, and 0.1-0.2% of women experience postpartum psychosis. […] Although predicting who is at risk for postpartum psychiatric illness is difficult, hormonal, psychosocial, and biologic factors are considered to be risk factors for postpartum mood disorders. […] Women who report inadequate social supports, marital discord or dissatisfaction, or recent negative life events, such as a death in the family, financial difficulties, or loss of employment, are more likely to experience postpartum depression.

• #13 Postpartum Depression: Overview, Risk Factors for Postpartum Mood Disorders, Screening for Postpartum Mood Disorders

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/271662-overview

  Women with a previous history of depression, a family history of a mood disorder, or depression during the current pregnancy are at increased risk for postpartum depression. […] A meta-analysis by Zacher Kjeldsen et al found that women who have a family history of any psychiatric disorder have almost two times the risk of postpartum depression as do women without such a history. […] Postpartum depression is 20 times more likely to occur in women with a history of depression. […] Despite multiple contacts with medical professionals during the postpartum period, patients and their caregivers often overlook postpartum affective illness. […] Screening of all mothers during the antepartum and postpartum period is indicated. […] ACOG recommends that screening for perinatal depression occur at the initial prenatal visit, later in pregnancy, and at postpartum visits.

• #14 New Study IDs Moms at Highest Risk for Postpartum Depression

  https://newsroom.uvahealth.com/2022/02/22/new-study-identifies-moms-highest-risk-postpartum-depression/

  There is a growing necessity to identify risk factors that place women at elevated risk, prior to the onset of affective illness, during this vulnerable time-period so that preventive measures can be instituted, the researchers write. […] By age group, the percentage of women self-reporting postpartum depression symptoms was highest among 18- to 24-year-olds, at 10%. […] Women who had twins were more likely to report postpartum depression 11.3% of mothers of twins reported symptoms, compared with 8.3% of mothers of a single child. […] Women older than 40 having twins, the researchers concluded, are at markedly high risk for postpartum depression. […] Most women with postpartum depression are not diagnosed or treated. […] Clinicians caring for new mothers can be aware of factors like age, first pregnancy and twin pregnancies that put women at a higher risk of developing postpartum depression and screen and intervene early, Payne said. Early intervention can prevent the negative outcomes associated with postpartum depression for both mothers and their children.

• #15 New Study IDs Moms at Highest Risk for Postpartum Depression

  https://newsroom.uvahealth.com/2022/02/22/new-study-identifies-moms-highest-risk-postpartum-depression/

  The risk for postpartum depression is highest among first-time mothers, mothers younger than 25 years old and mothers of twins, according to a survey of more than 1.1 million moms worldwide. […] Moms older than 40 years old having twins are at the highest risk, researchers from the University of Virginia School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University and Flo Health found. […] It is vital to better identify the risk factors for postpartum depression, the researchers said, because of the potential health effects on both moms and their children. […] Women are also at increased risk of experiencing major depression after giving birth. […] Children of women who experience postpartum depression are more likely to develop major depression and other psychiatric disorders, the researchers note.

• #16 Postpartum Depression Statistics | Research and Data On PPD (2024)

  https://www.postpartumdepression.org/resources/statistics/

  Similar to the U.S., the number of new mothers in the UK who experience postpartum depression, also called perinatal depression, is around 1 in 10. […] Approximately 1 in 8 British women also experience depression during pregnancy (antenatal depression). […] Studies have found that around 50% of men who have partners diagnosed with postpartum depression will go on to develop depression themselves. […] Approximately 10% of new fathers experience symptoms of depression during the postpartum period. […] Some studies have shown that rates of postpartum depression in adoptive parents can be comparable to rates in biological mothers. […] Despite the disparities between postpartum biological mothers and adoptive mothers, the stressful life events that accompany new parenthood can be extremely difficult to navigate.

• #17 About Perinatal Mental Health | Postpartum Support International (PSI)SearchFacebookInstagram-1PinterestLinkedinVimeoYoutube-playScroll to top

  https://postpartum.net/perinatal-mental-health/

  Perinatal depression, including postpartum depression, occurs more often than most people realize. Studies show that 1 in 5 women and 1 in 10 men may experience depression and anxiety during the perinatal period. However, the numbers are likely higher and increase for high-stress parenting groups. […] Research shows that 1 in 5 women and 1 in 10 men may experience depression or anxiety during the perinatal period. You may experience perinatal anxiety independently, but it is often combined with perinatal depression. High-stress parenting groups experience perinatal anxiety at a higher rate. […] Research shows that 50% of women with bipolar disorder are first diagnosed in the postpartum period. […] Perinatal Psychosis occurs in approximately 1 to 2 out of every 1,000 deliveries.

• #18 Prevalence of postpartum depression and interventions utilized for its management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5941764/

  Postpartum depression is a mood disorder that affects approximately 10-15% of adult mothers yearly. This study sought to determine the prevalence of postpartum depression and interventions utilized for its management in a Health facility in Ghana. […] Postpartum depression was prevalent among 7% of all mothers selected. […] Postpartum depression is prevalent among mothers although at a lower rate and psychosocial support has been the most effective intervention in its management. […] Frequent screening exercises for postpartum depression should be organized by authorities of the hospitals in conjunction with the Ministry of Health. […] Despite the growing recognition as a global childbirth-related problem, the importance of detecting and treating it has until recently been largely overlooked in practice and it seems that knowledge about this problem is not very high.

• #19 JMIR Mental Health – Evaluation of Repeated Web-Based Screening for Predicting Postpartum Depression: Prospective Cohort Study

  https://mental.jmir.org/2021/12/e26665

  Postpartum depression (PPD) is a severe mental disorder that often results in poor maternal-infant attachment and negatively impacts infant development. […] The prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) varies depending on study type, measurement, time of assessment, and nationality from 10% to 15% during the first year after childbirth. […] Suffering from PPD not only constitutes a burden for the mothers and families but also has a high impact on early mother-child interaction and parenting. […] However, PPD often remains undetected and thus untreated as women who suffer from depressive disorders are sometimes unable to evaluate their emotions and reluctant to seek support and help on their own. […] According to the current literature, the most commonly used screening tool for perinatal depression is the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS).

• #20 Mothers at risk of postpartum depression in Sri Lanka: A population-based study using a validated screening tool | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0268748

  Postpartum depression is an important public health concern. The prevalence of postpartum depression is estimated to be 18% worldwide. […] The prevalence of mothers with EPDS score 9 or more was found to be 9.4% (95%CI: 7.8-11.4); EPDS score 10 or more was 5.6% (95%CI: 4.4-7.3). […] Around one in ten mothers in Sri Lanka experience symptoms of postpartum depression, highest risk among mothers who reported former history of mental illness and newborn death. […] The prevalence estimates were lower with a higher cut-off for screening and this highlights the importance of using the validated cut-off for screening in future studies on postpartum depression in Sri Lanka. […] The reported prevalence of PPD in South-Asia has ranged from 5-49%. […] In our study, mothers aged 30-39 had twice the risk of EPDS score 9 or more compared to those aged 20-29.

• #21 Vital Signs: Postpartum Depressive Symptoms and Provider Discussions About Perinatal Depression — United States, 2018 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6919a2.htm

  Perinatal depression is a complication of pregnancy associated with poor maternal and infant health outcomes. Universal screening of pregnant and postpartum women for depression is recommended. […] Although 13% of surveyed women with a recent live birth reported depressive symptoms during the postpartum period, one in five did not report a health care provider asking about depression during prenatal visits and one in eight reported they were not asked about depression during postpartum visits. […] Health care provider screening of all women in the perinatal period can increase identification of women at risk for depression and provision of care or referral for appropriate diagnosis and treatment. […] The prevalence of self-reported PDS was 13.2%, ranging from 9.7% in Illinois to 23.5% in Mississippi.

• #22 Postpartum Depression: Overview, Risk Factors for Postpartum Mood Disorders, Screening for Postpartum Mood Disorders

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/271662-overview

  Patients and their caregivers frequently overlook postpartum depression, despite the fact that effective nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic treatments are available for this condition. […] Untreated postpartum affective illness places the mother and infant at risk and is associated with significant long-term effects on child development and behavior. […] Therefore, appropriate screening for and prompt recognition and treatment of depression are essential for maternal and infant well-being and can improve outcomes. […] The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends mental health screening during pregnancy and postpartum, with systems in place to ensure timely evaluation and diagnosis, effective therapy, and appropriate monitoring and follow-up. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has encouraged pediatric practices to create a system to better identify postpartum depression to ensure a healthier parent-child relationship.

• #23 U.S. Maternal Depression Screening Rates Released for the First Time Through HEDIS – Policy Center for Maternal Mental Health

  https://policycentermmh.org/u-s-maternal-depression-screening-rates-released-for-the-first-time-through-hedis/

  The first set of U.S. maternal depression screening data is now available through HEDIS. Not surprisingly, screening in both pregnancy and the postpartum period was reported at less than 20%. […] The Medicaid Screening and follow rates were 16% during pregnancy and 17% in the postpartum period. For private insurers, screening rates were lower, at 9% during pregnancy and 11% in the postpartum. […] A 2019 research review found nearly 50% of women with postpartum depression go undiagnosed, and another recent review observed that only 22% of women screening positive for depression received mental health treatment. […] Understanding if and when mothers are being screened and treated for maternal mental health disorders is critical data for ensuring mothers get the timely and appropriate care they need.

• #24 The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression among Mothers in Najran City, Saudi Arabia

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/12/10/986

  Postpartum depression (PPD) is a significant mental health concern affecting mothers globally. However, research on PPD prevalence and risk factors in Najran City, Saudi Arabia, is limited. […] The study revealed a high prevalence of PPD among mothers in Najran City, with sociodemographic, obstetric, and psychosocial factors significantly influencing PPD risk. These findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions and support systems to address maternal mental health needs effectively. […] Postpartum depression is a public health concern because it has been linked to serious consequences affecting the mother’s well-being and quality of life, making her emotionally unstable and unable to fulfill her role as a caregiver. […] Unfortunately, despite the high frequency of postpartum depression that has been shown in several studies, it is yet underdiagnosed, underlooked, undertreated, and most women do not even know about it.

• #25 Exploring predictors and prevalence of postpartum depression among mothers: Multinational study | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-024-18502-0

  A round one in seven women can develop PPD. […] The prevalence of postpartum depression varies depending on the assessment method, timing of assessment, and cultural disparities among countries. […] The frequency of PPD in the total sample using the Edinburgh 10-question scale was 13.5% and 92 (13.6%). Which significantly varied across different countries, being highest among Ghana mothers 13 (26.0%) out of 50 and Indians 28 (21.7%) out of 129. […] Nationality is also significantly associated with PPD. […] The study included 674 participants. […] PPD is significant. Higher among single or widowed women and mothers who had both medical, mental, or psychological problems. […] There was a significant association observed between PPD, which was significantly higher among mothers on contraceptive methods, and those who had 12 live births and mothers who had interpregnancy space for less than 2 years.

• #26 Postpartum Depression: Overview, Risk Factors for Postpartum Mood Disorders, Screening for Postpartum Mood Disorders

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/271662-overview

  Postpartum depression is more persistent and debilitating than postpartum blues, often interfering with the mother’s ability to care for herself or her child. […] The postpartum period is the most vulnerable time for a woman to develop psychiatric illness with postpartum depression occurring in 10-15% of women in the general population. […] Women at highest risk for postpartum depression are those with a personal history of depression, who have suffered a previous episode of postpartum depression, or who have experienced depression during pregnancy. […] Signs and symptoms of postpartum depression are clinically indistinguishable from major depression that occurs in women at other times. […] Failure to treat or inadequate treatment may result in deterioration of the relationship between the mother and the baby or the partner. […] One of the most important objectives is to increase awareness across the spectrum of health-care professionals who care for women during pregnancy and the puerperium so that postpartum mood disorders may be identified early and treated appropriately.

• #27

  https://abcnews.go.com/Health/rates-postpartum-depression-doubled-decade/story?id=116059096

  Regular screening that starts early can help catch postpartum depression symptoms sooner so that people can get the appropriate care. Anyone at high risk should be identified even before they become pregnant and be followed closely after they give birth, Vaughn advised. […] When left untreated, postpartum depression can lead to worse overall health for the new parent and make it difficult for them to bond with their baby. It also places the baby at higher risk for preterm birth, low birth weight, mood and anxiety disorders, and long-term developmental challenges, said Vaughn. […] Severe postpartum depression can lead to thoughts of self-harm and harm to the baby.

• #28 What is Maternal Depression?

  https://www.health.ny.gov/community/pregnancy/health_care/perinatal/maternal_depression/providers/what_is_maternial_depression.htm

  The most common risk factor for maternal depression is a previous episode of prenatal or postpartum depression. Other factors associated with maternal depression include: personal or family history of anxiety, depression or other mood disorders, including prenatal or postpartum depression; current or past history of alcohol or other substance abuse; life stress, poor quality or no relationship with the baby’s father, lack of social support or absence of a community network; unplanned or unwanted pregnancy; difficult pregnancy or delivery, including preterm birth, multiple births, miscarriage or stillbirth, birth defects or disabilities or other pregnancy complications; white race and non-Hispanic ethnicity; maternal age 24 years of age; lower maternal socioeconomic status. […] Maternal depression affects the entire family, and may have significant adverse effects on the health of both the mother and infant. Strong and consistent evidence indicates that a mother’s untreated depression undercuts young children’s development, and can affect learning, academic success, and success later in life. […] A thorough review of this research by the National Research Council and Institute of Medicine finds that maternal depression endangers young children’s cognitive, socio-emotional and behavioral development, as well as their learning, and physical and mental health over the long term.

• #29 Mapping global prevalence of depression among postpartum women | Translational Psychiatry

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-021-01663-6

  The global prevalence of PPD was found to be approximately 17.22% (95% CI 16.00-18.51) in the largest meta-analysis of PPD to-date. Study findings revealed significant differences between geographic regions, with Southern Africa having the highest prevalence rate (39.96%, 95% CI 27.8153.48). Furthermore, country development and income inequalities had a major effect on PPD epidemiology. […] Postpartum depression affected one out of every five women after they gave birth which was triggered by a variety of causes. This necessitates the attention and committed intervention of primary care providers, clinicians, health authorities, and society as a whole.

• #30 Efficacy and Safety of Screening for Postpartum Depression | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program

  https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/depression-postpartum-screening/research-protocol

  Given the potential impact of postpartum depression on maternal and infant health, there has been considerable interest in strategies aimed at identifying women who are at risk for postpartum depression or who have postpartum depression, with the ultimate goal being the application of effective preventive or therapeutic interventions. […] Although the risk of suicide in women may be lower during pregnancy and the postpartum period, a review of maternal mortality in the United Kingdom during the 1990s found that suicide was the leading cause of maternal mortality, accounting for 29 percent of maternal deaths. […] Health care resource utilization is greater for women with postpartum depression than for postpartum women who are not depressed; data on resource use for their infants are inconsistent.

• #31 Postpartum depression – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_depression

  The high prevalence of postpartum depression in the region may be attributed to socio-economic and cultural factors involving social and partner support, poverty, and prevailing societal views on pregnancy and motherhood. […] The prevalence of postpartum depression in Arab countries exhibits significant variability, often due to diverse assessment methodologies. […] Most studies regarding PPD are done using self-report screenings which are less reliable than clinical interviews. This use of self-reporting may have results that underreport symptoms and thus postpartum depression rates.

• #32 Prevalence and Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression in Middle Eastern/Arab Women

  https://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jmmh/10381607.0009.104/–prevalence-and-risk-factors-of-postpartum-depression?rgn=main;view=fulltext

  Studies indicated numerous risk factors that can be categorized into five major groups: physical/biological, psychological, obstetric/pediatric, socio-demographic, and cultural factors. […] The literature review reveals that the prevalence rate of PPD in the target population ranged variably from 10% to 51.8%. Such variation in numbers may be the actual prevalence or it could be a result of methodological limitations of the studies. […] Research findings suggest that PPD is a serious mood disorder that is historically neglected in the Middle East and leaves mothers to suffer in fear, confusion, and silence (Mohamed et al. 2011).

• #33 Prevalence and associated risk factors of postpartum depression in India: A comprehensive review – Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice

  https://ruralneuropractice.com/prevalence-and-associated-risk-factors-of-postpartum-depression-in-india-a-comprehensive-review/

  The socioeconomic factors include poverty, poor living circumstances, financial concerns, low income, marital conflict, family conflicts, more children to care for, fewer job prospects, having a female child, a lack of maternal education, unwanted gender, and early age of pregnant mothers. […] Other risk elements of PPD are poor physical health of mothers, adverse life events, cultural practices, and poor environmental conditions. […] The PPD can be treated in the same way as other types of depression. The PPD has been treated with both medication and non-pharmacological therapies. […] This review identifies the burden and related risk elements of post-partum depression in India. The rate of incidence of PPD varies with geographic locations in India.

• #34 The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression among Mothers in Najran City, Saudi Arabia

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/12/10/986

  One of the most significant findings of our study was the strong association between mental illness history and PPD risk (OR = 3.520, p < 0.0001). This underscores the critical need for comprehensive mental health screening and support for pregnant and postpartum women with a history of mental health disorders, consistent with recommendations from global health organizations. [...] Integrating mental health services into routine antenatal and postnatal care can help identify at-risk individuals early and provide timely interventions.

• #35 Postpartum Depression Statistics | Research and Data On PPD (2024)

  https://www.postpartumdepression.org/resources/statistics/

  In fact, breastfeeding women had a significantly lower risk of postpartum depression than women not breastfeeding. […] The overall success rate for treating postpartum depression is 80%, making it essential for anyone who wants to heal. […] As with all forms of mental illnesses, early recognition and treatment of postpartum depression can lead to better symptom management and faster recovery rates.

• #36 Vital Signs: Postpartum Depressive Symptoms and Provider Discussions About Perinatal Depression — United States, 2018 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6919a2.htm

  The prevalence of women reporting that a health care provider asked about depression during prenatal care visits was 79.1% overall, ranging from 51.3% in Puerto Rico to 90.7% in Alaska. […] The prevalence of women reporting that a provider asked about depression during postpartum visits was 87.4% overall, ranging from 50.7% in Puerto Rico to 96.2% in Vermont. […] The prevalence of self-reported PDS varied by site and maternal and infant characteristics. […] Whether providers asked women about perinatal depression was not consistent across sites. […] Provision of recommended screenings and appropriate referrals for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up care can ensure early and effective management of depression to reduce adverse maternal and infant outcomes.

• #37 Related Indicators

  https://ibis.utah.gov/ibisph-view/indicator/complete_profile/PPD.html

  The Maternal and Infant Health Program (MIHP) has been working on increasing awareness of postpartum depression and the need to screen for it among health care providers through a variety of methods. […] In 2018, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) issued the following updated mental health screening recommendations for perinatal caregivers: Screen patients at least once during the perinatal period using a standardized, validated tool. […] Women were categorized as having reported postpartum depression symptoms if they answered 'Always’ or 'Often’ to either of these questions: „Since your new baby was born, how often have you felt down, depressed, or hopeless?” And, „Since your new baby was born, how often have you had little interest or little pleasure in doing things?”

• #38 Efficacy and Safety of Screening for Postpartum Depression | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program

  https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/depression-postpartum-screening/research-protocol

  Despite recognition that a) postpartum depression is common, b) it may have serious effects on both mothers and infants, and c) screening instruments are available, uncertainty about whether, when, and how to screen for postpartum depression remains, as seen in the various recommendations summarized in Table 2.

• #39 Postpartum Depression Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Management: An Appraisal of the Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/14/7/2418

  Postpartum depression refers is a transient psychological condition that occurs within 12 months after childbirth. The pregnancy and postpartum periods are thought to be specifically vulnerable periods for the manifestation of maternal mental health issues, including depression. As one of the most common mental disorders occurring during the perinatal period, PPD impacts the functional ability of a woman in many domains of life and causes complex negative effects on children as well as parental and marital relationships. Thus, PPD is a severe psychiatric disorder that is underdiagnosed and underestimated in many cases, leading to serious complications including suicide. […] Reports on the worldwide prevalence of PPD provide a controversial and wide range of data. Some studies report the estimated overall prevalence of PPD at approximately 10–17%, while other studies provide data indicating a very high prevalence of up to 60%. The prevalence of PPD is reported to be higher in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) than in high-income countries. In developing countries, around 20% of women suffer from PPD. Some other epidemiological reports show that the PPD prevalence in developed countries ranges from 7% to 40%, and in Asian countries ranges from 3.5% to 63.3%. A meta-analysis focusing on LMICs shows that the prevalence of non-psychotic common postpartum mental disorders is close to 20%.

• #40

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00127-022-02386-9

  26.3% of women experience perinatal depression, with mean prevalence rates of 28.5% for antenatal depression and 27.6% for postnatal depression. […] The prevalence of perinatal depression was markedly higher (32.5%; SD=16.7) among potentially vulnerable populations, such as immigrants, HIV-infected African women, and women who gave birth prematurely. […] The overall mean prevalence of perinatal depression among the included three updated systematic reviews and meta-analyses was 28% (SD=6) during the COVID-19 pandemic. […] Major correlates of perinatal depression were defined as statistically significant predictors in multivariable/logistic regression analyses or with a medium-to-large significant effect size. […] Medium to large significant effect sizes were reported in meta-analyses between perinatal depression and the following risk factors: personal history of mental illness, childcare stress, experiencing stressful life events, lack of social support, maternity blues, and marital conflicts. […] The identification of effective and culturally applicable interventions to prevent and treat perinatal depression is crucial. […] The development of policies and the integration of mental health services into the primary care system must be a high priority.

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