Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Essential Reads: Strategies for the Prevention of Postpartum Depression – MGH Center for Women’s Mental Health

  https://womensmentalhealth.org/posts/prevention-of-postpartum-depression-2/

  Postpartum depression (PPD) is a relatively common problem, affecting between 10% and 15% of women after delivery. […] In 2019, the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) issued recommendations that all pregnant and postpartum women should be evaluated in order to determine risk for depressive illness and recommended that women at increased risk should be referred for counseling interventions. Ultimately the goal is to identify women at highest risk for depressive illness during pregnancy and the postpartum period, so that we can introduce interventions designed to prevent depression in this setting. […] Based on this review of the literature, the USPSTF found convincing evidence to support the use of counseling interventions, specifically those using cognitive behavioral therapy and interpersonal therapy, as an effective means of preventing perinatal depression.

• #1 Postpartum Depression: Overview, Risk Factors for Postpartum Mood Disorders, Screening for Postpartum Mood Disorders

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/271662-overview

  Women at high risk for postpartum illness should be identified before delivery. This includes women with a previous episode of postpartum illness and women with a history of either unipolar or bipolar depression. Women who experience depression during pregnancy should also be considered at high risk for postpartum illness. […] In addition to monitoring, women with a history of recurrent depression or a history of postpartum depression may benefit from prophylactic treatment with an antidepressant medication. If antidepressants are not used during pregnancy, they may be initiated shortly before or immediately after delivery to reduce the risk of recurrent illness. […] Women with bipolar disorder or a history of postpartum psychosis may benefit from prophylactic treatment with lithium, initiated either before or within 24 hours of delivery. […] The prophylactic efficacy of nonpharmacologic interventions in this setting has not been fully assessed, although one study reported lower rates of postpartum depression in a group of women receiving interpersonal therapy for depression during pregnancy.

• #1 Current recommendations for screening and management of postpartum depression – Women’s Healthcare

  https://www.npwomenshealthcare.com/current-recommendations-for-screening-and-management-of-postpartum-depression/

  Postpartum depression is one of the most common disorders of the peripartum period and has significant adverse effects on the mother and infant. […] Prominent organizations recommend screening for depression during pregnancy and postpartum. […] The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends screening for depression in the general adult population, including pregnant and postpartum women. […] The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends that all pregnant mothers be screened for depression at least once during the perinatal period and again at the postpartum visit. […] Early identification and treatment of antepartum depression is recommended to reduce the incidence of postpartum depression. […] Several organizations, including ACOG, American Association of Family Practice, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend antenatal screening of all pregnant patients.

• #1 Essential Reads: Strategies for the Prevention of Postpartum Depression – MGH Center for Women’s Mental Health

  https://womensmentalhealth.org/posts/prevention-of-postpartum-depression-2/

  In this analysis, counseling interventions were associated with a 39% reduction in the likelihood of perinatal depression (pooled relative risk [RR] 0.61, 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.78). […] The Mothers and Babies Program: A CBT-Based Intervention […] The ROSE Program: An IPT-Based Intervention […] In a pilot randomized clinical trial, researchers evaluated the acceptability and efficacy of MBCT specifically designed to prevent postpartum depression (MBCT-PD) as compared to treatment as usual (TAU) in a group of pregnant women with depression histories recruited from obstetric clinics at 2 sites. […] Over the last several years, we have seen a number of studies which have shown the effectiveness of relatively simple and practical interventions for reducing the risk of postpartum depressive symptoms.

• #1 Preventing Postpartum Depression Closer to Home | PCORI

  https://www.pcori.org/impact/pcori-stories/preventing-postpartum-depression-closer-home

  A PCORI-funded study compares the effectiveness of prevention programs led by lay home visitors and mental health professionals that teach mothers-to-be the skills to improve their moods and bond with their babies. […] Her home visiting nurse referred her to Mothers and Babies, a program for preventing postpartum depression and the focus of a PCORI-funded study. […] The task force found that for those patients, interventions, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, can effectively prevent perinatal depression. […] At its core, Mothers and Babies is a group-based program relying on cognitive behavioral therapy and attachment theory, a combination designed to provide expectant moms the tools for changing thought patterns, improving mood, and bonding with their babies to prevent postpartum depression.

• #1 Rose Program | Postpartum Depression Care | Women & Infants Hospital

  https://www.womenandinfants.org/rose-program-postpartum-depression

  Postpartum depression is a common public health problem with serious and lasting consequences for mother and child, especially among low-income women. Maternal mental health is a critical component of perinatal care and maternal safety. […] The ROSE Program (Reach Out, Stay Strong, Essentials for mothers of newborns) is an evidence-based program that has been shown to reduce cases of postpartum depression by half among low-income women in a series of randomized control trials. […] The ROSE Program has been specifically cited in the new U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation regarding the prevention of perinatal depression.

• #1 ROSE program aims to prevent postpartum depression | AHA

  https://www.aha.org/role-hospitals-women-infants-hospital-rhode-island-rose-program-prevent-postpartum-depression

  Postpartum depression occurs in around one to seven women. Commonly occurring within six weeks after childbirth, PPD can affect the mother and her relationship with her baby and lead to significant distress and/or impairment. […] The ROSE program is now among the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendations to prevent perinatal depression. […] The program includes four or eight prenatal sessions and one postnatal booster session. Sessions can be delivered by nurses, health educators and others; mental health expertise is not needed. Topics include education on postpartum depression, managing the transition to motherhood, self-care and assertiveness.

• #1 Essential Reads: Strategies for the Prevention of Postpartum Depression – MGH Center for Women’s Mental Health

  https://womensmentalhealth.org/posts/prevention-of-postpartum-depression-2/

  A peer support intervention is defined as “the provision of emotional assistance (e.g., attentive listening), appraisal assistance (communication of information that is pertinent to self-evaluation), and informational assistance (provision of knowledge relevant to problem-solving) by a created social network member who possesses experiential knowledge of a specific behavior or stressor and similar characteristics as the target population.” […] Most interventions thus far studied offer non-pharmacologic treatments; however, pharmacologic treatment may decrease risk for postpartum illness in women with a history of depression. […] It is clear that there are a number of interventions which can be used to reduce risk for postpartum depression in certain populations; however, we cannot use a one-size-fits-all kind of approach when making decisions regarding the care of women at increased risk for perinatal depression. […] Access to these programs is also a problem.

• #1 Effect of peer support on prevention of postnatal depression among high risk women: multisite randomised controlled trial | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/338/bmj.a3064

  Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of telephone based peer support in the prevention of postnatal depression. […] Conclusion Telephone based peer support can be effective in preventing postnatal depression among women at high risk. […] Telephone based peer support might be effective in preventing postnatal depression among women identified as high risk immediately postpartum. In particular, women who received peer support were at half the risk of developing postnatal depression at 12 weeks postpartum than those in the control group. […] Our study is also one of the few trials that showed a preventative effect for postnatal depression, evaluated a secondary preventive intervention where women were screened for depressive symptoms in the first two weeks postpartum, and examined the effect of any peer/lay intervention in the prevention of postnatal depression. […] Women are receptive to receiving telephone based peer support and are satisfied with their experience. […] Lay people who have experienced a similar health problem or stressor can have a positive effect on psychological wellbeing.

• #1 Postpartum depression – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_depression

  A 2013 Cochrane review found evidence that psychosocial or psychological intervention after childbirth helped reduce the risk of postnatal depression. These interventions included home visits, telephone-based peer support, and interpersonal psychotherapy. Support is an important aspect of prevention, as depressed mothers commonly state that their feelings of depression were brought on by „lack of support” and „feeling isolated.” […] In couples, emotional closeness and global support by the partner protect against both perinatal depression and anxiety. In 2014, Alasoom and Koura found that compared to 42.9 percent of women who did not get spousal support, only 14.7 percent of women who got spousal assistance had PPD. Further factors such as communication between the couple and relationship satisfaction have a protective effect against anxiety alone.

• #1 Preventing postpartum depression: Review and recommendations

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4308451/

  Postpartum depression is significantly undertreated. Many women feel that depression at what ought to be a joyful time is shameful, and others are influenced by society’s general stigma concerning mental health care. In addition, those women who do seek treatment often hesitate to take psychotropic medications when breastfeeding, despite substantial evidence of their relative safety. […] To date, there have been very few RCTs on the prevention of PPD using biological interventions. Existing studies include treatment with antidepressants, hormones, omega-3 fatty acids, dietary calcium, thyroxine, and selenium, and have met with mixed success. […] In summary, out of eight RCTs of biological interventions for the prevention of PPD, three found a positive effect, four found no effect, and one found a negative effect. Based on these results, anti-depressants and nutrients both hold promise for prevention, thought this does not rule out other biological pathways due to a paucity of evidence.

• #1 Prevention of Postpartum Depression – MGH Center for Women’s Mental Health

  https://womensmentalhealth.org/posts/prevention-of-postpartum-depression/

  Postpartum depression (PPD) is a relatively common problem, affecting between 10% and 15% of women after delivery. […] Several investigators have recently explored the potential efficacy of prophylactic interventions in these populations of women at risk. […] For women with histories of postpartum depression, Wisner and colleagues have described a beneficial effect of prophylactic antidepressant treatment, either tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), administered after delivery in a group of 23 women. […] In a recent study published in the American Journal of Psychiatry, Wisner and colleagues presented new data suggesting the efficacy of SSRIs for the prevention of PPD. […] These data suggest that postpartum depression, one of the most commonly encountered complications of pregnancy, may be preventable.

• #1 FDA Approves First Oral Treatment for Postpartum Depression | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-oral-treatment-postpartum-depression

  Today, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Zurzuvae (zuranolone), the first oral medication indicated to treat postpartum depression (PPD) in adults. […] Having access to an oral medication will be a beneficial option for many of these women coping with extreme, and sometimes life-threatening, feelings. […] The efficacy of Zurzuvae for the treatment of PPD in adults was demonstrated in two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter studies. […] Patients in the Zurzuvae groups showed significantly more improvement in their symptoms compared to those in the placebo groups. […] The daily recommended dose for Zurzuvae is 50mg. It should be taken once every day, for 14 days, in the evening with a fatty meal.

• #1 First postpartum depression pill approved by FDA: What to know | Brain | Your Pregnancy Matters | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/medblog/postpartum-depression-pill/

  New treatment options for postpartum depression could be beneficial to you and your baby. […] This summer, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first pill specifically designed to treat PPD, which affects 10% to 15% of new mothers. […] Zuranolone may prove to be an important tool in helping new moms feel like themselves again potentially faster when the medication becomes more widely available this fall. […] If SSRIs have not completely addressed your PPD symptoms in the past, zuranolone could be a better option. […] Women who do not have a strong support system at home or who have already returned to work may need to consider cognitive behavioral therapy or another depression medication. […] We are hopeful that news of zuranolones FDA approval will encourage more women to get treatment for PPD.

• #1 Postpartum Depression: Can You Prevent It or Lower Your Risk?

  https://www.webmd.com/depression/postpartum-depression/understanding-postpartum-depression-prevention

  If you do have postpartum depression, your doctor may treat you with antidepressants. Brexanolone (Zulresso) and zuranolone (Zurzurvae) have specifically been FDA-approved for postpartum treatment. The first can be administered via infusion over a course of three days and has been found to bring almost immediate relief to symptoms. The second is taken by mouth.

• #1 Treating Postpartum Depression – Whole Health Library

  https://www.va.gov/WHOLEHEALTHLIBRARY/tools/treating-postpartum-depression.asp

  Maintain a list of local counselors who specialize in working with postpartum women. […] Many times, depression will improve dramatically with counseling alone. […] If a mother is in crisis, contact one of the resources below for immediate support. […] Unlike therapists or psychiatrists, doulas do not treat postpartum depression. […] By mothering the mother, doulas make sure that the mother feels nurtured and cared for, as well as making sure she is eating well and getting enough sleep. […] Proper nutrition and dietary supplementation will help to support mood and energy levels during the postpartum period. […] Advise women to keep healthy and easy-to-prepare food handy, as she may not have much time for lengthy cooking. […] Dietary supplementation with omega-3 fats prenatally may decrease the risk of developing postpartum depression, as well as reduce some depressive symptoms in the postpartum period. […] Omega-3 fatty acid supplements have been well tolerated by perinatal women and appear free of significant levels of mercury or other contaminants.

• #1 Treating Postpartum Depression – Whole Health Library

  https://www.va.gov/WHOLEHEALTHLIBRARY/tools/treating-postpartum-depression.asp

  Studies suggest a link between low serum vitamin D levels and an increased risk of postpartum depression. […] Correction of vitamin D deficiency may play a significant role in the recovery from postpartum depression. […] Exercise and fresh air can be very therapeutic to mothers, who often find themselves spending a lot of time indoors, tending to their baby’s needs. […] Encourage mothers to try to get the equivalent of 30 minutes of brisk walking in daily, once cleared by their physician or midwife. […] Social connection is necessary during the postpartum time. […] Postpartum Support International (PSI), a world-wide organization founded in 1987, exists to provide support, reliable information, resources, and education for distress in pregnancy and postpartum.

• #1 Postpartum Depression – Natural Treatment Options – Institute for Natural Medicine

  https://naturemed.org/postpartum-depression-natural-treatment-options/

  A 2023 study exploring the effects of the pandemic on postpartum women revealed that limited social support, social isolation, and fear of COVID-19 exposure or infection had worsened postpartum depression. […] Working with people during pregnancy and immediately postpartum is a good opportunity to prevent common postpartum ailments, both physical and emotional, Klim explains. […] The lack of postpartum support is a missed opportunity to establish lifelong health. […] We need to give new parents the celebration, honor, and acknowledgment of the transformation they’ve gone through. […] Research shows that zinc supplementation in the postpartum period has a significant positive effect on postpartum depression. […] Ultimately, the solution for our postpartum depression epidemic is to change our narrative and culture on a large scale and start having these conversations, says Klim. You shouldn’t suffer alone. There are treatments for so many conditions, especially postpartum depression, pelvic floor dysfunction, and pain.

• #1 Effectiveness of aerobic exercise in the prevention and treatment of postpartum depression: Meta-analysis and network meta-analysis | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0287650

  Aerobic exercise is widely recognized for improving mental health and reducing negative emotions, including anxiety. However, research on its role in preventing and treating postpartum depression (PPD) has yielded inconsistent results. […] As a new prescription tool, exercise interventions are not only an important non-pharmacological method in treating postpartum depression, but also effective in preventing this disorder. Aerobic exercise as a common type of exercise for postpartum depression management. Current evidence supports that PPD can be effectively prevented and treated through exercise due to the postpartum-specific health outcomes including less urinary stress incontinence, less lactation-induced bone loss, reducing postpartum weight retention, and less anxiety and depression.

• #1 Effectiveness of aerobic exercise in the prevention and treatment of postpartum depression: Meta-analysis and network meta-analysis | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0287650

  The efficacy of aerobic exercise in preventing and treating postpartum depression is significant compared to standard care, with a greater emphasis on prevention. The optimal prescribed exercise volume for intervention comprises a frequency of 3~4 exercise sessions per week, moderate intensity (35~45 minutes). […] Thus, taken together, the efficacy of aerobic exercise in preventing and treating postpartum depression is significant compared to standard care, with a greater emphasis on prevention. The optimal prescribed exercise volume for intervention comprises a frequency of 3~4 exercise sessions per week, moderate intensity (35~45 minutes).

• #1 Frontiers | Effect of physical activity on prevention of postpartum depression: A dose-response meta-analysis of 186,412 women

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.984677/full

  Effect of physical activity on prevention of postpartum depression: A dose-response meta-analysis of 186,412 women […] Background: Physical activity (PA) is considered a favorable preventive intervention for postpartum depression (PPD), but evidence defining a corresponding dose-response relationship is lacking. This meta-analysis was conducted to assess the protective effects of PA on PPD and define a potential dose-response relationship between them. […] Results: The overall analysis showed a statistically significant positive association between PA and PPD prevention (adjusted OR = 0.73; 95% CI: 0.61–0.87; P < 0.001). [...] This meta-analysis identified PA as a potential intervention to reduce the risk of PPD. The dose-response analysis revealed that at least 90 min of PA per week could efficiently decrease the risk of PPD.

• #1 JMIR Mental Health – A Group-Based Online Intervention to Prevent Postpartum Depression (Sunnyside): Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial

  https://mental.jmir.org/2019/5/e10778/

  Postpartum depression (PPD) has a 20% 3-month prevalence rate. The consequences of PPD are significant for the mother, infant, and the family. There is a need for preventive interventions for PPD, which are effective and accessible; however, many barriers exist for women who attempt to access perinatal depression prevention programs. […] Internet interventions for the treatment and prevention of depression are widely accepted as efficacious and may overcome some of the issues pertaining to access to treatment barriers perinatal women face. […] Taken together, these findings suggest that combining the treatment components of individual interventions with the support provided by an internet support group might create an intervention with the scalability and cost-effectiveness of an individual intervention and the better outcomes typically found in supported interventions.

• #1 JMIR Mental Health – A Group-Based Online Intervention to Prevent Postpartum Depression (Sunnyside): Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial

  https://mental.jmir.org/2019/5/e10778/

  […] This study aimed to describe the development of a cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) internet intervention with peer support to prevent PPD and examine preliminary depression and site usage outcomes. […] Results suggest women were responsive to both peer support and individual internet interventions to prevent PPD and that peer support may be a useful feature to keep participants adherent. […] […] Taken together, these findings suggest that combining the treatment components of individual interventions with the support provided by ISGs may create an intervention with the scalability and cost-effectiveness of an individual intervention and the outcomes similar to those found in coach-supported interventions. […] The aims of this study are to describe the development of a CBT internet intervention with peer support to prevent PPD and examine preliminary depression and site usage outcomes.

• #1 App-based interventions for the prevention of postpartum depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-023-05749-5

  This study explored whether psychosocial intervention applications (apps) are effective in preventing postpartum depression. […] We conducted a meta-analysis of two studies on the onset of postpartum depression. There were no significant differences between the intervention and control groups (RR 0.80; 95% CI 0.62 to 1.04; P=0.570). […] This study presents the results of current RCTs on interventions with apps, including an app with an automated psychosocial component for preventing postpartum depression that has been conducted. These apps improved the EPDS score; furthermore, they may prevent postpartum depression. […] There is a systematic review and meta-analysis about mHealth apps; their meta-analysis indicated that mHealth intervention improved the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) scores in the treatment group compared to the controls.

• #1 App-based interventions for the prevention of postpartum depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-023-05749-5

  The mHealth intervention is a possible tool used to prevent and treat postpartum depression, but there is still a need for verification. […] Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis focusing on whether psychosocial intervention apps are effective in preventing postpartum depression. […] This included peer support, counselling, educational programs, social support, cognitive-behavioural therapy, motivational interviewing, supportive care, mindfulness, and more. […] The primary outcome was postpartum depression onset. […] The intervention group had significantly lower EPDS scores than the control group (mean difference -0.96; 95% CI -1.44 to -0.48; P0.001; high heterogeneity). […] App interventions may lead to the prevention of postpartum depression, but the results of the meta-analysis did not show a statistically significant difference with respect to the incidence of postpartum depression.

• #1 JMIR Mental Health – The Efficacy of Be a Mom, a Web-Based Intervention to Prevent Postpartum Depression: Examining Mechanisms of Change in a Randomized Controlled Trial

  https://mental.jmir.org/2023/1/e39253

  Postpartum depression (PPD) is treatable and preventable, but most women do not seek professional help for their perinatal depressive symptoms. […] One increasingly popular approach of improving access to care is the use of web-based intervention programs. […] The objective of this study was 2-fold: first, to assess the efficacy of Be a Mom, a brief web-based selective or indicated preventive intervention, in reducing depressive and anxiety symptoms of women at high risk for PPD; and second, to examine mechanisms of change linking modifiable self-regulatory skills (ie, emotion regulation, self-compassion, and psychological flexibility) to improved perinatal mental health outcomes. […] Be a Mom was found to be effective in reducing depressive and anxiety symptoms in comparison with the control group, where such changes were inexistent or much smaller.

• #1 The Ratu’s Model: A prevention model of postpartum depression | Enfermería Clínica

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-enfermeria-clinica-35-articulo-the-ratu39s-model-a-prevention-S1130862119300233

  The Ratu’s Model is a nursing model to prevent postpartum depression, is a product of Ratu’s dissertation. […] This study aims to identify the effectiveness of Ratu’s Model to prevent postpartum depression. […] A significant correlation between Ratu’s Model with lowered postpartum depression incidence. […] The Ratu’s Model is effective lowering the incidence of postpartum depression. […] The result of the study indicates that the Ratu’s Model is effective in lowering the postpartum depression. The women in the intervention group have 60% of lowered chance of experiencing postpartum depression. […] The Ratu’s Model is effective to lowering the incidence of postpartum depression. Its is recommended that the Ratu’s Model may be utilized as more focus in maternity nursing service to prevent of postpartum depression in any healthcare services.

• #1 ‘Next Stop: Mum’: Evaluation of a Postpartum Depression Prevention Strategy in Poland

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/18/11731

  ‘Next Stop: Mum’: Evaluation of a Postpartum Depression Prevention Strategy in Poland […] In the article we present a mid-point evaluation of the postpartum depression (PPD) prevention strategy in Poland. As PPD is associated with potential negative consequences for the mother and infant, the need to introduce screening and treatment is vital. […] Maintaining the assumptions of the program: training for medical staff, screening conducted throughout the first twelve months postpartum, online platform with the possibility of self-screening and early psychological intervention seem to be justified actions, leading to a higher number of women with risk of PPD referred. […] Many countries implement prevention programs by recognizing the emotional and economic burden that postpartum depression imposes on families and society. […] The ‘Next Stop: Mum’ PPD preventive program, covering the northern region of Poland, is a part of the project: ‘Development of the concept and substantive assumptions of health policy programs to be implemented under the competition procedure’ no. POWR.05.01.00-IP.05-00-006/18 and co-financed by the EU Society Funds under Operational Program: Knowledge Education Development. The program’s main objective is to increase the early detection of postpartum depression symptoms through education and public awareness of PPD.

• #1 ‘Next Stop: Mum’: Evaluation of a Postpartum Depression Prevention Strategy in Poland

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/18/11731

  This study aimed to describe and evaluate the implementation process of a postpartum depression prevention project in Poland’s primary healthcare setting: assess the number of potentially affected women in the direct and online assessment of the risk of PPD, the number of psychological consultations and the improvement of knowledge among the medical staff. […] The follow-up assessment revealed that depressive symptoms might, in many cases, persist after childbirth, and the negative mental state may worsen—especially in those women who initially showed a moderate severity of depressive symptoms. Based on this result, screening should be performed at several time points during the first year postpartum. […] Despite the relative success of the ‘Next Stop: Mum’ project, taking into account the consequences of postpartum depression, which affect both the mother and the baby, we still need both the continuation of such activities and the tightening and cooperation of psychologists and midwives to ensure both high-quality screening tests and effective early psychological intervention.

• #1 Perinatal Depression – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519070/

  Prevention of perinatal depression in high-risk patients using counseling and cognitive behavioral therapy, as well as interpersonal therapy, has been effective. Clinicians should identify and implement these interventions as preventative measures for high-risk patients. […] Screening for perinatal depression should be a routine part of prenatal and postpartum care, utilizing tools such as the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) to identify those at risk. Treatment typically involves a combination of psychotherapy, support groups, and medication, including antidepressants, which can safely be used during pregnancy and lactation. […] By increasing awareness, new mothers can recognize the onset of perinatal depression early and seek timely intervention. Education programs can include prenatal classes, informational brochures, and discussions during regular medical appointments. Additionally, integrating mental health screenings into antepartum and postpartum checkups can help with early detection and management.

• #1 Vital Signs: Postpartum Depressive Symptoms and Provider Discussions About Perinatal Depression — United States, 2018 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6919a2.htm

  Perinatal depression is a complication of pregnancy associated with poor maternal and infant health outcomes. Universal screening of pregnant and postpartum women for depression is recommended. […] Health care provider screening of all women in the perinatal period can increase identification of women at risk for depression and provision of care or referral for appropriate diagnosis and treatment. […] Screening to identify pregnant and postpartum women with depressive symptoms is recommended to provide diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up care to reduce poor outcomes. […] Provision of recommended screenings and appropriate referrals for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up care can ensure early and effective management of depression to reduce adverse maternal and infant outcomes. […] Identifying women with PDS should be complemented with adequate systems to ensure needed diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up.

• #1 Perinatal Depression – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519070/

  Pharmacological and nonpharmacological prophylaxis are used with variable success, but evidence shows that parents who are treated have better bonding experiences with their infants. Additionally, untreated parental depression can lead to mood and behavior problems and obesity in children. […] Effective interprofessional communication and care coordination among clinicians are essential in identifying, monitoring, and treating perinatal depression, ultimately improving patient outcomes and safety.

• #1 Prevention of Postpartum Depression by Multidisciplinary Collaboration in Japan | JMA Journal

  https://www.jmaj.jp/detail.php?id=10.31662%2Fjmaj.2024-0070

  This is an outline of the prevention of postpartum depression in obstetric institutes, with a focus on support through multidisciplinary collaboration in Japan. The onset of postpartum depression among women can be prevented by finding solutions to background factors causing mental health problems and providing multidisciplinary support. […] In Japan, postpartum depression occurs in 10%-15% of postpartum women. One of the main causes of postpartum depression in this country has been reported to involve social factors, such as an unwanted and/or unexpected pregnancy, lack of support, and unstable family situation. […] Thus, cooperation from obstetric staff to multiple professionals will be needed. […] The ultimate goal of measures for maternal mental disorders is to support a healthy child-rearing environment through the provision of appropriate support for the unstable and vulnerable changes in the mothers mind.

• #1 Postpartum Depression: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9312-postpartum-depression

  Postpartum depression isn’t entirely preventable. It helps to know warning signs of the condition and what factors increase your risk. Here are some tips that can help prevent postpartum depression: […] Be realistic about your expectations for yourself and your baby […] Limit visitors when you first go home […] Ask for help let others know how they can help you […] Sleep or rest when your baby sleeps […] Exercise take a walk and get out of the house for a break […] Keep in touch with your family and friends don’t isolate yourself […] Foster your relationship with your partner make time for each other […] Expect some good days and some bad days.

• #1 Can you prevent postpartum depression? Strategies to reduce your risk

  https://www.talkiatry.com/blog/how-to-avoid-postpartum-depression

  Postpartum depression can be daunting, but understanding the risk factors and treatment options can help you manage PPD or avoid it. […] New mothers often feel that PPD is a character flaw or caused by something they did either during pregnancy or after delivery. Its important to remember that any new mom can experience PPD and while theres nothing you can do to prevent it, there are things you can do to reduce your risk. […] While you cant prevent postpartum depression, or any other mental health condition for that matter, there are things you can do to reduce your risk. […] Most of the focus during your doctors appointments will be on your growing belly, but your mental health is also an important part of pre and postnatal care. […] If its an option for you, reach out to your partner, family members, or friends who will be there to support you in the postpartum period.

• #1 Postnatal depression – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/post-natal-depression/overview/

  There are things you can do during pregnancy to help you keep well, such as maintaining a healthy lifestyle and having someone you can talk to and turn to for support. […] If you are pregnant or thinking about getting pregnant, talk to a GP or your mental health team if: you have a history of depression or mental health problems […] This is so they can offer you appropriate treatment. […] You can also talk to a midwife, who can support you or refer you to specialist mental health services if needed. If you have had a mental health problem while pregnant, your doctor should arrange for you to be seen regularly in the first few weeks after birth. […] The mental health team, maternity team and GP will work closely with you during your pregnancy and after you have given birth.

• #1 From Breastfeeding to Support in Mothers’ Feeding Choices: A Key Role in the Prevention of Postpartum Depression?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/14/2285

  The postpartum period represents a critical phase of profound transition for women. […] In this regard, there is a growing body of scientific evidence on the important role of breastfeeding in reducing the risk of PPD and also of the importance of mothers’ compliance with this practice. […] This review seeks to shed light on the importance of breastfeeding support in preventing PPD by carefully examining the specific needs of women after childbirth. […] More than ten years ago, Figueredo et al. highlighted the presence of the first scientific evidence in favor of the potential protective role of breastfeeding against PPD. […] A significant body of research has indicated that, during lactation, suckling the infant creates a neural stimulus that alters the circadian rhythm of the HPA axis, reducing stress responses.

• #1 From Breastfeeding to Support in Mothers’ Feeding Choices: A Key Role in the Prevention of Postpartum Depression?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/14/2285

  Other possible favorable consequences of breastfeeding, inversely correlated with the onset of PPD, have been highlighted, such as the regulation of sleeping and waking patterns for mother and child, the improvement of the mother’s self-efficacy and her emotional involvement with the child. […] A systematic literature review conducted in 2015 aimed at analyzing the effects of breastfeeding and maternal health found that a short duration of breastfeeding was associated with a higher risk of PPD. […] To date, the most recent data in the scientific literature seem to have dispelled any doubts, demonstrating that breastfeeding is crucial in reducing the risk of PPD. […] Therefore, given the actual need for breastfeeding support by mothers, which emerges as one of the most important needs, often described as “the main thing” to learn in the early postpartum period, and recent data on the contribution of breastfeeding in reducing the risk of PPD, the importance of primary pediatric care is also outlined for implementing PPD screening.

• #1 Preventing postpartum depression: Review and recommendations

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4308451/

  While many of the above interventions hold promise for future research, there is another possible direction as well. All of the studies above focus on the mother, the identified patient in a case of PPD but a mother and new baby are a dyad. One way to move forward with identifying successful interventions may be to focus on the dyad. […] Our laboratory hopes to address the dyadic contribution to PPD with a novel protocol for the prevention of PPD. PREPP (Practical Resources for Effective Postpartum Parenting), currently under study, comprises unique targeted psychotherapy techniques along with the established infant behavioral interventions. We hypothesize that women’s elicitation of behavioral change from their infants may be protective against PPD through several possible mediating pathways. This dyadic intervention has the potential to reduce the incidence of PPD in women at risk, and to affect directly the developing mother-child relationship, the mother’s view of her child, and child developmental outcomes.

• #1 Postpartum depression: Prevention and multimodal therapy

  https://scholar.valpo.edu/jmms/vol5/iss2/4/

  A woman goes through many biological (hormonal, physical), psychological (emotional), and socio-cultural changes during pregnancy. […] Taking into account all changes that occur during the peripartum period, a multimodal approach for postpartum depression would be recommended, including an appropriate lifestyle (walks, ambient environments), counseling, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and finally antidepressant medication when required. […] Antepartum and postpartum screening, an early diagnosis, and a tailored approach to depression are essential for better results and prognosis related to both mother and child.

• #1 Dagher: Prevention of postpartum depression could yield health care cost savings — Maryland Population Research Center

  https://www.popcenter.umd.edu/research/selected_research/research_1330351437822

  New research, just released by scholars at the University of Maryland and the University of Minnesota and published in the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine finds higher health services expenditures among employed women who experienced postpartum depression five weeks after childbirth. […] Given the high rate of mothers of infants in the labor force, employers should consider introducing programs to prevent and address postpartum mental health issues as they may result in health care cost savings and a healthier workforce. […] The health care costs of postpartum depression have policy implications in terms of the importance of addressing mental health issues in the workplace, the study authors write. They recommend that employers with a high proportion of female employees of reproductive age choose health insurance plans with more generous coverage of mental health services and look into incorporating depression-related programs in the workplace. […] The study authors conclude . . . researchers should explore whether earlier identification and treatment of postpartum depression may decrease health care expenditures after childbirth. […] These findings highlight the importance of addressing mental health issues in the workplace.

• #2 Prevention of Postpartum Depression by Multidisciplinary Collaboration in Japan | JMA Journal

  https://www.jmaj.jp/detail.php?id=10.31662%2Fjmaj.2024-0070

  It should be noted that mothers with depression tend to not seek help on their own. However, the timing of onset is characteristic, such as early pregnancy and early postpartum, and risk factors such as unexpected pregnancy, strong anxiety regarding pregnancy, history of mental disorder, lack of support, and unstable family situation have been identified to some extent. […] Moreover, more than half of women who develop postpartum depression exhibit depressive symptoms during pregnancy, and there is evidence proving that intervention and support during pregnancy can prevent the onset and severity of postpartum depression by identifying the high risk groups. […] In conclusion, we have outlined the prevention of postpartum depression in obstetric institutes, with a focus on support through multidisciplinary cooperation.

• #2 Perinatal Depression – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519070/

  Prevention of perinatal depression in high-risk patients using counseling and cognitive behavioral therapy, as well as interpersonal therapy, has been effective. Clinicians should identify and implement these interventions as preventative measures for high-risk patients. […] Screening for perinatal depression should be a routine part of prenatal and postpartum care, utilizing tools such as the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) to identify those at risk. Treatment typically involves a combination of psychotherapy, support groups, and medication, including antidepressants, which can safely be used during pregnancy and lactation. […] By increasing awareness, new mothers can recognize the onset of perinatal depression early and seek timely intervention. Education programs can include prenatal classes, informational brochures, and discussions during regular medical appointments. Additionally, integrating mental health screenings into antepartum and postpartum checkups can help with early detection and management.

• #2 Preventing postpartum depression: Review and recommendations

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4308451/

  In contrast to the scant data on biological interventions, there have been numerous studies of psychological and psychosocial preventive interventions for PPD. These studies are difficult to compare, as they vary widely in terms of screening and outcome measures, training of personnel/clinicians, dosages of treatment, timing of the initiation of treatment (during pregnancy or postpartum), and follow-up times. […] Across the 37 RCTs of psychological and psychosocial interventions for the prevention of PPD, 17 found a positive effect for the intervention while 20 did not. Of the 17 studies showing an effect, eight were primarily group-based, eight were primarily individual, and one was combined. However, as indicated, several of the group interventions had methodological weaknesses that may have influenced the poor results rather than the group format per se. Overall, the successful studies varied with respect to sample characteristics (at risk or not); modality of and theoretical approach to treatment; number, timing, and duration of sessions; and level of training of interveners.

• #2 Preventing Postpartum Depression Closer to Home | PCORI

  https://www.pcori.org/impact/pcori-stories/preventing-postpartum-depression-closer-home

  For places without a mental health clinician or that can’t afford one, home visitor-led Mothers and Babies Programs are an accessible model to implement, says Barrera, who’s also a trained doula, providing emotional and physical support during the birthing process. […] Goal: To compare the effectiveness of Mothers and Babies groups in preventing postpartum depression when lay home visitors versus mental health professionals lead the group sessions.

• #2 Essential Reads: Strategies for the Prevention of Postpartum Depression – MGH Center for Women’s Mental Health

  https://womensmentalhealth.org/posts/prevention-of-postpartum-depression-2/

  In this analysis, counseling interventions were associated with a 39% reduction in the likelihood of perinatal depression (pooled relative risk [RR] 0.61, 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.78). […] The Mothers and Babies Program: A CBT-Based Intervention […] The ROSE Program: An IPT-Based Intervention […] In a pilot randomized clinical trial, researchers evaluated the acceptability and efficacy of MBCT specifically designed to prevent postpartum depression (MBCT-PD) as compared to treatment as usual (TAU) in a group of pregnant women with depression histories recruited from obstetric clinics at 2 sites. […] Over the last several years, we have seen a number of studies which have shown the effectiveness of relatively simple and practical interventions for reducing the risk of postpartum depressive symptoms.

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10826-023-02771-1

  Evidence-based interventions (EBIs) are considered the gold standard but it is unclear if they are effective across settings. […] Reach Out and Stay Strong Essentials for mothers (ROSE), is an evidence-based intervention (EBI) that aims to prevent postpartum depression among low-income, pregnant women (Zlotnick et al., 2016). […] To our knowledge, to date no evidence-based postpartum depression prevention intervention has been adapted for implementation among prenatal and postnatal women in homeless shelters. […] Adapting interventions to different populations and settings enables EBIs to address the local context, and using an implementation framework helps ensure that feedback from participants is continually incorporated into the intervention in a way that is intentional and maintains fidelity to the model.

• #2 Postpartum depression – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_depression

  A 2013 Cochrane review found evidence that psychosocial or psychological intervention after childbirth helped reduce the risk of postnatal depression. These interventions included home visits, telephone-based peer support, and interpersonal psychotherapy. Support is an important aspect of prevention, as depressed mothers commonly state that their feelings of depression were brought on by „lack of support” and „feeling isolated.” […] In couples, emotional closeness and global support by the partner protect against both perinatal depression and anxiety. In 2014, Alasoom and Koura found that compared to 42.9 percent of women who did not get spousal support, only 14.7 percent of women who got spousal assistance had PPD. Further factors such as communication between the couple and relationship satisfaction have a protective effect against anxiety alone.

• #2 Postpartum depression – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/postpartum-depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20376617

  If you have a history of depression especially postpartum depression tell your health care provider if you’re planning on becoming pregnant or as soon as you find out you’re pregnant. […] During pregnancy, your provider can monitor you closely for symptoms of depression. You may complete a depression-screening questionnaire during your pregnancy and after delivery. Sometimes mild depression can be managed with support groups, counseling or other therapies. In other cases, antidepressants may be recommended even during pregnancy. […] After your baby is born, your provider may recommend an early postpartum checkup to screen for symptoms of postpartum depression. The earlier it’s found, the earlier treatment can begin. If you have a history of postpartum depression, your provider may recommend antidepressant treatment or talk therapy immediately after delivery. Most antidepressants are safe to take while breastfeeding.

• #2 Postpartum Depression: Overview, Risk Factors for Postpartum Mood Disorders, Screening for Postpartum Mood Disorders

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/271662-overview

  Women at high risk for postpartum illness should be identified before delivery. This includes women with a previous episode of postpartum illness and women with a history of either unipolar or bipolar depression. Women who experience depression during pregnancy should also be considered at high risk for postpartum illness. […] In addition to monitoring, women with a history of recurrent depression or a history of postpartum depression may benefit from prophylactic treatment with an antidepressant medication. If antidepressants are not used during pregnancy, they may be initiated shortly before or immediately after delivery to reduce the risk of recurrent illness. […] Women with bipolar disorder or a history of postpartum psychosis may benefit from prophylactic treatment with lithium, initiated either before or within 24 hours of delivery. […] The prophylactic efficacy of nonpharmacologic interventions in this setting has not been fully assessed, although one study reported lower rates of postpartum depression in a group of women receiving interpersonal therapy for depression during pregnancy.

• #2 Treating Postpartum Depression – Whole Health Library

  https://www.va.gov/WHOLEHEALTHLIBRARY/tools/treating-postpartum-depression.asp

  Maintain a list of local counselors who specialize in working with postpartum women. […] Many times, depression will improve dramatically with counseling alone. […] If a mother is in crisis, contact one of the resources below for immediate support. […] Unlike therapists or psychiatrists, doulas do not treat postpartum depression. […] By mothering the mother, doulas make sure that the mother feels nurtured and cared for, as well as making sure she is eating well and getting enough sleep. […] Proper nutrition and dietary supplementation will help to support mood and energy levels during the postpartum period. […] Advise women to keep healthy and easy-to-prepare food handy, as she may not have much time for lengthy cooking. […] Dietary supplementation with omega-3 fats prenatally may decrease the risk of developing postpartum depression, as well as reduce some depressive symptoms in the postpartum period. […] Omega-3 fatty acid supplements have been well tolerated by perinatal women and appear free of significant levels of mercury or other contaminants.

• #2 JMIR Mental Health – The Efficacy of Be a Mom, a Web-Based Intervention to Prevent Postpartum Depression: Examining Mechanisms of Change in a Randomized Controlled Trial

  https://mental.jmir.org/2023/1/e39253

  These results suggest that Be a Mom, a low-intensity cognitive behavioral therapy program, is a promising first-line intervention for helping perinatal women, particularly those with early-onset PPD symptoms. […] One increasingly popular approach of improving access to treatment is the use of web-based intervention programs, particularly low-intensity interventions. […] Although PPD is treatable and amenable to preventive efforts, most women do not seek professional help for their perinatal depression symptoms. […] Preliminary evidence from a pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) attested the feasibility of the program and its effectiveness in reducing depressive and anxiety symptoms of women at high risk for PPD. […] Given the fact that interventions to prevent PPD are the most effective when they target women considered to be at risk, this RCT focused on a large sample of women at high risk for PPD to ascertain the mechanisms of change associated with the efficacy of Be a Mom in reducing PPD and postpartum anxiety symptoms because they often occur in comorbidity. […] This study demonstrated the efficacy of Be a Mom in reducing the psychological maladjustment of postpartum women considered to be at risk for PPD through the enhancement of core psychological processes such as emotion regulation, psychological flexibility, and self-compassion.

• #2 ‘Next Stop: Mum’: Evaluation of a Postpartum Depression Prevention Strategy in Poland

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/18/11731

  ‘Next Stop: Mum’: Evaluation of a Postpartum Depression Prevention Strategy in Poland […] In the article we present a mid-point evaluation of the postpartum depression (PPD) prevention strategy in Poland. As PPD is associated with potential negative consequences for the mother and infant, the need to introduce screening and treatment is vital. […] Maintaining the assumptions of the program: training for medical staff, screening conducted throughout the first twelve months postpartum, online platform with the possibility of self-screening and early psychological intervention seem to be justified actions, leading to a higher number of women with risk of PPD referred. […] Many countries implement prevention programs by recognizing the emotional and economic burden that postpartum depression imposes on families and society. […] The ‘Next Stop: Mum’ PPD preventive program, covering the northern region of Poland, is a part of the project: ‘Development of the concept and substantive assumptions of health policy programs to be implemented under the competition procedure’ no. POWR.05.01.00-IP.05-00-006/18 and co-financed by the EU Society Funds under Operational Program: Knowledge Education Development. The program’s main objective is to increase the early detection of postpartum depression symptoms through education and public awareness of PPD.

• #2 Vital Signs: Postpartum Depressive Symptoms and Provider Discussions About Perinatal Depression — United States, 2018 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6919a2.htm

  Health care providers can provide timely perinatal depression education to women and family members or other support persons. Health systems can implement quality improvement through screening and linkage to care for depression during both the prenatal and postpartum periods. […] Screening for perinatal depression should be accompanied by evidence-based systems for diagnosis, counseling, treatment, and referral.

• #2 Prevention of Postpartum Depression by Multidisciplinary Collaboration in Japan | JMA Journal

  https://www.jmaj.jp/detail.php?id=10.31662%2Fjmaj.2024-0070

  This is an outline of the prevention of postpartum depression in obstetric institutes, with a focus on support through multidisciplinary collaboration in Japan. The onset of postpartum depression among women can be prevented by finding solutions to background factors causing mental health problems and providing multidisciplinary support. […] In Japan, postpartum depression occurs in 10%-15% of postpartum women. One of the main causes of postpartum depression in this country has been reported to involve social factors, such as an unwanted and/or unexpected pregnancy, lack of support, and unstable family situation. […] Thus, cooperation from obstetric staff to multiple professionals will be needed. […] The ultimate goal of measures for maternal mental disorders is to support a healthy child-rearing environment through the provision of appropriate support for the unstable and vulnerable changes in the mothers mind.

• #2 Can you prevent postpartum depression? Strategies to reduce your risk

  https://www.talkiatry.com/blog/how-to-avoid-postpartum-depression

  Its not just loved ones that can support you during the postpartum period. […] You can reduce your risk by sticking to any medications or treatments that your doctor has recommended during pregnancy. […] Since high stress can increase your risk for PPD, its important to do things to manage it. […] If youre having doubts about your ability to raise a child or be a good mom, do what you can to address those doubts before the baby comes. […] If you do develop postpartum depression, its important to reach out for help as soon as possible. PPD isnt something you can will away or tough out. Treatment works and can help you get back to feeling like yourself.

• #2 From Breastfeeding to Support in Mothers’ Feeding Choices: A Key Role in the Prevention of Postpartum Depression?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/14/2285

  The postpartum period represents a critical phase of profound transition for women. […] In this regard, there is a growing body of scientific evidence on the important role of breastfeeding in reducing the risk of PPD and also of the importance of mothers’ compliance with this practice. […] This review seeks to shed light on the importance of breastfeeding support in preventing PPD by carefully examining the specific needs of women after childbirth. […] More than ten years ago, Figueredo et al. highlighted the presence of the first scientific evidence in favor of the potential protective role of breastfeeding against PPD. […] A significant body of research has indicated that, during lactation, suckling the infant creates a neural stimulus that alters the circadian rhythm of the HPA axis, reducing stress responses.

• #2 From Breastfeeding to Support in Mothers’ Feeding Choices: A Key Role in the Prevention of Postpartum Depression?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/14/2285

  Other possible favorable consequences of breastfeeding, inversely correlated with the onset of PPD, have been highlighted, such as the regulation of sleeping and waking patterns for mother and child, the improvement of the mother’s self-efficacy and her emotional involvement with the child. […] A systematic literature review conducted in 2015 aimed at analyzing the effects of breastfeeding and maternal health found that a short duration of breastfeeding was associated with a higher risk of PPD. […] To date, the most recent data in the scientific literature seem to have dispelled any doubts, demonstrating that breastfeeding is crucial in reducing the risk of PPD. […] Therefore, given the actual need for breastfeeding support by mothers, which emerges as one of the most important needs, often described as “the main thing” to learn in the early postpartum period, and recent data on the contribution of breastfeeding in reducing the risk of PPD, the importance of primary pediatric care is also outlined for implementing PPD screening.

• #2 Essential Reads: Strategies for the Prevention of Postpartum Depression – MGH Center for Women’s Mental Health

  https://womensmentalhealth.org/posts/prevention-of-postpartum-depression-2/

  A peer support intervention is defined as “the provision of emotional assistance (e.g., attentive listening), appraisal assistance (communication of information that is pertinent to self-evaluation), and informational assistance (provision of knowledge relevant to problem-solving) by a created social network member who possesses experiential knowledge of a specific behavior or stressor and similar characteristics as the target population.” […] Most interventions thus far studied offer non-pharmacologic treatments; however, pharmacologic treatment may decrease risk for postpartum illness in women with a history of depression. […] It is clear that there are a number of interventions which can be used to reduce risk for postpartum depression in certain populations; however, we cannot use a one-size-fits-all kind of approach when making decisions regarding the care of women at increased risk for perinatal depression. […] Access to these programs is also a problem.

• #3 Preventing depression in pregnancy: New guidelines – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/preventing-depression-in-pregnancy-new-guidelines-2019032616263

  Further, the Task Force identified a number of risk factors that make women more vulnerable to perinatal depression. These factors include having a history of depression, experiencing abuse, having an unplanned or unwanted pregnancy, or complications during pregnancy. […] The Task Force recommended further efforts to develop new ways to screen women for depression and prevent depression.

• #3 From Breastfeeding to Support in Mothers’ Feeding Choices: A Key Role in the Prevention of Postpartum Depression?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/14/2285

  Other possible favorable consequences of breastfeeding, inversely correlated with the onset of PPD, have been highlighted, such as the regulation of sleeping and waking patterns for mother and child, the improvement of the mother’s self-efficacy and her emotional involvement with the child. […] A systematic literature review conducted in 2015 aimed at analyzing the effects of breastfeeding and maternal health found that a short duration of breastfeeding was associated with a higher risk of PPD. […] To date, the most recent data in the scientific literature seem to have dispelled any doubts, demonstrating that breastfeeding is crucial in reducing the risk of PPD. […] Therefore, given the actual need for breastfeeding support by mothers, which emerges as one of the most important needs, often described as “the main thing” to learn in the early postpartum period, and recent data on the contribution of breastfeeding in reducing the risk of PPD, the importance of primary pediatric care is also outlined for implementing PPD screening.

• #3 Essential Reads: Strategies for the Prevention of Postpartum Depression – MGH Center for Women’s Mental Health

  https://womensmentalhealth.org/posts/prevention-of-postpartum-depression-2/

  A peer support intervention is defined as “the provision of emotional assistance (e.g., attentive listening), appraisal assistance (communication of information that is pertinent to self-evaluation), and informational assistance (provision of knowledge relevant to problem-solving) by a created social network member who possesses experiential knowledge of a specific behavior or stressor and similar characteristics as the target population.” […] Most interventions thus far studied offer non-pharmacologic treatments; however, pharmacologic treatment may decrease risk for postpartum illness in women with a history of depression. […] It is clear that there are a number of interventions which can be used to reduce risk for postpartum depression in certain populations; however, we cannot use a one-size-fits-all kind of approach when making decisions regarding the care of women at increased risk for perinatal depression. […] Access to these programs is also a problem.

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