Materiały źródłowe

• #1 About Cyclosporiasis | Cyclosporiasis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cyclosporiasis/about/index.html

  People can prevent Cyclospora infection by avoiding food or water that may contain feces (poop), especially in tropical or subtropical areas. […] People can take the following steps to prevent Cyclospora infection: […] Avoid consuming food or water that may be contaminated with feces. […] Follow food safety handling recommendations for safe preparation and storage.

• #2 Cyclospora Prevention, Response and Research Action Plan | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/food/foodborne-pathogens/cyclospora-prevention-response-and-research-action-plan

  Cyclosporiasis is a foodborne intestinal illness caused by the parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis (C. cayetanensis). […] Rising case numbers and the emergence of C. cayetanensis in domestically-grown produce prompted the FDA to create the Cyclospora Task Force in 2019. The Task Force comprises multidisciplinary experts across FDA and CDC with the goal of reducing the public health burden of foodborne illness caused by C. cayetanensis in produce. In 2021, the task force released the Cyclospora Prevention, Response and Research Action Plan as a multi-year strategic guide toward achieving this goal through three priority areas: improving prevention, enhancing response activities, and filling knowledge gaps. […] The FDA intends to continue to build on available educational resources and seeks additional engagement opportunities for farmers working with academia, domestic and international regulatory partners, and industry to provide additional background on C. cayetanensis including its unique characteristics, sources and routes of contamination, and misconceptions. These education and outreach opportunities are intended to help growers understand preventive measures for C. cayetanensis that can be implemented on farms to help prevent contamination of produce.

• #3 Cyclosporiasis – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/parasitic-infections-intestinal-protozoa-and-microsporidia/cyclosporiasis

  Avoiding food or water that may have been contaminated with feces is the best way to prevent cyclosporiasis. […] Travelers to cyclosporiasis-endemic areas (such as tropical and subtropical regions) should be aware that treatment of water or food by routine chemical disinfection or sanitizing methods is unlikely to kill Cyclospora. […] In endemic regions, drinking water should be boiled, unpeeled fruit should be avoided, and vegetables cooked thoroughly.

• #4 About Cyclosporiasis – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/cyclosporasis/basics.html

  You can reduce your risk of getting cyclosporiasis by following these recommendations: […] Avoid food or water that may have been contaminated with feces. […] Washing of produce, or routine chemical disinfection or sanitizing methods, are unlikely to kill Cyclospora. […] Use caution when traveling in countries, especially those in tropical and subtropical regions, with minimal water treatment and sanitation systems by avoiding tap water, fountain drinks, ice, and raw foods like fresh produce.

• #5 Cyclospora Infection (Cyclosporiasis) | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/foodborne-illness/cyclospora-infection-cyclosporiasis

  Thorough washing of fresh produce is recommended, but may not eliminate the risk of transmission since Cyclospora can be difficult to wash off all types of produce. […] There is no vaccine for cyclosporiasis.

• #6 Cyclospora | Utah Epidemiology

  https://epi.utah.gov/cyclospora/

  Cyclospora (Cyclospora cayetanensis) is a parasite that is too small to be seen with the naked eye. A person can get infected by putting something in his/her mouth that was contaminated with feces (poop). Avoiding water and food that may be contaminated with feces is one of the best ways to prevent infection. Infected persons should wash their hands often to prevent the spread of infection. […] Persons who have previously been infected with Cyclospora can become infected again.

• #7 Douglas County Health Department – Cyclosporiasis

  https://www.douglascountyhealth.com/infectious-disease/diseases-and-conditions/cyclosporiasis

  Avoiding food or water that might have been contaminated with stool may help prevent Cyclospora infection. […] People who have previously been infected with Cyclospora can become infected again.

• #8 Cyclospora Overview and Prevention

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/diseases/cyclospora/overview-prevention.html

  Avoiding food or water that may have been contaminated with stool is the best way to prevent infection. […] However, following proper hand hygiene and food safety measures can help reduce risk. […] Wash your hands with soap and water before and after handling, preparing, or eating fresh produce, and after using the bathroom or changing a diaper. […] Wash produce items thoroughly under clean running water and scrub firm produce (like melons) with a produce brush before eating, cutting, or cooking. […] Remove damaged or bruised areas on fresh produce and peel fruits and vegetables (if possible) before preparing, cooking, or eating them. […] Refrigerate cut, peeled, or cooked fruits and vegetables as soon as possible or within two hours, and store produce items away from raw meats or seafood.

• #9 Cyclosporiasis

  https://infectionpreventionandyou.org/cyclospora/

  Just because Cyclospora has been known to cling to fruits and vegetables, doesnt mean that people should stop eating them. Enjoy the health benefits of eating fruits and vegetables, but just follow safe produce handling recommendations. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the following: […] Wash hands with soap and warm water before and after handling or preparing fruits and vegetables. […] Wash cutting boards, dishes, utensils, and counter tops with soap and hot water between the preparation of raw meat, poultry, and seafood products and the preparation of fruits and vegetables that will not be cooked. […] Wash all fruits and vegetables thoroughly under running water before eating, cutting, or cooking. […] Fruits and vegetables that are labeled prewashed do not need to be washed again at home.

• #10 Cyclospora: What Is The Parasite Infecting Some Texans, And How Does It Spread? – Texas A&M Stories

  https://stories.tamu.edu/news/2023/07/11/cyclospora-what-is-the-parasite-infecting-some-texans-and-how-does-it-spread/

  Dr. Shawn Gibbs says Cyclospora infections are not uncommon and can be prevented with proper washing of hands and food. […] Prevention starts with good hand washing techniques and thoroughly washing all fruits and vegetables. Don’t just use hand sanitizer. If someone is infected, they should avoid public pools and other water attractions for at least two weeks. If you are in pools or other shared bodies of water, do not put the water in your mouth. […] The state and local health authorities are already tracking this, which is why we know about it. They are doing outbreak investigations to help determine the sources. They are also putting information out there to better educate the public to be cautious and to properly wash hands as well as fruits and vegetables, including our food preparation areas.

• #11 Cyclospora | Boston.gov

  https://www.boston.gov/government/cabinets/boston-public-health-commission/infectious-diseases/infectious-diseases-z/cyclospora

  How can I prevent the spread of cyclospora? […] Wash fresh fruits and vegetables thoroughly using clean, drinkable water. Peeling fruits and vegetables should make them safer […] Only drink water from a source you know to be safe […] Careful hand washing prevents the spread of cyclospora and many other diseases […] Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water before eating, before handling food, after using the toilet, and after changing diapers […] If you are taking care of someone who has diarrhea, scrub your hands with plenty of soap and water after helping them […] If you or your child has persistent diarrhea (with or without a fever), or if the diarrhea is very bad, call your doctor or health center for advice […] Cook all food from animal sources thoroughly. If the meat or poultry is still pink in the center, it is not cooked all the way.

• #12 Cyclosporiasis: Transmission, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17957-cyclosporiasis

  Proper food handling is the best way to reduce your risk of cyclosporiasis. This helps you avoid ingesting food or water that could be contaminated. Not all disinfecting or sanitizing methods kill Cyclospora. […] Things you can do to avoid getting cyclosporiasis include: Wash your hands with soap and water before, during and after food prep. Thoroughly rinse or peel fresh fruits and vegetables before eating. Don’t leave peeled, cooked or cut fruits and vegetables out of the refrigerator for more than two hours. Store vegetables and fruit separately from raw meat, seafood and poultry. Wash all food prep surfaces, dishes and utensils with hot water and detergent after use. Don’t drink untreated water. Drink bottled water and use it for food prep if you’re not sure if the water is treated. Avoid eating produce from areas where Cyclospora is common.

• #13 Cyclospora | Mass.gov

  https://www.mass.gov/info-details/cyclospora

  Avoiding food or water that may have been contaminated with feces is the best way to prevent cyclosporiasis and other foodborne germs. […] Wash hands with soap and warm water before and after handling or preparing fruits and vegetables. […] Wash cutting boards, dishes, utensils, and counter tops with soap and hot water between the preparation of raw meat, poultry, and seafood products and the preparation of fruits and vegetables that will not be cooked. […] Wash or rinse all fruits and vegetables thoroughly under clean running water before eating, cutting, or cooking. […] Fruits and vegetables that are labeled “prewashed” do not need to be washed again at home. […] Scrub firm

• #14 Cyclosporiasis

  https://infectionpreventionandyou.org/cyclospora/

  Scrub firm fruits and vegetables, such as melons and cucumbers, with a clean produce brush. […] Cut away any damaged or bruised areas on fruits and vegetables before preparing and eating. […] Refrigerate cut, peeled, or cooked fruits and vegetables as soon as possible, or within two hours. […] Store fruits and vegetables away from raw meat, poultry, and seafood.

• #15 Cyclospora Overview and Prevention

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/diseases/cyclospora/overview-prevention.html

  Avoiding food or water that may have been contaminated with stool is the best way to prevent infection. […] However, following proper hand hygiene and food safety measures can help reduce risk. […] Wash your hands with soap and water before and after handling, preparing, or eating fresh produce, and after using the bathroom or changing a diaper. […] Wash produce items thoroughly under clean running water and scrub firm produce (like melons) with a produce brush before eating, cutting, or cooking. […] Remove damaged or bruised areas on fresh produce and peel fruits and vegetables (if possible) before preparing, cooking, or eating them. […] Refrigerate cut, peeled, or cooked fruits and vegetables as soon as possible or within two hours, and store produce items away from raw meats or seafood.

• #16 Cyclosporiasis: Transmission, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17957-cyclosporiasis

  Proper food handling is the best way to reduce your risk of cyclosporiasis. This helps you avoid ingesting food or water that could be contaminated. Not all disinfecting or sanitizing methods kill Cyclospora. […] Things you can do to avoid getting cyclosporiasis include: Wash your hands with soap and water before, during and after food prep. Thoroughly rinse or peel fresh fruits and vegetables before eating. Don’t leave peeled, cooked or cut fruits and vegetables out of the refrigerator for more than two hours. Store vegetables and fruit separately from raw meat, seafood and poultry. Wash all food prep surfaces, dishes and utensils with hot water and detergent after use. Don’t drink untreated water. Drink bottled water and use it for food prep if you’re not sure if the water is treated. Avoid eating produce from areas where Cyclospora is common.

• #17 Cyclospora Infection (Cyclosporiasis) | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/foodborne-illness/cyclospora-infection-cyclosporiasis

  Thorough washing of fresh produce is recommended, but may not eliminate the risk of transmission since Cyclospora can be difficult to wash off all types of produce. […] There is no vaccine for cyclosporiasis.

• #18 Cyclospora: symptoms, prevention & treatment – Genetic Signatures USA

  https://geneticsignatures.com/us/our-products/gastrointestinal-infections/cyclospora-symptoms-prevention-treatment-copy/

  Preventing Cyclospora infection primarily involves maintaining good hygiene, ensuring safe water consumption, and practicing safe food handling. […] The CDC recommends those travelling to regions with endemic Cyclospora, risk of infection can be reduced by following recommended food and water precautions. However, Cyclospora oocysts are resistant to water disinfection by using chlorine or iodine.

• #19 Cyclosporiasis – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/parasitic-infections-intestinal-protozoa-and-microsporidia/cyclosporiasis

  Avoiding food or water that may have been contaminated with feces is the best way to prevent cyclosporiasis. […] Travelers to cyclosporiasis-endemic areas (such as tropical and subtropical regions) should be aware that treatment of water or food by routine chemical disinfection or sanitizing methods is unlikely to kill Cyclospora. […] In endemic regions, drinking water should be boiled, unpeeled fruit should be avoided, and vegetables cooked thoroughly.

• #20 Cyclosporiasis: Transmission, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17957-cyclosporiasis

  Proper food handling is the best way to reduce your risk of cyclosporiasis. This helps you avoid ingesting food or water that could be contaminated. Not all disinfecting or sanitizing methods kill Cyclospora. […] Things you can do to avoid getting cyclosporiasis include: Wash your hands with soap and water before, during and after food prep. Thoroughly rinse or peel fresh fruits and vegetables before eating. Don’t leave peeled, cooked or cut fruits and vegetables out of the refrigerator for more than two hours. Store vegetables and fruit separately from raw meat, seafood and poultry. Wash all food prep surfaces, dishes and utensils with hot water and detergent after use. Don’t drink untreated water. Drink bottled water and use it for food prep if you’re not sure if the water is treated. Avoid eating produce from areas where Cyclospora is common.

• #21

  http://www.bccdc.ca/health-info/diseases-conditions/cyclospora-infection

  Cyclospora cayetanensis is a parasite that causes a diarrheal illness. Cyclosporiasis is not usually a serious illness but can persist for several weeks. […] This parasite is not usually found in BC. Most infections in BC residents occur during travel to tropical countries. However, outbreaks can occur in BC in the spring and summer from importation of contaminated produce such as fresh herbs, lettuce and berries. […] It is important to wash fruits and vegetables as thoroughly as possible before eating them, however, washing produce will not completely remove the possibility of infection. When traveling to developing countries, avoid any fruits and vegetables that cannot be peeled or cooked. Do not drink untreated surface water from a spring, stream, river, lake, pond or shallow well. When traveling to a developing country make sure that you drink bottled water from a reputable supplier, or boil untreated surface water that is used for: […] Boil for at least 1 minute at a rolling boil. At elevations above 2000 m (6562 ft), boil for at least 2 minutes. Cyclospora are resistant to chlorine, so boiling water is the best way to disinfect it. […] Wash your hands before handling food and eating.

• #22 Cyclosporiasis (Cyclospora Infection) | Disease Outbreak Control Division

  https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/disease_listing/cyclosporiasis-cyclospora-infection/

  Do not drink water or eat food that could be contaminated with human or animal waste. […] Do not drink untreated water (ponds, streams, rivers). […] Boiling water can kill the parasite. Iodine and chlorine do not kill the parasite. […] Avoid swimming while ill with diarrhea until 2 weeks after diarrhea resolves. […] When traveling to the developing world, avoid raw vegetables and salads and fruits that cannot be peeled, drinks with ice, or ice cream, food from street vendors, tap water, instead of safe bottled water, foods that are not thoroughly cooked and served hot. […] Rinse all fruits and vegetables with running water before eating, cutting, or cooking. […] Wash cutting boards thoroughly after contact with each food, so that the boards do not contaminate the next food prepared.

• #23 Cyclospora: symptoms, prevention & treatment – Genetic Signatures USA

  https://geneticsignatures.com/us/our-products/gastrointestinal-infections/cyclospora-symptoms-prevention-treatment-copy/

  Preventing Cyclospora infection primarily involves maintaining good hygiene, ensuring safe water consumption, and practicing safe food handling. […] The CDC recommends those travelling to regions with endemic Cyclospora, risk of infection can be reduced by following recommended food and water precautions. However, Cyclospora oocysts are resistant to water disinfection by using chlorine or iodine.

• #24 Prevention of cyclosporiasis (Cyclospora) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/cyclosporiasis-cyclospora/prevention-cyclosporiasis-cyclospora.html

  When travelling to a country where Cyclospora is found, you can reduce your risk by: avoiding food that has been washed in local drinking water […] drinking water from a safe source […] eating: cooked food […] fruit that you can peel yourself. It can be hard to prevent cyclosporiasis. This is because washing produce does not always get rid of the Cyclospora parasite that causes the illness. You can reduce your risk by: following safe food handling practices for produce on a daily basis […] cooking produce imported from countries where Cyclospora is found […] consuming fresh produce grown in Canada, especially during the spring and summer months when an increase in non-travel related cases of Cyclospora are reported in Canada.

• #25 Cyclosporiasis – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/parasitic-infections-intestinal-protozoa-and-microsporidia/cyclosporiasis

  Avoiding food or water that may have been contaminated with feces is the best way to prevent cyclosporiasis. […] Travelers to cyclosporiasis-endemic areas (such as tropical and subtropical regions) should be aware that treatment of water or food by routine chemical disinfection or sanitizing methods is unlikely to kill Cyclospora. […] In endemic regions, drinking water should be boiled, unpeeled fruit should be avoided, and vegetables cooked thoroughly.

• #26 Cyclospora Infection – Fit for Travel

  https://www.fitfortravel.nhs.uk/advice/disease-prevention-advice/cyclospora-infection

  Following safe food and water precautions during travel reduces your risk of infection. In particular: […] drink only boiled or bottled water […] be aware that cyclospora is not killed by most water purification tablets, portable filtration systems or disinfectants (including standard water chlorination) […] avoid eating unpeeled raw fruit and vegetables, especially berries, herbs and salad leaves […] be aware that washing food in drinking water is unlikely to remove all of the germs from fruit and vegetables […] Cyclospora Advice for Travellerspdf contains useful advice on the infection.

• #27

  https://www.gov.uk/guidance/cyclospora-clinical-and-travel-guidance

  Infection with Cyclospora occurs after ingesting fresh food or water contaminated with Cyclospora oocysts. Travellers should follow good food and water hygiene advice at all times on holiday, particularly in tropical and subtropical areas, even if staying in high-end, all-inclusive resorts. Travellers should avoid food that cannot be washed in treated water or cooked. Foods often involved in Cyclospora outbreaks include soft fruits like raspberries and salad or herb products such as coriander, basil and lettuce. […] Travellers should only use bottled or treated water for drinking and cleaning teeth. Ice in drinks should be avoided unless from a treated water source. Remember that drinks may also contain uncooked herbs, vegetables or fruit.

• #28 FSHN22-6/FS440: Prevention of Cyclospora Contamination and Transmission on the Farm

  https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/FS440

  This EDIS fact sheet is intended for fresh produce growers to provide education on preventing transmission and contamination of Cyclospora on the farm. […] At this time, we do not have specific control strategies for Cyclospora except strict adherence to good agricultural practices along with the emphases outlined here. […] Because humans are the only source of contamination, prevention efforts should focus on health, hygiene, and sanitation on the farm. The following preventive measures can help reduce the risk of contamination of fresh produce on the farm: […] Train workers on health and hygiene principles, including proper handwashing, identification of foodborne illness symptoms, and the importance of not working when sick. […] Ensure there is supervisor monitoring of health/hygiene/sanitation practices. […] Provide sufficient, accessible and properly functioning toilets for workers. […] Develop a plan to prevent contamination after significant weather events or natural disasters, including flooding or wind damage caused by hurricanes.

• #29 What is Cyclospora?

  https://www.eurofinsus.com/food-testing/resources/cyclospora-outbreaks-and-how-to-mitigate-risk/

  Simple washing and rinsing of the food aren’t likely to remove the parasites. As such, the brunt of work falls mainly on the producers, farmers, and suppliers. Detecting and identifying Cyclospora can minimize microbial hazards in food, but other technologies are also available to prevent the contamination of the produce in the first place. […] As a supplier, you also have a responsibility to control the sources of contamination in the field and packinghouses to reduce Cyclospora risk and minimize microbial contamination in your produce. If you control the growing and harvesting of fresh fruits and vegetables, train your farm workers on how to properly use the toilet facilities, including the sanitary disposal of toilet paper, and provide regular training about food safety. You can also hire a contractor to clean and sanitize the portable toilets, and make sure that they dispose of human waste into an appropriate sewage system. Further, you can employ a municipal wastewater treatment that will kill C. cayetanensis. […] Lastly, partner with a trusted laboratory with specialized food testing and food safety services. Eurofins Scientific, Inc. ensures the quality, safety, and integrity of food products with recognized analytical and microbiological testing services focused on food safety management.

• #30 FSHN22-6/FS440: Prevention of Cyclospora Contamination and Transmission on the Farm

  https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/FS440

  This EDIS fact sheet is intended for fresh produce growers to provide education on preventing transmission and contamination of Cyclospora on the farm. […] At this time, we do not have specific control strategies for Cyclospora except strict adherence to good agricultural practices along with the emphases outlined here. […] Because humans are the only source of contamination, prevention efforts should focus on health, hygiene, and sanitation on the farm. The following preventive measures can help reduce the risk of contamination of fresh produce on the farm: […] Train workers on health and hygiene principles, including proper handwashing, identification of foodborne illness symptoms, and the importance of not working when sick. […] Ensure there is supervisor monitoring of health/hygiene/sanitation practices. […] Provide sufficient, accessible and properly functioning toilets for workers. […] Develop a plan to prevent contamination after significant weather events or natural disasters, including flooding or wind damage caused by hurricanes.

• #31

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6780905/

  Controlling sources of contamination in the field, in packing houses, and from farm workers is the key to preventing C. cayetanensis infection, particularly in endemic areas. Access to toilet facilities, thorough hand washing, and the proper disposal and treatment of human sewage are essential. Workers having any symptoms of gastro-enteritis should not be allowed contact with vegetables or food. Other aspects of control and prevention used for other coccidian infections may also be applicable to C. cayetanensis. There is no vaccine to protect humans against this coccidian infection.

• #32 FSHN22-6/FS440: Prevention of Cyclospora Contamination and Transmission on the Farm

  https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/FS440

  This EDIS fact sheet is intended for fresh produce growers to provide education on preventing transmission and contamination of Cyclospora on the farm. […] At this time, we do not have specific control strategies for Cyclospora except strict adherence to good agricultural practices along with the emphases outlined here. […] Because humans are the only source of contamination, prevention efforts should focus on health, hygiene, and sanitation on the farm. The following preventive measures can help reduce the risk of contamination of fresh produce on the farm: […] Train workers on health and hygiene principles, including proper handwashing, identification of foodborne illness symptoms, and the importance of not working when sick. […] Ensure there is supervisor monitoring of health/hygiene/sanitation practices. […] Provide sufficient, accessible and properly functioning toilets for workers. […] Develop a plan to prevent contamination after significant weather events or natural disasters, including flooding or wind damage caused by hurricanes.

• #33 Cyclospora Prevention, Response and Research Action Plan | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/food/foodborne-pathogens/cyclospora-prevention-response-and-research-action-plan

  Cyclosporiasis is a foodborne intestinal illness caused by the parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis (C. cayetanensis). […] Rising case numbers and the emergence of C. cayetanensis in domestically-grown produce prompted the FDA to create the Cyclospora Task Force in 2019. The Task Force comprises multidisciplinary experts across FDA and CDC with the goal of reducing the public health burden of foodborne illness caused by C. cayetanensis in produce. In 2021, the task force released the Cyclospora Prevention, Response and Research Action Plan as a multi-year strategic guide toward achieving this goal through three priority areas: improving prevention, enhancing response activities, and filling knowledge gaps. […] The FDA intends to continue to build on available educational resources and seeks additional engagement opportunities for farmers working with academia, domestic and international regulatory partners, and industry to provide additional background on C. cayetanensis including its unique characteristics, sources and routes of contamination, and misconceptions. These education and outreach opportunities are intended to help growers understand preventive measures for C. cayetanensis that can be implemented on farms to help prevent contamination of produce.

• #34 Cyclospora Prevention, Response and Research Action Plan Release | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/food/hfp-constituent-updates/cyclospora-prevention-response-and-research-action-plan-release

  Today, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration released a Cyclospora Prevention, Response and Research Action Plan that outlines FDAs strategy for reducing the public health burden of foodborne cyclosporiasis in the United States caused by Cyclospora cayetanensis (C. cayetanensis) in both domestically grown and imported produce. […] The Cyclospora Task Force developed The Cyclospora Prevention, Response and Research Action Plan. The plan is intended to serve as a strategic guide to reducing the public health burden caused by this parasite through three priority focus areas: improving prevention, enhancing response activities, and filling knowledge gaps. […] Key New Era goals will support the Cyclospora Prevention, Response and Research Action Plan, including advancing traceability and strengthening root cause analyses and predictive analytics.

• #35 Cyclospora Testing – AFL

  https://www.afltexas.com/lab-analyses/cyclospora-testing/

  The Cyclospora Prevention, Response and Research Action Plan was developed as a strategic guide to achieving this goal through three priority areas: […] improving prevention […] enhancing response activities […] filling knowledge gaps.

• #36 FDA tackles prevalence of Cyclospora infections with new action plan | Food Safety NewsLexBlog Logo

  https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2021/07/fda-tackles-prevalence-of-cyclospora-infections-with-new-action-plan/

  Under the action plan, which is modeled after our Leafy Greens Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) Action Plan, the Cyclospora plan focuses on improving prevention, enhancing response activities and filling knowledge gaps in order to help prevent Cyclospora contamination of foods and to help prepare for responding to future outbreaks, according to a statement from Susan Mayne, director of FDA’s Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. […] The plan task force comprises multidisciplinary experts across FDA and CDC with the goal of reducing the public health burden of foodborne illness caused by Cyclosporain produce. The task force developed the plan as a strategic guide through three priority areas: improving prevention, enhancing response activities, and filling knowledge gaps.

• #37 Cyclospora Prevention, Response and Research Action Plan | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/food/foodborne-pathogens/cyclospora-prevention-response-and-research-action-plan

  Cyclosporiasis is a foodborne intestinal illness caused by the parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis (C. cayetanensis). […] Rising case numbers and the emergence of C. cayetanensis in domestically-grown produce prompted the FDA to create the Cyclospora Task Force in 2019. The Task Force comprises multidisciplinary experts across FDA and CDC with the goal of reducing the public health burden of foodborne illness caused by C. cayetanensis in produce. In 2021, the task force released the Cyclospora Prevention, Response and Research Action Plan as a multi-year strategic guide toward achieving this goal through three priority areas: improving prevention, enhancing response activities, and filling knowledge gaps. […] The FDA intends to continue to build on available educational resources and seeks additional engagement opportunities for farmers working with academia, domestic and international regulatory partners, and industry to provide additional background on C. cayetanensis including its unique characteristics, sources and routes of contamination, and misconceptions. These education and outreach opportunities are intended to help growers understand preventive measures for C. cayetanensis that can be implemented on farms to help prevent contamination of produce.

• #38 Cyclospora Prevention, Response and Research Action Plan | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/food/foodborne-pathogens/cyclospora-prevention-response-and-research-action-plan

  Typical chemical treatments used on farms are not effective against C. cayetanensis, and therefore, farmers have limited options to control, reduce or eliminate Cyclospora once introduced to the environment. Certain control measures that have been shown to be effective against other parasites could be evaluated for C. cayetanensis. The FDA has been engaging with industry representatives on how best to pursue this research. […] Root cause analyses can help both FDA and industry identify and implement necessary prevention measures to mitigate or reduce future outbreaks. […] The FDA has provided technical assistance to test companies that are exploring the feasibility of development or modification of Cyclospora detection kits. […] The FDA is currently updating methods for sampling and testing for C. cayetanensis.

• #39 Cyclospora Prevention, Response and Research Action Plan | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/food/foodborne-pathogens/cyclospora-prevention-response-and-research-action-plan

  Typical chemical treatments used on farms are not effective against C. cayetanensis, and therefore, farmers have limited options to control, reduce or eliminate Cyclospora once introduced to the environment. Certain control measures that have been shown to be effective against other parasites could be evaluated for C. cayetanensis. The FDA has been engaging with industry representatives on how best to pursue this research. […] Root cause analyses can help both FDA and industry identify and implement necessary prevention measures to mitigate or reduce future outbreaks. […] The FDA has provided technical assistance to test companies that are exploring the feasibility of development or modification of Cyclospora detection kits. […] The FDA is currently updating methods for sampling and testing for C. cayetanensis.

• #40

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6780905/

  Infections of C. cayetanensis could be prevented by improved personal hygiene and sanitary conditions to eliminate possible fecaloral transmission from contaminated food, water, and possible environmental samples in endemic areas. Infection could also be prevented by avoiding consumption of raw fresh produce, particularly in endemic areas. […] There are some exploratory methods to remove or inactivate oocysts in fresh fruits and raw vegetables. Studies conducted on other coccidia may shed light on the control and prevention of C. cayetanensis. Using the chicken coccidian, Eimeria acervulina, gamma-irradiation, at 1.0 KGy and higher, was effective in the decontamination of raspberries. Using the same surrogate, hydrostatic pressure (HPP) (550 MPa at 40 C for 2 min) in raspberries and basil appeared effective, since broiler chickens that were fed the contaminated produce with treated oocysts were asymptomatic and did not excrete oocysts. Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) has been used in disinfection studies against common intestinal protozoa, including C. cayetanensis, where raw vegetables and fruits were dipped into NaDCC solution (1g/liter) and parasite numbers were reduced. Treatment of C. cayetanensis oocysts with magnesium oxide nanoparticles showed significant reductions in sporulation rates compared to untreated oocysts and could be used safely as a preventive agent in food and water disinfectant treatments. Water used for drinking, food preparation, and washing of fresh produce to be eaten raw, should be boiled or filtered. As indicated earlier, C. cayetanensis, and coccidia in general, are highly resistant to sanitizers and disinfectants.

• #41

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6780905/

  Infections of C. cayetanensis could be prevented by improved personal hygiene and sanitary conditions to eliminate possible fecaloral transmission from contaminated food, water, and possible environmental samples in endemic areas. Infection could also be prevented by avoiding consumption of raw fresh produce, particularly in endemic areas. […] There are some exploratory methods to remove or inactivate oocysts in fresh fruits and raw vegetables. Studies conducted on other coccidia may shed light on the control and prevention of C. cayetanensis. Using the chicken coccidian, Eimeria acervulina, gamma-irradiation, at 1.0 KGy and higher, was effective in the decontamination of raspberries. Using the same surrogate, hydrostatic pressure (HPP) (550 MPa at 40 C for 2 min) in raspberries and basil appeared effective, since broiler chickens that were fed the contaminated produce with treated oocysts were asymptomatic and did not excrete oocysts. Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) has been used in disinfection studies against common intestinal protozoa, including C. cayetanensis, where raw vegetables and fruits were dipped into NaDCC solution (1g/liter) and parasite numbers were reduced. Treatment of C. cayetanensis oocysts with magnesium oxide nanoparticles showed significant reductions in sporulation rates compared to untreated oocysts and could be used safely as a preventive agent in food and water disinfectant treatments. Water used for drinking, food preparation, and washing of fresh produce to be eaten raw, should be boiled or filtered. As indicated earlier, C. cayetanensis, and coccidia in general, are highly resistant to sanitizers and disinfectants.

• #42 Cyclospora cayetanensis: A Perspective (2020–2023) with Emphasis on Epidemiology and Detection Methods

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/9/2171

  There is a relationship between cyclosporiasis with poverty that carries implications for targeted public health interventions in resource-poor countries. […] Some recent work has illustrated the potential and limits of using related organisms as surrogates to study the control of C. cayetanensis.

• #43 Cyclospora Prevention, Response and Research Action Plan | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/food/foodborne-pathogens/cyclospora-prevention-response-and-research-action-plan

  Typical chemical treatments used on farms are not effective against C. cayetanensis, and therefore, farmers have limited options to control, reduce or eliminate Cyclospora once introduced to the environment. Certain control measures that have been shown to be effective against other parasites could be evaluated for C. cayetanensis. The FDA has been engaging with industry representatives on how best to pursue this research. […] Root cause analyses can help both FDA and industry identify and implement necessary prevention measures to mitigate or reduce future outbreaks. […] The FDA has provided technical assistance to test companies that are exploring the feasibility of development or modification of Cyclospora detection kits. […] The FDA is currently updating methods for sampling and testing for C. cayetanensis.

• #44 Cyclospora Prevention, Response and Research Action Plan | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/food/foodborne-pathogens/cyclospora-prevention-response-and-research-action-plan

  The FDA developed a C. cayetanensis Farm Investigation Questionnaire (cFIQ) to be used by investigators during outbreak investigations and sampling assignments. The cFIQ (Cyclospora-specific FIQ) includes unique questions specific to Cyclospora and Cyclospora-related conditions. The cFIQ guides the investigator through an environmental assessment to determine potential sources and routes of Cyclospora contamination and supports consistency of Cyclospora-related investigations. […] Continued surveillance of domestic and imported produce, as well as, environmental factors is important to understand trends related to C. cayetanensis contamination, such as seasonality or geography. […] The FDA is working with CDC to advance genotyping methods (developed by CDC); the MLST/TADS approach will allow us to genetically link cases of illness as one cluster, genetically link cases to product and/or environmental samples, and genetically link product samples to environmental samples.

• #45 Cyclospora Prevention, Response and Research Action Plan | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/food/foodborne-pathogens/cyclospora-prevention-response-and-research-action-plan

  Typical chemical treatments used on farms are not effective against C. cayetanensis, and therefore, farmers have limited options to control, reduce or eliminate Cyclospora once introduced to the environment. Certain control measures that have been shown to be effective against other parasites could be evaluated for C. cayetanensis. The FDA has been engaging with industry representatives on how best to pursue this research. […] Root cause analyses can help both FDA and industry identify and implement necessary prevention measures to mitigate or reduce future outbreaks. […] The FDA has provided technical assistance to test companies that are exploring the feasibility of development or modification of Cyclospora detection kits. […] The FDA is currently updating methods for sampling and testing for C. cayetanensis.

• #46 Cyclospora Prevention, Response and Research Action Plan | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/food/foodborne-pathogens/cyclospora-prevention-response-and-research-action-plan

  The FDA developed a C. cayetanensis Farm Investigation Questionnaire (cFIQ) to be used by investigators during outbreak investigations and sampling assignments. The cFIQ (Cyclospora-specific FIQ) includes unique questions specific to Cyclospora and Cyclospora-related conditions. The cFIQ guides the investigator through an environmental assessment to determine potential sources and routes of Cyclospora contamination and supports consistency of Cyclospora-related investigations. […] Continued surveillance of domestic and imported produce, as well as, environmental factors is important to understand trends related to C. cayetanensis contamination, such as seasonality or geography. […] The FDA is working with CDC to advance genotyping methods (developed by CDC); the MLST/TADS approach will allow us to genetically link cases of illness as one cluster, genetically link cases to product and/or environmental samples, and genetically link product samples to environmental samples.

• #47 FDA Update on Cyclospora Research, Prevention and Response – FoodSafetyTech

  https://foodsafetytech.com/news_article/fda-update-on-cyclospora-research-prevention-and-response/

  The FDA has updated its Cyclospora Prevention, Response and Research Action Plan. The action plan, which was developed in 2021 by the agencys Cyclospora Task Force, details the FDAs strategy for reducing the public health burden of foodborne cyclosporiasis in the U.S. and defines the agencys priorities for Cyclospora food safety research. […] The updated action plan includes refined strategies, a report on accomplishments and three new actions that have been identified by the task force: advancing root cause analyses procedures, building a repository of Cyclospora oocysts that can be used for research and advancing the methods to conduct such research. […] Technical assistance on research regarding the control of C. cayetanensis on produce and in the environment. […] Expanded laboratory capacity to test for C. cayetanensis through the Food Safety Partnership with Mexico.

• #48 Cyclosporiasis—Updates on Clinical Presentation, Pathology, Clinical Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8471761/

  Cyclospora cayetanensis is an intestinal coccidian parasite transmitted to humans through the consumption of oocysts in fecally contaminated food and water. […] Given the ongoing annual outbreaks of cyclosporiasis in the United States, the FDA formed the Cyclospora Task Force in 2019, and this group produced the Cyclospora Prevention, Response and Research Action Plan to combat foodborne illness associated with imported and domestically grown produce. […] There is currently no vaccine for cyclosporiasis. Instead, preventative measures focus on improving sanitation (e.g., measures to prevent human feces from entering the environment and contaminating the food and water supply) and treating food to inactivate contaminating oocysts. The oocysts are highly resistant to commonly used disinfectants but are inactivated by cooking. Travelers to highly endemic areas are advised to avoid eating uncooked raw vegetables and unpeeled fruits and preferentially to choose foods that are fully cooked and served hot. […] Ongoing prophylaxis is also recommended to prevent relapse.

• #49 Cyclospora | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617123/6/Cyclospora

  Fresh produce, especially raspberries, cilantro, and salad mixes, should be washed thoroughly before being eaten, although this still may not entirely eliminate the risk of transmission. […] Avoid consumption of waste water and, in endemic areas, avoid consumption of tap water. […] HIV patient: trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 3 times a day for 10 days and then prophylactic dosing 3 times per week to prevent relapse.

• #50 Cyclospora | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617123/6/Cyclospora

  Fresh produce, especially raspberries, cilantro, and salad mixes, should be washed thoroughly before being eaten, although this still may not entirely eliminate the risk of transmission. […] Avoid consumption of waste water and, in endemic areas, avoid consumption of tap water. […] HIV patient: trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 3 times a day for 10 days and then prophylactic dosing 3 times per week to prevent relapse.

• #51 Cyclospora | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-59745-501-5_10

  Cyclospora cayetanensis is a diarrhea-causing, intracellular, intestinal parasite of humans. The drug of choice is trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and immune reconstitution using HAART and secondary trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis should be considered in HIV-infected individuals. […] Temperature elevation kills oocysts and disinfectants and other treatment processes used in the food industry may be detrimental to oocyst survival or lethal, but further research in this important area is required. […] Both foodborne and waterborne outbreaks have been documented. Foodborne clusters have affected large numbers of individuals in north America, with cases occurring most commonly in springtime and early summer. Increased global sourcing and rapid transport of soft fruit, salad vegetables, and seafood can enhance both the likelihood of oocyst contamination and the oocyst survival. Standardized methods for detecting oocysts on foods must be maximized as, unlike pre-enrichment methods that increase organism numbers for prokaryotic pathogens and indicators, there is no method to augment parasite numbers prior to detection. Oocyst contamination of food can be on the surface of, or in, the food matrix and products at greatest risk of transmitting infection to man include those that receive no, or minimal, heat treatment after they become contaminated.

• #52 Cyclospora Overview and Prevention

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/diseases/cyclospora/overview-prevention.html

  Avoiding food or water that may have been contaminated with stool is the best way to prevent infection. […] However, following proper hand hygiene and food safety measures can help reduce risk. […] Wash your hands with soap and water before and after handling, preparing, or eating fresh produce, and after using the bathroom or changing a diaper. […] Wash produce items thoroughly under clean running water and scrub firm produce (like melons) with a produce brush before eating, cutting, or cooking. […] Remove damaged or bruised areas on fresh produce and peel fruits and vegetables (if possible) before preparing, cooking, or eating them. […] Refrigerate cut, peeled, or cooked fruits and vegetables as soon as possible or within two hours, and store produce items away from raw meats or seafood.

• #53 Cyclosporiasis – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/parasitic-infections-intestinal-protozoa-and-microsporidia/cyclosporiasis

  Avoiding food or water that may have been contaminated with feces is the best way to prevent cyclosporiasis. […] Travelers to cyclosporiasis-endemic areas (such as tropical and subtropical regions) should be aware that treatment of water or food by routine chemical disinfection or sanitizing methods is unlikely to kill Cyclospora. […] In endemic regions, drinking water should be boiled, unpeeled fruit should be avoided, and vegetables cooked thoroughly.

• #54 Cyclosporiasis – Disease Surveillance Epidemiology Program – MeCDC; DHHS Maine

  https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/infectious-disease/epi/disease/cyclosporiasis.shtml

  Avoiding food or water that may have been contaminated with feces is the best way to prevent cyclosporiasis. […] Travelers to cyclosporiasis-endemic areas should be aware that treatment of water or food by routine chemical disinfection is unlikely to kill the parasite. […] Follow safe fruit and vegetable handling recommendations: Wash hands with soap and warm water before and after handling fruits and vegetables. Wash cutting boards, dishes, utensils, and counter tops with soap and hot water. […] Wash all fruits and vegetables under running water before eating, cutting, or cooking. Scrub firm fruits and vegetables, such as melons and cucumbers, with a clean produce brush. […] Refrigerate cut, peeled, or cooked fruits and vegetables as soon as possible, or within 2 hours. Store fruits and vegetables away from raw meat, poultry, and seafood.

• #55 Everything You Need to Know About Cyclospora | South Shore Health

  https://www.southshorehealth.org/wellness/blog/what-is-cyclospora-massachusetts-cyclospora-warning

  While the increase in reports of cyclosporiasis may be alarming, you dont need to take drastic steps to prevent yourself from encountering Cyclospora. Instead, basic food safety rules should be enough to avoid encountering this parasite. […] Instead, its important to wash, wash, wash. […] Wash your hands with soap and water before and after handling any fresh food. […] When preparing produce, wash the fruits and vegetables thoroughly before cutting or peeling. […] Wash your hands in between handling different kinds of foods, like produce and raw meat. […] The CDC recommends scrubbing the surface of firm fruits and vegetables with a brush, and also recommends removing and discarding any parts of the produce that look bruised or damaged.

• #56 FSHN0519/FS130: Preventing Foodborne Illness: Cyclosporiasis

  https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/FS130

  Wash hands with warm water and soap for at least 20 seconds before and after handling food. […] Practicing all these will decrease but will not eliminate the risk of Cyclospora transmission. […] Individuals should be aware that the only way to prevent cyclosporiasis is to avoid ingesting contaminated products, as there is no vaccination for this disease.

• #57 About Cyclosporiasis – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/cyclosporasis/basics.html

  You can reduce your risk of getting cyclosporiasis by following these recommendations: […] Avoid food or water that may have been contaminated with feces. […] Washing of produce, or routine chemical disinfection or sanitizing methods, are unlikely to kill Cyclospora. […] Use caution when traveling in countries, especially those in tropical and subtropical regions, with minimal water treatment and sanitation systems by avoiding tap water, fountain drinks, ice, and raw foods like fresh produce.

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