Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Surveillance of Cyclosporiasis | Cyclosporiasis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cyclosporiasis/php/surveillance/index.html

  Cyclosporiasis is a nationally notifiable disease. […] Throughout 2023, CDC identified 2,272 cases of cyclosporiasis in the United States. […] CDC, along with state and federal health and regulatory officials, monitor cases of cyclosporiasis in the United States year-round to detect outbreaks linked to a common food source. […] Local, state, and federal (CDC, FDA) public health authorities investigated multiple potential clusters of cases during 2023. […] The true number of people sick with cyclosporiasis was likely higher than the number reported.

• #2 Cyclosporiasis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cyclosporiasis/index.html

  Cyclosporiasis is a nationally notifiable disease and is reportable in 43 states, the District of Columbia, and New York City. […] CDC regularly documents all publications regarding outbreaks, surveillance, and the epidemiology of cyclosporiasis.

• #3

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10536660/

  Cyclospora cayetanensis infection has been reported worldwide, in both developed and developing countries, with previous estimates of a global average prevalence of 3.5%. Cyclosporiasis is endemic in most tropical countries, with large-scale epidemiological community-based studies reporting infection rates ranging from 0% to 41.6%. […] Recent studies have shown high prevalence in poor rural communities in Venezuela (9.9%; 73/732) by microscopy, in indigenous people living in a remote region of tropical Colombia (11.8%; 16/136) by real-time PCR, and in HIV-positive individuals in Ghana (8.7%; 56/640) by real-time PCR. […] Since the mid-1990s, C. cayetanensis has been recognized as the causative agent of multistate outbreaks of diarrheal illness in the US and Canada, with most outbreaks related to fresh produce consumption.

• #4 Cyclospora cayetanensis and Cyclosporiasis: An Update

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/7/9/317

  Cyclospora cayetanensis infection has been reported worldwide, in both developed and developing countries, but it is most common in tropical and subtropical areas. Initially identified endemic areas were Haiti, Guatemala, Peru and Nepal, where the first outbreaks were reported. Currently, endemic areas are considered to be Central and South America, several countries in the Middle East (Egypt, Turkey), the Indian subcontinent with Nepal, and South East Asia, including Indonesia. […] In studies published after 2010, the prevalence levels in endemic areas varied, ranging from 0.6% in Mexico to 24.2% in Venezuela, with highly variable levels also in immunocompetent persons. […] Cyclospora cayetanensis infection is remarkably seasonal worldwide. This seasonality varies by regions, most likely due to human activities, environmental contamination, and the optimal sporulation conditions in each area.

• #5

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10536660/

  Cyclospora cayetanensis infection has been reported worldwide, in both developed and developing countries, with previous estimates of a global average prevalence of 3.5%. Cyclosporiasis is endemic in most tropical countries, with large-scale epidemiological community-based studies reporting infection rates ranging from 0% to 41.6%. […] Recent studies have shown high prevalence in poor rural communities in Venezuela (9.9%; 73/732) by microscopy, in indigenous people living in a remote region of tropical Colombia (11.8%; 16/136) by real-time PCR, and in HIV-positive individuals in Ghana (8.7%; 56/640) by real-time PCR. […] Since the mid-1990s, C. cayetanensis has been recognized as the causative agent of multistate outbreaks of diarrheal illness in the US and Canada, with most outbreaks related to fresh produce consumption.

• #6 Cyclospora cayetanensis: A Perspective (2020–2023) with Emphasis on Epidemiology and Detection Methods

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/9/2171

  The biology, epidemiology, outbreaks, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control of C. cayetanensis have been summarized in previous reviews. […] The attempts to characterize prevalence (in soils, water, foods, people) have generally been restricted to local/regional examination using a variety of diagnostic tools. Such methodological variation impairs attempts to compare studies as well as to discern more general patterns. […] Cyclospora cayetanensis infection has been reported worldwide, in both developed and developing countries, with previous estimates of a global average prevalence of 3.5%. […] Recent studies have shown high prevalence in poor rural communities in Venezuela (9.9%; 73/732) by microscopy, in indigenous people living in a remote region of tropical Colombia (11.8%; 16/136) by real-time PCR, and in HIV-positive individuals in Ghana (8.7%; 56/640) by real-time PCR.

• #7 Epidemiology of Cyclospora | Marler Clark

  https://marlerclark.com/foodborne-illnesses/cyclospora/epidemiology-of-cyclospora

  Cyclosporiasis is an intestinal illness caused by the protozoan parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis, which is transmissible by ingestion of food or water contaminated with sporulated oocysts. Most cases of cyclosporiasis occur in underdeveloped tropical and subtropical regions of the world where the parasite is endemic. […] Cyclosporiasis acquired in the United States (as opposed to cases acquired in association with travel to a country that is endemic for Cyclospora) is reported throughout the year but tends to trend with higher counts in the spring and summer months. […] In other countries, surveillance data and studies suggest an increase in Cyclospora cases that correlate with the rainy season, such as in Nepal, Haiti, and Peru. […] In North America, outbreaks of cyclosporiasis in humans have been reported mostly from contaminated fresh food products, such as soft fruits (raspberries, blackberries, and strawberries), leafy vegetables (lettuce and mixed salad), and herbs (basil and cilantro).

• #8 About Cyclosporiasis – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/cyclosporasis/basics.html

  In the last 5 years, 1 to 156 cases of cyclosporiasis have been diagnosed in Minnesota each year. […] The increase in cases in recent years is due in large part to the increased availability of tests that can detect Cyclospora in stool. […] Cyclospora is found in many parts of the world but is most common in tropical and subtropical regions. […] In the US, most cases of cyclosporiasis typically occur during May through August.

• #9 Epidemiology of Cyclospora | Marler Clark

  https://marlerclark.com/foodborne-illnesses/cyclospora/epidemiology-of-cyclospora

  Cyclosporiasis is an intestinal illness caused by the protozoan parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis, which is transmissible by ingestion of food or water contaminated with sporulated oocysts. Most cases of cyclosporiasis occur in underdeveloped tropical and subtropical regions of the world where the parasite is endemic. […] Cyclosporiasis acquired in the United States (as opposed to cases acquired in association with travel to a country that is endemic for Cyclospora) is reported throughout the year but tends to trend with higher counts in the spring and summer months. […] In other countries, surveillance data and studies suggest an increase in Cyclospora cases that correlate with the rainy season, such as in Nepal, Haiti, and Peru. […] In North America, outbreaks of cyclosporiasis in humans have been reported mostly from contaminated fresh food products, such as soft fruits (raspberries, blackberries, and strawberries), leafy vegetables (lettuce and mixed salad), and herbs (basil and cilantro).

• #10 Cyclospora cayetanensis: A Perspective (2020–2023) with Emphasis on Epidemiology and Detection Methods

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/9/2171

  Since the mid-1990s, C. cayetanensis has been recognized as the causative agent of multistate outbreaks of diarrheal illness in the US and Canada, with most outbreaks related to fresh produce consumption. […] In the USA, herbs and particularly leafy greens have been the most frequent produce linked to recent outbreaks. Of interest is the fact that C. cayetanensis contamination has been reported in domestically grown produce (cilantro and romaine lettuce) in recent years. […] Cyclospora cayetanensis infection is remarkably seasonal worldwide. Seasonality varies by region, most likely due to human activities, environmental contamination, and the optimal sporulation conditions in each area. […] The seasonal trends in the epidemiology of cyclosporiasis are inconsistently reported over different geographic regions.

• #11 Cyclosporiasis Surveillance – United States, 2011-2015 – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31002104/

  Cyclosporiasis is an intestinal illness caused by the parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis, which is transmissible by ingestion of fecally contaminated food or water. Cyclosporiasis is most common in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In the United States, foodborne outbreaks of cyclosporiasis have been linked to various types of imported fresh produce (e.g., basil, raspberries, and snow peas). […] CDC has been conducting national surveillance for cyclosporiasis since it became a nationally notifiable disease in January 1999. As of 2015, cyclosporiasis was a reportable condition in 42 states, the District of Columbia, and New York City (NYC). Health departments voluntarily notify CDC of cases of cyclosporiasis through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System and submit additional case information using the CDC cyclosporiasis case report form or the Cyclosporiasis National Hypothesis Generating Questionnaire (CNHGQ).

• #12 What is Cyclospora cayetanensis? | Marler Clark

  https://marlerclark.com/news_events/what-is-cyclospora-cayetanensis

  Cyclosporiasis is most common in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In the United States, foodborne outbreaks of cyclosporiasis have been linked to various types of imported fresh produce (e.g., basil, raspberries, and snow peas). […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has been conducting national surveillance for cyclosporiasis since it became a nationally notifiable disease in January 1999. As of 2015, cyclosporiasis was a reportable condition in 42 states, the District of Columbia, and New York City (NYC). Health departments voluntarily notify CDC of cases of cyclosporiasis through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System and submit additional case information using the CDC cyclosporiasis case report form or the Cyclosporiasis National Hypothesis Generating Questionnaire (CNHGQ).

• #13 Cyclosporiasis Surveillance – United States, 2011-2015 – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31002104/

  Cyclosporiasis is an intestinal illness caused by the parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis, which is transmissible by ingestion of fecally contaminated food or water. Cyclosporiasis is most common in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In the United States, foodborne outbreaks of cyclosporiasis have been linked to various types of imported fresh produce (e.g., basil, raspberries, and snow peas). […] CDC has been conducting national surveillance for cyclosporiasis since it became a nationally notifiable disease in January 1999. As of 2015, cyclosporiasis was a reportable condition in 42 states, the District of Columbia, and New York City (NYC). Health departments voluntarily notify CDC of cases of cyclosporiasis through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System and submit additional case information using the CDC cyclosporiasis case report form or the Cyclosporiasis National Hypothesis Generating Questionnaire (CNHGQ).

• #14 Evaluating Foodborne Cyclosporiasis Using Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network and Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System Data, 2015–2019 in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 112 Issue 2 (2025)

  https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/112/2/article-p319.xml

  Cyclosporiasis has been a nationally notifiable disease in the United States since 1999, and cases have increased in recent years. […] We assessed Cyclospora data from the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) and from the Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System (FDOSS) collected between 2015 and 2019. […] Approximately two-thirds of FoodNet cases were outbreak associated (n = 987, 71.7%). […] Although direct comparisons between FoodNet and FDOSS are not possible, both datasets indicate that the majority of Cyclospora transmission is domestic and not travel associated, as previously thought. […] These findings show the need for continued investment in Cyclospora research, including identifying populations that are underrepresented, or at higher risk for cyclosporiasis, and improved understanding of national sources and pathways of infection.

• #15

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10536660/

  Cyclospora cayetanensis infection has been reported worldwide, in both developed and developing countries, with previous estimates of a global average prevalence of 3.5%. Cyclosporiasis is endemic in most tropical countries, with large-scale epidemiological community-based studies reporting infection rates ranging from 0% to 41.6%. […] Recent studies have shown high prevalence in poor rural communities in Venezuela (9.9%; 73/732) by microscopy, in indigenous people living in a remote region of tropical Colombia (11.8%; 16/136) by real-time PCR, and in HIV-positive individuals in Ghana (8.7%; 56/640) by real-time PCR. […] Since the mid-1990s, C. cayetanensis has been recognized as the causative agent of multistate outbreaks of diarrheal illness in the US and Canada, with most outbreaks related to fresh produce consumption.

• #16

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10536660/

  In the USA, herbs and particularly leafy greens have been the most frequent produce linked to recent outbreaks. Of interest is the fact that C. cayetanensis contamination has been reported in domestically grown produce (cilantro and romaine lettuce) in recent years. […] Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts have been detected in several types of water, including chlorinated water and wastewater in endemic and non-endemic areas, suggesting water as a vehicle of transmission. […] Soil is a potential and possibly important mode of transmission and source of infection for C. cayetanensis. The contamination of soils by inadequate defecation disposal might be a significant determinant for infection.

• #17 Outbreak Investigations of Cyclospora cayetanensis Infections 2013–2020: Progress Made and Challenges Remaining | Food Safety

  https://www.food-safety.com/articles/7675-outbreak-investigations-of-cyclospora-cayetanensis-infections-20132020-progress-made-and-challenges-remaining

  Cyclospora cayetanensis is a parasitic human pathogen that, when ingested, can cause an intestinal illness called cyclosporiasis, which has been increasing in incidence in the U.S. over the past decade. […] Outbreaks of C. cayetanensis infections have been documented since the mid-1990s in the U.S., Canada, Europe, and Australia, and have been associated with the consumption of fresh produce, including raspberries, basil, mesclun, lettuce, snow peas, cilantro, and green onions. […] FDA, in collaboration with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), as well as state and local public health and regulatory partners, conduct foodborne illness outbreak investigations, including those related to C. cayetanensis infections. […] In 2013, epidemiologic and traceback investigations by CDC, FDA, and Iowa and Nebraska state health and agricultural departments identified and linked several illness clusters in those states to a salad mix produced in Mexico, comprising iceberg and romaine lettuce, red cabbage, and carrots.

• #18 Outbreak Investigations of Cyclospora cayetanensis Infections 2013–2020: Progress Made and Challenges Remaining | Food Safety

  https://www.food-safety.com/articles/7675-outbreak-investigations-of-cyclospora-cayetanensis-infections-20132020-progress-made-and-challenges-remaining

  In 2014, epidemiologic and traceback investigations in Texas focused on four clusters of ill people. […] Of the 319 total cases reported in 2015, clusters of illnesses were identified in Texas, Wisconsin, and Georgia. […] The year 2016 was the first full season that FDA’s Import Alert for fresh cilantro from Puebla was in effect and FDA implemented a testing program for cilantro from Puebla, Mexico, as well as industry outreach in Mexico on C. cayetanensis control and prevention strategies. […] During 2017, 597 cases were reported in 36 states. […] In 2018, there were two large, multistate outbreaks of cyclosporiasis infections identified. […] In 2019, there were 241 laboratory-confirmed cases of cyclosporiasis from 11 states associated with a fresh basil outbreak, accounting for an estimated 10% of the total cases reported during 2019.

• #19 Outbreak Investigations of Cyclospora cayetanensis Infections 2013–2020: Progress Made and Challenges Remaining | Food Safety

  https://www.food-safety.com/articles/7675-outbreak-investigations-of-cyclospora-cayetanensis-infections-20132020-progress-made-and-challenges-remaining

  In 2014, epidemiologic and traceback investigations in Texas focused on four clusters of ill people. […] Of the 319 total cases reported in 2015, clusters of illnesses were identified in Texas, Wisconsin, and Georgia. […] The year 2016 was the first full season that FDA’s Import Alert for fresh cilantro from Puebla was in effect and FDA implemented a testing program for cilantro from Puebla, Mexico, as well as industry outreach in Mexico on C. cayetanensis control and prevention strategies. […] During 2017, 597 cases were reported in 36 states. […] In 2018, there were two large, multistate outbreaks of cyclosporiasis infections identified. […] In 2019, there were 241 laboratory-confirmed cases of cyclosporiasis from 11 states associated with a fresh basil outbreak, accounting for an estimated 10% of the total cases reported during 2019.

• #20 Outbreak Investigations of Cyclospora cayetanensis Infections 2013–2020: Progress Made and Challenges Remaining | Food Safety

  https://www.food-safety.com/articles/7675-outbreak-investigations-of-cyclospora-cayetanensis-infections-20132020-progress-made-and-challenges-remaining

  In 2014, epidemiologic and traceback investigations in Texas focused on four clusters of ill people. […] Of the 319 total cases reported in 2015, clusters of illnesses were identified in Texas, Wisconsin, and Georgia. […] The year 2016 was the first full season that FDA’s Import Alert for fresh cilantro from Puebla was in effect and FDA implemented a testing program for cilantro from Puebla, Mexico, as well as industry outreach in Mexico on C. cayetanensis control and prevention strategies. […] During 2017, 597 cases were reported in 36 states. […] In 2018, there were two large, multistate outbreaks of cyclosporiasis infections identified. […] In 2019, there were 241 laboratory-confirmed cases of cyclosporiasis from 11 states associated with a fresh basil outbreak, accounting for an estimated 10% of the total cases reported during 2019.

• #21 Outbreak Investigations of Cyclospora cayetanensis Infections 2013–2020: Progress Made and Challenges Remaining | Food Safety

  https://www.food-safety.com/articles/7675-outbreak-investigations-of-cyclospora-cayetanensis-infections-20132020-progress-made-and-challenges-remaining

  In 2014, epidemiologic and traceback investigations in Texas focused on four clusters of ill people. […] Of the 319 total cases reported in 2015, clusters of illnesses were identified in Texas, Wisconsin, and Georgia. […] The year 2016 was the first full season that FDA’s Import Alert for fresh cilantro from Puebla was in effect and FDA implemented a testing program for cilantro from Puebla, Mexico, as well as industry outreach in Mexico on C. cayetanensis control and prevention strategies. […] During 2017, 597 cases were reported in 36 states. […] In 2018, there were two large, multistate outbreaks of cyclosporiasis infections identified. […] In 2019, there were 241 laboratory-confirmed cases of cyclosporiasis from 11 states associated with a fresh basil outbreak, accounting for an estimated 10% of the total cases reported during 2019.

• #22 Outbreak Investigations of Cyclospora cayetanensis Infections 2013–2020: Progress Made and Challenges Remaining | Food Safety

  https://www.food-safety.com/articles/7675-outbreak-investigations-of-cyclospora-cayetanensis-infections-20132020-progress-made-and-challenges-remaining

  In 2014, epidemiologic and traceback investigations in Texas focused on four clusters of ill people. […] Of the 319 total cases reported in 2015, clusters of illnesses were identified in Texas, Wisconsin, and Georgia. […] The year 2016 was the first full season that FDA’s Import Alert for fresh cilantro from Puebla was in effect and FDA implemented a testing program for cilantro from Puebla, Mexico, as well as industry outreach in Mexico on C. cayetanensis control and prevention strategies. […] During 2017, 597 cases were reported in 36 states. […] In 2018, there were two large, multistate outbreaks of cyclosporiasis infections identified. […] In 2019, there were 241 laboratory-confirmed cases of cyclosporiasis from 11 states associated with a fresh basil outbreak, accounting for an estimated 10% of the total cases reported during 2019.

• #23 Outbreak Investigations of Cyclospora cayetanensis Infections 2013–2020: Progress Made and Challenges Remaining | Food Safety

  https://www.food-safety.com/articles/7675-outbreak-investigations-of-cyclospora-cayetanensis-infections-20132020-progress-made-and-challenges-remaining

  In 2014, epidemiologic and traceback investigations in Texas focused on four clusters of ill people. […] Of the 319 total cases reported in 2015, clusters of illnesses were identified in Texas, Wisconsin, and Georgia. […] The year 2016 was the first full season that FDA’s Import Alert for fresh cilantro from Puebla was in effect and FDA implemented a testing program for cilantro from Puebla, Mexico, as well as industry outreach in Mexico on C. cayetanensis control and prevention strategies. […] During 2017, 597 cases were reported in 36 states. […] In 2018, there were two large, multistate outbreaks of cyclosporiasis infections identified. […] In 2019, there were 241 laboratory-confirmed cases of cyclosporiasis from 11 states associated with a fresh basil outbreak, accounting for an estimated 10% of the total cases reported during 2019.

• #24 Outbreak Investigations of Cyclospora cayetanensis Infections 2013–2020: Progress Made and Challenges Remaining | Food Safety

  https://www.food-safety.com/articles/7675-outbreak-investigations-of-cyclospora-cayetanensis-infections-20132020-progress-made-and-challenges-remaining

  In 2020, a large, multistate outbreak was identified and associated with consumption of a bagged salad mix produced by a large processor under its brand and private labels associated with multiple, large grocery store chains. […] Outbreak investigations of cyclosporiasis are largely based on epidemiologic data and traceback investigations. […] Identifying the food or ingredient responsible for an outbreak of cyclosporiasis can be very challenging. […] A significant number of „sporadic” cases of cyclosporiasis are reported each season that cannot be linked to an outbreak. […] The complexities that investigators face during traceback investigations stem from the laboratory and epidemiologic challenges described above, in addition to the typical challenges encountered during outbreaks linked to produce.

• #25 Surveillance of Cyclosporiasis | Cyclosporiasis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cyclosporiasis/php/surveillance/index.html

  Cyclosporiasis is a nationally notifiable disease. […] Throughout 2023, CDC identified 2,272 cases of cyclosporiasis in the United States. […] CDC, along with state and federal health and regulatory officials, monitor cases of cyclosporiasis in the United States year-round to detect outbreaks linked to a common food source. […] Local, state, and federal (CDC, FDA) public health authorities investigated multiple potential clusters of cases during 2023. […] The true number of people sick with cyclosporiasis was likely higher than the number reported.

• #26 What is Cyclospora cayetanensis? | Marler Clark

  https://marlerclark.com/news_events/what-is-cyclospora-cayetanensis

  The modes of transmission of C. cayetanensis are still not completely documented, although fecal-oral transmission is the major route. Direct person-to-person transmission is unlikely. Indirect transmission can occur if an infected person contaminates the environment, the oocysts sporulate under the right conditions, and then contaminated food and water are ingested. The role of soil in transmission has also been proposed. The relative importance of these various modes of transmission and sources of infection is not known.

• #27 Epidemiology of Cyclospora | Marler Clark

  https://marlerclark.com/foodborne-illnesses/cyclospora/epidemiology-of-cyclospora

  Cyclosporiasis is an intestinal illness caused by the protozoan parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis, which is transmissible by ingestion of food or water contaminated with sporulated oocysts. Most cases of cyclosporiasis occur in underdeveloped tropical and subtropical regions of the world where the parasite is endemic. […] Cyclosporiasis acquired in the United States (as opposed to cases acquired in association with travel to a country that is endemic for Cyclospora) is reported throughout the year but tends to trend with higher counts in the spring and summer months. […] In other countries, surveillance data and studies suggest an increase in Cyclospora cases that correlate with the rainy season, such as in Nepal, Haiti, and Peru. […] In North America, outbreaks of cyclosporiasis in humans have been reported mostly from contaminated fresh food products, such as soft fruits (raspberries, blackberries, and strawberries), leafy vegetables (lettuce and mixed salad), and herbs (basil and cilantro).

• #28 Cyclospora cayetanensis: A Perspective (2020–2023) with Emphasis on Epidemiology and Detection Methods

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/9/2171

  Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts have been detected in several types of water, including chlorinated water and wastewater in endemic and non-endemic areas, suggesting water as a vehicle of transmission. […] Soil is a potential and possibly important mode of transmission and source of infection for C. cayetanensis. The contamination of soils by inadequate defecation disposal might be a significant determinant for infection. […] The main prevention and control measures used for C. cayetanesis were previously summarized; these included previously reported exploratory methods to remove or inactivate oocysts in fresh fruits and raw vegetables.

• #29 Cyclospora cayetanensis: A Perspective (2020–2023) with Emphasis on Epidemiology and Detection Methods

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/9/2171

  Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts have been detected in several types of water, including chlorinated water and wastewater in endemic and non-endemic areas, suggesting water as a vehicle of transmission. […] Soil is a potential and possibly important mode of transmission and source of infection for C. cayetanensis. The contamination of soils by inadequate defecation disposal might be a significant determinant for infection. […] The main prevention and control measures used for C. cayetanesis were previously summarized; these included previously reported exploratory methods to remove or inactivate oocysts in fresh fruits and raw vegetables.

• #30 Cyclospora cayetanensis Infection in the Developing World: The Venezuelan Perspective

  https://www.gavinpublishers.com/article/view/cyclospora-cayetanensis-infection-in-the–developing-world-the-venezuelan-perspective

  The most outstanding finding of our investigations was a clear association of infection with extreme poverty and soil transmission; it is the first evidence that soil contaminated with feces is an important risk factor, and poverty a predisposing condition for cyclosporiasis. […] Our data suggest that the dominant mode of spread is through this vehicle. […] The association of infection with factors associated with water and poultry and the detection of oocysts in soil, water, and produce samples in one of the settings suggest the likely transmission of the coccidium by these means. […] The relationship of Cyclospora infection with poverty and the uneven distribution of infections bear pertinent connotations for public health actions in low-income areas. […] Cyclospora infection clearly associates to poverty and soil transmission, suggesting the correlation between household socioeconomic level and cyclosporiasis; sustainable development is essential in low-resource settings to avoid such widespread of the infection.

• #31 Cyclospora cayetanensis and Cyclosporiasis: An Update

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/7/9/317

  Cyclospora cayetanensis is a coccidian parasite of humans, with a direct fecal–oral transmission cycle. It is globally distributed and an important cause of foodborne outbreaks of enteric disease in many developed countries, mostly associated with the consumption of contaminated fresh produce. […] Infection by C. cayetanensis is remarkably seasonal worldwide, although it varies by geographical regions. Most susceptible populations are children, foreigners, and immunocompromised patients in endemic countries, while in industrialized countries, C. cayetanensis affects people of any age. The risk of infection in developed countries is associated with travel to endemic areas and the domestic consumption of contaminated food, mainly fresh produce imported from endemic regions. […] There are many aspects on C. cayetanensis epidemiology, life cycle, transmission and infection. Among others, many details of the development of C. cayetanensis stages are lacking—there is not enough information on the infective dose, when sporulation takes place, persistence in the environment, the role of water and soil on transmission and/or about the existence of potential reservoirs. Further prevalence studies are needed, as well as studies on population structure, and there is an urgent need for an effective genotyping method for source tracking in outbreak investigations.

• #32 Cyclospora cayetanensis and Cyclosporiasis: An Update

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/7/9/317

  The main risk factors for cyclosporiasis in industrialized countries include international travel to cyclosporiasis-endemic areas and domestic consumption of contaminated food—mainly fresh produce imported from these regions. […] The epidemiology of C. cayetanensis infections is affected by socioeconomic status. Poverty and low socio-economic status are considered as risk factors for infection. […] Controlling sources of contamination in the field, in packing houses, and from farm workers is the key to preventing C. cayetanensis infection, particularly in endemic areas. Access to toilet facilities, thorough hand washing, and the proper disposal and treatment of human sewage are essential.

• #33 Cyclospora cayetanensis Infection in the Developing World: The Venezuelan Perspective

  https://www.gavinpublishers.com/article/view/cyclospora-cayetanensis-infection-in-the–developing-world-the-venezuelan-perspective

  The most outstanding finding of our investigations was a clear association of infection with extreme poverty and soil transmission; it is the first evidence that soil contaminated with feces is an important risk factor, and poverty a predisposing condition for cyclosporiasis. […] Our data suggest that the dominant mode of spread is through this vehicle. […] The association of infection with factors associated with water and poultry and the detection of oocysts in soil, water, and produce samples in one of the settings suggest the likely transmission of the coccidium by these means. […] The relationship of Cyclospora infection with poverty and the uneven distribution of infections bear pertinent connotations for public health actions in low-income areas. […] Cyclospora infection clearly associates to poverty and soil transmission, suggesting the correlation between household socioeconomic level and cyclosporiasis; sustainable development is essential in low-resource settings to avoid such widespread of the infection.

• #34 Cyclosporiasis Surveillance – United States, 2011-2015 – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31002104/

  Cyclosporiasis is an intestinal illness caused by the parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis, which is transmissible by ingestion of fecally contaminated food or water. Cyclosporiasis is most common in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In the United States, foodborne outbreaks of cyclosporiasis have been linked to various types of imported fresh produce (e.g., basil, raspberries, and snow peas). […] CDC has been conducting national surveillance for cyclosporiasis since it became a nationally notifiable disease in January 1999. As of 2015, cyclosporiasis was a reportable condition in 42 states, the District of Columbia, and New York City (NYC). Health departments voluntarily notify CDC of cases of cyclosporiasis through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System and submit additional case information using the CDC cyclosporiasis case report form or the Cyclosporiasis National Hypothesis Generating Questionnaire (CNHGQ).

• #35 Evaluating Foodborne Cyclosporiasis Using Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network and Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System Data, 2015–2019 in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 112 Issue 2 (2025)

  https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/112/2/article-p319.xml

  Cyclosporiasis has been a nationally notifiable disease in the United States since 1999, and cases have increased in recent years. […] We assessed Cyclospora data from the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) and from the Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System (FDOSS) collected between 2015 and 2019. […] Approximately two-thirds of FoodNet cases were outbreak associated (n = 987, 71.7%). […] Although direct comparisons between FoodNet and FDOSS are not possible, both datasets indicate that the majority of Cyclospora transmission is domestic and not travel associated, as previously thought. […] These findings show the need for continued investment in Cyclospora research, including identifying populations that are underrepresented, or at higher risk for cyclosporiasis, and improved understanding of national sources and pathways of infection.

• #36 Evaluating Foodborne Cyclosporiasis Using Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network and Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System Data, 2015–2019 in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 112 Issue 2 (2025)

  https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/112/2/article-p319.xml

  Cyclosporiasis has been a nationally notifiable disease in the United States since 1999, and cases have increased in recent years. […] We assessed Cyclospora data from the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) and from the Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System (FDOSS) collected between 2015 and 2019. […] Approximately two-thirds of FoodNet cases were outbreak associated (n = 987, 71.7%). […] Although direct comparisons between FoodNet and FDOSS are not possible, both datasets indicate that the majority of Cyclospora transmission is domestic and not travel associated, as previously thought. […] These findings show the need for continued investment in Cyclospora research, including identifying populations that are underrepresented, or at higher risk for cyclosporiasis, and improved understanding of national sources and pathways of infection.

• #37 Surveillance of Cyclospora cayetanensis Epidemics in USA from Long-Term National Outbreaks Reporting System-Based Monitoring: An Observational Study Using Statistical Process Control Methodologies

  https://www.redalyc.org/journal/6920/692072537004/html/

  Surveillance of Cyclospora cayetanensis Epidemics in USA from Long-Term National Outbreaks Reporting System-Based Monitoring: An Observational Study Using Statistical Process Control Methodologies. National Outbreaks Reporting System (NORS) provides comprehensive monitoring and records for outbreaks in the USA. Cyclosporiasis outbreak is one of the events that are monitored by the National Outbreaks Reporting System (NORS) internet platform adopted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to record outbreak incidents across the USA. Outbreaks involving Cyclospora cayetanensis -excluding multistate record- were spotted mainly in Florida (40.6 %), Pennsylvania (9.1 %), Georgia (7.4 %) and Texas (5.2 %) which amounts totally to 62.3 % from the overall states encountered in this disease. The primary mode for the transfer of this Eucoccidioridian protozoan is food sources and water to a much lower extent with herbal ingredients based on Interagency Food Safety Analytics Collaboration (IFSAC) classification affecting more than half of the recorded cases. This emerging disease problem continues to cause outbreak problems as more than 60 laboratories confirmed the presence of Cyclosporiasis in seven states in 2018 following the consumption of salads from fast food company and two patients were hospitalized. Despite several reported and documented pieces of evidence for water-borne outbreaks from Cyclospora spp., they represent a minor route of infection from the overall observations which were reported here from NORS and in agreement with that concluded from other researchers. The tracing of Cyclosporiasis outbreak in many instances tends to be very difficult because of its complicated life cycle – in contrast to the bacterial epidemiology – the onset of the disease may take several days (incubation period sometimes 10 days) and patients may not seek the appropriate authorities timely. Thus, the investigations may be significantly delayed, and the evidence and samples may be lost, spoiled or no longer available after such a long time.

• #38 Surveillance of cyclosporiasis (Cyclospora) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/cyclosporiasis-cyclospora/surveillance-cyclosporiasis-cyclospora.html

  Between 2004 and 2019, an average of 238 cases of cyclosporiasis were reported annually through the Notifiable Disease Surveillance System. […] Cyclosporiasis is a nationally notifiable disease in all provinces and territories. […] Canada uses different surveillance systems to monitor cases of food-borne illness.

• #39 Cyclospora | Georgia Department of Public Health

  https://dph.georgia.gov/epidemiology/acute-disease-epidemiology/foodborne-and-waterborne-diseases/cyclospora

  Cyclospora cayetanensis has only been detected in humans to date. […] In the United States, foodborne outbreaks of cyclosporiasis have been linked to various fresh produce items, including cilantro, basil, leafy greens, and raspberries, imported from countries where Cyclospora is endemic. […] Cyclosporiasis is a notifiable disease in Georgia, which means that every person with laboratory-diagnosed illness should be reported to the Georgia Department of Public Health. The number of cases is reported from the state to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for national disease surveillance. […] Reported cases of cyclosporiasis have been higher since 2015 when compared to the previous 10 years, however case reports have been highest in the past 3 years (2019-2021). This is likely due to a change in testing practices. The majority of cyclosporiasis cases are reported in the summer months, specifically June and July.

• #40 Cyclosporiasis – Florida Health CHARTS – Florida Department of Health

  https://www.flhealthcharts.gov/ChartsReports/rdPage.aspx?rdReport=NonVitalInd.DataViewer&cid=8611

  Cyclosporiasis is monitored to prevent and control outbreaks. […] This disease became reportable on July 21, 1996. The first full year of data collection is 1997. Cases occurring in previous years may have been retrospectively identified after becoming reportable. Counts and rates include confirmed and probable cases of Cyclosporiasis (Merlin code 00720). […] Data presented here are from Merlin, Florida’s web-based reportable disease surveillance system. Note that any data prior to 1992 are not maintained in Merlin and should be interpreted with caution. […] Reports for reportable disease data are produced weekly, monthly, and annually. To access these reports, visit Surveillance Publications. More detailed information on interpreting data can be found in the introduction section of the annual reports. For questions, please contact the Bureau of Epidemiology at (850) 245-4401.

• #41 EEIP RIDRM Cyclosporiasis

  https://portal.ct.gov/DPH/Epidemiology-and-Emerging-Infections/EEIP-RIDRM-Cyclosporiasis

  Cyclosporiosis is physician reportable by mail within 12 hours of recognition or strong suspicion to both the Connecticut Department of Public Health (DPH) and the local health department (LHD). […] The DPH, through FoodNet/FoodCORE, will interview all cases. Interviews include food and travel histories in an attempt to identify a source of infection and to identify individuals in high-risk occupations or settings (food handler, health care worker with direct patient contact, day care settings). […] DPH is available to the LHD for assistance, consultation and guidance, and to ensure that appropriate investigative and control actions are being taken.

• #42 Eurosurveillance | Cyclosporiasis in travellers returning to the United Kingdom from Mexico in summer 2017: lessons from the recent past to inform the future

  https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.32.30592

  During the summers of 2015 and 2016, the United Kingdom experienced large outbreaks of cyclosporiasis in travellers returning from Mexico. […] As the source of the outbreaks was not identified, there is the potential for a similar outbreak to occur in 2017; indeed 78 cases had already been reported as at 27 July 2017. […] Early communication and international collaboration is essential to provide a better understanding of the source and extent of this recurring situation.

• #43 Cyclospora Prevention, Response and Research Action Plan | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/food/foodborne-pathogens/cyclospora-prevention-response-and-research-action-plan

  Continued surveillance of domestic and imported produce, as well as, environmental factors is important to understand trends related to C. cayetanensis contamination, such as seasonality or geography. It can also assist FDA in identifying potential produce vehicles associated with outbreaks. […] FDA continues to collaborate with CDC to better understand cyclosporiasis prevalence (including case distribution) in the US outside of the outbreak cases. Two new Cyclospora species associated with human illness, have been described based on analysis of Cyclospora isolates from outbreak cases. The new discovery emphasizes the significant knowledge gaps, since these new species could have different epidemiological profile. […] The FDA has and will continue to collaborate with state partners to conduct follow up and provide regulatory support whenever C. cayetanensis is detected on fresh produce samples collected for surveillance purposes.

• #44 Surveillance of Cyclospora cayetanensis Epidemics in USA from Long-Term National Outbreaks Reporting System-Based Monitoring: An Observational Study Using Statistical Process Control Methodologies

  https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2695-50752020000100002&lng=es&nrm=iso

  It should be noted that there are several obstacles which challenge the methods of diagnosis of Cyclosporiasis for traceability and recording of the epidemiological data. The tracing of Cyclosporiasis outbreak in many instances tends to be very difficult because of its complicated life cycle – in contrast to the bacterial epidemiology – the onset of the disease may take several days (incubation period sometimes 10 days) and patients may not seek the appropriate authorities timely. Thus, the investigations may be significantly delayed, and the evidence and samples may be lost, spoiled or no longer available after such a long time. Nevertheless, this relatively newly emerging disease should be monitored with caution as it has worldwide impact in rich and poor nations with the world of an ever-increasing cases of health-deficient populations which might complicate their treatment and recovery, in addition, to aggravation the effect and the magnitude of Cyclosporiasis epidemiology.

• #45 Surveillance of Cyclospora cayetanensis Epidemics in USA from Long-Term National Outbreaks Reporting System-Based Monitoring: An Observational Study Using Statistical Process Control Methodologies

  https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2695-50752020000100002&lng=es&nrm=iso

  It should be noted that there are several obstacles which challenge the methods of diagnosis of Cyclosporiasis for traceability and recording of the epidemiological data. The tracing of Cyclosporiasis outbreak in many instances tends to be very difficult because of its complicated life cycle – in contrast to the bacterial epidemiology – the onset of the disease may take several days (incubation period sometimes 10 days) and patients may not seek the appropriate authorities timely. Thus, the investigations may be significantly delayed, and the evidence and samples may be lost, spoiled or no longer available after such a long time. Nevertheless, this relatively newly emerging disease should be monitored with caution as it has worldwide impact in rich and poor nations with the world of an ever-increasing cases of health-deficient populations which might complicate their treatment and recovery, in addition, to aggravation the effect and the magnitude of Cyclosporiasis epidemiology.

• #46 Surveillance of Cyclospora cayetanensis Epidemics in USA from Long-Term National Outbreaks Reporting System-Based Monitoring: An Observational Study Using Statistical Process Control Methodologies

  https://www.redalyc.org/journal/6920/692072537004/html/

  Surveillance of Cyclospora cayetanensis Epidemics in USA from Long-Term National Outbreaks Reporting System-Based Monitoring: An Observational Study Using Statistical Process Control Methodologies. National Outbreaks Reporting System (NORS) provides comprehensive monitoring and records for outbreaks in the USA. Cyclosporiasis outbreak is one of the events that are monitored by the National Outbreaks Reporting System (NORS) internet platform adopted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to record outbreak incidents across the USA. Outbreaks involving Cyclospora cayetanensis -excluding multistate record- were spotted mainly in Florida (40.6 %), Pennsylvania (9.1 %), Georgia (7.4 %) and Texas (5.2 %) which amounts totally to 62.3 % from the overall states encountered in this disease. The primary mode for the transfer of this Eucoccidioridian protozoan is food sources and water to a much lower extent with herbal ingredients based on Interagency Food Safety Analytics Collaboration (IFSAC) classification affecting more than half of the recorded cases. This emerging disease problem continues to cause outbreak problems as more than 60 laboratories confirmed the presence of Cyclosporiasis in seven states in 2018 following the consumption of salads from fast food company and two patients were hospitalized. Despite several reported and documented pieces of evidence for water-borne outbreaks from Cyclospora spp., they represent a minor route of infection from the overall observations which were reported here from NORS and in agreement with that concluded from other researchers. The tracing of Cyclosporiasis outbreak in many instances tends to be very difficult because of its complicated life cycle – in contrast to the bacterial epidemiology – the onset of the disease may take several days (incubation period sometimes 10 days) and patients may not seek the appropriate authorities timely. Thus, the investigations may be significantly delayed, and the evidence and samples may be lost, spoiled or no longer available after such a long time.

• #47 Outbreak Investigations of Cyclospora cayetanensis Infections 2013–2020: Progress Made and Challenges Remaining | Food Safety

  https://www.food-safety.com/articles/7675-outbreak-investigations-of-cyclospora-cayetanensis-infections-20132020-progress-made-and-challenges-remaining

  In 2020, a large, multistate outbreak was identified and associated with consumption of a bagged salad mix produced by a large processor under its brand and private labels associated with multiple, large grocery store chains. […] Outbreak investigations of cyclosporiasis are largely based on epidemiologic data and traceback investigations. […] Identifying the food or ingredient responsible for an outbreak of cyclosporiasis can be very challenging. […] A significant number of „sporadic” cases of cyclosporiasis are reported each season that cannot be linked to an outbreak. […] The complexities that investigators face during traceback investigations stem from the laboratory and epidemiologic challenges described above, in addition to the typical challenges encountered during outbreaks linked to produce.

• #48 Sources and prevalence of Cyclospora… | Center for Produce Safety

  https://www.centerforproducesafety.org/research-database/sources-and-prevalence-of-cyclospora-cayetanensis-in-southeastern-us-water-sources-and-growing-environments

  In 2018, a domestic-produce associated cyclosporiasis outbreak and the first Cyclospora detection on domestic produce demonstrated the need for a better understanding of Cyclospora prevalence in US produce growing environments. […] The increased frequency of produce-associated cyclosporiasis outbreaks highlights Cyclospora cayetanensis as an important emerging foodborne pathogen. […] However, the 2018 detection of C. cayetanensis on US-grown produce and a cyclosporiasis outbreak associated with US-grown produce highlights the need for a better understanding of C. cayetanensis prevalence in US agricultural environments and of the risks of oocyst contamination to domestically grown produce. […] The aims of the current study are to assess C. cayetanensis prevalence in irrigation water, harvested produce (via spent packing house water as a proxy), on-farm portable toilets, and municipal wastewater influents in the Southeastern Coastal Plain growing region in Georgia.

• #49 Sources and prevalence of Cyclospora… | Center for Produce Safety

  https://www.centerforproducesafety.org/research-database/sources-and-prevalence-of-cyclospora-cayetanensis-in-southeastern-us-water-sources-and-growing-environments

  Human sewage samples from municipal wastewater influents and on-farm portable toilets will be analyzed to assess the prevalence of C. cayetanensis shedding in the region generally and on the farm environment, respectively. […] C. cayetanensis detections will be subsequently analyzed to determine the genotype and sporulation state of detected oocysts, in order to estimate oocyst maturation level and compare the genetic relatedness of oocysts detected in various sample matrices. […] Data from this project will aid in the understanding of the domestic prevalence of C. cayetanensis in agricultural environments and provide the information needed to begin answering questions related to domestic C. cayetanensis produce contamination risks and identify best practices for risk reduction. […] Surveillance of Cyclospora cayetanensis prevalence in irrigation water ponds and on produce (via spent packinghouse water as a proxy).

• #50 Sources and prevalence of Cyclospora… | Center for Produce Safety

  https://www.centerforproducesafety.org/research-database/sources-and-prevalence-of-cyclospora-cayetanensis-in-southeastern-us-water-sources-and-growing-environments

  Surveillance of C. cayetanensis prevalence in on-farm portable toilets and municipal wastewater influents. […] There were no confirmed detections of C. cayetanensis in irrigation pond water or on produce (via spent dump tank water as a proxy). […] Human-specific fecal contamination was detected in irrigation pond water, suggesting that produce grown in Southeastern Georgia may be at risk of contamination by human fecal pathogens. […] C. cayetanensis was detected in municipal wastewater influents, demonstrating community shedding of the parasite in Southeastern Georgia. Wastewater surveillance may be useful for understanding domestic shedding of C. cayetanensis in the United States.

• #51 Cyclospora Prevention, Response and Research Action Plan | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/food/foodborne-pathogens/cyclospora-prevention-response-and-research-action-plan

  Rising case numbers and the emergence of C. cayetanensis in domestically-grown produce prompted the FDA to create the Cyclospora Task Force in 2019. The Task Force comprises multidisciplinary experts across FDA and CDC with the goal of reducing the public health burden of foodborne illness caused by C. cayetanensis in produce. […] The FDA seeks to update and deliver laboratory training to state and foreign governments on FDA C. cayetanensis BAM methods 19b and 19c and on collecting dead-end ultrafiltration (DEUF) samples of agricultural water; utilize the Laboratory Flexible Funding Model (LFFM) to include as an option testing for C. cayetanensis; expand collaboration with universities to conduct surveillance sampling and testing under the Produce Safety Research Consortium (PSRC) managed by the FDAs Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutritions Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment.

• #52 Cyclospora Prevention, Response and Research Action Plan Release | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/food/hfp-constituent-updates/cyclospora-prevention-response-and-research-action-plan-release

  Rising case numbers and the emergence of Cyclospora in domestically grown produce prompted the FDA to create the Cyclospora Task Force in 2019. […] To tackle this ongoing public health issue, the Cyclospora Task Force developed The Cyclospora Prevention, Response and Research Action Plan. The plan is intended to serve as a strategic guide to reducing the public health burden caused by this parasite through three priority focus areas: improving prevention, enhancing response activities, and filling knowledge gaps.

• #53 Cyclospora Prevention, Response and Research Action Plan | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/food/foodborne-pathogens/cyclospora-prevention-response-and-research-action-plan

  Rising case numbers and the emergence of C. cayetanensis in domestically-grown produce prompted the FDA to create the Cyclospora Task Force in 2019. The Task Force comprises multidisciplinary experts across FDA and CDC with the goal of reducing the public health burden of foodborne illness caused by C. cayetanensis in produce. […] The FDA seeks to update and deliver laboratory training to state and foreign governments on FDA C. cayetanensis BAM methods 19b and 19c and on collecting dead-end ultrafiltration (DEUF) samples of agricultural water; utilize the Laboratory Flexible Funding Model (LFFM) to include as an option testing for C. cayetanensis; expand collaboration with universities to conduct surveillance sampling and testing under the Produce Safety Research Consortium (PSRC) managed by the FDAs Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutritions Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment.

• #54 Cyclospora Prevention, Response and Research Action Plan | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/food/foodborne-pathogens/cyclospora-prevention-response-and-research-action-plan

  Continued surveillance of domestic and imported produce, as well as, environmental factors is important to understand trends related to C. cayetanensis contamination, such as seasonality or geography. It can also assist FDA in identifying potential produce vehicles associated with outbreaks. […] FDA continues to collaborate with CDC to better understand cyclosporiasis prevalence (including case distribution) in the US outside of the outbreak cases. Two new Cyclospora species associated with human illness, have been described based on analysis of Cyclospora isolates from outbreak cases. The new discovery emphasizes the significant knowledge gaps, since these new species could have different epidemiological profile. […] The FDA has and will continue to collaborate with state partners to conduct follow up and provide regulatory support whenever C. cayetanensis is detected on fresh produce samples collected for surveillance purposes.

• #55

  http://www.bccdc.ca/health-info/diseases-conditions/cyclospora-infection

  Diagnosis is made by microscopic examination of one or more stool samples. If you think you have a Cyclospora infection, see your family doctor for testing, advice and treatment. […] It is important to wash fruits and vegetables as thoroughly as possible before eating them, however, washing produce will not completely remove the possibility of infection.

• #56 Cyclosporiasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclosporiasis

  The first recorded cases of cyclosporiasis in humans were as recent as 1977, 1978, and 1979. They were reported by Ashford, a British parasitologist who discovered three cases while working in Papua New Guinea. Ashford found that the parasite had very late sporulation, from 811 days, making the illness difficult to diagnose. When examining feces, the unsporulated oocysts can easily be mistaken for fungal spores, and thus can be easily overlooked.[3] […] In 2007, Indian researchers published a case report that found an association between Cyclospora infection and Bell’s palsy. This was the first reported case of Bell’s palsy following chronic Cyclospora infection.[4] In addition to other extra-intestinal reports, cyclosporiasis might be involved in either reversible neuronal damage or other unknown mechanisms to lead to Guillain-Barr syndrome or Bell’s palsy.

• #57 Cyclospora cayetanensis: A Perspective (2020–2023) with Emphasis on Epidemiology and Detection Methods

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/9/2171

  The biology, epidemiology, outbreaks, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control of C. cayetanensis have been summarized in previous reviews. […] The attempts to characterize prevalence (in soils, water, foods, people) have generally been restricted to local/regional examination using a variety of diagnostic tools. Such methodological variation impairs attempts to compare studies as well as to discern more general patterns. […] Cyclospora cayetanensis infection has been reported worldwide, in both developed and developing countries, with previous estimates of a global average prevalence of 3.5%. […] Recent studies have shown high prevalence in poor rural communities in Venezuela (9.9%; 73/732) by microscopy, in indigenous people living in a remote region of tropical Colombia (11.8%; 16/136) by real-time PCR, and in HIV-positive individuals in Ghana (8.7%; 56/640) by real-time PCR.

• #58

  https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/P01-AI051976-01-3

  Cyclospora cayetanensis was identified as a coccidian in 1993 by Dr. Ynes Ortega, a Peruvian investigator who named the organism for Cayetano Heredia, the University in Peru where initial work was performed. In areas of endemnicity in Peru, Guatemala, and Nepal, Cyclospora has been shown to be a fairly common enteric pathogen among children living in poor communities. […] The overall aim of this study is to apply the newly developed tools of Cyclospora Immunoblot assay, PCR-based detection in stool specimens, water and sewage, and molecular genotyping to further our understanding of the epidemiology of Cyclospora cayetanensis. […] To better define the epidemiology of Cyclospora we will evaluate potential risk factors associated with Cyclospora infection over different ecologic zones, variations in socioeconomic status, and within an endemic community, and examine genotype variations in families with more than one infection, and in individuals infected more than once. […] Under this TMRC program approach, this component will primarily emphasize the use of new techniques (molecular epidemiology, immunological assays, GPS/GIS) towards the characterization of the epidemiology and transmission of Cyclospora.

• #59 About Cyclosporiasis – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/cyclosporasis/basics.html

  In the last 5 years, 1 to 156 cases of cyclosporiasis have been diagnosed in Minnesota each year. […] The increase in cases in recent years is due in large part to the increased availability of tests that can detect Cyclospora in stool. […] Cyclospora is found in many parts of the world but is most common in tropical and subtropical regions. […] In the US, most cases of cyclosporiasis typically occur during May through August.

• #60 Sources and prevalence of Cyclospora… | Center for Produce Safety

  https://www.centerforproducesafety.org/research-database/sources-and-prevalence-of-cyclospora-cayetanensis-in-southeastern-us-water-sources-and-growing-environments

  Human sewage samples from municipal wastewater influents and on-farm portable toilets will be analyzed to assess the prevalence of C. cayetanensis shedding in the region generally and on the farm environment, respectively. […] C. cayetanensis detections will be subsequently analyzed to determine the genotype and sporulation state of detected oocysts, in order to estimate oocyst maturation level and compare the genetic relatedness of oocysts detected in various sample matrices. […] Data from this project will aid in the understanding of the domestic prevalence of C. cayetanensis in agricultural environments and provide the information needed to begin answering questions related to domestic C. cayetanensis produce contamination risks and identify best practices for risk reduction. […] Surveillance of Cyclospora cayetanensis prevalence in irrigation water ponds and on produce (via spent packinghouse water as a proxy).

• #61 Outbreak Investigations of Cyclospora cayetanensis Infections 2013–2020: Progress Made and Challenges Remaining | Food Safety

  https://www.food-safety.com/articles/7675-outbreak-investigations-of-cyclospora-cayetanensis-infections-20132020-progress-made-and-challenges-remaining

  In 2014, epidemiologic and traceback investigations in Texas focused on four clusters of ill people. […] Of the 319 total cases reported in 2015, clusters of illnesses were identified in Texas, Wisconsin, and Georgia. […] The year 2016 was the first full season that FDA’s Import Alert for fresh cilantro from Puebla was in effect and FDA implemented a testing program for cilantro from Puebla, Mexico, as well as industry outreach in Mexico on C. cayetanensis control and prevention strategies. […] During 2017, 597 cases were reported in 36 states. […] In 2018, there were two large, multistate outbreaks of cyclosporiasis infections identified. […] In 2019, there were 241 laboratory-confirmed cases of cyclosporiasis from 11 states associated with a fresh basil outbreak, accounting for an estimated 10% of the total cases reported during 2019.

• #62 A scoping review of the detection, epidemiology and control of Cyclospora cayetanensis with an emphasis on produce, water and soil | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/scoping-review-of-the-detection-epidemiology-and-control-of-cyclospora-cayetanensis-with-an-emphasis-on-produce-water-and-soil/D69CCD4C96F632B9369FB364BCBA17FA

  Cyclospora cayetanensis is a parasite causing cyclosporiasis (an illness in humans). Produce (fruits, vegetables, herbs), water and soil contaminated with C. cayetanensis have been implicated in human infection. The objective was to conduct a scoping review of primary research in English on the detection, epidemiology and control of C. cayetanensis with an emphasis on produce, water and soil. […] There appears to be sufficient literature for a systematic review of prevalence and factors associated with human infection with C. cayetanensis. There is a dearth of publicly available detection-method studies in soil (n = 0) and water (n = 2), prevalence studies on soil (n = 1) and studies of the control of Cyclospora (particularly on produce prior to retail (n = 0)). […] Since the external environment is an essential component of the C. cayetanensis life cycle, an understanding of the detection, epidemiology and control of Cyclospora is best focused on the agent/environment and agent/host/environment interfaces, rather than the agent/host interface.

• #63 A scoping review of the detection, epidemiology and control of Cyclospora cayetanensis with an emphasis on produce, water and soil | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/scoping-review-of-the-detection-epidemiology-and-control-of-cyclospora-cayetanensis-with-an-emphasis-on-produce-water-and-soil/D69CCD4C96F632B9369FB364BCBA17FA

  The primary objective was to conduct a scoping review of the detection, epidemiology and control of C. cayetanensis with emphasis on the environment (produce (fruits, vegetables and herbs), water and soil), with the aim of identifying gaps in the literature, areas for future research directions and topics with sufficient evidence base for systematic reviews. […] The search results for the MEDLINE database are shown in Supplementary Table S4. […] The number of published prevalence studies of Cyclospora contamination in both produce and water has been trending upwards over time, indicating, perhaps, a growing interest in transmission pathways and maintenance of this organism in the environment. […] Our review revealed that there appears to be a sufficient number of studies to support a systematic review of prevalence/incidence and environmental factors (independent of human outbreaks) associated with Cyclospora infection in humans, although the wide geographic range of the studies and consequent heterogeneity may limit the possibility of performing a meta-analysis.

• #64

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10536660/

  The biology, epidemiology, outbreaks, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control of C. cayetanensis have been summarized in previous reviews. […] For example, until recently, details of the development of C. cayetanensis within the host were lacking, and there is still little information on the infective dose. Data demonstrating when sporulation takes place, the conditions that enable oocyst persistence in the environment, the role of water and soil in transmission, and the existence of potential reservoirs are all needed to implement control measures and limit spread. […] The attempts to characterize prevalence (in soils, water, foods, people) have generally been restricted to local/regional examination using a variety of diagnostic tools. Such methodological variation impairs attempts to compare studies as well as to discern more general patterns.

• #65 A scoping review of the detection, epidemiology and control of Cyclospora cayetanensis with an emphasis on produce, water and soil | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/scoping-review-of-the-detection-epidemiology-and-control-of-cyclospora-cayetanensis-with-an-emphasis-on-produce-water-and-soil/D69CCD4C96F632B9369FB364BCBA17FA

  Cyclospora cayetanensis is a parasite causing cyclosporiasis (an illness in humans). Produce (fruits, vegetables, herbs), water and soil contaminated with C. cayetanensis have been implicated in human infection. The objective was to conduct a scoping review of primary research in English on the detection, epidemiology and control of C. cayetanensis with an emphasis on produce, water and soil. […] There appears to be sufficient literature for a systematic review of prevalence and factors associated with human infection with C. cayetanensis. There is a dearth of publicly available detection-method studies in soil (n = 0) and water (n = 2), prevalence studies on soil (n = 1) and studies of the control of Cyclospora (particularly on produce prior to retail (n = 0)). […] Since the external environment is an essential component of the C. cayetanensis life cycle, an understanding of the detection, epidemiology and control of Cyclospora is best focused on the agent/environment and agent/host/environment interfaces, rather than the agent/host interface.

• #66 A scoping review of the detection, epidemiology and control of Cyclospora cayetanensis with an emphasis on produce, water and soil | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/scoping-review-of-the-detection-epidemiology-and-control-of-cyclospora-cayetanensis-with-an-emphasis-on-produce-water-and-soil/D69CCD4C96F632B9369FB364BCBA17FA

  Cyclospora cayetanensis is a parasite causing cyclosporiasis (an illness in humans). Produce (fruits, vegetables, herbs), water and soil contaminated with C. cayetanensis have been implicated in human infection. The objective was to conduct a scoping review of primary research in English on the detection, epidemiology and control of C. cayetanensis with an emphasis on produce, water and soil. […] There appears to be sufficient literature for a systematic review of prevalence and factors associated with human infection with C. cayetanensis. There is a dearth of publicly available detection-method studies in soil (n = 0) and water (n = 2), prevalence studies on soil (n = 1) and studies of the control of Cyclospora (particularly on produce prior to retail (n = 0)). […] Since the external environment is an essential component of the C. cayetanensis life cycle, an understanding of the detection, epidemiology and control of Cyclospora is best focused on the agent/environment and agent/host/environment interfaces, rather than the agent/host interface.

• #67 Cyclospora – Subtyping | Public Health Ontario

  https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/Laboratory-Services/Test-Information-Index/Cyclospora-Subtyping

  All positive Cyclospora specimens should be sent to PHOs laboratory for subtyping surveillance and to identify potential sources of outbreaks. […] Cyclospora subtyping is routinely performed on all unpreserved specimens positive for Cyclospora in Ontario. […] Cyclospora subtyping is forwarded to the National Microbiology Laboratory (NML). Results are made available to national and provincial epidemiologists for cluster investigations and outbreak response. […] Sequencing methods are currently undergoing validation and used for epidemiological surveillance and outbreak investigations only. Results are not actionable for clinical management. […] At this time, sequencing results will only be made available to PHO and Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) epidemiologists through the Canadian Network for Public Health Intelligence (CNPHI) for cluster investigations.

• #68 Sources and prevalence of Cyclospora… | Center for Produce Safety

  https://www.centerforproducesafety.org/research-database/sources-and-prevalence-of-cyclospora-cayetanensis-in-southeastern-us-water-sources-and-growing-environments

  Surveillance of C. cayetanensis prevalence in on-farm portable toilets and municipal wastewater influents. […] There were no confirmed detections of C. cayetanensis in irrigation pond water or on produce (via spent dump tank water as a proxy). […] Human-specific fecal contamination was detected in irrigation pond water, suggesting that produce grown in Southeastern Georgia may be at risk of contamination by human fecal pathogens. […] C. cayetanensis was detected in municipal wastewater influents, demonstrating community shedding of the parasite in Southeastern Georgia. Wastewater surveillance may be useful for understanding domestic shedding of C. cayetanensis in the United States.

• #69 Determination of physical and chemical… | Center for Produce Safety

  https://www.centerforproducesafety.org/research-database/determination-of-physical-and-chemical-mechanisms-to-prevent-cyclospora-infection

  The objectives of this 2 year project are: 1) systematically evaluate inactivation of Cyclospora oocysts by gamma radiation, ultraviolet radiation (UV), ozonation, and chlorine dioxide gas (ClO2); 2) develop a high-throughput, automated method for determining inactivation of Cyclospora oocysts; and 3) employ the automated method to screen a library of chemical compounds for inactivation of Cyclospora. […] This study will identify 2 methods for inactivation of Cyclospora oocysts to reduce or eliminate the risks associated with agricultural water inputs. […] The above highlights some significant findings from the current work. As previously stated, a major hindrance to completing experiments has been the availability of test organisms. A coordination between CPS and local health departments in which Cyclospora specimens are received, or with the FDA, could help to promote awareness of the need for viable test organisms to combat the spread of cyclosporiasis.

• #70

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10536660/

  The biology, epidemiology, outbreaks, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control of C. cayetanensis have been summarized in previous reviews. […] For example, until recently, details of the development of C. cayetanensis within the host were lacking, and there is still little information on the infective dose. Data demonstrating when sporulation takes place, the conditions that enable oocyst persistence in the environment, the role of water and soil in transmission, and the existence of potential reservoirs are all needed to implement control measures and limit spread. […] The attempts to characterize prevalence (in soils, water, foods, people) have generally been restricted to local/regional examination using a variety of diagnostic tools. Such methodological variation impairs attempts to compare studies as well as to discern more general patterns.

• #71 Cyclospora cayetanensis and Cyclosporiasis: An Update

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/7/9/317

  Cyclospora cayetanensis is a coccidian parasite of humans, with a direct fecal–oral transmission cycle. It is globally distributed and an important cause of foodborne outbreaks of enteric disease in many developed countries, mostly associated with the consumption of contaminated fresh produce. […] Infection by C. cayetanensis is remarkably seasonal worldwide, although it varies by geographical regions. Most susceptible populations are children, foreigners, and immunocompromised patients in endemic countries, while in industrialized countries, C. cayetanensis affects people of any age. The risk of infection in developed countries is associated with travel to endemic areas and the domestic consumption of contaminated food, mainly fresh produce imported from endemic regions. […] There are many aspects on C. cayetanensis epidemiology, life cycle, transmission and infection. Among others, many details of the development of C. cayetanensis stages are lacking—there is not enough information on the infective dose, when sporulation takes place, persistence in the environment, the role of water and soil on transmission and/or about the existence of potential reservoirs. Further prevalence studies are needed, as well as studies on population structure, and there is an urgent need for an effective genotyping method for source tracking in outbreak investigations.

• #72 Cyclospora

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/cyclospora.html

  The first known cases of Cyclospora infection were diagnosed in 1977 (reported in the medical literature in 1979). Cases have been reported with increased frequency since the mid-1980s, in part because of the availability of better techniques for detecting the parasite in stool samples. […] During the spring of 1996, there was a multistate outbreak of Cyclospora, including cases and suspect cases in northeastern Illinois. Investigations in other states have linked infection to the consumption of strawberries or raspberries. […] Because Cyclospora is a newly recognized infectious organism, many questions about its biology, the ways it is spread and the illness it causes remain unanswered. […] It is not known how common the various modes of transmission are, nor is it known whether animals can be infected and can serve as sources of infection for humans.

• #73 Cyclospora

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/cyclospora.html

  The first known cases of Cyclospora infection were diagnosed in 1977 (reported in the medical literature in 1979). Cases have been reported with increased frequency since the mid-1980s, in part because of the availability of better techniques for detecting the parasite in stool samples. […] During the spring of 1996, there was a multistate outbreak of Cyclospora, including cases and suspect cases in northeastern Illinois. Investigations in other states have linked infection to the consumption of strawberries or raspberries. […] Because Cyclospora is a newly recognized infectious organism, many questions about its biology, the ways it is spread and the illness it causes remain unanswered. […] It is not known how common the various modes of transmission are, nor is it known whether animals can be infected and can serve as sources of infection for humans.

• #74 Cyclospora cayetanensis and Cyclosporiasis: An Update

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/7/9/317

  Cyclospora cayetanensis is a coccidian parasite of humans, with a direct fecal–oral transmission cycle. It is globally distributed and an important cause of foodborne outbreaks of enteric disease in many developed countries, mostly associated with the consumption of contaminated fresh produce. […] Infection by C. cayetanensis is remarkably seasonal worldwide, although it varies by geographical regions. Most susceptible populations are children, foreigners, and immunocompromised patients in endemic countries, while in industrialized countries, C. cayetanensis affects people of any age. The risk of infection in developed countries is associated with travel to endemic areas and the domestic consumption of contaminated food, mainly fresh produce imported from endemic regions. […] There are many aspects on C. cayetanensis epidemiology, life cycle, transmission and infection. Among others, many details of the development of C. cayetanensis stages are lacking—there is not enough information on the infective dose, when sporulation takes place, persistence in the environment, the role of water and soil on transmission and/or about the existence of potential reservoirs. Further prevalence studies are needed, as well as studies on population structure, and there is an urgent need for an effective genotyping method for source tracking in outbreak investigations.

• #75 Cyclospora cayetanensis and Cyclosporiasis: An Update

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/7/9/317

  Cyclospora cayetanensis is a coccidian parasite of humans, with a direct fecal–oral transmission cycle. It is globally distributed and an important cause of foodborne outbreaks of enteric disease in many developed countries, mostly associated with the consumption of contaminated fresh produce. […] Infection by C. cayetanensis is remarkably seasonal worldwide, although it varies by geographical regions. Most susceptible populations are children, foreigners, and immunocompromised patients in endemic countries, while in industrialized countries, C. cayetanensis affects people of any age. The risk of infection in developed countries is associated with travel to endemic areas and the domestic consumption of contaminated food, mainly fresh produce imported from endemic regions. […] There are many aspects on C. cayetanensis epidemiology, life cycle, transmission and infection. Among others, many details of the development of C. cayetanensis stages are lacking—there is not enough information on the infective dose, when sporulation takes place, persistence in the environment, the role of water and soil on transmission and/or about the existence of potential reservoirs. Further prevalence studies are needed, as well as studies on population structure, and there is an urgent need for an effective genotyping method for source tracking in outbreak investigations.

• #76 A scoping review of the detection, epidemiology and control of Cyclospora cayetanensis with an emphasis on produce, water and soil | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/scoping-review-of-the-detection-epidemiology-and-control-of-cyclospora-cayetanensis-with-an-emphasis-on-produce-water-and-soil/D69CCD4C96F632B9369FB364BCBA17FA

  The low number of studies on methods to control Cyclospora in the environment precludes conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of these studies and highlights a potential area for primary research. […] Our scoping review identified gaps in the literature regarding detection-method studies on soil or water, studies of the prevalence and factors associated with C. cayetanensis contamination of soil, and studies of methods for controlling Cyclospora in the environment.

• #77 Cyclosporiasis Surveillance – United States, 2011-2015 – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31002104/

  For the 2011-2015 surveillance period, CDC was notified by 37 states and NYC of 2,207 cases of cyclosporiasis, including 1,988 confirmed cases (90.1%) and 219 probable cases (9.9%). […] Cyclosporiasis continues to be a U.S. public health concern, with seasonal increases in reported cases during spring and summer months. The majority of cases reported for this 5-year surveillance period occurred among persons without a history of international travel who became ill during May-August. […] Surveillance for cases of cyclosporiasis and efforts to develop and validate molecular typing tools should remain U.S. public health priorities.

• #78 Outbreak Investigations of Cyclospora cayetanensis Infections 2013–2020: Progress Made and Challenges Remaining | Food Safety

  https://www.food-safety.com/articles/7675-outbreak-investigations-of-cyclospora-cayetanensis-infections-20132020-progress-made-and-challenges-remaining

  Recurring outbreaks of cyclosporiasis, as well as sample findings in the last decade, underscore the need for a comprehensive understanding of how this parasite contaminates water and produce. […] While additional prevention and control measures are being researched and developed, basic handwashing and hygiene remain critically important in preventing the spread of cyclosporiasis.

• #79 Cyclospora cayetanensis and Cyclosporiasis: An Update

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/7/9/317

  The main risk factors for cyclosporiasis in industrialized countries include international travel to cyclosporiasis-endemic areas and domestic consumption of contaminated food—mainly fresh produce imported from these regions. […] The epidemiology of C. cayetanensis infections is affected by socioeconomic status. Poverty and low socio-economic status are considered as risk factors for infection. […] Controlling sources of contamination in the field, in packing houses, and from farm workers is the key to preventing C. cayetanensis infection, particularly in endemic areas. Access to toilet facilities, thorough hand washing, and the proper disposal and treatment of human sewage are essential.

• #80 Evaluating Foodborne Cyclosporiasis Using Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network and Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System Data, 2015–2019 in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 112 Issue 2 (2025)

  https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/112/2/article-p319.xml

  Cyclosporiasis has been a nationally notifiable disease in the United States since 1999, and cases have increased in recent years. […] We assessed Cyclospora data from the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) and from the Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System (FDOSS) collected between 2015 and 2019. […] Approximately two-thirds of FoodNet cases were outbreak associated (n = 987, 71.7%). […] Although direct comparisons between FoodNet and FDOSS are not possible, both datasets indicate that the majority of Cyclospora transmission is domestic and not travel associated, as previously thought. […] These findings show the need for continued investment in Cyclospora research, including identifying populations that are underrepresented, or at higher risk for cyclosporiasis, and improved understanding of national sources and pathways of infection.

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