Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Clinical Guidance for Cyclosporiasis | Cyclosporiasis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cyclosporiasis/hcp/clinical-guidance/index.html

  Cyclospora can be considered as a potential cause of prolonged diarrheal illness, particularly in patients with a history of recent travel to Cyclospora-endemic areas, such as tropical and subtropical regions. […] Because testing for Cyclospora is not routinely conducted in most US laboratories, healthcare providers should specifically request testing for it. […] Testing for Cyclospora is not routinely conducted in most U.S. laboratories, even when stool is tested for parasites. […] Therefore, if indicated, health care providers should specifically request testing for Cyclospora. […] Cyclospora infection is diagnosed by examining stool specimens. […] Diagnosis can be difficult in part because even symptomatic patients might not shed enough oocysts in their stool to be readily detectable by laboratory examinations.

• #2 Health Care Provider Information on Cyclosporiasis – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/cyclosporasis/hcp.html

  Reporting CyclosporiasisHealth care providers and clinical laboratories are required to report cases and suspect cases to the Minnesota Department of Health. […] Cyclosporiasis is diagnosed by examining stool specimens. Diagnosis may be difficult because even symptomatic individuals can shed oocysts at low levels that are not readily detected by laboratory examination. Multiple specimens, collected on different days, may be needed. […] Testing for Cyclospora is not routinely conducted on stool specimens and not all gastrointestinal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) panels include a target for Cyclospora. Health care providers should specifically request testing for Cyclospora if indicated. […] Submission of clinical materials from positive Cyclospora specimens to the Minnesota Department of Health Laboratory (MDH PHL) is required in accordance with state communicable disease rules. Additional testing of these submitted materials is performed at the MDH PHL with the results being used to aid public health surveillance. […] Parasites Cyclosporiasis (Cyclospora Infection) Diagnosis of CyclosporiasisCDC; Information for health care providers about diagnosis of cyclosporiasis.

• #3 Cyclospora Infection (Cyclosporiasis) | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/foodborne-illness/cyclospora-infection-cyclosporiasis

  Diagnosis of cyclosporiasis requires submission of stool specimens and requires special lab tests that are not routinely done. […] Healthcare providers should specifically request Ova and Parasite testing with additional specific orders for Cyclospora identification if they suspect cyclosporiasis in patients that have diarrheal illness lasting more than a few days or diarrhea accompanied by severe anorexia or fatigue.

• #4 Post-Travel Diarrhea | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/infections-diseases/cyclosporiasis

  Cyclospora spp. may cause protozoal infection generally acquired by ingestion of contaminated food. It has been an increasingly recognized cause of persistent diarrhea in both U.S. residents and returning travelers. The oocyst of Cyclospora is resistant to chlorine disinfection. Diagnosis is through stool PCR or microscopy (modified acid-fast stain or wet mount confirmed by ultraviolet autofluorescence). Treatment is with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. […] Cyclospora cayetanensis Foodborne (vegetables, fruits) Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

• #5 Cyclosporiasis: Transmission, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17957-cyclosporiasis

  Cyclosporiasis is treated with antibiotics. […] A healthcare provider diagnoses cyclosporiasis by taking a stool (poop) sample, examining you and asking you about your symptoms and health history. […] A stool test is done to diagnose cyclosporiasis. You’ll provide a sample of your poop in a sterile container that your provider gives you. A lab will examine your poop sample to look for Cyclospora. […] Cyclosporiasis is treated with antibiotics. Your provider may also prescribe oral or IV hydration or antidiarrheal medications. […] Your provider may use some or all of these treatments for cyclosporiasis: Antibiotics. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) is a combination of two antibiotics that’s most effective in treating Cyclospora infections. […] If you don’t treat a Cyclospora infection, your symptoms could last a month or longer. This puts you at risk of severe dehydration and other complications. […] Only a healthcare provider can tell you for sure if you have cyclosporiasis. You may have Cyclospora if you have watery or explosive diarrhea and you’ve recently traveled in areas where Cyclospora is common or eaten produce imported from those areas.

• #6 Recommendation to Test Patients with Symptoms Consistent with Cyclospora Infection | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/news-alerts/health-alert-recommendation-to-test-patients-symptoms-consistent-cyclospora-infection

  In 2021, Texas had over 200 reported cases of cyclosporiasis, with most of these reported cases occurring during summer months between May and August. The Texas Department of State Health Services is advising healthcare providers to consider testing patients for the parasite Cyclospora if they have a diarrheal illness lasting more than a few days or diarrhea accompanied by severe anorexia or fatigue. Diagnosis of cyclosporiasis can be made by the submission of stool specimens for Ova and Parasite testing, with specific orders for Cyclospora identification. Due to intermittent shedding of the parasite, a single negative stool specimen does not exclude the diagnosis; three specimens are optimal. Cyclospora may also be detected by molecular methods (e.g., polymerase chain reaction (PCR)). […] Rapid reporting to public health is essential to preventing additional cases of cyclosporiasis. Healthcare providers and laboratories are required to report confirmed cyclosporiasis cases to their respective local health department within 1 week. We ask that healthcare providers remain vigilant in surveillance and testing.

• #7 Cyclospora | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/food/foodborne-pathogens/cyclospora

  Cyclospora cayetanensis is a parasite that is so small it can only be seen under a microscope. When people eat food or drink water thats contaminated with Cyclospora, they can get an intestinal illness called cyclosporiasis. […] Cyclospora is generally transmitted when infected feces contaminate food or water. Its unlikely to be transmitted directly from person to person because the Cyclospora parasite needs time (days to weeks) after being passed in a bowel movement to become infectious for another person. […] The time between becoming infected and becoming sick is usually about one week. Cyclospora infects the small intestine (bowel) and usually causes watery diarrhea, with frequent, sometimes explosive, bowel movements. Other common symptoms include loss of appetite, weight loss, stomach cramps/pain, bloating, increased gas, nausea, and fatigue. […] If not treated, the illness may last from a few days to a month or longer. Symptoms may seem to go away and then return one or more times (relapse). […] Based on current information available Cyclospora may be resistant to routine chemical disinfection methods such as those using chlorine.

• #8 Cyclosporiasis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/intestinal-protozoa-and-microsporidia/cyclosporiasis

  Diagnosis of cyclosporiasis is by stool tests, either molecular testing for parasite DNA or microscopic examination for oocysts. A modified Ziehl-Neelsen or Kinyoun acid-fast staining technique can help identify Cyclospora. Oocysts of Cyclospora are autofluorescent. Cyclospora oocysts are spherical and similar in morphology to but larger than Cryptosporidium oocysts. […] Multiple (3) stool specimens may be needed because oocyst secretion may be intermittent. […] The molecular diagnosis of C. cayetanensis is primarily via multiplex assays for a variety of gastrointestinal pathogens. […] Diagnosis is sometimes made only when intracellular parasite stages are detected in biopsies of intestinal tissue.

• #9 Clinical Guidance for Cyclosporiasis | Cyclosporiasis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cyclosporiasis/hcp/clinical-guidance/index.html

  Therefore, patients might need to submit several specimens collected on different days. […] In addition, the laboratory should use sensitive recovery methods (concentration procedures) and detection methods that highlight Cyclospora oocysts. […] Molecular diagnostic methods, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, are used to look for the parasite’s DNA in the stool. […] Cyclospora oocysts are easily overlooked; low-level shedding (~1 2 logs lower than for Cryptosporidium species) is common. […] To maximize recovery of Cyclospora oocysts, first concentrate the stool specimensuch as by the formalin-ethyl acetate technique (centrifuge for 10 minutes at 500 x g)and then examine a wet mount and/or a stained slide of the sediment. […] Ultraviolet fluorescence microscopy (UV excitation filter set at 330 365 nm or 450 490 nm) is a sensitive technique for rapidly examining stool sediments for Cyclospora oocysts, which stand out because they autofluoresce.

• #10 Cyclospora Detection and Reporting from Clinical Samples | ASM.org

  https://asm.org/guideline/cyclospora-detection-and-reporting-from-clinical-s

  Cyclospora cayetanensis is spread by indirect fecal-oral route due to contamination of food and water. C. cayetanensis stains poorly with both wet-mount and trichrome (permanent) stains used commonly in routine Ova Parasite (OP) examinations. Modified acid-fast or modified safranin stains of concentrated fecal smears can detect these poorly staining organisms; however, UV microscopy is significantly more reliable for detection of the oocysts and should be performed when possible. […] The FilmArray gastrointestinal panel and C. cayetanensis-specific laboratory developed Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAAT) can detect C. cayetanensis in stool. Other commercially available NAAT gastrointestinal panels do not detect C. cayetanensis. UV microscopy of concentrated stool wet-mounts is recommended for routine identification of Cyclospora in clinical specimens. Inform your clinicians that the routine OP will not readily detect Cyclospora. Add a note to your routine OP result that this test will not readily detect Cyclospora, Cryptosporidium, or Cystoisospora. Report any detected/suspected organisms to your public health laboratory/department.

• #10 Cyclospora Detection and Reporting from Clinical Samples | ASM.org

  https://asm.org/guideline/cyclospora-detection-and-reporting-from-clinical-s

  Stool should be collected and fixed immediately (10% formalin or other appropriate single vial fixative). Specimens must be concentrated before examination. At least 3 specimens (each collected 24 hours apart) should be examined for achieving the highest sensitivity. Cyclospora is not usually detected by a conventional OP examination (i.e., concentrated wet-mount trichrome stain) but can be detected using a modified acid-fast (MAF) or modified safranin (MS) stains. Oocysts can also be detected using light microscopy of wet-mounts using differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy (to provide structural details) or using UV fluorescent microscopy. […] Molecular tests are another sensitive method to detect Cyclospora in stool. C. cayetanensis can be detected by the FilmArray Gastrointestinal panel (BioFire, bioMrieux) and select laboratory developed tests. However, at the time of writing, most other common gastrointestinal panels do not target C. cayetanensis, including xTag gastrointestinal pathogen panel (Luminex Corporation), BD MAX enteric parasite panel (BD Molecular Diagnostics), and Verigene enteric pathogens test (Luminex Corporation). Clinicians should consult with their primary clinical laboratory to determine which molecular test is utilized and whether C. cayetanensis can be detected.

• #10 Cyclospora Detection and Reporting from Clinical Samples | ASM.org

  https://asm.org/guideline/cyclospora-detection-and-reporting-from-clinical-s

  Routine OP, MAF or MS stains, and/or molecular detection should be performed when clinically indicated. In addition to routine testing, we recommend increased utilization of the UV microscopy of stool wet-mounts. […] Inform your clinicians that the routine OP examination will not detect Cyclospora. If possible, consider including a comment with routine OP results that this test will not readily detect Cyclospora, Cryptosporidium, or Cystoisospora species and offer additional testing for these organisms when clinically warranted. Cyclosporiasis is a nationally notifiable disease. Laboratories must communicate all positive results to their health department to determine if any additional or specific action is required.

• #11 Cyclosporiasis laboratory findings – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Cyclosporiasis_laboratory_findings

  The diagnosis of cyclospora infection is confirmed by examining stool specimens. Several stool samples are require for a more precise identification of the oocysts. Laboratory techniques used to detect the cyclospora oocytes in stool include acid-fast staining, ultraviolet (UV) fluorescence microscope, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. […] Cyclospora infection is diagnosed by examining stool specimens. […] Laboratory testing for cyclospora is not routinely done in most U.S. laboratories, even when stool is tested for parasites. Therefore, if indicated, health care providers should specifically request testing for cyclospora. […] Laboratory diagnosis can be difficult as the cyclospora oocysts may not be detected in stool, even if the patient is symptomatic. […] A single negative stool specimen does not rule out the disease; three or more stool specimens may be required with two or three days apart to confirm the diagnosis of cyclosporiasis.

• #12 Clinical Guidance for Cyclosporiasis | Cyclosporiasis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cyclosporiasis/hcp/clinical-guidance/index.html

  If suspect Cyclospora oocysts are found, bright-field, phase contrast, or differential interference contrast microscopy can then be used to confirm that the structures have the characteristic morphologic features of Cyclospora oocysts. […] On a modified acid-faststained slide of stool, Cyclospora oocysts typically are variably acid fast. […] If a „hot” modified safranin technique is used, Cyclospora oocysts uniformly stain a brilliant reddish orange.

• #13 CYCL – Overview: Cyclospora Stain, Feces

  https://www.mayocliniclabs.com/test-catalog/overview/81506

  Identifying Cyclospora cayetanensis as a cause of infectious gastroenteritis. […] For other diagnostic tests that may be of value in evaluating patients with diarrhea; the following are available: -Laboratory Testing for Infectious Causes of Diarrhea -Parasitic Investigation of Stool Specimens Algorithm. […] Cyclospora cayetanensis is an apicomplexan protozoan parasite that causes watery diarrhea, anorexia, malaise, and weight loss. […] C cayetanensis oocysts are traditionally detected by modified acid-fast staining in which the oocysts stain bright pink red. However, the modified safranin stain has been shown to provide increased sensitivity over the modified acid-fast method and produces a more rapid result. […] A report of „Cyclospora cayetanensis detected” indicates the presence of this parasite in the patient’s feces.

• #14 CYCL – Overview: Cyclospora Stain, Feces

  https://www.mayocliniclabs.com/test-catalog/Overview/81506

  Identifying Cyclospora cayetanensis as a cause of infectious gastroenteritis. […] For other diagnostic tests that may be of value in evaluating patients with diarrhea; the following are available: -Laboratory Testing for Infectious Causes of Diarrhea -Parasitic Investigation of Stool Specimens Algorithm. […] Cyclospora cayetanensis is an apicomplexan protozoan parasite that causes watery diarrhea, anorexia, malaise, and weight loss. […] C cayetanensis oocysts are traditionally detected by modified acid-fast staining in which the oocysts stain bright pink red. […] However, the modified safranin stain has been shown to provide increased sensitivity over the modified acid-fast method and produces a more rapid result. […] A report of „Cyclospora cayetanensis detected” indicates the presence of this parasite in the patient’s feces.

• #15 Cyclosporiasis—Updates on Clinical Presentation, Pathology, Clinical Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/9/1863

  Diagnosis by wet mount microscopy can be enhanced by the use of differential interference contrast (DIC) or ultraviolet (UV) autofluorescence. […] The detection of C. cayetanensis in permanent-stained smears can be enhanced by the use of modified Ziehl–Neelsen (ZN), cold Kinyoun’s MAF, or modified safranin stain. […] Compared to other groups of clinically relevant microorganisms, the molecular diagnosis of parasitic diseases is less commonly employed but is quickly gaining traction. […] The molecular diagnosis of C. cayetanensis in stool specimens is primarily done through the use of multiplex assays that contain multiple bacterial, viral, and parasitic targets, although large reference labs may have their own laboratory-developed tests (LTDs). […] The BioFire FilmArray Gastrointestinal (GI) Panel has both FDA clearance for in vitro diagnostic use in the United States and is Conformité Européenne (CE) marked. […] The widespread adoption of rapid multiplex NAATs such as the BioFire GI pathogen panel has likely facilitated the recognition of infection and contributes to the growing numbers of reported cases each year.

• #15 Cyclosporiasis—Updates on Clinical Presentation, Pathology, Clinical Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/9/1863

  In the United States and Canada, where cyclosporiasis has become a seasonal illness in the summer, C. cayetanensis should also be considered as a primary differential in any patient presenting with compatible symptoms and illness onset during the cyclosporiasis peak period (i.e., May through August). […] Unfortunately, while there are numerous rapid antigen-detection assays for G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp., the diagnosis of cyclosporiasis still relies heavily on stool microscopy. […] Only recently have nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) started to become available, and even then, options are limited and tests may be cost prohibitive. […] To date, there are no antibody or antigen detection assays for the routine clinical diagnosis of cyclosporiasis. […] For microscopic analyses, specialty stains, such as modified acid-fast and safranin, as well as ultraviolet autofluorescence, are used to enhance detection.

• #15 Cyclosporiasis—Updates on Clinical Presentation, Pathology, Clinical Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/9/1863

  Cyclospora cayetanensis is an intestinal coccidian parasite transmitted to humans through the consumption of oocysts in fecally contaminated food and water. […] The increased adoption of highly sensitive molecular diagnostic tests, including commercially available multiplex panels for gastrointestinal pathogens, has facilitated the detection of infection and likely contributed to the increased reports of cases in developed countries. […] This manuscript reviews important aspects of the biology, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations of C. cayetanensis and provides an in-depth discussion of current laboratory diagnostic methods. […] The diagnosis of intestinal parasites is laborious, time-consuming, and often requires specialized expertise. […] In developed counties, if a parasitic disease is suspected in an immunocompetent patient with diarrhea and no travel history to endemic areas for parasitic diseases, parasites such as Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. should be considered before ordering O&P exams.

• #16 Cyclosporiasis laboratory findings – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Cyclosporiasis_laboratory_findings

  Molecular diagnostic methods, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, are used to look for the parasite’s DNA in the stool. […] Nested polymerase chain reaction (nested-PCR) assay targeting the 18S rRNA gene is the method of choice for cyclospora species identification. […] Serology for cyclospora is not available, therefore it cannot be used in the diagnosis of cyclosporiasis.

• #17 Cyclospora Infection | Cyclosporiasis – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/cyclospora-infection-cyclosporiasis.htm

  Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): This is the most sensitive molecular test for confirmation of Cyclospora cayetanensis in a stool sample. This involves detection of the parasite DNA in the sample. If parasite-specific DNA is present, it indicates a positive test. However, this test is generally reserved for research purposes.

• #18 Cyclospora Cayetanensis: An Overlooked Foodborne Illness | BioFire Diagnostics

  https://www.biofiredx.com/blog/summer-bummer-cyclospora-cayetanensis/

  The symptoms of cyclosporiasis are no joke. Along with watery diarrhea, patients may experience cramping, bloating, nausea, and fatigue. […] According to the CDC, traditional testing methods for cyclosporiasis may require patients to submit several stool samples collected on different days. Additionally, the special laboratory tests required for detecting Cyclospora are not performed routinely and must be specifically requested by the clinician. […] The BioFire GI Panel tests for 22 pathogens associated with gastroenteritis including Cyclospora cayetanensis all from one patient sample and with results available in about an hour. In fact, the BioFire GI Panel is the only FDA-cleared molecular test for detecting Cyclospora, making it the right test, the first time.

• #19 Cyclosporiasis – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/parasitic-infections-intestinal-protozoa-and-microsporidia/cyclosporiasis

  Doctors diagnose the infection by identifying Cyclospora in a sample of stool. […] To diagnose cyclosporiasis, a stool sample is examined under a microscope for Cyclospora eggs. Specialized techniques can be used to increase the chances of identifying the eggs. Molecular techniques are available in some reference laboratories to identify parasite DNA. […] When stool examination does not reveal a cause of persistent diarrhea, doctors may use a flexible viewing tube (endoscope) to examine the upper part of digestive tract and obtain a sample of tissue (a biopsy) to be examined under a microscope and analyzed for parasite DNA.

• #20 For health professionals: Cyclosporiasis (Cyclospora) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/cyclosporiasis-cyclospora/health-professionals-cyclosporiasis-cyclospora.html

  Cyclosporiasis can be diagnosed by identification of the Cyclospora oocyst in: duodenal aspirates, small bowel biopsies, fresh or iodine-preserved stool. […] When testing stool specimens, diagnosis can be difficult. Even persons who are symptomatic might not shed enough oocysts in their stool to be readily detectable by laboratory examinations. Therefore, patients might need to provide several specimens collected on different days. […] With acid-fast or safranin O staining, oocysts can be seen as 10 m spheres with clusters of refractile globules. Diagnosis can be performed using modified Ziehl-Neelsen (MZN) and auramine-rhodamine stains.

• #21 Advances in Cyclosporiasis Diagnosis and Therapeutic Intervention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7026454/

  Cyclosporiasis is caused by the coccidian parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis and is associated with large and complex food-borne outbreaks worldwide. Currently, no vaccine is available but early detection and treatment could result in a favorable clinical outcome. Clinical diagnosis is based on cardinal clinical symptoms and conventional laboratory methods, which usually involve microscopic examination of wet smears, staining tests, fluorescence microscopy, serological testing, or DNA testing for oocysts in the stool. […] Detection in the vehicle of infection, which can be fresh produce, water, or soil is helpful for case-linkage and source-tracking during cyclosporiasis outbreaks. […] This review focuses on the advances in clinical features, diagnosis, and therapeutic intervention of cyclosporiasis.

• #22 Cyclosporiasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclosporiasis

  Diagnosis can be difficult due to the lack of recognizable oocysts in the feces. PCR-based DNA tests and acid-fast staining can help with identification. […] The first recorded cases of cyclosporiasis in humans were as recent as 1977, 1978, and 1979. They were reported by Ashford, a British parasitologist who discovered three cases while working in Papua New Guinea. Ashford found that the parasite had very late sporulation, from 8-11 days, making the illness difficult to diagnose. When examining feces, the unsporulated oocysts can easily be mistaken for fungal spores, and thus can be easily overlooked.

• #23 Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis Oocysts in Human Fecal Specimens by Flow Cytometry

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1153738/

  A diagnosis of cyclosporiasis typically involves stool examinations for the presence of Cyclospora oocysts by means of microscopy. […] Flow cytometry appears to be a useful alternative to microscopy for the screening of large numbers of stool specimens for Cyclospora oocysts, such as in an outbreak situation. […] Diagnosis usually involves microscopic examination of stool specimens for the presence of oocysts. […] However, C. cayetanensis oocysts stain variably with acid-fast methods, and this property has led to the use of other, more reliable stains, particularly safranin. […] In addition to microscopy, PCR has been found to be useful for diagnosis and detection. […] While the sample preparation time for flow cytometry may be similar to or even longer than that for microscopy, depending upon the concentration and staining procedures used, the time it takes to analyze a sample by flow cytometry is considerably shorter than the time it takes to analyze a sample by microscopy. […] The results of the present study suggest that flow cytometry may be a useful alternative to microscopy in the screening of large numbers of fecal specimens for the presence of Cyclospora oocysts.

• #24 What are the Advancements in the Diagnosis of… | Marler Clark

  https://marlerclark.com/news_events/what-are-the-advancements-in-the-diagnosis-of-cyclospora

  Cyclosporiasis is usually diagnosed symptomatically in clinical settings, including the presence of watery diarrhea, abdominal cramping, and bloating. […] In a clinical context, conventional diagnosis usually involves microscopic examination of intestinal tissue biopsy sections, stool samples for the presence of developmental stages of Cyclospora, or advanced molecular testing for DNA. […] Improved specificity and sensitivity have been possible largely through the use of PCR (polymerase chain reaction), which enables the specific amplification of genetic loci from tiny amounts of genomic DNA of Cyclospora. […] Because of the intermittent nature of oocyst shedding and the low numbers of this stage in feces, it is recommended that multiple stool samples be collected at 2-3 day intervals over a period of more than a week, to increase the likelihood of identifying the disease microscopically.

• #25 Cyclosporiasis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, And Treatment

  https://www.netmeds.com/health-library/post/cyclosporiasis-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment?srsltid=AfmBOoqRjRJZNfrn6__Opcxp-rVlNYUXgZrMiQqBA76FRlnk3WQIJDdY

  Identifying the parasite is made by specific laboratory tests and examining stool specimens. Several stool samples may be needed to confirm a Cyclospora infection. The patient may be asked to submit more than one specimen from different days of stool samples for the presence of developmental stages of the Cyclospora parasite. Doctors recommend the collection of multiple stool samples over a few days to identify the onset and spread of the disease microscopically.

• #26 Advances in Cyclosporiasis Diagnosis and Therapeutic Intervention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7026454/

  The entire genome of C. cayetanensis had been sequenced, and there have been recent improvements in detection methods and therapeutic interventions for cyclosporiasis. […] The sensitivity of Cyclospora detection can be increased by the concentration of oocysts obtained from clinical or biological samples. […] Treatment with TMP-SMX has proven effective for cyclosporiasis. Ciprofloxacin, although less effective than TMP-SMX, can suitably be used in patients having sulfur drug intolerance. Nitazoxanide is an alternative drug that can be used in the cases of sulfur intolerance and ciprofloxacin resistance. […] More epidemiological research on cyclosporiasis in humans should be conducted at various locations around the world, to achieve a better understanding of its characteristics in this regard. Attempts should also be made to establish in vitro or in vivo methods for cultivating C. cayetanensis. Rapid, convenient, precise, and economical detection methods for diagnosis, as well as effective tracing methods should be developed to monitor the transmission of C. cayetanensis infection.

• #27 Cyclospora Infection Treatment, Prevention & Diagnosis

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/cyclospora_infection_cyclosporiasis/article_em.htm

  Diagnosis of Cyclospora infections require special laboratories and lab tests to detect the parasites. […] Cyclospora infections are not common in the U.S., so individuals who have been in endemic areas or who have other health concerns (for example, long-term diarrhea, eating imported foods without careful washing) should inform their medical caregivers if they suspect a Cyclospora infection. In turn, medical caregivers need to alert laboratories they suspect such infections so that the stool samples will be tested specifically for Cyclospora parasites. […] Labs may need to examine and concentrate samples of stool specimens because only a low number of oocysts are shed into the feces. In addition, special stains (note that acid-fast staining of the parasite is variable), fluorescence microscopy, or PCR tests are used to find and identify the parasites.

• #27 Cyclospora Infection Treatment, Prevention & Diagnosis

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/cyclospora_infection_cyclosporiasis/article_em.htm

  Diagnosis is important because only one combination drug (antibiotic) is the treatment of choice, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX, Cotrim, co-trimoxazole, Bactrim DS and others) 160/800 mg, oral tablet, twice a day for seven to 10 days. […] For most individuals who get appropriate treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, follow-up is not required. However, any patient who has recurrent symptoms should follow up with their treating physician. Infection does not prevent relapses or subsequent infections, especially in untreated patients with Cyclospora infections. […] In general, the prognoses for treated Cyclospora infections range from good to excellent. Usually, the infection, even untreated, is not life-threatening, although secondary problems such as dehydration or electrolyte problems and recurring symptoms can happen. […] According to the CDC, the best way to avoid or prevent Cyclospora infections is by avoiding foods and liquids (water) that have been contaminated with human feces.

• #28 Cyclospora and Isospora Examination | Test Detail | Quest Diagnostics

  https://testdirectory.questdiagnostics.com/test/test-detail/10018/cyclospora-and-isospora-examination?cc=MASTER

  Cyclospora and Isospora Examination – Cyclospora cayetanensis and Isospora belli are coccidian parasites which cause malaise, low grade fever, and diarrhea. Fatigue, anorexia, vomiting, myalgia and weight loss occur. The clinical presentation for those patients infected with either disease is similar. […] Stool must not contain residual barium from diagnostic tests. […] Microscopic Exam of Modified Acid-Fast Stain. […] 10 grams or 10 mL fresh stool preserved in 1 single Total-Fix transport vial or 10% formalin transport vial. […] Transfer stool within 30 minutes of collection into suitable vial. Fill to the line on the transport vial. […] Room temperature: 30 days. Refrigerated: Unacceptable. Frozen: Unacceptable. […] Unpreserved stool • Stool specimens preserved in transport media not listed as acceptable.

• #29

  https://corewellhealth.testcatalog.org/show/LAB3245

  Epic Code LAB3245 Cyclospora Stain, Feces […] Identifying Cyclospora cayetanensis as a cause of infectious gastroenteritis […] The presence of barium will interfere with this test. […] If positive, reported as Cyclospora cayetanensis detected. […] Cyclospora cayetanensis is an apicomplexan protozoan parasite that causes watery diarrhea, anorexia, malaise, and weight loss. The extent of symptoms depends on the age and health of the host and the infectious dose of oocysts. The infection is usually self-limited, but symptoms can be severe and prolonged, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Cyclosporal diarrheal disease is endemic in many parts of the world, including parts of Asia, India, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. Although most cases of cyclosporiasis have been seen in travelers to developing countries, outbreaks in the United States are now seen each year associated with contaminated fruits and vegetables from Latin America. Transmission is via ingestion of fecally contaminated food or water. If untreated, symptoms may last for several weeks and may follow a relapsing course. The infection usually responds to treatment with a sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim drug combination.

• #29

  https://corewellhealth.testcatalog.org/show/LAB3245

  Cyclospora oocysts are traditionally detected by modified acid-fast staining in which the oocysts stain bright pink red. However, the modified safranin stain has been shown to provide increased sensitivity over the modified acid-fast method and produces a more rapid result. It is the method used in the Mayo Clinic Parasitology Laboratory to detect Cyclospora oocysts in fecal sediment. […] A report of „Cyclospora cayetanensis detected” indicates the presence of this parasite in the patient’s feces. […] This test has been cleared, approved, or is exempt by the US Food and Drug Administration and is used per manufacturer’s instructions. Performance characteristics were verified by Mayo Clinic in a manner consistent with CLIA requirements.

• #30 Cyclosporiasis | Health Services Laboratories

  https://www.hslpathology.com/services/hsl-parasitology/tests-for-parasitic-diseases-and-specimen-requirements/cyclosporiasis/

  Cyclosporiasis is an intestinal illness resulting on average 7 days after the ingestion of sporulated (requiring temperatures between 22 to 32 degrees) Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts via contaminated food or water. Direct fecal-oral transmission can not occur. […] Symptoms generally involve watery diarrhea, and sometimes non-specific systemic symptoms (such as headache, low-grade fever, malaise). Malabsorption is a relatively common finding in patients with Cyclospora cayetanensis. […] Sample type: Standard stool sample Oocysts may be identified in stool samples, by modified Zn staining. Up to three samples may be necessary due to the intermittent excretion of this parasite. […] Sample type: Standard stool sample The STAT-DX system may be used to determine the presence of Cyclospora cayetanensis DNA in fecal samples where appropriate. Please contact the Department of Clinical Parasitology for further information if you feel this is required. Please do NOT send samples in fixative for this assay. […] Serology is not available for the detection of this parasite.

• #31 Cyclospora Stain, Feces – Mayo Clinic Laboratories | Microbiology and Infectious Disease Catalog

  https://microbiology.testcatalog.org/show/CYCL

  Identifying Cyclospora cayetanensis as a cause of infectious gastroenteritis. […] C cayetanensis oocysts are traditionally detected by modified acid-fast staining in which the oocysts stain bright pink red. […] However, the modified safranin stain has been shown to provide increased sensitivity over the modified acid-fast method and produces a more rapid result. […] A report of „Cyclospora cayetanensis detected” indicates the presence of this parasite in the patient’s feces. […] If positive, reported as Cyclospora cayetanensis detected.

• #32 183145: Cyclospora Smear, Stool | Labcorp

  https://www.labcorp.com/tests/183145/cyclospora-smear-stool

  Examination of oocysts of Cyclospora […] Detect Cyclospora […] The organisms are most readily demonstrated in diarrheal stools rather than formed stools. […] Fecal specimens for parasitic examination should be collected before initiation of antidiarrheal therapy or antiparasitic therapy. […] Submit one or two specimens per diarrheal illness immediately. […] Consider requesting the EIA for Giardia if that is the primary suspected organism. […] If those are negative, submit an additional specimen after five days. […] Patients who are immunocompromised by AIDS, malignancy, or immunosuppressive therapy may require additional testing for unusual stool pathogens. […] No Cyclospora oocysts observed

• #33 What is Cyclospora, Why is it so Often Missed as a Diagnosis in the United States, and How Does it Affect the Human Body? | Food Poisoning News

  https://www.foodpoisoningnews.com/what-is-cyclospora-why-is-it-so-often-missed-as-a-diagnosis-in-the-united-states-and-how-does-it-affect-the-human-body/

  Cyclospora cayetanensis is a microscopic, single-celled parasite that causes cyclosporiasis, a gastrointestinal illness. […] Despite its impact, Cyclospora is frequently missed as a diagnosis. […] Because these symptoms overlap with other gastrointestinal illnesses, Cyclospora is not always considered a primary cause. […] Cyclospora oocysts do not appear on routine stool tests. Detecting Cyclospora requires specific diagnostic methods, such as modified acid-fast staining or polymerase chain reaction (PCR). […] Accurate diagnosis of cyclosporiasis requires: […] Specific Testing: Stool specimens should be tested using modified acid-fast staining or molecular methods such as PCR. […] Clinicians must consider Cyclospora in patients with persistent gastrointestinal symptoms, especially if there is a history of recent produce consumption.

• #34 Department of Health | Communicable Disease Service | Cyclosporiasis

  https://www.nj.gov/health/cd/topics/cyclo.shtml

  Report within 24 hours of Diagnosis to the Local Health Department. […] Cyclosporiasis is an illness of the intestines caused by a parasite that passes from the body in the stool and enters the mouth of another person. […] Outbreaks have been linked to fresh fruits and vegetables imported from countries with poor water treatment systems. […] Cyclosporiasis Investigation Checklist. […] Cyclosporiasis National Hypothesis Generating Questionnaire. […] CDC Information on Cyclosporiasis.

• #35 Cyclospora and Cyclosporiasis: The Nepalese Perspective – ScienceOpen

  https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.15212/ZOONOSES-2023-0051

  The prevalence of Cyclospora infections could be much higher if specific and sensitive molecular techniques were used to carry out the diagnostic procedure. Contaminated sewage water, fresh produce (especially vegetables), exposure to contaminated soil, and the presence of domestic animals could be attributed to be the causes of cyclosporiasis outbreaks in humans. Consideration of Cyclospora as the cause of childhood diarrhea and implementation of routine diagnosis of this parasite for diarrheal stool samples in the hospitals and further molecular characterization could determine the epidemic loci of outbreaks and probable risk management. Comprehensive studies using molecular techniques under the support of public health authorities are necessary to provide significant information regarding the probable circulation of Cyclospora in humans, animals, and environmental samples.

• #35 Cyclospora and Cyclosporiasis: The Nepalese Perspective – ScienceOpen

  https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.15212/ZOONOSES-2023-0051

  Cyclospora spp. are important medical and veterinary zoonotic enteric protozoan parasites in humans and a wide range of animals. C. cayetanensis, an emerging food- and water-borne enteric pathogen, has a one-host fecal-oral transmission resulting from the ingestion of sporulated oocysts through contaminated food and/or water. The diagnostic stage of Cyclospora spp. is the sporulated or non-sporulated cyst. Microscopy with an emphasis on morphology or autofluorescence of oocysts is the common method to detect C. cayetanensis. However, these methods based on parasite morphology differ in diagnostic performance with respect to specificity and sensitivity, and may lead to false-positive or -negative results. To overcome this limitation, several molecular methods, including real-time qPCR assay targeting the 70 kDa heatshock protein (HSP70) gene, 18S rDNA, SSU rRNA sequence analysis, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and population genetic analysis based on several mini- and micro-satellites, and different molecular markers, such as single locus, mt and MLST markers, have been used to link and track the sources of contamination.

• #36 Cyclospora and Cyclosporiasis: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Detection, and Control: 9780128216163: Medicine & Health Science Books @ Amazon.com

  https://www.amazon.com/Cyclospora-Cyclosporiasis-Epidemiology-Diagnosis-Detection/dp/0128216166

  Cyclospora cayetanensis is a microscopic parasite that can be transmitted via food or water sources and causes intestinal disease (Cyclosporiasis) in humans. […] Cyclospora and Cyclosporiasis: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Detection, and Control reviews 22 species of Cyclospora and discusses C. cayetanensis infection in humans. […] The book further covers clinical symptoms, diagnostic methods, and means of treatment and prevention of this disease and informs readers of the hazards of the parasite, common means of transmission, and self-protection measures. […] Summarizes recent developments in detection methods of Cyclospora spp. or C. cayetanensis in humans, animals, and the environment. […] A comprehensive resource that provides researchers, clinicians, and public health professionals with the epidemiology, detection, diagnosis, treatment, and disease prevention of Cyclospora cayetanensis.

• #37 Cyclospora Infection (Cyclosporiasis) Treatment, Diagnosis, Prevention

  https://www.medicinenet.com/cyclospora_infection_cyclosporiasis/article.htm

  Diagnosis of a Cyclospora infection […] Most people with persistent diarrhea will probably be evaluated first by a primary care provider, such as an internist, pediatrician, family medicine doctor, or nurse practitioner. As diarrhea continues beyond a couple of weeks, referrals may be made to a gastroenterologist or an infectious disease doctor for further evaluation and treatment. […] Doctors diagnose Cyclospora infections by examining the stool under a microscope and finding oocysts. Even with a lot of diarrhea, oocysts may be hard to find, because oocysts are not shed continuously. At least three stool samples should be collected 24-48 hours apart. To increase the ability to diagnose Cyclospora, special staining methods such as acid-fast stain (results are variable), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, and stool specimen concentration techniques are used. Physicians must alert the laboratory to look for Cyclospora if ordering stool studies, because these tests are not routine. There is no blood test that can detect Cyclospora.

• #38 A case of severe diarrhoea caused by Cyclospora cayetanensis in an immunocompromised patient in northern Spain | Microbiology Society

  https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/acmi/10.1099/acmi.0.000313?crawler=true

  Cyclospora cayetanensis is a parasite that causes intestinal disease that can be especially severe in immunocompromised patients. […] C. cayetanensis is a pathogen that should be taken into account in patients with chronic diarrhoea, especially immunocompromised patients, even when no epidemiological risk factors are present.

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