Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Clinical Care of Cyclosporiasis | Cyclosporiasis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cyclosporiasis/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Most healthy people will eventually recover from cyclosporiasis without treatment although their illness may be prolonged. […] Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is the treatment of choice for cyclosporiasis. […] Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is the treatment of choice for cyclosporiasis. […] Patients infected with HIV may need longer courses of therapy. […] No highly effective alternatives have been identified yet for persons who are allergic to (or are intolerant of) TMP-SMX. […] The latter approach should be considered only for selected patients who require treatment, have been evaluated by an allergist, and do not have a life-threatening allergy. […] Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is a pregnancy category C drug. TMP-SMX should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. […] TMP-SMX generally is compatible with breastfeeding of healthy, full-term infants after the newborn period. […] The safety of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) in children has not been systematically evaluated.

• #2 Advances in Cyclosporiasis Diagnosis and Therapeutic Intervention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7026454/

  Cyclosporiasis is caused by the coccidian parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis and is associated with large and complex food-borne outbreaks worldwide. […] Currently, no vaccine is available but early detection and treatment could result in a favorable clinical outcome. Treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) can evidently cure C. cayetanensis infection. However, TMP-SMX is not suitable for patients having sulfonamide intolerance. In such case ciprofloxacin, although less effective than TMP-SMX, is a good option. Another drug of choice is nitazoxanide that can be used in the cases of sulfonamide intolerance and ciprofloxacin resistance. […] No vaccine is available for cyclosporiasis but early detection and treatment can yield a favorable clinical outcome. […] Chemotherapy including treatment with 160 mg trimethoprim and 800 mg sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX, also known as co-trimoxazole) twice daily for 7 days can reportedly cure human cyclosporiasis. TMP-SMX is considered as an effective drug, with many studies reporting low recurrence rates.

• #3 Cyclosporiasis—Updates on Clinical Presentation, Pathology, Clinical Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/9/1863

  Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX; trade names Bactrim, Cotrim, Septra) is the treatment of choice for cyclosporiasis. It is administered at a dose of one double-strength (DS) 160 mg/800 mg tablet given orally twice per day for 7–10 days and has been shown to provide >90% cure rates in immunocompetent patients. The efficacy of TMP/SMX for treating cyclosporiasis was first demonstrated in a placebo-controlled trial of 40 adult expatriates and tourists in Nepal. The authors found that only 1 of 16 patients (6.3%) had detectable oocysts in stool after seven days of treatment with TMP/SMX, compared with 15 of 17 patients (88.2%) who received a placebo. Importantly, an improvement in symptomatology was correlated with the eradication of oocysts. Nitazoxanide or ciprofloxacin are recommended for patients that are unable to take TMP/SMX due to sulfa allergy, although treatment failure may occur.

• #4 About Cyclosporiasis | Cyclosporiasis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cyclosporiasis/about/index.html

  If you are experiencing symptoms of Cyclospora infection, please see your healthcare provider. Cyclosporiasis is treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, sold as Bactrim,* Septra,* or Cotrim.* […] Most people with healthy immune systems will eventually recover from cyclosporiasis without treatment. However, if not treated, you may be sick for anywhere from a few days to a month or longer. You may also have symptoms that seem to go away, but then return one or more times (relapse). People in poor health or those who are immunocompromised may be at a higher risk for severe or long illness.

• #5 Cyclosporiasis—Updates on Clinical Presentation, Pathology, Clinical Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8471761/

  Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX; trade names Bactrim, Cotrim, Septra) is the treatment of choice for cyclosporiasis. It is administered at a dose of one double-strength (DS) 160 mg/800 mg tablet given orally twice per day for 7-10 days and has been shown to provide 90% cure rates in immunocompetent patients. The efficacy of TMP/SMX for treating cyclosporiasis was first demonstrated in a placebo-controlled trial of 40 adult expatriates and tourists in Nepal. The authors found that only 1 of 16 patients (6.3%) had detectable oocysts in stool after seven days of treatment with TMP/SMX, compared with 15 of 17 patients (88.2%) who received a placebo. Importantly, an improvement in symptomatology was correlated with the eradication of oocysts. Nitazoxanide or ciprofloxacin are recommended for patients that are unable to take TMP/SMX due to sulfa allergy, although treatment failure may occur.

• #6 Cyclosporiasis medical therapy – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Cyclosporiasis_medical_therapy

  Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), or Bactrim, Septra, or Cotrim, is the treatment of choice. Most people who have healthy immune systems will recover without treatment. If not treated, the illness may last for a few days to a month or longer. Symptoms may seem to go away and then return one or more times (relapse). Anti-diarrheal medicine may help reduce diarrhea, but a health care provider should be consulted before such medicine is taken. People who are in poor health or who have weakened immune systems may be at higher risk for severe or prolonged illness. […] Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), or Bactrim, Septra, or Cotrim, is the treatment of choice. The typical regimen for immunocompetent adults is TMP 160 mg plus SMX 800 mg (one double-strength tablet), orally, twice a day for 7-10 days. This regimen is shown to decrease the shedding of ova in stool and this corresponds to signs of clinical improvement.

• #7 Cyclosporiasis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/intestinal-protozoa-and-microsporidia/cyclosporiasis

  Treatment of choice for cyclosporiasis is double-strength TMP/SMX for 7 to 10 days. […] In patients with end-stage HIV, higher doses and longer duration may be needed, and treatment of acute infection is usually followed by long-term suppressive therapy (one double-strength 160 mg/800 mg TMP/SMX tablet 3 times weekly) to prevent relapse. […] Ciprofloxacin is an alternative to TMP/SMX. […] Nitazoxanide is an alternative to TMP/SMX in patients with sulfonamide intolerance and ciprofloxacin-resistant infections. Efficacy of nitazoxanide for cyclosporiasis is reported to be between 71 to 87%.

• #8 Health Care Provider Information on Cyclosporiasis – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/cyclosporasis/hcp.html

  Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), sold under the trade names Bactrim, Septra, and Cotrim, is the treatment of choice. […] The typical regimen for immunocompetent adults is TMP 160 mg plus SMX 800 mg, orally, twice a day, for 7 to 10 days. […] People living with HIV may need longer courses of therapy. […] No highly effective alternative antibiotic regimen has been identified yet for patients who do not respond to the standard treatment or have a sulfa allergy. […] Diarrhea should be managed by drinking plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration.

• #9 Cyclosporiasis—Updates on Clinical Presentation, Pathology, Clinical Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8471761/

  Profoundly immunocompromised patients such as those with AIDS and transplant recipients may require a longer course of treatment and/or a higher dose of TMP/SMX. Ongoing prophylaxis is also recommended to prevent relapse. A 1994 study of HIV-positive adults in Haiti found that symptomatic infection recurred in 12 of 28 patients (43%) who were monitored for more than one month after a 10 day course of TMP/SMX given orally four times per day. All responded promptly to repeat treatment and were subsequently given TMP/SMX three times a week for secondary prophylaxis; of these, only one patient recurred after seven months. These authors published a follow up study in 2000 showing that patients with HIV were successfully treated with seven days of TMP/SMX and DS tablets given orally twice per day, followed by prophylaxis for 10 weeks (DS tablet given orally, three times per week). Regardless of the initial dose, these studies clearly show the importance of prophylaxis for preventing relapse. Based on these data, the 2019 guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation recommend a 10 day course of TMP/SMX (one DS tablet given orally four times per day) for solid organ transplant recipients, followed by secondary prophylaxis with TMP/SMX (one DS tablet given orally three times per week). The reduction of immunosuppression is also indicated if possible.

• #10 Cyclosporiasis—Updates on Clinical Presentation, Pathology, Clinical Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/9/1863

  Profoundly immunocompromised patients such as those with AIDS and transplant recipients may require a longer course of treatment and/or a higher dose of TMP/SMX. Ongoing prophylaxis is also recommended to prevent relapse. A 1994 study of HIV-positive adults in Haiti found that symptomatic infection recurred in 12 of 28 patients (43%) who were monitored for more than one month after a 10 day course of TMP/SMX given orally four times per day. All responded promptly to repeat treatment and were subsequently given TMP/SMX three times a week for secondary prophylaxis; of these, only one patient recurred after seven months. These authors published a follow up study in 2000 showing that patients with HIV were successfully treated with seven days of TMP/SMX and DS tablets given orally twice per day, followed by prophylaxis for 10 weeks (DS tablet given orally, three times per week). Regardless of the initial dose, these studies clearly show the importance of prophylaxis for preventing relapse. Based on these data, the 2019 guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation recommend a 10 day course of TMP/SMX (one DS tablet given orally four times per day) for solid organ transplant recipients, followed by secondary prophylaxis with TMP/SMX (one DS tablet given orally three time per week). The reduction of immunosuppression is also indicated if possible.

• #11 Cyclosporiasis medical therapy – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Cyclosporiasis_medical_therapy

  Higher doses of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) (160 mg and 800 mg PO four times a day for 10 days) are required to treat HIV patients followed by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 3 times a week as a prophylaxis to prevent relapse. […] Preferred regimen: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole one double-strength tablet PO bid for 7-10 days. […] Alternative regimen(1): Ciprofloxacin 500mg PO bid for 7 days. […] Alternative regimen(2): Nitazoxanide 500mg PO bid for 7 days. […] Treatment is continued for 7 days in immunocompetent hosts and for 7 to 10 days in patients with HIV infection.

• #12 Cyclospora – Knowledge and References – Taylor & Francis

  https://taylorandfrancis.com/knowledge/Medicine_and_healthcare/Infectious_diseases/Cyclospora/

  Cyclospora, a recently recognized coccidian protozoan parasite, has been reported to cause diarrheal illness, often prolonged, in the United States and other countries. TMP-SMX is effective in treating diarrheal disease caused by cyclospora. In immunocompetent patients, treatment with a combination of 160 mg of trimethoprim and 800 mg of sulfamethoxazole (i.e., a double-strength tablet) twice daily for 7 days ended diarrheal illness and led to clearance of the parasites. In patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus, treatment with one double-strength tablet of TMP-SMX four times a day for 10 days leads to a rapid resolution of diarrhea. Symptomatic cyclosporiasis may recur in the following weeks, but it can be prevented by the administration of TMP-SMX three times weekly.

• #13 Cyclosporiasis: Transmission, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17957-cyclosporiasis

  Cyclosporiasis is treated with antibiotics. […] Cyclosporiasis is treated with antibiotics. Your provider may also prescribe oral or IV hydration or antidiarrheal medications. […] Your provider may use some or all of these treatments for cyclosporiasis: Antibiotics. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) is a combination of two antibiotics thats most effective in treating Cyclospora infections. Your provider may prescribe ciprofloxacin instead if youre allergic to sulfa medications. […] Taking antibiotics when you dont need to can contribute to antibiotic resistance. Your provider may wait and see if your infection goes away on its own before prescribing antibiotics. […] If you dont treat a Cyclospora infection, your symptoms could last a month or longer. This puts you at risk of severe dehydration and other complications.

• #14 Advances in Cyclosporiasis Diagnosis and Therapeutic Intervention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7026454/

  In some patients, TMP-SMX creates intolerance and allergy. In such cases, ciprofloxacin antibiotic with having less effectivity than TMP-SMX is a suitable treatment option for cyclosporiasis in human. Nitazoxanide is another drug that can also be used in the cases of sulfonamide intolerance and ciprofloxacin resistance. […] The efficacy of nitazoxanide for cyclosporiasis was reported to be ranging from 71 to 87%. […] Conversely, norfloxacin, metronidazole, tinidazole, and quinacrine have proven ineffective in some studies of human cyclosporiasis.

• #15 Simpler Treatment for Isospora and Cyclosporalogo-32logo-40logo-60NEJM Journal WatchnejmJW_1L_RGB-b

  https://www.jwatch.org/ac200007010000006/2000/07/01/simpler-treatment-isospora-and-cyclospora

  One double-strength TMP-SMZ tablet twice daily for 1 week is effective against isospora and cyclospora; ciprofloxacin is somewhat less effective but may be an alternative. […] One double-strength TMP-SMZ tablet twice daily for 1 week is effective against isospora and cyclospora; ciprofloxacin is somewhat less effective but may be an alternative in TMP-SMZ-intolerant patients. […] Reduced-dose TMP-SMZ resolved diarrhea rapidly in both isospora- and cyclospora-infected patients (median time to cessation of diarrhea, 2 and 3 days, respectively). […] This study provides support for using a simpler regimen of TMP-SMZ in treating these 2 conditions and using an alternative therapy with ciprofloxacin if TMP-SMZ is not tolerated.

• #16 Cyclosporiasis medical therapy – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Cyclosporiasis_medical_therapy

  HIV-infected patients may need longer courses of therapy. […] No highly effective alternatives have been identified for persons who are allergic to (or are intolerant of) TMP-SMX. Approaches to consider for such persons include observation and symptomatic treatment, use of an antibiotic whose effectiveness against Cyclospora is unknown or is based on limited data, or desensitization to TMP-SMX. The latter approach should be considered only for selected patients who require treatment, have been evaluated by an allergist, and do not have a life-threatening allergy. Ciprofloxacin has been shown to be effective in treating patients with sulpha allergy however treatment failures have also been reported. Nitazoxanide for 7 days have shown beneficial as an alternative regimen in patients with sulfa allergy.

• #17 Cyclosporiasis: Transmission, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17957-cyclosporiasis

  The best way to manage the symptoms of cyclosporiasis is to make sure youre staying hydrated and getting enough nutrition. […] A Cyclospora infection sometimes goes away on its own, but it can also last a long time and put you at risk for dehydration. Its best to check with your healthcare provider to know if you should treat a Cyclospora infection with antibiotics. […] Taking care of yourself with cyclosporiasis includes staying hydrated and trying to get whatever nutrition you can. Severe diarrhea can lead to life-threatening complications. […] Take all antibiotics as prescribed, even if youre feeling better. […] Cyclosporiasis is rare in the U.S., but imported, fresh produce sometimes causes outbreaks. Youre also at risk if you live in or travel to tropical and subtropical areas where Cyclospora is common. Fortunately, cyclosporiasis is not usually life-threatening and can be treated with antibiotics.

• #18 Cyclospora

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/diseases/cyclospora.html

  Infection with Cyclospora is treatable with antibiotics. Infected persons who have diarrhea should rest and drink plenty of fluids. They should seek their physician’s advice before taking a medication to slow their diarrhea.

• #19 Cyclosporiasis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, And Treatment

  https://www.netmeds.com/health-library/post/cyclosporiasis-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment?srsltid=AfmBOorpHBfZmSXZ9TNO5re_etKHiU8ih2N3V4RPMqFW3_iHLT7r9az0

  Cyclosporiasis is treated with antibiotics, anti-diarrheal medications, and special hydration fluids to help the body rehydrate itself. Fluids to restore essential electrolytes may also be given. Moreover, the doctors recommend drinking plenty of soups, broth, sports drinks, and oral rehydration solutions.

• #20 Everything You Need to Know About Cyclospora | South Shore Health

  https://www.southshorehealth.org/wellness/blog/what-is-cyclospora-massachusetts-cyclospora-warning

  Dozens of different gastrointestinal illnesses can cause symptoms like diarrhea and nausea, so its important to contact your primary care provider if youre experiencing the symptoms discussed above. […] If a case of cyclosporiasis is confirmed, treatment can begin. While its possible for healthy individuals to fight off a Cyclospora infection without treatment, the normal recommended treatment for cyclosporiasis is a course of Trimethoprim-sulfa (TMP-SMX), which is an antibiotic. Fluids may be given as well to help replenish those lost from diarrhea. […] Also, in cases like this where there are concerns about a potential outbreak, your primary care provider confirming a case of cyclosporiasis can help entities like the DPH and CDC better identify the source of the contamination, preventing further illness.

• #21 Cyclospora Infection Treatment, Prevention & Diagnosis

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/cyclospora_infection_cyclosporiasis/article_em.htm

  The only CDC-recommended treatment is the antibiotic trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim DS, Septra, Sulfatrim). […] Diagnosis is important because only one combination drug (antibiotic) is the treatment of choice, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX, Cotrim, co-trimoxazole, Bactrim DS and others) 160/800 mg, oral tablet, twice a day for seven to 10 days. Some immunocompromised patients may require longer treatment. If an individual is allergic to this drug, alternative antiprotozoal agents like nitazoxanide may be successful. However, these people should be evaluated by an allergist, or an infectious disease expert. In addition, the use of anti-diarrheal medications may be considered after consultation with a health care provider. […] For most individuals who get appropriate treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, follow-up is not required. However, any patient who has recurrent symptoms should follow up with their treating physician. Infection does not prevent relapses or subsequent infections, especially in untreated patients with Cyclospora infections.

• #22 CDC – Cyclosporiasis – Treatment

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/parasites/cyclosporiasis/treatment.html

  Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX), sold under the trade names Bactrim*, Septra*, and Cotrim*, is the usual therapy for Cyclospora infection. […] No highly effective alternative antibiotic regimen has been identified yet for patients who do not respond to the standard treatment or have a sulfa allergy. […] Most people who have healthy immune systems will recover without treatment. […] If not treated, the illness may last for a few days to a month or longer. […] Anti-diarrheal medicine may help reduce diarrhea, but a health care provider should be consulted before such medicine is taken. […] People who are in poor health or who have weakened immune systems may be at higher risk for severe or prolonged illness.

• #23 About Cyclosporiasis – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/cyclosporasis/basics.html

  The treatment of choice is trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, sold under the trade names Bactrim, Septra, and Cotrim. […] No highly effective alternative antibiotic has been identified yet for people who have a sulfa allergy or whose symptoms do not get better after the standard treatment. […] Contact your healthcare provider to discuss treatment options. Diarrhea should be managed by drinking plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration.

• #24 Cyclospora cayetanensis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclospora_cayetanensis

  Most people who have healthy immune systems will recover without treatment. If not treated, the illness may last for a few days to a month or longer. Symptoms may seem to go away and then return one or more times (relapse). Antidiarrheal medicine may help reduce diarrhea, but consult with a health care provider before the medicine is taken. People who are in poor health or who have weakened immune systems may be at higher risk for severe or prolonged illness. To date, the most effective drug for the treatment of the protozoan is a seven-day course of oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX). Effects of the drug include a significant decrease in the duration of oocyst excretion, cessation of diarrhea, and stool samples negative for oocysts within two to three days. TMP-SMX is classified as a Category C during pregnancy, meaning potential adverse effects (such as teratogenic or embryocidal or other) could results and should only be given if the potential benefit significantly justifies the risk. The drug should be avoided near-term, as high potentials exist for hyperbilirubinemia and kernicterus in newborns. Additionally, TMP-SMX can be excreted in breast milk, which is compatible in healthy, full-term newborns, but should be avoided in premature, ill, stressed, or jaundiced infants. No highly alternative antibiotic regimen has been discovered yet for patients who possess a sulfa-allergy.

• #25 Cyclospora cayetanensis

  https://www.k-state.edu/parasitology/cyclospora/cyclospora.html

  Some success has been achieved treating patients with co-trimoxazole (160 mg trimethoprim, 800 mg sulfamethoxazole) twice daily for 7 days. […] Children should receive trimethoprim at 5 mg/kg body weight plus sulfamethoxazole at 25 mg/kg body weight twice a day for 7 days. […] For more specific information on treatment, see the papers below marked with an asterisk (*).

• #26 Cyclospora – WikEM

  https://wikem.org/wiki/Cyclospora

  Bactrim: 160mg TMP and 800mg SMX PO BID for 7 to 10 days for cyclosporiasis or for 10 days. Children are given 5mg/kg TMP and 25mg/kg SMX PO BID for the same number of days. […] Immunocompromised patients may require higher doses and longer duration of treatment, and treatment of acute infection is usually followed by long-term suppressive therapy.

• #27 For health professionals: Cyclosporiasis (Cyclospora) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/cyclosporiasis-cyclospora/health-professionals-cyclosporiasis-cyclospora.html

  Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is the first-line treatment for cyclosporiasis, with symptom resolution usually noted 2 to 3 days into therapy. […] No highly effective alternative antibiotic regimen has been identified yet for patients who: have a sulfa allergy […] do not respond to the standard treatment.

• #28 Treatment of cyclosporiasis (Cyclospora) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/cyclosporiasis-cyclospora/treatment-cyclosporiasis-cyclospora.html

  Cyclosporiasis is treated with a prescription medication. Your symptoms will probably improve within 2 to 3 days after you start taking medication. […] However, it may take several weeks before your intestinal problems completely disappear.

• #29 Cyclospora Infection Treatment, Prevention & Diagnosis

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/cyclospora_infection_cyclosporiasis/article_em.htm

  In general, the prognoses for treated Cyclospora infections range from good to excellent. Usually, the infection, even untreated, is not life-threatening, although secondary problems such as dehydration or electrolyte problems and recurring symptoms can happen. […] Usually, there are few complications that occur from Cyclospora infections. However, such complications as relapsing illness, malabsorption, cholecystitis, and Reiter’s syndrome (reactive arthritis) have been reported. In addition, severe diarrhea may lead to dehydration and electrolyte problems in patients. People with a compromised immune system are more susceptible to infection and complications.

• #30 Cyclosporiasis – Disease Surveillance Epidemiology Program – MeCDC; DHHS Maine

  https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/infectious-disease/epi/disease/cyclosporiasis.shtml

  Treatment for cyclosporiasis is available. If not treated, the illness may last from a few days to a month or longer. Symptoms may go away and then return one or more times. It is common to feel very tired. […] Cyclosporiasis infection is diagnosed by examining stool specimens. Diagnosis can be difficult because even patients who are symptomatic might not shed enough of the parasite in their stool to be detectable by lab examinations. Identification of the parasite requires special tests that are not usually done when stool is tested for parasites. Therefore, if indicated, healthcare providers should specifically request testing for cyclosporiasis.

• #31 Cyclosporiasis—Updates on Clinical Presentation, Pathology, Clinical Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8471761/

  There is currently no vaccine for cyclosporiasis. Instead, preventative measures focus on improving sanitation (e.g., measures to prevent human feces from entering the environment and contaminating the food and water supply) and treating food to inactivate contaminating oocysts. The oocysts are highly resistant to commonly used disinfectants but are inactivated by cooking. Travelers to highly endemic areas are advised to avoid eating uncooked raw vegetables and unpeeled fruits and preferentially to choose foods that are fully cooked and served hot. Similarly, patients with HIV and solid organ transplant recipients should avoid consuming untreated well and surface water to avoid gastroenteric infections.

• #32 Cyclospora | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/food/foodborne-pathogens/cyclospora

  Cyclospora cayetanensis is a parasite that is so small it can only be seen under a microscope. When people eat food or drink water thats contaminated with Cyclospora, they can get an intestinal illness called cyclosporiasis. […] If not treated, the illness may last from a few days to a month or longer. […] Based on current information available Cyclospora may be resistant to routine chemical disinfection methods such as those using chlorine. […] Persons who think they might have become ill from eating potentially contaminated foods should consult their health care provider.

• #33 Cyclosporiasis: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | Qwark

  https://qwarkhealth.com/conditions/cyclosporiasis

  Treatment for cyclosporiasis includes a course of antibiotics prescribed by a healthcare professional. […] The most common treatment for this condition is antibiotics, specifically a combination of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX). This medication is usually given for a period of seven to ten days. […] Antibiotic therapy is the primary method of management for cyclosporiasis. While there is no cure for this condition, antibiotics can effectively clear the infection and improve symptoms in most cases. […] There are no alternative or complementary treatments that have been proven effective in treating cyclosporiasis. […] To prevent cyclosporiasis from recurring after treatment, it`s important to practice good hygiene and food safety habits.

• #34 Cyclospora | Mass.gov

  https://www.mass.gov/info-details/cyclospora

  If you think you have cyclosporiasis, you should see your healthcare provider. Your healthcare provider can take a stool sample and send it to a laboratory for testing. If you have cyclospora in your stool, you may be treated with antibiotics or a combination of antibiotics. […] If you have diarrhea, you should rest and drink plenty of clear fluids. Do not take any medicine until asking your healthcare provider about it. People who have already had a cyclospora infection can get it again.

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