Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Central and Peripheral Cyanosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559167/

  Cyan means blue, and the abnormal bluish skin and mucous membrane discoloration is called cyanosis. It is a pathologic sign and not a disease by itself. Underlying diseases that increase the deoxygenated hemoglobin to 5.0 g/dl or more leads to cyanosis. Cyanosis can be best appreciated in areas with rich superficial vasculature and thin overlying dermis. These include lips, nose, earlobes, oral cavity, extremities, and tips of fingers and toes. Cyanosis usually becomes evident in hypoxemia, that is, abnormally low oxygenation concentration (80-85%) in arterial blood. However, it is not sensitive or a specific indicator of hypoxemia. Since cyanosis is a clinical sign, a proper evaluation is important to determine the etiology of cyanosis. […] Cyanosis is further classified as central, peripheral, and differential.

• #2 Cyanosis: Cyanosis and the Clinical Assessment of Hypoxemia, Generation of Cyanosis, Causes of Cyanosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/303533-author

  Cyanosis is a bluish or purplish tinge to the skin and mucous membranes. […] Approximately 5 g/dL of unoxygenated hemoglobin in the capillaries generates the dark blue color appreciated clinically as cyanosis. […] The requirement of 5 g/dL of reduced (ie, deoxygenated) hemoglobin in the capillaries translates into a reduced hemoglobin content of 3.4 g/dL in arterial blood. […] The threshold for central cyanosis is a capillary reduced hemoglobin content of 5 g/dL, which can occur at varying values of the two parameters that are measured most commonly, arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) and arterial hemoglobin content. […] Most often, cyanosis is detected in the lips and fingers. […] Cyanosis is classified as being either peripheral or central. […] The majority of cyanosis is caused by cardiac or respiratory etiologies. […] Methemoglobinemia imparts an intense bluish tinge to the skin; therefore, the cyanosis of methemoglobinemia is not related to reduced hemoglobin but to oxidized hemoglobin. […] Sulfhemoglobinemia is a rare condition caused by sulfur binding with hemoglobin so that oxygen cannot be bound.

• #3 Cyanosis: Cyanosis and the Clinical Assessment of Hypoxemia, Generation of Cyanosis, Causes of Cyanosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/303533-author

  Cyanosis is a bluish or purplish tinge to the skin and mucous membranes. […] Approximately 5 g/dL of unoxygenated hemoglobin in the capillaries generates the dark blue color appreciated clinically as cyanosis. […] The requirement of 5 g/dL of reduced (ie, deoxygenated) hemoglobin in the capillaries translates into a reduced hemoglobin content of 3.4 g/dL in arterial blood. […] The threshold for central cyanosis is a capillary reduced hemoglobin content of 5 g/dL, which can occur at varying values of the two parameters that are measured most commonly, arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) and arterial hemoglobin content. […] Most often, cyanosis is detected in the lips and fingers. […] Cyanosis is classified as being either peripheral or central. […] The majority of cyanosis is caused by cardiac or respiratory etiologies. […] Methemoglobinemia imparts an intense bluish tinge to the skin; therefore, the cyanosis of methemoglobinemia is not related to reduced hemoglobin but to oxidized hemoglobin. […] Sulfhemoglobinemia is a rare condition caused by sulfur binding with hemoglobin so that oxygen cannot be bound.

• #4 Central and Peripheral Cyanosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559167/

  Cyan means blue, and the abnormal bluish skin and mucous membrane discoloration is called cyanosis. It is a pathologic sign and not a disease by itself. Underlying diseases that increase the deoxygenated hemoglobin to 5.0 g/dl or more leads to cyanosis. Cyanosis can be best appreciated in areas with rich superficial vasculature and thin overlying dermis. These include lips, nose, earlobes, oral cavity, extremities, and tips of fingers and toes. Cyanosis usually becomes evident in hypoxemia, that is, abnormally low oxygenation concentration (80-85%) in arterial blood. However, it is not sensitive or a specific indicator of hypoxemia. Since cyanosis is a clinical sign, a proper evaluation is important to determine the etiology of cyanosis. […] Cyanosis is further classified as central, peripheral, and differential.

• #5 Skin discoloration – bluish Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/symptoms/skin-discoloration-bluish

  Lips – bluish; Fingernails – bluish; Cyanosis; Bluish lips and fingernails; Bluish skin. […] A bluish color to the skin or mucous membrane is usually due to a lack of oxygen in the blood. The medical term is cyanosis. […] People whose blood is low in oxygen tend to have a bluish color to their skin. This condition is called cyanosis. […] Cyanosis that is caused by long-term heart or lung problems may develop slowly. Symptoms may be present, but are often not severe. […] In dark-skinned people, cyanosis may be easier to see in the mucous membranes (lips, gums, around the eyes) and nailbeds. […] Most cyanosis occurs because of a lack of oxygen in the blood. […] Cyanosis that occurs acutely is more likely to be an emergency than when it is present for a long time.

• #6 The MSDS HyperGlossary: Cyanosis

  http://www.ilpi.com/msds/ref/cyanosis.html

  Cyanosis is harder to observe in dark-skinned people. The best places to look in this case are in the buccal mucosa (inside of the cheek) and hard palate (roof of the mouth). […] Cyanosis is an early sign of hypoxia. If you are working in a confined space where the oxygen content may be less than normal or are working with a chemical substance that interferes with oxygen transport in the body, be sure to recognize the bluish cast of cyanosis.

• #7 World Rugby Passport – Pallor and/or Cyanosis

  https://passport.world.rugby/player-welfare-medical/world-rugby-first-aid-in-rugby/chapter-6-breathing-assessment-and-chest-injuries/pallor-andor-cyanosis/

  The red pigment in blood is known as haemoglobin and is responsible for binding to oxygen and carrying it around the body. […] Haemoglobin without oxygen turns pale or grey/blue. […] This grey/blue discolouration is called cyanosis. […] Central cyanosis is always significant and should be looked for during an assessment of breathing. […] If you see central cyanosis, the casualty is not able to get enough oxygen into the body and you need help urgently. […] Lack of oxygen is known as hypoxia and hypoxic people can die.

• #8 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Cyanosis.aspx

  Cyanosis refers to abnormal blue discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes. […] While oxygenated hemoglobin is bright red, reduced hemoglobin is dark blue or purple in color. Venous blood is deoxygenated and is thus darker in color. This leads to the dusky or blue color of the skin and mucous membranes. […] Cyanosis is caused by an increase in the deoxygenated haemoglobin level to above 5 g/dL. […] In adults with normal hemoglobin (13.5-18 g/dL in men, 11.5-16 g/dL in women) central cyanosis is seen if oxygen saturation drops between 80 to 87%. […] Central cyanosis is caused by diseases of the heart or lungs or may be caused by abnormal haemoglobin called methhemoglobinemia or sulfhemoglobinemia. […] It is seen over the tongue, lips and inner linings of the mouth. […] In central cyanosis there is concomitant presence of peripheral cyanosis.

• #9 Central and Peripheral Cyanosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559167/

  Cyan means blue, and the abnormal bluish skin and mucous membrane discoloration is called cyanosis. It is a pathologic sign and not a disease by itself. Underlying diseases that increase the deoxygenated hemoglobin to 5.0 g/dl or more leads to cyanosis. Cyanosis can be best appreciated in areas with rich superficial vasculature and thin overlying dermis. These include lips, nose, earlobes, oral cavity, extremities, and tips of fingers and toes. Cyanosis usually becomes evident in hypoxemia, that is, abnormally low oxygenation concentration (80-85%) in arterial blood. However, it is not sensitive or a specific indicator of hypoxemia. Since cyanosis is a clinical sign, a proper evaluation is important to determine the etiology of cyanosis. […] Cyanosis is further classified as central, peripheral, and differential.

• #10 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Cyanosis.aspx

  Cyanosis refers to abnormal blue discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes. […] While oxygenated hemoglobin is bright red, reduced hemoglobin is dark blue or purple in color. Venous blood is deoxygenated and is thus darker in color. This leads to the dusky or blue color of the skin and mucous membranes. […] Cyanosis is caused by an increase in the deoxygenated haemoglobin level to above 5 g/dL. […] In adults with normal hemoglobin (13.5-18 g/dL in men, 11.5-16 g/dL in women) central cyanosis is seen if oxygen saturation drops between 80 to 87%. […] Central cyanosis is caused by diseases of the heart or lungs or may be caused by abnormal haemoglobin called methhemoglobinemia or sulfhemoglobinemia. […] It is seen over the tongue, lips and inner linings of the mouth. […] In central cyanosis there is concomitant presence of peripheral cyanosis.

• #11 Central and Peripheral Cyanosis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/27005

  Reduced cardiac output in heart failure and shock can, if severe, lead to peripheral cyanosis. Lack of pressure prevents an adequate supply of oxygen-rich blood to the extremities. […] Cyanosis is caused by an absolute increase in the deoxygenated hemoglobin. Therefore, greater arterial hemoglobin desaturation in anemic patients is required for cyanosis to manifest compared to individuals with normal hemoglobin levels. This means that the appearance of cyanosis in anemic patients warrants immediate attention as their oxygen saturation is very low at this point.

• #12 Chapter 36: Cyanosis | Harrison’s Manual of Medicine

  https://harrisons.unboundmedicine.com/harrisons/view/Harrisons-Manual-of-Medicine/623171/all/Chapter_36:_Cyanosis

  Bluish discoloration of the skin and/or mucous membranes are usually due to elevated quantity of reduced hemoglobin (4 g/dL) in the capillary blood vessels. […] Cyanosis depends on absolute, not relative, quantity of desaturated hemoglobin, so may be less evident in pts with severe anemia, and more notable in pts with polycythemia.

• #13 Central and Peripheral Cyanosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559167/

  Cyan means blue, and the abnormal bluish skin and mucous membrane discoloration is called cyanosis. It is a pathologic sign and not a disease by itself. Underlying diseases that increase the deoxygenated hemoglobin to 5.0 g/dl or more leads to cyanosis. Cyanosis can be best appreciated in areas with rich superficial vasculature and thin overlying dermis. These include lips, nose, earlobes, oral cavity, extremities, and tips of fingers and toes. Cyanosis usually becomes evident in hypoxemia, that is, abnormally low oxygenation concentration (80-85%) in arterial blood. However, it is not sensitive or a specific indicator of hypoxemia. Since cyanosis is a clinical sign, a proper evaluation is important to determine the etiology of cyanosis. […] Cyanosis is further classified as central, peripheral, and differential.

• #14 Central and Peripheral Cyanosis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32644593/

  Peripheral cyanosis is the bluish discoloration of the distal extremities (hands, fingertips, toes). It can sometimes involve circumoral and periorbital areas, but mucous membranes are generally not involved. Peripheral cyanosis is rarely a life-threatening medical emergency. However, it is essential to determine the underlying cause and manage it promptly to prevent potential complications. […] Differential cyanosis is the asymmetrical bluish discoloration between the upper and lower extremities. It usually indicates serious underlying cardiopulmonary conditions.

• #15 Central and Peripheral Cyanosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559167/

  Central cyanosis is a generalized bluish discoloration of the body and visible mucous membranes. It occurs due to inadequate oxygenation secondary to conditions that increase deoxygenated hemoglobin or abnormal hemoglobin. […] Peripheral cyanosis is the bluish discoloration of the distal extremities (hands, fingertips, toes). It can sometimes involve circumoral and periorbital areas, but mucous membranes are generally not involved. Peripheral cyanosis is rarely a life-threatening medical emergency. However, it is essential to determine the underlying cause and manage it promptly to prevent potential complications. […] The pathophysiology of cyanosis is as follows: Hypoxic Hypoxia: The oxygen diffusion to the tissues is decreased due to decreased oxygen tension and content in arterial and venous blood.

• #16 Cyanosis. Blue lips and skin. Cyanosis information. Patient

  https://patient.info/doctor/cyanosis

  Cyanosis is the abnormal blue discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes, caused by an increase in the deoxygenated haemoglobin level to above 5 g/dL. […] Central cyanosis is caused by diseases of the heart or lungs, or abnormal haemoglobin (methaemoglobinaemia or sulfhaemoglobinaemia). […] Cyanosis is seen in the tongue and lips and is due to desaturation of central arterial blood resulting from cardiac and respiratory disorders associated with shunting of deoxygenated venous blood into the systemic circulation. […] Peripheral cyanosis is caused by decreased local circulation and increased extraction of oxygen in the peripheral tissues. […] Isolated peripheral cyanosis occurs in conditions associated with peripheral vasoconstriction and stasis of blood in the extremities, leading to increased peripheral oxygen extraction – eg, congestive heart failure, circulatory shock, exposure to cold temperatures and abnormalities of the peripheral circulation.

• #17 Approach to cyanosis in children – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-cyanosis-in-children/print

  Cyanosis, a bluish purple discoloration of the tissues due to an increased concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the capillary bed, results from a variety of conditions, many of which are life-threatening. It is most easily appreciated in the lips, nail beds, earlobes, mucous membranes, and locations where the skin is thin. […] Two mechanisms result in cyanosis: systemic arterial oxygen desaturation and increased oxygen extraction by the tissues. Based upon these mechanisms, two types of cyanosis are described: central and peripheral. […] Central cyanosis is evident when systemic arterial concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hb) in the blood exceeds 5 g/dL (3.1 mmol/L) (oxygen saturation ≤85 percent). […] Peripheral cyanosis—Patients with peripheral cyanosis have a normal systemic arterial oxygen saturation. However, increased oxygen extraction results in a wide systemic arteriovenous oxygen difference and increased deoxygenated blood on the venous side of the capillary beds.

• #18 Blue or grey skin or lips (cyanosis)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/blue-skin-or-lips-cyanosis/

  Cyanosis is where your skin or lips turn blue or grey. It can be a sign of a serious problem. […] Blue or grey skin or lips (cyanosis) happens when there’s not enough oxygen in your blood, or you have poor blood circulation. […] It can be caused by a serious problem with the: lungs, like asthma or pneumonia; airways, like choking or croup; heart, like heart failure or congenital heart disease. […] Other causes of cyanosis include: Raynaud’s, which affects your fingers and toes; beta blockers, medicines used to treat high blood pressure; a blood clot that stops the blood supply to a limb; being in cold air or water; wearing clothing or jewellery that’s too tight.

• #19 Cyanosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/c/cyanosis

  Cyanosis is usually caused by abnormalities of the heart, the lungs or the blood. Under normal conditions, after receiving oxygen from the lungs, red (oxygen rich) blood is delivered from the heart to the rest of the body. When it returns to the heart, the blue (oxygen poor) blood is directed to the lungs to collect more oxygen. […] Abnormalities in the lungs can prevent oxygen from entering the blood, which can lead to cyanosis. […] Cyanosis in congenital heart defects results when blue blood (oxygen poor) does not reach the lungs to make red blood, or when red blood (oxygen rich) is mixed with blue blood before it returns to the body. […] Cyanosis occurs because the aorta (the big blood vessel that carries red blood to the body) and the pulmonary artery (big blood vessel that carries blue blood to the lungs) are coming from the wrong ventricles.

• #20 Cyanosis. Blue lips and skin. Cyanosis information. Patient

  https://patient.info/doctor/cyanosis

  All causes of central cyanosis also cause peripheral cyanosis. […] Abnormal haemoglobins (do not allow adequate oxygen uptake): Methaemoglobinaemia: may be genetic or associated with certain drugs – eg, quinones, primaquine, sulfonamides. […] Sulfhaemoglobinaemia is usually associated with certain drugs, especially sulfonamides.

• #21 Central and Peripheral Cyanosis (Polycythemia) – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/lung-disease-respiratory-health/central-and-peripheral-cyanosis-polycythemia/

  Cyanosis is a medical term for when your skin, lips, or other parts of your body turn blue due to a lack of oxygen in your blood. […] Cyanosis typically happens if the amount of low-oxygen blood in your body increases to a certain level. […] Cyanosis usually appears when there’s an unusually low amount of oxygen in your blood, a condition known as hypoxemia. […] Central cyanosis is when your entire body and visible mucus membranes (like the inside of your mouth and nose) turn blue. This happens when your body is not getting enough oxygen due to certain conditions that increase low-oxygen blood or abnormal blood. […] Peripheral cyanosis is when only far-away parts of your body, like your hands, fingertips, and toes, turn blue. […] Central cyanosis can happen because of several reasons: Breathing problems due to issues with the brain, lung-related issues which obstruct the flow of air into your lungs and the spreading of oxygen in your body, heart problems such as heart failure, conditions affecting the hemoglobin, having too many red blood cells (polycythemia), living at a high altitude, being too cold, and having Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

• #22 World Rugby Passport – Pallor and/or Cyanosis

  https://passport.world.rugby/player-welfare-medical/world-rugby-first-aid-in-rugby/chapter-6-breathing-assessment-and-chest-injuries/pallor-andor-cyanosis/

  The red pigment in blood is known as haemoglobin and is responsible for binding to oxygen and carrying it around the body. […] Haemoglobin without oxygen turns pale or grey/blue. […] This grey/blue discolouration is called cyanosis. […] Central cyanosis is always significant and should be looked for during an assessment of breathing. […] If you see central cyanosis, the casualty is not able to get enough oxygen into the body and you need help urgently. […] Lack of oxygen is known as hypoxia and hypoxic people can die.

• #23 Central and Peripheral Cyanosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559167/

  Central cyanosis is a generalized bluish discoloration of the body and visible mucous membranes. It occurs due to inadequate oxygenation secondary to conditions that increase deoxygenated hemoglobin or abnormal hemoglobin. […] Peripheral cyanosis is the bluish discoloration of the distal extremities (hands, fingertips, toes). It can sometimes involve circumoral and periorbital areas, but mucous membranes are generally not involved. Peripheral cyanosis is rarely a life-threatening medical emergency. However, it is essential to determine the underlying cause and manage it promptly to prevent potential complications. […] The pathophysiology of cyanosis is as follows: Hypoxic Hypoxia: The oxygen diffusion to the tissues is decreased due to decreased oxygen tension and content in arterial and venous blood.

• #24 Central and Peripheral Cyanosis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32644593/

  Peripheral cyanosis is the bluish discoloration of the distal extremities (hands, fingertips, toes). It can sometimes involve circumoral and periorbital areas, but mucous membranes are generally not involved. Peripheral cyanosis is rarely a life-threatening medical emergency. However, it is essential to determine the underlying cause and manage it promptly to prevent potential complications. […] Differential cyanosis is the asymmetrical bluish discoloration between the upper and lower extremities. It usually indicates serious underlying cardiopulmonary conditions.

• #25 Central and Peripheral Cyanosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559167/

  Peripheral cyanosis occurs due to the inability of the body to deliver oxygen-rich blood to the peripheral tissues. Congestive peripheral cyanosis can be caused due to the slowing of blood flow. Ischemic peripheral cyanosis occurs when vasoconstriction leads to diminished peripheral blood flow. In peripheral cyanosis, there is normal arterial oxygen saturation but increased oxygen extraction by the peripheral tissue in the capillary bed in the setting of peripheral vasoconstriction and decreased peripheral blood flow. This results in a significant difference in the saturation between the arterial and venous blood, with increased deoxygenated blood on the venous side of the capillary beds. […] Reduced cardiac output in heart failure and shock can, if severe, lead to peripheral cyanosis. Lack of pressure prevents an adequate supply of oxygen-rich blood to the extremities. Also, hypotension produces reflex cutaneous vasoconstriction to shunt blood from the extremities to the internal organs. This redistribution of blood flow from the extremities causes cyanosis of the extremities.

• #26 Approach to cyanosis in children – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-cyanosis-in-children/print

  Cyanosis, a bluish purple discoloration of the tissues due to an increased concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the capillary bed, results from a variety of conditions, many of which are life-threatening. It is most easily appreciated in the lips, nail beds, earlobes, mucous membranes, and locations where the skin is thin. […] Two mechanisms result in cyanosis: systemic arterial oxygen desaturation and increased oxygen extraction by the tissues. Based upon these mechanisms, two types of cyanosis are described: central and peripheral. […] Central cyanosis is evident when systemic arterial concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hb) in the blood exceeds 5 g/dL (3.1 mmol/L) (oxygen saturation ≤85 percent). […] Peripheral cyanosis—Patients with peripheral cyanosis have a normal systemic arterial oxygen saturation. However, increased oxygen extraction results in a wide systemic arteriovenous oxygen difference and increased deoxygenated blood on the venous side of the capillary beds.

• #27 Central and Peripheral Cyanosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559167/

  Peripheral cyanosis occurs due to the inability of the body to deliver oxygen-rich blood to the peripheral tissues. Congestive peripheral cyanosis can be caused due to the slowing of blood flow. Ischemic peripheral cyanosis occurs when vasoconstriction leads to diminished peripheral blood flow. In peripheral cyanosis, there is normal arterial oxygen saturation but increased oxygen extraction by the peripheral tissue in the capillary bed in the setting of peripheral vasoconstriction and decreased peripheral blood flow. This results in a significant difference in the saturation between the arterial and venous blood, with increased deoxygenated blood on the venous side of the capillary beds. […] Reduced cardiac output in heart failure and shock can, if severe, lead to peripheral cyanosis. Lack of pressure prevents an adequate supply of oxygen-rich blood to the extremities. Also, hypotension produces reflex cutaneous vasoconstriction to shunt blood from the extremities to the internal organs. This redistribution of blood flow from the extremities causes cyanosis of the extremities.

• #28 Central and Peripheral Cyanosis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/27005

  Central cyanosis is a generalized bluish discoloration of the body and visible mucous membranes. It occurs due to inadequate oxygenation secondary to conditions that increase deoxygenated hemoglobin or abnormal hemoglobin. […] Peripheral cyanosis can be seen because of the following: Reduced cardiac output secondary to heart failure or shock; Local vasoconstriction due to cold exposure, hypothermia, acrocyanosis, and Raynaud phenomenon; Vasomotor instability; Arterial obstruction causing regional ischemia secondary to peripheral vascular disease. Causes include atherosclerosis, Buerger disease, atheroembolism; Venous stasis or obstruction, such as in deep vein thrombosis; Hyperviscosity attributable to multiple myelomas, polycythemia, and macroglobulinemia. […] All causes of central cyanosis can also cause peripheral cyanosis. Cardiopulmonary causes and hemoglobin abnormalities are the common causes of central cyanosis.

• #29 Blue or grey skin or lips (cyanosis)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/blue-skin-or-lips-cyanosis/

  Cyanosis is where your skin or lips turn blue or grey. It can be a sign of a serious problem. […] Blue or grey skin or lips (cyanosis) happens when there’s not enough oxygen in your blood, or you have poor blood circulation. […] It can be caused by a serious problem with the: lungs, like asthma or pneumonia; airways, like choking or croup; heart, like heart failure or congenital heart disease. […] Other causes of cyanosis include: Raynaud’s, which affects your fingers and toes; beta blockers, medicines used to treat high blood pressure; a blood clot that stops the blood supply to a limb; being in cold air or water; wearing clothing or jewellery that’s too tight.

• #30 Central and Peripheral Cyanosis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/27005

  Central cyanosis is a generalized bluish discoloration of the body and visible mucous membranes. It occurs due to inadequate oxygenation secondary to conditions that increase deoxygenated hemoglobin or abnormal hemoglobin. […] Peripheral cyanosis can be seen because of the following: Reduced cardiac output secondary to heart failure or shock; Local vasoconstriction due to cold exposure, hypothermia, acrocyanosis, and Raynaud phenomenon; Vasomotor instability; Arterial obstruction causing regional ischemia secondary to peripheral vascular disease. Causes include atherosclerosis, Buerger disease, atheroembolism; Venous stasis or obstruction, such as in deep vein thrombosis; Hyperviscosity attributable to multiple myelomas, polycythemia, and macroglobulinemia. […] All causes of central cyanosis can also cause peripheral cyanosis. Cardiopulmonary causes and hemoglobin abnormalities are the common causes of central cyanosis.

• #31 Central and Peripheral Cyanosis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/27005

  Central cyanosis is a generalized bluish discoloration of the body and visible mucous membranes. It occurs due to inadequate oxygenation secondary to conditions that increase deoxygenated hemoglobin or abnormal hemoglobin. […] Peripheral cyanosis can be seen because of the following: Reduced cardiac output secondary to heart failure or shock; Local vasoconstriction due to cold exposure, hypothermia, acrocyanosis, and Raynaud phenomenon; Vasomotor instability; Arterial obstruction causing regional ischemia secondary to peripheral vascular disease. Causes include atherosclerosis, Buerger disease, atheroembolism; Venous stasis or obstruction, such as in deep vein thrombosis; Hyperviscosity attributable to multiple myelomas, polycythemia, and macroglobulinemia. […] All causes of central cyanosis can also cause peripheral cyanosis. Cardiopulmonary causes and hemoglobin abnormalities are the common causes of central cyanosis.

• #32 Central and Peripheral Cyanosis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/27005

  Central cyanosis is a generalized bluish discoloration of the body and visible mucous membranes. It occurs due to inadequate oxygenation secondary to conditions that increase deoxygenated hemoglobin or abnormal hemoglobin. […] Peripheral cyanosis can be seen because of the following: Reduced cardiac output secondary to heart failure or shock; Local vasoconstriction due to cold exposure, hypothermia, acrocyanosis, and Raynaud phenomenon; Vasomotor instability; Arterial obstruction causing regional ischemia secondary to peripheral vascular disease. Causes include atherosclerosis, Buerger disease, atheroembolism; Venous stasis or obstruction, such as in deep vein thrombosis; Hyperviscosity attributable to multiple myelomas, polycythemia, and macroglobulinemia. […] All causes of central cyanosis can also cause peripheral cyanosis. Cardiopulmonary causes and hemoglobin abnormalities are the common causes of central cyanosis.

• #33 Central and Peripheral Cyanosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559167/

  The goal of managing peripheral cyanosis is to identify and treat the underlying cause of vasoconstriction and the limited supply of oxygen-rich blood to the extremities. Peripheral cyanosis is usually reversible, restoring oxygenated blood flow to the extremities. It can rarely pose a life-threatening emergency. However, timely management is important to improve outcomes and prevent complications.

• #34 Central and Peripheral Cyanosis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32644593/

  Peripheral cyanosis is the bluish discoloration of the distal extremities (hands, fingertips, toes). It can sometimes involve circumoral and periorbital areas, but mucous membranes are generally not involved. Peripheral cyanosis is rarely a life-threatening medical emergency. However, it is essential to determine the underlying cause and manage it promptly to prevent potential complications. […] Differential cyanosis is the asymmetrical bluish discoloration between the upper and lower extremities. It usually indicates serious underlying cardiopulmonary conditions.

• #35 What is Cyanosis?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/blood-health/cyanosis

  Cyanosis is a pathological condition of an underlying disease. […] Cyanosis is bluish hue discoloration of the skin, mucous membrane, gums, and fingernails due to the decreased oxygenation of the blood. […] Central cyanosis is manifested by bluish or purple discoloration of the tongue, mucous membrane of the mouth, lips, and skin. […] Peripheral cyanosis is characterized by decreased blood circulation in the peripheral organs, limbs, and extremities. […] Differential cyanosis is characterized by color differentiation involving both the upper and lower extremities. […] Many underlying health conditions may cause cyanosis. […] Central cyanosis causes are classified as: […] Symptoms of Central Cyanosis: Bluish discoloration of tongue and lips. […] Symptoms of Peripheral Cyanosis: The skin appears bluish in color in the toes, fingertips, palms, feet, or other extremities. […] Cyanosis occurs when the oxygen level in the blood is very low. The low oxygen blood is bluish-purple in tint, so the skin turns into bluish color during cyanosis.

• #36 Central and Peripheral Cyanosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559167/

  Central cyanosis is a generalized bluish discoloration of the body and visible mucous membranes. It occurs due to inadequate oxygenation secondary to conditions that increase deoxygenated hemoglobin or abnormal hemoglobin. […] Peripheral cyanosis is the bluish discoloration of the distal extremities (hands, fingertips, toes). It can sometimes involve circumoral and periorbital areas, but mucous membranes are generally not involved. Peripheral cyanosis is rarely a life-threatening medical emergency. However, it is essential to determine the underlying cause and manage it promptly to prevent potential complications. […] The pathophysiology of cyanosis is as follows: Hypoxic Hypoxia: The oxygen diffusion to the tissues is decreased due to decreased oxygen tension and content in arterial and venous blood.

• #37

  https://www.koruhastanesi.com/what-is-cyanosis-3960-5

  Cyanosis, a term often encountered in medical contexts, describes the discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and nails, presenting as a bluish or purplish hue. […] At its core, cyanosis manifests as a visible bluish or purplish discoloration that emerges on the skin, particularly around the lips, nail beds, and mucous membranes. This curious phenomenon is a consequence of inadequate oxygen levels in the blood, leading to the diminished oxygen saturation of tissues and, in turn, the distinctive blue or purple tint that captures our attention. […] Central cyanosis typically arises from respiratory or cardiovascular issues that compromise the efficient delivery of oxygen to the body’s vital tissues. […] Hypoxemic Cyanosis: This variant owes its existence to diminished oxygen levels in the bloodstream, a condition that finds its roots in lung disorders or heart conditions that affect the oxygenation process.

• #38 Central and Peripheral Cyanosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559167/

  Central cyanosis is a generalized bluish discoloration of the body and visible mucous membranes. It occurs due to inadequate oxygenation secondary to conditions that increase deoxygenated hemoglobin or abnormal hemoglobin. […] Peripheral cyanosis is the bluish discoloration of the distal extremities (hands, fingertips, toes). It can sometimes involve circumoral and periorbital areas, but mucous membranes are generally not involved. Peripheral cyanosis is rarely a life-threatening medical emergency. However, it is essential to determine the underlying cause and manage it promptly to prevent potential complications. […] The pathophysiology of cyanosis is as follows: Hypoxic Hypoxia: The oxygen diffusion to the tissues is decreased due to decreased oxygen tension and content in arterial and venous blood.

• #39

  https://www.koruhastanesi.com/what-is-cyanosis-3960-5

  A plethora of respiratory conditions, such as pneumonia, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or pulmonary edema, can act as instigators, effectively barricading the influx of oxygen into the bloodstream and paving the way for cyanosis to make its entrance. […] When the heart’s prowess in pumping oxygen-rich blood diminishes, cyanosis eagerly seizes the opportunity to assert itself. […] Cold temperatures have the power to constrict blood vessels and restrict blood flow to extremities, a scenario ripe for the emergence of acrocyanosis. […] The hallmark and most striking symptom of cyanosis is the visual transformation of the skin into shades of blue or purple, with particular emphasis on the areas around the lips, nail beds, and extremities. […] The enigmatic transformation of the human body into shades of blue during episodes of oxygen deprivation is rooted in a captivating biological phenomenon.

• #40 Cyanosis | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/cyanosis-250800254/250800254

  Cyanosis refers to a bluish color of the skin and mucous membranes resulting from an increased quantity of reduced hemoglobin/deoxyhemoglobin or abnormal hemoglobin derivatives, in the small blood vessels of those areas. […] Mechanism of Cyanosis Absolute increase of amount of reduced hemoglobin in blood, 50g/L (capillary) Nonfunctional hemoglobin such as methemoglobinor sulfhemoglobin is present in blood. […] Central cyanosis is caused by decreased SaO2(increased amount of reduced Hb) […] Central cyanosis only occurs when the oxygen saturation of arterial blood is less than 85%. […] Cause of decreased SaO2 Parenchymal lung disease Right to left cardiac shunt – congenital cyanotic heart disease Decreased PO2 of inspired air – high altitude Hypoventilation […] Cyanosis due to abnormal Hb derivatives Central cyanosis may be simulated by methaemoglobulinaemia and sulphaemoglobulinaemia.

• #41 Cyanosis | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/cyanosis-250800254/250800254

  Cyanosis refers to a bluish color of the skin and mucous membranes resulting from an increased quantity of reduced hemoglobin/deoxyhemoglobin or abnormal hemoglobin derivatives, in the small blood vessels of those areas. […] Mechanism of Cyanosis Absolute increase of amount of reduced hemoglobin in blood, 50g/L (capillary) Nonfunctional hemoglobin such as methemoglobinor sulfhemoglobin is present in blood. […] Central cyanosis is caused by decreased SaO2(increased amount of reduced Hb) […] Central cyanosis only occurs when the oxygen saturation of arterial blood is less than 85%. […] Cause of decreased SaO2 Parenchymal lung disease Right to left cardiac shunt – congenital cyanotic heart disease Decreased PO2 of inspired air – high altitude Hypoventilation […] Cyanosis due to abnormal Hb derivatives Central cyanosis may be simulated by methaemoglobulinaemia and sulphaemoglobulinaemia.

• #42 Cyanosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/c/cyanosis

  Cyanosis is usually caused by abnormalities of the heart, the lungs or the blood. Under normal conditions, after receiving oxygen from the lungs, red (oxygen rich) blood is delivered from the heart to the rest of the body. When it returns to the heart, the blue (oxygen poor) blood is directed to the lungs to collect more oxygen. […] Abnormalities in the lungs can prevent oxygen from entering the blood, which can lead to cyanosis. […] Cyanosis in congenital heart defects results when blue blood (oxygen poor) does not reach the lungs to make red blood, or when red blood (oxygen rich) is mixed with blue blood before it returns to the body. […] Cyanosis occurs because the aorta (the big blood vessel that carries red blood to the body) and the pulmonary artery (big blood vessel that carries blue blood to the lungs) are coming from the wrong ventricles.

• #43 HIE Multimedia – Cyanotic heart disease

  https://adamcertificationdemo.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=117&pid=1&gid=001104

  Cyanosis refers to a bluish color of the skin and mucous membranes. […] The main symptom of cyanosis is a bluish color of the lips, fingers, and toes that is caused by the low oxygen content in the blood. It may occur while the child is resting or only when the child is active. […] Cyanotic heart disease is a congenital heart defect which results in low oxygen levels in the blood and causes the child’s lips, fingers, and toes to look blue (cyanosis). […] It is classified as a cyanotic heart defect because the condition leads to cyanosis, a bluish-purple coloration to the skin, and shortness of breath due to low oxygen levels in the blood.

• #44 Cyanosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/c/cyanosis

  Cyanosis occurs in TOF when there is a major obstruction on the right side of the heart that prevents blue blood (oxygen poor) from getting into the lungs via the pulmonary artery. […] Cyanosis occurs because red blood (oxygen rich) returning from the lungs takes an abnormal (or anomalous) course back to the heart. […] Cyanosis occurs because there is a common great artery trunk consisting of the aorta and pulmonary artery. […] Cyanosis occurs in HLHS because red (oxygen rich) blood does not flow immediately to the body from the left side of the heart because it is extremely small (hypoplastic).

• #45 Cyanosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/c/cyanosis

  Cyanosis is usually caused by abnormalities of the heart, the lungs or the blood. Under normal conditions, after receiving oxygen from the lungs, red (oxygen rich) blood is delivered from the heart to the rest of the body. When it returns to the heart, the blue (oxygen poor) blood is directed to the lungs to collect more oxygen. […] Abnormalities in the lungs can prevent oxygen from entering the blood, which can lead to cyanosis. […] Cyanosis in congenital heart defects results when blue blood (oxygen poor) does not reach the lungs to make red blood, or when red blood (oxygen rich) is mixed with blue blood before it returns to the body. […] Cyanosis occurs because the aorta (the big blood vessel that carries red blood to the body) and the pulmonary artery (big blood vessel that carries blue blood to the lungs) are coming from the wrong ventricles.

• #46 Cyanosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/c/cyanosis

  Cyanosis occurs in TOF when there is a major obstruction on the right side of the heart that prevents blue blood (oxygen poor) from getting into the lungs via the pulmonary artery. […] Cyanosis occurs because red blood (oxygen rich) returning from the lungs takes an abnormal (or anomalous) course back to the heart. […] Cyanosis occurs because there is a common great artery trunk consisting of the aorta and pulmonary artery. […] Cyanosis occurs in HLHS because red (oxygen rich) blood does not flow immediately to the body from the left side of the heart because it is extremely small (hypoplastic).

• #47 Cyanosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/c/cyanosis

  Cyanosis occurs in TOF when there is a major obstruction on the right side of the heart that prevents blue blood (oxygen poor) from getting into the lungs via the pulmonary artery. […] Cyanosis occurs because red blood (oxygen rich) returning from the lungs takes an abnormal (or anomalous) course back to the heart. […] Cyanosis occurs because there is a common great artery trunk consisting of the aorta and pulmonary artery. […] Cyanosis occurs in HLHS because red (oxygen rich) blood does not flow immediately to the body from the left side of the heart because it is extremely small (hypoplastic).

• #48 Tetralogy of Fallot – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tetralogy-of-fallot/symptoms-causes/syc-20353477

  Babies with tetralogy of Fallot often have blue or gray skin color due to low oxygen levels. […] Some babies with tetralogy of Fallot suddenly develop deep blue or gray skin, nails, and lips. This usually happens when the baby cries, eats or is upset. These episodes are called tet spells. […] Tet spells are caused by a rapid drop in the amount of oxygen in the blood.

• #49 Cyanosis. Blue lips and skin. Cyanosis information. Patient

  https://patient.info/doctor/cyanosis

  All causes of central cyanosis also cause peripheral cyanosis. […] Abnormal haemoglobins (do not allow adequate oxygen uptake): Methaemoglobinaemia: may be genetic or associated with certain drugs – eg, quinones, primaquine, sulfonamides. […] Sulfhaemoglobinaemia is usually associated with certain drugs, especially sulfonamides.

• #50 Cyanosis: Cyanosis and the Clinical Assessment of Hypoxemia, Generation of Cyanosis, Causes of Cyanosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/303533-author

  Cyanosis is a bluish or purplish tinge to the skin and mucous membranes. […] Approximately 5 g/dL of unoxygenated hemoglobin in the capillaries generates the dark blue color appreciated clinically as cyanosis. […] The requirement of 5 g/dL of reduced (ie, deoxygenated) hemoglobin in the capillaries translates into a reduced hemoglobin content of 3.4 g/dL in arterial blood. […] The threshold for central cyanosis is a capillary reduced hemoglobin content of 5 g/dL, which can occur at varying values of the two parameters that are measured most commonly, arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) and arterial hemoglobin content. […] Most often, cyanosis is detected in the lips and fingers. […] Cyanosis is classified as being either peripheral or central. […] The majority of cyanosis is caused by cardiac or respiratory etiologies. […] Methemoglobinemia imparts an intense bluish tinge to the skin; therefore, the cyanosis of methemoglobinemia is not related to reduced hemoglobin but to oxidized hemoglobin. […] Sulfhemoglobinemia is a rare condition caused by sulfur binding with hemoglobin so that oxygen cannot be bound.

• #51 Cyanosis: The Blue Hue Mystery – Manual of Medicine

  https://manualofmedicine.com/topics/cyanosis-the-blue-hue-mystery/

  Hemoglobin cyanosis is the most important form of cyanosis and is characterized by an increased quantity of reduced (unoxygenated) hemoglobin. Cyanosis is apparent if the mean capillary concentration of reduced hemoglobin exceeds 5 g per 100 mL blood. […] Central cyanosis is characterized by decreased oxygen saturation, resulting in cyanosis of both the skin and the mucous membranes. […] Central cyanosis is most frequently caused by cardiac and pulmonary diseases, either congenital or acquired. […] Hemiglobin (methemoglobin) is an altered state of hemoglobin in which the ferrous (Fe2+) irons of heme are oxidized to the ferric (Fe3+) state. Hemiglobin (ferric hemes) has lost its capacity to transport oxygen. […] Cyanosis becomes clinically visible when methemoglobin concentration exceeds 1.5 g/dL. A highly elevated concentration of methemoglobin causes a slate-blue or green appearance of the skin, which is in contrast with the generally asymptomatic state of the patients.

• #52 Blue Clues: Common Causes of Neonatal Cyanosis | Emergency Physicians Monthly

  https://epmonthly.com/article/blue-clues-common-causes-of-neonatal-cyanosis/

  Another key observation is the response to 100% oxygen. […] A quick assessment shows a normal heart and lung exam and great peripheral perfusion. […] After all, its reading in the normal range and this kid is blue. […] So a child with an abnormal form of hemoglobin may be blue while the pulse oximeter reading is in the normal range. […] One form of hemoglobin that can produce cyanosis in babies is methemoglobin. […] Young infants are particularly susceptible to this as the enzyme systems that keep their heme iron in its proper state are not yet mature. […] Fortunately, this baby doesnt look too bad. […] These are just some of the many causes of cyanosis in newborns. […] Make sure its true, central cyanosis before you get too worked up about it.

• #53 Cyanosis. Blue lips and skin. Cyanosis information. Patient

  https://patient.info/doctor/cyanosis

  All causes of central cyanosis also cause peripheral cyanosis. […] Abnormal haemoglobins (do not allow adequate oxygen uptake): Methaemoglobinaemia: may be genetic or associated with certain drugs – eg, quinones, primaquine, sulfonamides. […] Sulfhaemoglobinaemia is usually associated with certain drugs, especially sulfonamides.

• #54 Cyanosis in Children: When to Seek Help

  https://www.webmd.com/children/what-to-know-about-cyanosis-in-children

  Cyanosis, then, is a purple or bluish discoloration of the skin. Its a sign that there may be low levels of oxygen in the blood. […] The most common symptom of a congenital heart defect is bluish or purple skin on the lips, fingers, or toes. […] Cyanosis can occur when oxygen-poor blue blood doesn’t reach the lungs or when oxygen-rich red blood mixes with blue blood before it returns to the body. […] Some medications may cause grey-blue skin hues. These include silver and amiodarone. […] If your child has a persistently blue or purple face, tongue, or torso, though, this may be due to a more serious problem. Seek medical help immediately.

• #55 Cyanosis: The Blue Hue Mystery – Manual of Medicine

  https://manualofmedicine.com/topics/cyanosis-the-blue-hue-mystery/

  Hemoglobin cyanosis is the most important form of cyanosis and is characterized by an increased quantity of reduced (unoxygenated) hemoglobin. Cyanosis is apparent if the mean capillary concentration of reduced hemoglobin exceeds 5 g per 100 mL blood. […] Central cyanosis is characterized by decreased oxygen saturation, resulting in cyanosis of both the skin and the mucous membranes. […] Central cyanosis is most frequently caused by cardiac and pulmonary diseases, either congenital or acquired. […] Hemiglobin (methemoglobin) is an altered state of hemoglobin in which the ferrous (Fe2+) irons of heme are oxidized to the ferric (Fe3+) state. Hemiglobin (ferric hemes) has lost its capacity to transport oxygen. […] Cyanosis becomes clinically visible when methemoglobin concentration exceeds 1.5 g/dL. A highly elevated concentration of methemoglobin causes a slate-blue or green appearance of the skin, which is in contrast with the generally asymptomatic state of the patients.

• #56 Methemoglobinemia – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/methemoglobinemia/

  Methemoglobinemia often causes cyanosis or brown/grey discoloration of the skin. This may be a bit harder to diagnose in patients with darker skin (pay attention to the lips and tongue). […] An oxygen saturation in the 80s should not generally cause cyanosis (usually it must be substantially lower before cyanosis occurs). Thus, any time a patient has cyanosis with an oxygen saturation in the 80s, this suggests methemoglobinemia.

• #57 Cyanosis: Cyanosis and the Clinical Assessment of Hypoxemia, Generation of Cyanosis, Causes of Cyanosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/303533-author

  Cyanosis is a bluish or purplish tinge to the skin and mucous membranes. […] Approximately 5 g/dL of unoxygenated hemoglobin in the capillaries generates the dark blue color appreciated clinically as cyanosis. […] The requirement of 5 g/dL of reduced (ie, deoxygenated) hemoglobin in the capillaries translates into a reduced hemoglobin content of 3.4 g/dL in arterial blood. […] The threshold for central cyanosis is a capillary reduced hemoglobin content of 5 g/dL, which can occur at varying values of the two parameters that are measured most commonly, arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) and arterial hemoglobin content. […] Most often, cyanosis is detected in the lips and fingers. […] Cyanosis is classified as being either peripheral or central. […] The majority of cyanosis is caused by cardiac or respiratory etiologies. […] Methemoglobinemia imparts an intense bluish tinge to the skin; therefore, the cyanosis of methemoglobinemia is not related to reduced hemoglobin but to oxidized hemoglobin. […] Sulfhemoglobinemia is a rare condition caused by sulfur binding with hemoglobin so that oxygen cannot be bound.

• #58 Cyanosis. Blue lips and skin. Cyanosis information. Patient

  https://patient.info/doctor/cyanosis

  All causes of central cyanosis also cause peripheral cyanosis. […] Abnormal haemoglobins (do not allow adequate oxygen uptake): Methaemoglobinaemia: may be genetic or associated with certain drugs – eg, quinones, primaquine, sulfonamides. […] Sulfhaemoglobinaemia is usually associated with certain drugs, especially sulfonamides.

• #59 The Cyanotic Neonate – ACEP Now

  https://www.acepnow.com/article/cyanotic-neonate/?singlepage=1

  The hyperoxia test is the gold standard for differentiating pulmonary disorders and hemoglobinopathies from cardiac disorders. […] In infants with cyanotic congenital heart disease, the PaO2 will not be greater than 150 mm Hg (or the pulse oximetry will not significantly rise) with administration of 100% oxygen. […] In comparison, patients with a respiratory disorder will have a PaO2 greater than 150 mm Hg after administration of 100% oxygen, indicating that the cyanosis is not the result of a significant shunt. […] The treatment of choice for methemoglobinemia is methylene blue, which acts as an oxidizing agent that is reduced to leukomethylene blue, which in turn reduces methemoglobin to hemoglobin.

• #60 Pediatric Cardiology Part 1

  https://www.utmb.edu/Pedi_Ed/CoreV2/CardiologyPart1/CardiologyPart18.html

  Cyanosis is a blue discoloration of the skin and/or mucous membranes. It is due to the presence of greater than 3 g/dL of reduced or deoxygenated Hb (Hb) in the blood. It is important to note that cyanosis is dependent on the absolute concentration of reduced Hb. Cyanosis can be clinically appreciated when the O2 saturation is 85%. […] At a normal Hb level of 15 g/dL, the presence of 3 g/dL of reduced Hb results in 20% desaturation. Therefore, cyanosis is visible when O2 saturation is approximately ~80%. The lower the Hb level, the lower the O2 saturation needed before cyanosis can be appreciated. […] Fetal Hb (HbF) is the main oxygen carrier protein in the human fetus during the last 7 months of pregnancy and persists during the first 6 months after birth. HbF has a single amino acid substitution (histidine to serine) at the 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) binding site, which results in a higher affinity for oxygen than seen in adult Hb. The partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) at which HbF is 50% saturated (P50) is lower than in adult Hb.

• #61 Pediatric Cardiology Part 1

  https://www.utmb.edu/pedi_ed/CoreV2/CardiologyPart1/CardiologyPart18.html

  Cyanosis is a blue discoloration of the skin and/or mucous membranes. It is due to the presence of greater than 3 g/dL of reduced or deoxygenated Hb (Hb) in the blood. It is important to note that cyanosis is dependent on the absolute concentration of reduced Hb. Cyanosis can be clinically appreciated when the O2 saturation is 85%. […] At a normal Hb level of 15 g/dL, the presence of 3 g/dL of reduced Hb results in 20% desaturation. Therefore, cyanosis is visible when O2 saturation is approximately ~80%. The lower the Hb level, the lower the O2 saturation needed before cyanosis can be appreciated. […] Fetal Hb (HbF) is the main oxygen carrier protein in the human fetus during the last 7 months of pregnancy and persists during the first 6 months after birth. HbF has a single amino acid substitution (histidine to serine) at the 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) binding site, which results in a higher affinity for oxygen than seen in adult Hb. The partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) at which HbF is 50% saturated (P50) is lower than in adult Hb.

• #62 Pediatric Cardiology Part 1

  https://www.utmb.edu/Pedi_Ed/CoreV2/CardiologyPart1/CardiologyPart18.html

  Cyanosis is a blue discoloration of the skin and/or mucous membranes. It is due to the presence of greater than 3 g/dL of reduced or deoxygenated Hb (Hb) in the blood. It is important to note that cyanosis is dependent on the absolute concentration of reduced Hb. Cyanosis can be clinically appreciated when the O2 saturation is 85%. […] At a normal Hb level of 15 g/dL, the presence of 3 g/dL of reduced Hb results in 20% desaturation. Therefore, cyanosis is visible when O2 saturation is approximately ~80%. The lower the Hb level, the lower the O2 saturation needed before cyanosis can be appreciated. […] Fetal Hb (HbF) is the main oxygen carrier protein in the human fetus during the last 7 months of pregnancy and persists during the first 6 months after birth. HbF has a single amino acid substitution (histidine to serine) at the 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) binding site, which results in a higher affinity for oxygen than seen in adult Hb. The partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) at which HbF is 50% saturated (P50) is lower than in adult Hb.

• #63 Cyanosis | Obgyn Key

  https://obgynkey.com/cyanosis-3/

  Cyanosis is a bluish discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, tongue, lips, or nail beds and is due to an increased concentration of reduced hemoglobin (Hb) in the circulation. Clinically evident cyanosis typically occurs at an oxygen saturation of 85% or less. […] Long-term complications of chronic cyanosis include clubbing, polycythemia, stroke, brain abscess, platelet abnormalities, lower-than-expected IQ, scoliosis, and hyperuricemia. […] Normally, there is ~ 2 g/dL of reduced (or deoxygenated) Hb in the circulation, and clinically evident cyanosis occurs when the concentration of reduced Hb reaches 5 g/dL. Therefore, the total amount of Hb is critical to the development of cyanosis. […] In contrast, a hypoxic child with polycythemia may have enough reduced Hb to produce clinical cyanosis at a higher oxygen saturation level.

• #64 Pediatric Cardiology Part 1

  https://www.utmb.edu/Pedi_Ed/CoreV2/CardiologyPart1/CardiologyPart18.html

  Cyanosis is a blue discoloration of the skin and/or mucous membranes. It is due to the presence of greater than 3 g/dL of reduced or deoxygenated Hb (Hb) in the blood. It is important to note that cyanosis is dependent on the absolute concentration of reduced Hb. Cyanosis can be clinically appreciated when the O2 saturation is 85%. […] At a normal Hb level of 15 g/dL, the presence of 3 g/dL of reduced Hb results in 20% desaturation. Therefore, cyanosis is visible when O2 saturation is approximately ~80%. The lower the Hb level, the lower the O2 saturation needed before cyanosis can be appreciated. […] Fetal Hb (HbF) is the main oxygen carrier protein in the human fetus during the last 7 months of pregnancy and persists during the first 6 months after birth. HbF has a single amino acid substitution (histidine to serine) at the 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) binding site, which results in a higher affinity for oxygen than seen in adult Hb. The partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) at which HbF is 50% saturated (P50) is lower than in adult Hb.

• #65 Pediatric Cardiology Part 1

  https://www.utmb.edu/Pedi_Ed/CoreV2/CardiologyPart1/CardiologyPart18.html

  Infants with a higher proportion of HbF may have a greater reduction in oxygenation before cyanosis is clinically apparent. For example, in infants who have mostly adult Hb, central cyanosis (arterial saturation 75% to 85%) will be observed when the PaO2 falls below 50 mmHg. In contrast, in infants with mostly HbF, central cyanosis may not be observed until the PaO2 drops well below 40 mmHg. […] In Eisenmenger syndrome is , i.e.a reversal of L R shunt due to pulmonary hypertension cyanosis.

• #66 Skin discoloration – bluish Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/symptoms/skin-discoloration-bluish

  Lips – bluish; Fingernails – bluish; Cyanosis; Bluish lips and fingernails; Bluish skin. […] A bluish color to the skin or mucous membrane is usually due to a lack of oxygen in the blood. The medical term is cyanosis. […] People whose blood is low in oxygen tend to have a bluish color to their skin. This condition is called cyanosis. […] Cyanosis that is caused by long-term heart or lung problems may develop slowly. Symptoms may be present, but are often not severe. […] In dark-skinned people, cyanosis may be easier to see in the mucous membranes (lips, gums, around the eyes) and nailbeds. […] Most cyanosis occurs because of a lack of oxygen in the blood. […] Cyanosis that occurs acutely is more likely to be an emergency than when it is present for a long time.

• #67 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diagnosis-of-cyanosis.aspx

  Cyanosis refers to the bluish discoloration of skin, lips, fingers and toes and mucous membranes. […] On the other hand central cyanosis usually means a deeper and more serious disease of the heart or lungs. This needs to be evaluated. […] Children and infants with central cyanosis that manifests as bluish discoloration around lips, mouth, tongue and oral mucous membrane usually need admission and evaluation. […] Cardiovascular examination shows abnormal heart sounds. There may be murmurs and other sounds signifying heart defects. […] The commonest test is the Arterial blood gas analysis and Blood oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry. These tests are performed to assess the amount of oxygen in the arterial blood. […] Echocardiography may be used to look inside the heart to detect the structural defect.

• #68 Blue Lips (Cyanosis): Causes and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/blue-lips-5082283

  Cyanosis might be harder to notice on darker skin tones, where it often appears gray. […] Purple or bluish lips can be a symptom of a chronic condition, such as heart failure. It also can be due to an emergency like carbon monoxide poisoning or near drowning. […] The red blood cells in your body use hemoglobin to carry oxygen to all the tissues. When they dump off oxygen, it changes the configuration of the hemoglobin and makes it a darker color. […] Even though this sign is concerning, blue lips do not necessarily mean a part of your body is suffering damage because it’s not getting enough oxygen. […] There are two types of cyanosis that typically cause blue lips: central and peripheral. However, blue lips are more likely to occur with the central type than the peripheral type. […] A bluish discoloration of a lot of your skin as well as your lips is called central cyanosis. It is usually a sign of a medical condition that is preventing your body from getting enough oxygen that needs to be treated right away.

• #69 Blue lips: When to seek help, causes, and other symptoms

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/blue-lips

  Cyanosis can occur when the body does not receive enough oxygenated blood. […] Cyanosis is the medical term for discoloration to the lips, skin, tongue, or other mucous membranes. In white people, cyanosis causes the lips and skin to turn blue. In Black people, cyanosis may cause the lips and skin to become gray or whitish but might become more evident in the gums, and around the eyes and nails. […] According to the United Kingdoms National Health Service (NHS), if a person has blue or gray lips, they need to seek emergency medical help. […] With a lack of oxygen, the skin and lips may turn blue or white. This is a warning sign to call 911. […] According to the American Academy of Dermatology state that changes to skin or lip color can indicate a blockage in a blood vessel. […] Blue or gray lips and skin indicate a lack of blood flow or a lack of oxygen circulating in the blood. […] If blue or gray lips appear suddenly, a person may require emergency medical attention, especially if they have other warning signs, such as shortness of breath. […] A lack of oxygen may turn their lips blue or gray.

• #70 Cyanosis | Obgyn Key

  https://obgynkey.com/cyanosis-3/

  Cyanosis is a bluish discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, tongue, lips, or nail beds and is due to an increased concentration of reduced hemoglobin (Hb) in the circulation. Clinically evident cyanosis typically occurs at an oxygen saturation of 85% or less. […] Long-term complications of chronic cyanosis include clubbing, polycythemia, stroke, brain abscess, platelet abnormalities, lower-than-expected IQ, scoliosis, and hyperuricemia. […] Normally, there is ~ 2 g/dL of reduced (or deoxygenated) Hb in the circulation, and clinically evident cyanosis occurs when the concentration of reduced Hb reaches 5 g/dL. Therefore, the total amount of Hb is critical to the development of cyanosis. […] In contrast, a hypoxic child with polycythemia may have enough reduced Hb to produce clinical cyanosis at a higher oxygen saturation level.

• #71 Cyanosis | Obgyn Key

  https://obgynkey.com/cyanosis-3/

  Cyanosis is a bluish discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, tongue, lips, or nail beds and is due to an increased concentration of reduced hemoglobin (Hb) in the circulation. Clinically evident cyanosis typically occurs at an oxygen saturation of 85% or less. […] Long-term complications of chronic cyanosis include clubbing, polycythemia, stroke, brain abscess, platelet abnormalities, lower-than-expected IQ, scoliosis, and hyperuricemia. […] Normally, there is ~ 2 g/dL of reduced (or deoxygenated) Hb in the circulation, and clinically evident cyanosis occurs when the concentration of reduced Hb reaches 5 g/dL. Therefore, the total amount of Hb is critical to the development of cyanosis. […] In contrast, a hypoxic child with polycythemia may have enough reduced Hb to produce clinical cyanosis at a higher oxygen saturation level.

• #72 Cyanosis | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/cyanosis-250800254/250800254

  The combination of cyanosis and clubbing is frequent in patients with congenital heart disease and right-to-left shunting and is seen occasionally in persons with pulmonary disease such as lung abscess or pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae. In contrast, peripheral cyanosis or acutely developing central cyanosis is not associated with clubbed digits.

• #73 Circumoral Cyanosis: Causes in Infants and Children, Warning Signs

  https://www.healthline.com/health/circumoral-cyanosis

  Cyanosis is a condition in which the skin appears to have a blue tint. It occurs in areas where the blood in surface blood vessels has lower levels of oxygen. It can be a sign of a medical emergency. […] Blue skin, or cyanosis, happens when there is a reduced amount of oxygen in your body. This reduction of oxygen affects the blood vessels near the skin causing it to turn blue. […] Circumoral cyanosis refers to blue discoloration around the mouth only. Its usually seen in infants, especially above the upper lip. If your child has darker skin, the discoloration might look more gray or white. You might also notice it on their hands and feet. […] In many cases, circumoral cyanosis is considered a type of acrocyanosis. Acrocyanosis happens when small blood vessels shrink in response to cold. This is very normal in infants during the first few days after birth.

• #74 Circumoral Cyanosis: Causes in Infants and Children, Warning Signs

  https://www.healthline.com/health/circumoral-cyanosis

  Cyanosis is a condition in which the skin appears to have a blue tint. It occurs in areas where the blood in surface blood vessels has lower levels of oxygen. It can be a sign of a medical emergency. […] Blue skin, or cyanosis, happens when there is a reduced amount of oxygen in your body. This reduction of oxygen affects the blood vessels near the skin causing it to turn blue. […] Circumoral cyanosis refers to blue discoloration around the mouth only. Its usually seen in infants, especially above the upper lip. If your child has darker skin, the discoloration might look more gray or white. You might also notice it on their hands and feet. […] In many cases, circumoral cyanosis is considered a type of acrocyanosis. Acrocyanosis happens when small blood vessels shrink in response to cold. This is very normal in infants during the first few days after birth.

• #75 Cyanosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/c/cyanosis

  Cyanosis refers to a bluish-purple color of the skin. It is most easily seen where the skin is thin, such as the lips, mouth, earlobes and fingernails. […] Cyanosis means there may be decreased oxygen in the bloodstream. It may suggest a problem with the lungs or heart. Cyanosis is a finding based on what is seen, not by a laboratory test. […] Central cyanosis refers to cyanosis found on central parts of the body, including the mouth, head and torso. Central cyanosis is never normal in the newborn period and is almost always linked to a lower amount of oxygen in the blood. It could be due to a problem of the heart, lungs or blood. […] Central cyanosis occurs because blood changes color based on the presence (or absence) of oxygen. Red blood is oxygen rich, but blood with less oxygen turns blue or purple.

• #76 The Cyanotic Neonate – ACEP Now

  https://www.acepnow.com/article/cyanotic-neonate/?singlepage=1

  Cyanosis is categorized as either central or peripheral. Peripheral cyanosis, also known as acrocyanosis, is a bluish discoloration of hands and feet caused by peripheral vasoconstriction. It is a common benign condition in the newborn. By contrast, central cyanosis, a bluish discoloration of mucous membranes, lips, skin, and nailbeds, should be considered pathological until proven otherwise. […] Congenital heart disease that presents with cyanosis is associated with lesions causing blood to shunt from the pulmonary to the systemic circulation. […] Cardiac diseases associated with diminished pulmonary blood flow (and therefore diminished pulmonary markings on the chest X-ray) include tricuspid atresia, pulmonary atresia, pulmonary stenosis, tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), and Ebsteins anomaly.

• #77 Cyanosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-cyanosis-914778

  Cyanosis can be caused by a wide variety of medical conditions, such as: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Pulmonary hypertension (a complication of COPD), Pneumonia, Infections of the respiratory tract, Asthma, Congestive heart failure, Raynaud’s phenomenon, a condition that causes your blood vessels to narrow, mainly in your fingers and toes, Epiglottitis, a serious condition involving swelling of the small flap in your throat that covers your windpipe, Hypothermia, Seizures, Drug overdose, Suffocation. […] Cyanosis due to a suspected opioid overdose should be quickly treated with naloxone hydrochloride as soon as possible to reverse the effects of an overdose.

• #78 Cyanosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-cyanosis-914778

  Cyanosis can be caused by a wide variety of medical conditions, such as: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Pulmonary hypertension (a complication of COPD), Pneumonia, Infections of the respiratory tract, Asthma, Congestive heart failure, Raynaud’s phenomenon, a condition that causes your blood vessels to narrow, mainly in your fingers and toes, Epiglottitis, a serious condition involving swelling of the small flap in your throat that covers your windpipe, Hypothermia, Seizures, Drug overdose, Suffocation. […] Cyanosis due to a suspected opioid overdose should be quickly treated with naloxone hydrochloride as soon as possible to reverse the effects of an overdose.

• #79 Cyanosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-cyanosis-914778

  Cyanosis can be caused by a wide variety of medical conditions, such as: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Pulmonary hypertension (a complication of COPD), Pneumonia, Infections of the respiratory tract, Asthma, Congestive heart failure, Raynaud’s phenomenon, a condition that causes your blood vessels to narrow, mainly in your fingers and toes, Epiglottitis, a serious condition involving swelling of the small flap in your throat that covers your windpipe, Hypothermia, Seizures, Drug overdose, Suffocation. […] Cyanosis due to a suspected opioid overdose should be quickly treated with naloxone hydrochloride as soon as possible to reverse the effects of an overdose.

• #80 Cyanosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-cyanosis-914778

  Cyanosis can be caused by a wide variety of medical conditions, such as: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Pulmonary hypertension (a complication of COPD), Pneumonia, Infections of the respiratory tract, Asthma, Congestive heart failure, Raynaud’s phenomenon, a condition that causes your blood vessels to narrow, mainly in your fingers and toes, Epiglottitis, a serious condition involving swelling of the small flap in your throat that covers your windpipe, Hypothermia, Seizures, Drug overdose, Suffocation. […] Cyanosis due to a suspected opioid overdose should be quickly treated with naloxone hydrochloride as soon as possible to reverse the effects of an overdose.

• #81 Cyanosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-cyanosis-914778

  Cyanosis can be caused by a wide variety of medical conditions, such as: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Pulmonary hypertension (a complication of COPD), Pneumonia, Infections of the respiratory tract, Asthma, Congestive heart failure, Raynaud’s phenomenon, a condition that causes your blood vessels to narrow, mainly in your fingers and toes, Epiglottitis, a serious condition involving swelling of the small flap in your throat that covers your windpipe, Hypothermia, Seizures, Drug overdose, Suffocation. […] Cyanosis due to a suspected opioid overdose should be quickly treated with naloxone hydrochloride as soon as possible to reverse the effects of an overdose.

• #82 Cyanosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-cyanosis-914778

  Cyanosis can be caused by a wide variety of medical conditions, such as: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Pulmonary hypertension (a complication of COPD), Pneumonia, Infections of the respiratory tract, Asthma, Congestive heart failure, Raynaud’s phenomenon, a condition that causes your blood vessels to narrow, mainly in your fingers and toes, Epiglottitis, a serious condition involving swelling of the small flap in your throat that covers your windpipe, Hypothermia, Seizures, Drug overdose, Suffocation. […] Cyanosis due to a suspected opioid overdose should be quickly treated with naloxone hydrochloride as soon as possible to reverse the effects of an overdose.

• #83 Cyanosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-cyanosis-914778

  Cyanosis can be caused by a wide variety of medical conditions, such as: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Pulmonary hypertension (a complication of COPD), Pneumonia, Infections of the respiratory tract, Asthma, Congestive heart failure, Raynaud’s phenomenon, a condition that causes your blood vessels to narrow, mainly in your fingers and toes, Epiglottitis, a serious condition involving swelling of the small flap in your throat that covers your windpipe, Hypothermia, Seizures, Drug overdose, Suffocation. […] Cyanosis due to a suspected opioid overdose should be quickly treated with naloxone hydrochloride as soon as possible to reverse the effects of an overdose.

• #84 Does anyone get cyanosis with PH? – Pulmonary Hypertension News Forums

  https://pulmonaryhypertensionnews.com/forums/forums/topic/does-anyone-get-cyanosis-with-ph/

  Cyanosis is when the lips, hands, or toes turn blue. For me, this seems to happen when I am exerting myself. On exertion my oxygen levels drop and this bluish coloring to the skin can be a sign of hypoxia. […] My cyanosis presents itself at times by pale grey or bluish lips, fingertips, toes, feet and even around my knees at times. Most often it occurs when I’ve overexerted myself or having a “PH Crisis”. […] I was told by several doctors that when these cyanotic episodes happen, we may not see a low O2 saturation. We can have cyanosis even if our oxygen saturation is within our norm, it may be due to the lack of blood flow (circulation), although the oxygen is in our bodies, it’s just not getting to the areas it needs to. […] I do notice the blue fingernails sometimes. Usually that is my signal way before I even realize that I feel short of breath or anything.

• #85 Does anyone get cyanosis with PH? – Pulmonary Hypertension News Forums

  https://pulmonaryhypertensionnews.com/forums/forums/topic/does-anyone-get-cyanosis-with-ph/

  From poor circulation my feet and lower half of my legs go from red red to a pale or bluish color. […] My fingernails also get really pale to the point where if you press on the nailbed it doesn’t have good capillary refill. […] Yes, but when my oxygen is low and I do have Raynaud’s syndrome. […] I get purple feet and knees! And those little red circles you mentioned Brittany, sort of blotchy-like. […] These types of noticeable symptoms get worse for me too. […] I get the dizziness and headaches too. Our body has all these ways of alerting us when it needs that brutal reminder.

• #86 Hypoxia and Cyanosis: Overview, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.ganeshdiagnostic.com/blog/hypoxia-and-cyanosis-overview-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  A bluish staining of the skin or mucous membranes is a pathologic condition known as cyanosis. […] The process of cyanosis pathogenesis involves the following: […] Reduced oxygen supply: This is the primary cause of the cyanosis, and it can be due to a variety of factors, including lung diseases that impair breathing, heart diseases that reduce blood flow to the lungs, and reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. […] Cyanosis: The presence of deoxygenated haemoglobin in the blood gives it a bluish tint, which can be seen in the skin and mucous membranes. […] Tissue hypoxia: If cyanosis persists, it can lead to tissue hypoxia, which is the insufficient oxygen supply to the body’s cells. […] In summary, the pathogenesis of cyanosis involves a complex interplay of factors that disrupt the normal oxygenation of the blood, leading to the presence of deoxygenated haemoglobin in the blood and bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes.

• #87 Cyanosis: Symptoms, Types, Causes and Treatments – ER of Dallas TX

  https://erofdallastx.com/blog/cyanosis/

  While some causes of cyanosis are unavoidable, like congenital heart conditions, there are measures that can help prevent bluish skin or reduce its severity. […] Cyanosis, particularly central cyanosis, is a medical emergency. Seek immediate medical attention if you notice sudden onset of cyanosis, difficulty breathing or chest pain, rapid heartbeat, cyanosis in infants, especially in the first hours after birth, cyanosis that doesn’t improve with warming or oxygen. […] Cyanosis is a visible sign indicating a problem with the body’s oxygen delivery system, often suggesting underlying heart, lung, or blood conditions. Early recognition, prompt diagnosis, and appropriate treatment are crucial to preventing complications.

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