Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hashimoto Thyroiditis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22579

  Hashimoto thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States and in those areas of the world where dietary iodine intake is adequate. A systematic review and meta-analysis, including studies from multiple countries, found the overall global prevalence of Hashimoto thyroiditis to be 7.5%, higher in low-middle-income areas at 11.4%. Additionally, the prevalence in women was 4 times that in men. […] Almost 10% of the population in the United States has been shown to have positivity for thyroid antibodies. Various studies have found the prevalence of thyroid antibody positivity in the general population between 5% to 20%. Thyroid peroxidase antibodies are present in 5% to 14% of pregnant females, whereas thyroglobulin antibodies are present in 3% to 18% of pregnant females.

• #2 Hashimoto Thyroiditis: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120937-overview

  Hashimoto thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States after age 6 years, with the incidence estimated to be 1.3% in a series of 5000 children aged 11-18 years. In adults, the incidence is estimated to be 3.5 per 1000 per year in women and 0.8 per 1000 per year in men. The incidence may be as high as 6% in the Appalachian region. […] In the Colorado Thyroid Disease Prevalence Study, involving 25,862 adults, the prevalence of elevated TSH in symptomatic and asymptomatic adults was 9.5%, with a greater percentage of those involved being women. The prevalence of hypothyroidism and of thyroid disease in general increases with age. […] Worldwide, the most common cause of hypothyroidism is iodine deficiency. However, Hashimoto thyroiditis remains the most common cause of spontaneous hypothyroidism in areas of adequate iodine intake. The annual incidence of Hashimoto thyroiditis worldwide is estimated to be 0.3-1.5 cases per 1000 persons.

• #3 Global prevalence and epidemiological trends of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9608544/

  Although Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is associated with cardiovascular disease and malignancy, the global status of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is not well characterized across regions. Our objective was to evaluate the prevalence and trends of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis in adults in regions with different economic income levels around the world. […] The prevalence of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis was 7.5 (95%CI 5.79.6%), while in the low-middle-income group the prevalence was 11.4 (95%CI 2.525.2%). Similarly, the prevalence was 5.6 (95%Cl 3.97.4%) in the upper-middle-income group, and in the high-income group, the prevalence was 8.4 (95%Cl 5.611.8). […] People living in low-middle-income areas are more likely to develop Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, while the group in high-income areas are more likely to develop Hashimoto’s thyroiditis than people in upper-middle-income areas, and women’s risk is about four times higher than men’s.

• #4 Hashimoto Thyroiditis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22579

  Hashimoto thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States and in those areas of the world where dietary iodine intake is adequate. A systematic review and meta-analysis, including studies from multiple countries, found the overall global prevalence of Hashimoto thyroiditis to be 7.5%, higher in low-middle-income areas at 11.4%. Additionally, the prevalence in women was 4 times that in men. […] Almost 10% of the population in the United States has been shown to have positivity for thyroid antibodies. Various studies have found the prevalence of thyroid antibody positivity in the general population between 5% to 20%. Thyroid peroxidase antibodies are present in 5% to 14% of pregnant females, whereas thyroglobulin antibodies are present in 3% to 18% of pregnant females.

• #5 Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-45013-1_7

  Hashimotos thyroiditis is best defined as an organ-specific autoimmune disease, characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of the thyroid gland. […] With a prevalence of 10-12% in the general population, it is the most common autoimmune disease. The prevalence is higher in females than in males, increases with advancing age, and is highest in Whites and lowest in Blacks. […] The incidence of autoimmune hypothyroidism is about 350 cases/100,000/year for women and 60 cases/100,000/year for men in iodine-sufficient regions and 44 (females) and 12 (males) per 100,000 per year in iodine-deficient areas. […] Hashimotos thyroiditis often runs in families as evident from a high sibling risk ratio of 28. […] Twin studies suggest genes contribute about 73% of the liability to the development of TPOAb and TgAb; environmental factors would thus contribute about 20-30%. […] Epidemiological studies do not support a causative role of infections in Hashimotos thyroiditis.

• #6 Global prevalence and epidemiological trends of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9608544/

  Although Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is associated with cardiovascular disease and malignancy, the global status of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is not well characterized across regions. Our objective was to evaluate the prevalence and trends of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis in adults in regions with different economic income levels around the world. […] The prevalence of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis was 7.5 (95%CI 5.79.6%), while in the low-middle-income group the prevalence was 11.4 (95%CI 2.525.2%). Similarly, the prevalence was 5.6 (95%Cl 3.97.4%) in the upper-middle-income group, and in the high-income group, the prevalence was 8.4 (95%Cl 5.611.8). […] People living in low-middle-income areas are more likely to develop Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, while the group in high-income areas are more likely to develop Hashimoto’s thyroiditis than people in upper-middle-income areas, and women’s risk is about four times higher than men’s.

• #7 Hashimoto Thyroiditis: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120937-overview

  The incidence of Hashimoto thyroiditis is estimated to be 10-15 times higher in females. The most commonly affected age range in Hashimoto thyroiditis is 30-50 years, with the peak incidence in men occurring 10-15 years later. The overall incidence of hypothyroidism increases with age in men and women. […] Whites have a higher incidence of Hashimoto thyroiditis than do Blacks. The condition is rare in Pacific Islanders. […] Higher prevalence of Hashimoto thyroiditis has been noted in certain conditions, such as myasthenia gravis and systemic sclerosis. Although the exact mechanism of association is not clear, immune defects may play a role (along with other factors, including genetic, hormonal, and environmental) in poly-autoimmunity.

• #8 Hashimoto thyroiditis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/hashimoto-thyroiditis?lang=us

  Hashimoto thyroiditis affects ~2% of all women (F:M = 10-15:1), most commonly in the 30-50 year range 17,22. […] The diagnosis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is usually based on the combination of clinical features, serology results, and ultrasound findings 17,22. […] There is autoimmunity to the thyroid gland which bears both humoral- and cell-mediated features. This is followed by lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid gland with lymphoid follicles replacing thyroid follicles. […] Serological markers can be variable 17. […] patients are at higher risk for papillary thyroid carcinoma, so a discrete nodule should be considered for biopsy.

• #9 Women and Thyroid Disease

  https://www.siemens-healthineers.com/fr-ch/clinical-specialities/womens-health-information/laboratory-diagnostics/thyroid-disease

  Hypothyroidism is one of the most common causes of hypothyroidism in women is the autoimmune disease called Hashimoto’s disease, in which antibodies gradually target the thyroid and destroy its ability to produce thyroid hormone. Globally the prevalence of Hashimotos disease is 1%, but subclinical hypothyroidism affects 4% of the population. Females make up the vast majority of the patients at a ratio of 8:1, female to male. […] Thyroid disease is more prevalent in women than in men, at a ratio of 8:1. […] The rate of hypothyroidism goes up: During pregnancy, After delivery, Around menopause.

• #10 Thyroid Disorders, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2008–2017 | Health.mil

  https://health.mil/News/Articles/2018/12/01/Thyroid-Disorders?page=3

  Between 2008 and 2017, the most common incident thyroid disorder among male and female service members was primary/NOS hypothyroidism and the least common were thyroiditis and other disorders of thyroid. […] Overall incidence rates of thyroid disorders among females ranged from 4.3 (primary hypothyroidism) to 6.5 (other disorders of thyroid) times the rates of the respective conditions among males. […] Among both males and females, overall incidence rates of primary/NOS hypothyroidism and thyroiditis were higher among non-Hispanic white service members compared with service members in other race/ethnicity groups. […] Across all thyroid disorder types, overall incidence rates were higher among service members in the Air Force compared with members of other service branches. […] However, a 2012 MSMR analysis identified more than 37,000 incident cases of thyroid disorders among active component service members between 2002 and 2011. […] The current report summarizes the incidence, prevalence, and trends of thyroid disorders other than thyroid cancer among active component service members of the U.S. Armed Forces between 2008 and 2017.

• #11 Women and Thyroid Disease

  https://www.siemens-healthineers.com/fr-ch/clinical-specialities/womens-health-information/laboratory-diagnostics/thyroid-disease

  Hypothyroidism is one of the most common causes of hypothyroidism in women is the autoimmune disease called Hashimoto’s disease, in which antibodies gradually target the thyroid and destroy its ability to produce thyroid hormone. Globally the prevalence of Hashimotos disease is 1%, but subclinical hypothyroidism affects 4% of the population. Females make up the vast majority of the patients at a ratio of 8:1, female to male. […] Thyroid disease is more prevalent in women than in men, at a ratio of 8:1. […] The rate of hypothyroidism goes up: During pregnancy, After delivery, Around menopause.

• #12 Hashimoto Thyroiditis: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120937-overview

  The incidence of Hashimoto thyroiditis is estimated to be 10-15 times higher in females. The most commonly affected age range in Hashimoto thyroiditis is 30-50 years, with the peak incidence in men occurring 10-15 years later. The overall incidence of hypothyroidism increases with age in men and women. […] Whites have a higher incidence of Hashimoto thyroiditis than do Blacks. The condition is rare in Pacific Islanders. […] Higher prevalence of Hashimoto thyroiditis has been noted in certain conditions, such as myasthenia gravis and systemic sclerosis. Although the exact mechanism of association is not clear, immune defects may play a role (along with other factors, including genetic, hormonal, and environmental) in poly-autoimmunity.

• #13 Hashimoto thyroiditis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/hashimoto-thyroiditis?lang=us

  Hashimoto thyroiditis affects ~2% of all women (F:M = 10-15:1), most commonly in the 30-50 year range 17,22. […] The diagnosis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is usually based on the combination of clinical features, serology results, and ultrasound findings 17,22. […] There is autoimmunity to the thyroid gland which bears both humoral- and cell-mediated features. This is followed by lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid gland with lymphoid follicles replacing thyroid follicles. […] Serological markers can be variable 17. […] patients are at higher risk for papillary thyroid carcinoma, so a discrete nodule should be considered for biopsy.

• #14 Hashimoto Thyroiditis: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120937-overview

  The incidence of Hashimoto thyroiditis is estimated to be 10-15 times higher in females. The most commonly affected age range in Hashimoto thyroiditis is 30-50 years, with the peak incidence in men occurring 10-15 years later. The overall incidence of hypothyroidism increases with age in men and women. […] Whites have a higher incidence of Hashimoto thyroiditis than do Blacks. The condition is rare in Pacific Islanders. […] Higher prevalence of Hashimoto thyroiditis has been noted in certain conditions, such as myasthenia gravis and systemic sclerosis. Although the exact mechanism of association is not clear, immune defects may play a role (along with other factors, including genetic, hormonal, and environmental) in poly-autoimmunity.

• #15 Hashimoto Thyroiditis: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120937-overview

  Hashimoto thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States after age 6 years, with the incidence estimated to be 1.3% in a series of 5000 children aged 11-18 years. In adults, the incidence is estimated to be 3.5 per 1000 per year in women and 0.8 per 1000 per year in men. The incidence may be as high as 6% in the Appalachian region. […] In the Colorado Thyroid Disease Prevalence Study, involving 25,862 adults, the prevalence of elevated TSH in symptomatic and asymptomatic adults was 9.5%, with a greater percentage of those involved being women. The prevalence of hypothyroidism and of thyroid disease in general increases with age. […] Worldwide, the most common cause of hypothyroidism is iodine deficiency. However, Hashimoto thyroiditis remains the most common cause of spontaneous hypothyroidism in areas of adequate iodine intake. The annual incidence of Hashimoto thyroiditis worldwide is estimated to be 0.3-1.5 cases per 1000 persons.

• #16 Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s Disease) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/hashimotos-thyroiditis

  In white people it is estimated at approximately 5%. The dysfunction of the gland may be clinically evident (0.1-2% of the population) or subclinical (10-15%). The incidence increases with the age (the peak of the number of cases is between 45 and 65); however, it can also be diagnosed in children. […] The disease is often quoted as at least 10 times greater but a more recent meta-analysis finds it is 4 times as frequent in women as in men. […] It occurs especially during the decades from ages 30 to 50, but may be seen in any age group, including children. […] In children, the most common age at presentation is adolescence but the disease may occur at any time, rarely even in children under 1 year of age.

• #17 Painful Hashimoto Thyroiditis in a 7-Year-Old Girl: Differential Diagnosis and Medical Treatment

  https://www.ijthyroid.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.11106/ijt.2021.14.1.50

  Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT), an autoimmune thyroid disorder, is the most common cause of acquired hypothyroidism in youth. It predominantly affects individuals during the early to mid-puberty stages, and the patients with this disease usually develop a diffuse goiter without pain or tenderness. Patients with HT exhibit various types of thyroid function-related manifestations, such as subclinical hypothyroidism, hypothyroidism, euthyroidism, or hyperthyroidism with elevated autoantibody levels. […] Due to the rarity of painful HT, it can be misdiagnosed as other thyroid diseases, such as subacute thyroiditis (SAT) or infection. Furthermore, there is limited evidence regarding the clinical course and appropriate treatment of this condition. […] Although HT is the most common cause of acquired hypothyroidism in children, there are a very limited number of published reports regarding the clinical course and medical treatment of painful HT in children.

• #18 Painful Hashimoto Thyroiditis in a 7-Year-Old Girl: Differential Diagnosis and Medical Treatment

  https://www.ijthyroid.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.11106/ijt.2021.14.1.50

  Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT), an autoimmune thyroid disorder, is the most common cause of acquired hypothyroidism in youth. It predominantly affects individuals during the early to mid-puberty stages, and the patients with this disease usually develop a diffuse goiter without pain or tenderness. Patients with HT exhibit various types of thyroid function-related manifestations, such as subclinical hypothyroidism, hypothyroidism, euthyroidism, or hyperthyroidism with elevated autoantibody levels. […] Due to the rarity of painful HT, it can be misdiagnosed as other thyroid diseases, such as subacute thyroiditis (SAT) or infection. Furthermore, there is limited evidence regarding the clinical course and appropriate treatment of this condition. […] Although HT is the most common cause of acquired hypothyroidism in children, there are a very limited number of published reports regarding the clinical course and medical treatment of painful HT in children.

• #19 Hashimoto Thyroiditis: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120937-overview

  The incidence of Hashimoto thyroiditis is estimated to be 10-15 times higher in females. The most commonly affected age range in Hashimoto thyroiditis is 30-50 years, with the peak incidence in men occurring 10-15 years later. The overall incidence of hypothyroidism increases with age in men and women. […] Whites have a higher incidence of Hashimoto thyroiditis than do Blacks. The condition is rare in Pacific Islanders. […] Higher prevalence of Hashimoto thyroiditis has been noted in certain conditions, such as myasthenia gravis and systemic sclerosis. Although the exact mechanism of association is not clear, immune defects may play a role (along with other factors, including genetic, hormonal, and environmental) in poly-autoimmunity.

• #20 Hashimoto’s thyroiditis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Hashimoto%27s_thyroiditis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is more common in Whites and Asians than in African-Americans. […] Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is believed to be the most common cause of primary hypothyroidism in North America. In European countries, an atrophic form of autoimmune thyroiditis (Ord’s thyroiditis) is more common than Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. It affects between 0.1% and 5% of all adults in Western countries.

• #21 Hashimoto Thyroiditis: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120937-overview

  The incidence of Hashimoto thyroiditis is estimated to be 10-15 times higher in females. The most commonly affected age range in Hashimoto thyroiditis is 30-50 years, with the peak incidence in men occurring 10-15 years later. The overall incidence of hypothyroidism increases with age in men and women. […] Whites have a higher incidence of Hashimoto thyroiditis than do Blacks. The condition is rare in Pacific Islanders. […] Higher prevalence of Hashimoto thyroiditis has been noted in certain conditions, such as myasthenia gravis and systemic sclerosis. Although the exact mechanism of association is not clear, immune defects may play a role (along with other factors, including genetic, hormonal, and environmental) in poly-autoimmunity.

• #22 Thyroid Disorders, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2008–2017 | Health.mil

  https://health.mil/News/Articles/2018/12/01/Thyroid-Disorders?page=3

  Between 2008 and 2017, the most common incident thyroid disorder among male and female service members was primary/NOS hypothyroidism and the least common were thyroiditis and other disorders of thyroid. […] Overall incidence rates of thyroid disorders among females ranged from 4.3 (primary hypothyroidism) to 6.5 (other disorders of thyroid) times the rates of the respective conditions among males. […] Among both males and females, overall incidence rates of primary/NOS hypothyroidism and thyroiditis were higher among non-Hispanic white service members compared with service members in other race/ethnicity groups. […] Across all thyroid disorder types, overall incidence rates were higher among service members in the Air Force compared with members of other service branches. […] However, a 2012 MSMR analysis identified more than 37,000 incident cases of thyroid disorders among active component service members between 2002 and 2011. […] The current report summarizes the incidence, prevalence, and trends of thyroid disorders other than thyroid cancer among active component service members of the U.S. Armed Forces between 2008 and 2017.

• #23

  https://iej.zaslavsky.com.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/27

  A review of the literature on the epidemiology of autoimmune thyroiditis (AT) is presented. […] The prevalence of latent AT varies from country to country and ranges from 2 to 20 %, and among women it was 46 times higher than among men. […] The incidence of manifest AT in various countries is from 27 to 273 per 100,000 population. […] In Ukraine, the incidence of AT is 43.1 per 100,000, the prevalence is almost 10 times higher 421.2 per 100,000. […] It is concluded that AT is the most common organ-specific autoimmune disease.

• #24 Hashimoto’s thyroiditis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Hashimoto%27s_thyroiditis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is more common in Whites and Asians than in African-Americans. […] Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is believed to be the most common cause of primary hypothyroidism in North America. In European countries, an atrophic form of autoimmune thyroiditis (Ord’s thyroiditis) is more common than Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. It affects between 0.1% and 5% of all adults in Western countries.

• #25 Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-45013-1_7

  Hashimotos thyroiditis is best defined as an organ-specific autoimmune disease, characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of the thyroid gland. […] With a prevalence of 10-12% in the general population, it is the most common autoimmune disease. The prevalence is higher in females than in males, increases with advancing age, and is highest in Whites and lowest in Blacks. […] The incidence of autoimmune hypothyroidism is about 350 cases/100,000/year for women and 60 cases/100,000/year for men in iodine-sufficient regions and 44 (females) and 12 (males) per 100,000 per year in iodine-deficient areas. […] Hashimotos thyroiditis often runs in families as evident from a high sibling risk ratio of 28. […] Twin studies suggest genes contribute about 73% of the liability to the development of TPOAb and TgAb; environmental factors would thus contribute about 20-30%. […] Epidemiological studies do not support a causative role of infections in Hashimotos thyroiditis.

• #26 Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis | American Thyroid Association

  https://www.thyroid.org/hashimotos-thyroiditis/

  In the United States, Hashimotos thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism. […] Hashimotos thyroiditis often runs in families. […] It occurs most commonly in women, but it can also affect men. […] It is more common as you get older but can occur at any age, including in children.

• #27 Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-45013-1_7

  Hashimotos thyroiditis is best defined as an organ-specific autoimmune disease, characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of the thyroid gland. […] With a prevalence of 10-12% in the general population, it is the most common autoimmune disease. The prevalence is higher in females than in males, increases with advancing age, and is highest in Whites and lowest in Blacks. […] The incidence of autoimmune hypothyroidism is about 350 cases/100,000/year for women and 60 cases/100,000/year for men in iodine-sufficient regions and 44 (females) and 12 (males) per 100,000 per year in iodine-deficient areas. […] Hashimotos thyroiditis often runs in families as evident from a high sibling risk ratio of 28. […] Twin studies suggest genes contribute about 73% of the liability to the development of TPOAb and TgAb; environmental factors would thus contribute about 20-30%. […] Epidemiological studies do not support a causative role of infections in Hashimotos thyroiditis.

• #28 Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-45013-1_7

  Hashimotos thyroiditis is best defined as an organ-specific autoimmune disease, characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of the thyroid gland. […] With a prevalence of 10-12% in the general population, it is the most common autoimmune disease. The prevalence is higher in females than in males, increases with advancing age, and is highest in Whites and lowest in Blacks. […] The incidence of autoimmune hypothyroidism is about 350 cases/100,000/year for women and 60 cases/100,000/year for men in iodine-sufficient regions and 44 (females) and 12 (males) per 100,000 per year in iodine-deficient areas. […] Hashimotos thyroiditis often runs in families as evident from a high sibling risk ratio of 28. […] Twin studies suggest genes contribute about 73% of the liability to the development of TPOAb and TgAb; environmental factors would thus contribute about 20-30%. […] Epidemiological studies do not support a causative role of infections in Hashimotos thyroiditis.

• #29 Thyroiditis: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1200/p609.html

  HT (i.e., chronic autoimmune thyroiditis or chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis) is the most commonly encountered autoimmune disease worldwide. The estimated incidence of HT is 0.3 to 1.5 cases per 1,000 people per year. […] HT occurs due to the formation of autoantibodies and direct injury to the thyroid from an environmental trigger (e.g., infection, stress, iodine intake) in patients with genetic susceptibility. The degree of injury can differ among individuals but is often progressive over time and can result in fibrotic transformation of the gland. […] In patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and elevated TPO antibodies, especially those with a serum TSH level of at least 10 mIU per L or with symptoms, treatment with low-dose levothyroxine should be considered. An initial dosage of 25 to 50 mcg per day can be established and titrated in these patients similarly to patients who have overt hypothyroidism. If therapy with levothyroxine is not initiated, patients should be monitored annually for the development of overt hypothyroidism.

• #30 Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-45013-1_7

  Hashimotos thyroiditis is best defined as an organ-specific autoimmune disease, characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of the thyroid gland. […] With a prevalence of 10-12% in the general population, it is the most common autoimmune disease. The prevalence is higher in females than in males, increases with advancing age, and is highest in Whites and lowest in Blacks. […] The incidence of autoimmune hypothyroidism is about 350 cases/100,000/year for women and 60 cases/100,000/year for men in iodine-sufficient regions and 44 (females) and 12 (males) per 100,000 per year in iodine-deficient areas. […] Hashimotos thyroiditis often runs in families as evident from a high sibling risk ratio of 28. […] Twin studies suggest genes contribute about 73% of the liability to the development of TPOAb and TgAb; environmental factors would thus contribute about 20-30%. […] Epidemiological studies do not support a causative role of infections in Hashimotos thyroiditis.

• #31 Thyroiditis: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1200/p609.html

  HT (i.e., chronic autoimmune thyroiditis or chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis) is the most commonly encountered autoimmune disease worldwide. The estimated incidence of HT is 0.3 to 1.5 cases per 1,000 people per year. […] HT occurs due to the formation of autoantibodies and direct injury to the thyroid from an environmental trigger (e.g., infection, stress, iodine intake) in patients with genetic susceptibility. The degree of injury can differ among individuals but is often progressive over time and can result in fibrotic transformation of the gland. […] In patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and elevated TPO antibodies, especially those with a serum TSH level of at least 10 mIU per L or with symptoms, treatment with low-dose levothyroxine should be considered. An initial dosage of 25 to 50 mcg per day can be established and titrated in these patients similarly to patients who have overt hypothyroidism. If therapy with levothyroxine is not initiated, patients should be monitored annually for the development of overt hypothyroidism.

• #32 Thyroiditis: An Integrated Approach | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0915/p389.html/1000

  Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto thyroiditis) is the most common form. It is characterized by varying degrees of lymphocytic infiltration and fibrotic transformation of the thyroid gland. Patients typically present with a nontender goiter, hypothyroidism, and an elevated TPO antibody level. It can, however, present without a goiter (atrophic form). The atrophic form represents extensive thyroid fibrosis and is more likely to result in overt hypothyroidism. […] The annual incidence of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis is estimated to be 0.3 to 1.5 cases per 1,000 persons. […] In the United States, the prevalence of postpartum thyroiditis ranges from 1.1% to 9%. […] There are few large epidemiologic studies on subacute thyroiditis; however, one large community-based study performed in Olmstead County, Minn., between 1960 and 1997 reported an incidence of 4.9 cases per 100,000 persons per year. […] An increased association of subacute thyroiditis in persons with HLA-B35 is well established.

• #33 Hashimoto’s thyroiditis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Hashimoto%27s_thyroiditis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is particularly common in middle aged women, Asians, and Whites. Annually, there are around 22 cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is more common in middle aged women, Asians, and Whites. […] The prevalence of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is 800 cases per 100,000 when estimated from a review of published articles and 4600 cases per 100,000 when estimated from the biochemical evidence of hypothyroidism and thyroid autoantibodies. […] The overall incidence of endogenous Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is approximately 22 per 100,000 individuals per year. The incidence varies according to the disease definition and case detection methods. […] Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is most prevalent between 45 and 65 years of age. […] Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is more common in females.

• #34 Hashimoto’s thyroiditis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Hashimoto%27s_thyroiditis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is particularly common in middle aged women, Asians, and Whites. Annually, there are around 22 cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is more common in middle aged women, Asians, and Whites. […] The prevalence of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is 800 cases per 100,000 when estimated from a review of published articles and 4600 cases per 100,000 when estimated from the biochemical evidence of hypothyroidism and thyroid autoantibodies. […] The overall incidence of endogenous Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is approximately 22 per 100,000 individuals per year. The incidence varies according to the disease definition and case detection methods. […] Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is most prevalent between 45 and 65 years of age. […] Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is more common in females.

• #35 Thyroiditis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/925249-overview

  Epidemiology […] Frequency […] Studies in the United States and Western Europe report a prevalence of 1.2% in individuals aged 11-18 years. Approximately 25% of adults with type 1 diabetes have thyroiditis, about one half of whom have hypothyroidism. Approximately 10% of children with type 1 diabetes have antithyroid antibodies. Thirteen of 121 children with vitiligo were also found to have subsequent evidence of autoimmune thyroiditis. […] Similarly, a Korean study, by Bae et al, indicated that persons with vitiligo have an odds ratio for the autoimmune disease Hashimoto thyroiditis of 1.609. […] The disease is also more common in children with Down syndrome or Turner syndrome. However, a study by Vassilatou et al indicated that the risk of autoimmune thyroiditis is not increased in psoriatic patients with or without psoriatic arthritis, finding the prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis to be 20.2% in psoriatic patients (n = 114) and 19.6% in controls (n = 286). This contrasts with a study by Kiguradze et al, which reported an odds ratio of 2.49 for Hashimoto thyroiditis in persons with psoriasis.

• #36 Hashimoto Thyroiditis: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120937-overview

  Hashimoto thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States after age 6 years, with the incidence estimated to be 1.3% in a series of 5000 children aged 11-18 years. In adults, the incidence is estimated to be 3.5 per 1000 per year in women and 0.8 per 1000 per year in men. The incidence may be as high as 6% in the Appalachian region. […] In the Colorado Thyroid Disease Prevalence Study, involving 25,862 adults, the prevalence of elevated TSH in symptomatic and asymptomatic adults was 9.5%, with a greater percentage of those involved being women. The prevalence of hypothyroidism and of thyroid disease in general increases with age. […] Worldwide, the most common cause of hypothyroidism is iodine deficiency. However, Hashimoto thyroiditis remains the most common cause of spontaneous hypothyroidism in areas of adequate iodine intake. The annual incidence of Hashimoto thyroiditis worldwide is estimated to be 0.3-1.5 cases per 1000 persons.

• #37 Hashimoto Thyroiditis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22579

  Hashimoto thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States and in those areas of the world where dietary iodine intake is adequate. A systematic review and meta-analysis, including studies from multiple countries, found the overall global prevalence of Hashimoto thyroiditis to be 7.5%, higher in low-middle-income areas at 11.4%. Additionally, the prevalence in women was 4 times that in men. […] Almost 10% of the population in the United States has been shown to have positivity for thyroid antibodies. Various studies have found the prevalence of thyroid antibody positivity in the general population between 5% to 20%. Thyroid peroxidase antibodies are present in 5% to 14% of pregnant females, whereas thyroglobulin antibodies are present in 3% to 18% of pregnant females.

• #38 Hashimoto Thyroiditis: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120937-overview

  The incidence of Hashimoto thyroiditis is estimated to be 10-15 times higher in females. The most commonly affected age range in Hashimoto thyroiditis is 30-50 years, with the peak incidence in men occurring 10-15 years later. The overall incidence of hypothyroidism increases with age in men and women. […] Whites have a higher incidence of Hashimoto thyroiditis than do Blacks. The condition is rare in Pacific Islanders. […] Higher prevalence of Hashimoto thyroiditis has been noted in certain conditions, such as myasthenia gravis and systemic sclerosis. Although the exact mechanism of association is not clear, immune defects may play a role (along with other factors, including genetic, hormonal, and environmental) in poly-autoimmunity.

• #39 Hashimoto Thyroiditis: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120937-overview

  The incidence of Hashimoto thyroiditis is estimated to be 10-15 times higher in females. The most commonly affected age range in Hashimoto thyroiditis is 30-50 years, with the peak incidence in men occurring 10-15 years later. The overall incidence of hypothyroidism increases with age in men and women. […] Whites have a higher incidence of Hashimoto thyroiditis than do Blacks. The condition is rare in Pacific Islanders. […] Higher prevalence of Hashimoto thyroiditis has been noted in certain conditions, such as myasthenia gravis and systemic sclerosis. Although the exact mechanism of association is not clear, immune defects may play a role (along with other factors, including genetic, hormonal, and environmental) in poly-autoimmunity.

• #40 Thyroiditis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/925249-overview

  Epidemiology […] Frequency […] Studies in the United States and Western Europe report a prevalence of 1.2% in individuals aged 11-18 years. Approximately 25% of adults with type 1 diabetes have thyroiditis, about one half of whom have hypothyroidism. Approximately 10% of children with type 1 diabetes have antithyroid antibodies. Thirteen of 121 children with vitiligo were also found to have subsequent evidence of autoimmune thyroiditis. […] Similarly, a Korean study, by Bae et al, indicated that persons with vitiligo have an odds ratio for the autoimmune disease Hashimoto thyroiditis of 1.609. […] The disease is also more common in children with Down syndrome or Turner syndrome. However, a study by Vassilatou et al indicated that the risk of autoimmune thyroiditis is not increased in psoriatic patients with or without psoriatic arthritis, finding the prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis to be 20.2% in psoriatic patients (n = 114) and 19.6% in controls (n = 286). This contrasts with a study by Kiguradze et al, which reported an odds ratio of 2.49 for Hashimoto thyroiditis in persons with psoriasis.

• #41 Thyroiditis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/925249-overview

  Epidemiology […] Frequency […] Studies in the United States and Western Europe report a prevalence of 1.2% in individuals aged 11-18 years. Approximately 25% of adults with type 1 diabetes have thyroiditis, about one half of whom have hypothyroidism. Approximately 10% of children with type 1 diabetes have antithyroid antibodies. Thirteen of 121 children with vitiligo were also found to have subsequent evidence of autoimmune thyroiditis. […] Similarly, a Korean study, by Bae et al, indicated that persons with vitiligo have an odds ratio for the autoimmune disease Hashimoto thyroiditis of 1.609. […] The disease is also more common in children with Down syndrome or Turner syndrome. However, a study by Vassilatou et al indicated that the risk of autoimmune thyroiditis is not increased in psoriatic patients with or without psoriatic arthritis, finding the prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis to be 20.2% in psoriatic patients (n = 114) and 19.6% in controls (n = 286). This contrasts with a study by Kiguradze et al, which reported an odds ratio of 2.49 for Hashimoto thyroiditis in persons with psoriasis.

• #42 Thyroiditis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/925249-overview

  Epidemiology […] Frequency […] Studies in the United States and Western Europe report a prevalence of 1.2% in individuals aged 11-18 years. Approximately 25% of adults with type 1 diabetes have thyroiditis, about one half of whom have hypothyroidism. Approximately 10% of children with type 1 diabetes have antithyroid antibodies. Thirteen of 121 children with vitiligo were also found to have subsequent evidence of autoimmune thyroiditis. […] Similarly, a Korean study, by Bae et al, indicated that persons with vitiligo have an odds ratio for the autoimmune disease Hashimoto thyroiditis of 1.609. […] The disease is also more common in children with Down syndrome or Turner syndrome. However, a study by Vassilatou et al indicated that the risk of autoimmune thyroiditis is not increased in psoriatic patients with or without psoriatic arthritis, finding the prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis to be 20.2% in psoriatic patients (n = 114) and 19.6% in controls (n = 286). This contrasts with a study by Kiguradze et al, which reported an odds ratio of 2.49 for Hashimoto thyroiditis in persons with psoriasis.

• #43 Thyroiditis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/925249-overview

  Epidemiology […] Frequency […] Studies in the United States and Western Europe report a prevalence of 1.2% in individuals aged 11-18 years. Approximately 25% of adults with type 1 diabetes have thyroiditis, about one half of whom have hypothyroidism. Approximately 10% of children with type 1 diabetes have antithyroid antibodies. Thirteen of 121 children with vitiligo were also found to have subsequent evidence of autoimmune thyroiditis. […] Similarly, a Korean study, by Bae et al, indicated that persons with vitiligo have an odds ratio for the autoimmune disease Hashimoto thyroiditis of 1.609. […] The disease is also more common in children with Down syndrome or Turner syndrome. However, a study by Vassilatou et al indicated that the risk of autoimmune thyroiditis is not increased in psoriatic patients with or without psoriatic arthritis, finding the prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis to be 20.2% in psoriatic patients (n = 114) and 19.6% in controls (n = 286). This contrasts with a study by Kiguradze et al, which reported an odds ratio of 2.49 for Hashimoto thyroiditis in persons with psoriasis.

• #44 Thyroiditis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/925249-overview

  Epidemiology […] Frequency […] Studies in the United States and Western Europe report a prevalence of 1.2% in individuals aged 11-18 years. Approximately 25% of adults with type 1 diabetes have thyroiditis, about one half of whom have hypothyroidism. Approximately 10% of children with type 1 diabetes have antithyroid antibodies. Thirteen of 121 children with vitiligo were also found to have subsequent evidence of autoimmune thyroiditis. […] Similarly, a Korean study, by Bae et al, indicated that persons with vitiligo have an odds ratio for the autoimmune disease Hashimoto thyroiditis of 1.609. […] The disease is also more common in children with Down syndrome or Turner syndrome. However, a study by Vassilatou et al indicated that the risk of autoimmune thyroiditis is not increased in psoriatic patients with or without psoriatic arthritis, finding the prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis to be 20.2% in psoriatic patients (n = 114) and 19.6% in controls (n = 286). This contrasts with a study by Kiguradze et al, which reported an odds ratio of 2.49 for Hashimoto thyroiditis in persons with psoriasis.

• #45 Thyroiditis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/925249-overview

  Epidemiology […] Frequency […] Studies in the United States and Western Europe report a prevalence of 1.2% in individuals aged 11-18 years. Approximately 25% of adults with type 1 diabetes have thyroiditis, about one half of whom have hypothyroidism. Approximately 10% of children with type 1 diabetes have antithyroid antibodies. Thirteen of 121 children with vitiligo were also found to have subsequent evidence of autoimmune thyroiditis. […] Similarly, a Korean study, by Bae et al, indicated that persons with vitiligo have an odds ratio for the autoimmune disease Hashimoto thyroiditis of 1.609. […] The disease is also more common in children with Down syndrome or Turner syndrome. However, a study by Vassilatou et al indicated that the risk of autoimmune thyroiditis is not increased in psoriatic patients with or without psoriatic arthritis, finding the prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis to be 20.2% in psoriatic patients (n = 114) and 19.6% in controls (n = 286). This contrasts with a study by Kiguradze et al, which reported an odds ratio of 2.49 for Hashimoto thyroiditis in persons with psoriasis.

• #46 Hashimoto Thyroiditis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22579

  Hashimoto thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States and in those areas of the world where dietary iodine intake is adequate. A systematic review and meta-analysis, including studies from multiple countries, found the overall global prevalence of Hashimoto thyroiditis to be 7.5%, higher in low-middle-income areas at 11.4%. Additionally, the prevalence in women was 4 times that in men. […] Almost 10% of the population in the United States has been shown to have positivity for thyroid antibodies. Various studies have found the prevalence of thyroid antibody positivity in the general population between 5% to 20%. Thyroid peroxidase antibodies are present in 5% to 14% of pregnant females, whereas thyroglobulin antibodies are present in 3% to 18% of pregnant females.

• #47 Thyroiditis: An Integrated Approach | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0915/p389.html/1000

  Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto thyroiditis) is the most common form. It is characterized by varying degrees of lymphocytic infiltration and fibrotic transformation of the thyroid gland. Patients typically present with a nontender goiter, hypothyroidism, and an elevated TPO antibody level. It can, however, present without a goiter (atrophic form). The atrophic form represents extensive thyroid fibrosis and is more likely to result in overt hypothyroidism. […] The annual incidence of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis is estimated to be 0.3 to 1.5 cases per 1,000 persons. […] In the United States, the prevalence of postpartum thyroiditis ranges from 1.1% to 9%. […] There are few large epidemiologic studies on subacute thyroiditis; however, one large community-based study performed in Olmstead County, Minn., between 1960 and 1997 reported an incidence of 4.9 cases per 100,000 persons per year. […] An increased association of subacute thyroiditis in persons with HLA-B35 is well established.

• #48 Thyroiditis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/925249-overview

  Research has linked chronic thyroiditis to the development of thyroid cancer in some adult populations. In a retrospective study by Gallant et al of 153 pediatric patients who underwent thyroidectomy due to the presence of a neoplasm, 35 (23%) had Hashimoto thyroiditis, and those with this type of thyroiditis had a greater likelihood of being diagnosed with papillary thyroid cancer; however, the risk depended on the form of this cancer. Among patients with classical papillary thyroid cancer, 31% were known to have Hashimoto thyroiditis. Of those with follicular-variant papillary thyroid cancer, however, none had Hashimoto thyroiditis. Thus, this study found that in pediatric patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma there was an increased frequency of Hashimoto thyroiditis. The article did not, however, explore the frequency of papillary thyroid cancer in pediatric patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis. Importantly, at median 58.6-month follow-up, the presence of Hashimoto thyroiditis in patients with papillary thyroid cancer did not significantly affect survival.

• #49 Thyroiditis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/925249-overview

  Research has linked chronic thyroiditis to the development of thyroid cancer in some adult populations. In a retrospective study by Gallant et al of 153 pediatric patients who underwent thyroidectomy due to the presence of a neoplasm, 35 (23%) had Hashimoto thyroiditis, and those with this type of thyroiditis had a greater likelihood of being diagnosed with papillary thyroid cancer; however, the risk depended on the form of this cancer. Among patients with classical papillary thyroid cancer, 31% were known to have Hashimoto thyroiditis. Of those with follicular-variant papillary thyroid cancer, however, none had Hashimoto thyroiditis. Thus, this study found that in pediatric patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma there was an increased frequency of Hashimoto thyroiditis. The article did not, however, explore the frequency of papillary thyroid cancer in pediatric patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis. Importantly, at median 58.6-month follow-up, the presence of Hashimoto thyroiditis in patients with papillary thyroid cancer did not significantly affect survival.

• #50 Thyroiditis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/925249-overview

  A retrospective study by Ieni et al found that one third of patients with papillary thyroid cancer had chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis and that the thyroiditis patients tended to have more favorable characteristics with regard to their cancer. The investigators reported that in the patients with thyroiditis, tumors were smaller on average than in the other patients (9.39 mm vs 12 mm, respectively), and the lymph node metastasis rate was lower (12.5% vs 21.96%, respectively), while the tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage was prognostically better. The thyroiditis patients also tended to be younger. […] Similarly, a retrospective study by Pilli et al found that at a mean follow-up of 6.28 years, subsequent to treatment of papillary thyroid cancer with thyroidectomy and radioiodine remnant ablation, patients whose cancer was concurrent with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis had a higher cure rate (91.8%) than did nonthyroiditis patients (76.3%).

• #51 Thyroiditis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/925249-overview

  A retrospective study by Ieni et al found that one third of patients with papillary thyroid cancer had chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis and that the thyroiditis patients tended to have more favorable characteristics with regard to their cancer. The investigators reported that in the patients with thyroiditis, tumors were smaller on average than in the other patients (9.39 mm vs 12 mm, respectively), and the lymph node metastasis rate was lower (12.5% vs 21.96%, respectively), while the tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage was prognostically better. The thyroiditis patients also tended to be younger. […] Similarly, a retrospective study by Pilli et al found that at a mean follow-up of 6.28 years, subsequent to treatment of papillary thyroid cancer with thyroidectomy and radioiodine remnant ablation, patients whose cancer was concurrent with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis had a higher cure rate (91.8%) than did nonthyroiditis patients (76.3%).

• #52 The Epidemiology of Autoimmune Thyroid Disease | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-59259-704-8_6

  Epidemiology is the study of the frequency of disease within the community, and requires analysis and interpretation of distribution patterns of disease in terms of possible causal factors. […] The problems encountered in epidemiological studies of thyroid disorders are those of definition, e.g., overt hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism, the selection criteria used, the influence of age, sex, environmental factors, and the different techniques used for the measurement of thyroid function. […] The most commonly used initial tests in epidemiological surveys are measurements of serum total or free thyroxine (T4) and sensitive (second-generation) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). […] The prevalence and progression of autoimmune thyroid disease in the elderly. […] Geographical distribution of subclinical autoimmune thyroid disease in Britain: A study using highly sensitive direct assays for autoantibodies to thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase. […] Prevalence of anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies in serum in the elderly: comparison with other tests for anti-thyroid antibodies. […] The development of ischemic heart disease in relation to autoimmune thyroid disease in a 20-year follow-up study of an English community.

• #53 The Epidemiology of Autoimmune Thyroid Disease | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-59259-704-8_6

  Epidemiology is the study of the frequency of disease within the community, and requires analysis and interpretation of distribution patterns of disease in terms of possible causal factors. […] The problems encountered in epidemiological studies of thyroid disorders are those of definition, e.g., overt hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism, the selection criteria used, the influence of age, sex, environmental factors, and the different techniques used for the measurement of thyroid function. […] The most commonly used initial tests in epidemiological surveys are measurements of serum total or free thyroxine (T4) and sensitive (second-generation) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). […] The prevalence and progression of autoimmune thyroid disease in the elderly. […] Geographical distribution of subclinical autoimmune thyroid disease in Britain: A study using highly sensitive direct assays for autoantibodies to thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase. […] Prevalence of anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies in serum in the elderly: comparison with other tests for anti-thyroid antibodies. […] The development of ischemic heart disease in relation to autoimmune thyroid disease in a 20-year follow-up study of an English community.

• #54 The Epidemiology of Autoimmune Thyroid Disease | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-59259-704-8_6

  Epidemiology is the study of the frequency of disease within the community, and requires analysis and interpretation of distribution patterns of disease in terms of possible causal factors. […] The problems encountered in epidemiological studies of thyroid disorders are those of definition, e.g., overt hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism, the selection criteria used, the influence of age, sex, environmental factors, and the different techniques used for the measurement of thyroid function. […] The most commonly used initial tests in epidemiological surveys are measurements of serum total or free thyroxine (T4) and sensitive (second-generation) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). […] The prevalence and progression of autoimmune thyroid disease in the elderly. […] Geographical distribution of subclinical autoimmune thyroid disease in Britain: A study using highly sensitive direct assays for autoantibodies to thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase. […] Prevalence of anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies in serum in the elderly: comparison with other tests for anti-thyroid antibodies. […] The development of ischemic heart disease in relation to autoimmune thyroid disease in a 20-year follow-up study of an English community.

• #55 Hashimoto thyroiditis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/hashimoto-thyroiditis?lang=us

  Hashimoto thyroiditis affects ~2% of all women (F:M = 10-15:1), most commonly in the 30-50 year range 17,22. […] The diagnosis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is usually based on the combination of clinical features, serology results, and ultrasound findings 17,22. […] There is autoimmunity to the thyroid gland which bears both humoral- and cell-mediated features. This is followed by lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid gland with lymphoid follicles replacing thyroid follicles. […] Serological markers can be variable 17. […] patients are at higher risk for papillary thyroid carcinoma, so a discrete nodule should be considered for biopsy.

• #56 Hashimoto thyroiditis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/hashimoto-thyroiditis?embed_domain=hackmd.io%252F%2540yipuafecsl2jsu8smr5njq%252Fbnjhjgjghjghjghfavicon.icofavicon.ico&lang=us

  Hashimoto thyroiditis affects ~2% of all women (F:M = 10-15:1), most commonly in the 30-50 year range 17,22. […] The diagnosis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is usually based on the combination of clinical features, serology results, and ultrasound findings 17,22. […] There is autoimmunity to the thyroid gland which bears both humoral- and cell-mediated features. […] This may affect the thyroid gland in either a diffuse or focal manner. […] Patients can present with a painless goiter +/- symptoms of hypothyroidism 17,22. […] A small proportion of cases (~5%) can present with hyperthyroidism (also known as Hashitoxicosis), which usually only lasts 1-2 months 16. […] The clinical presentation is variable and some may be asymptomatic 17,22. […] Life-long oral administration of L-thyroxine (T4) is often required ref. […] association with increased risk of the following thyroid cancers 21. […] papillary thyroid cancer (1.7x increased risk) 21. […] medullary thyroid cancer (2.7x increased risk) 21. […] thyroid lymphoma (13x increase risk) 6,21.

• #57 Hashimoto thyroiditis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/hashimoto-thyroiditis?lang=us

  Hashimoto thyroiditis affects ~2% of all women (F:M = 10-15:1), most commonly in the 30-50 year range 17,22. […] The diagnosis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is usually based on the combination of clinical features, serology results, and ultrasound findings 17,22. […] There is autoimmunity to the thyroid gland which bears both humoral- and cell-mediated features. This is followed by lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid gland with lymphoid follicles replacing thyroid follicles. […] Serological markers can be variable 17. […] patients are at higher risk for papillary thyroid carcinoma, so a discrete nodule should be considered for biopsy.

• #58 Thyroid – Hashimoto’s disease | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/thyroid-hashimotos-disease

  Hashimotos disease is a common cause of hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). […] Hashimotos disease is considered to be an autoimmune disease. […] The cause of the immune system attack against the thyroid gland is unknown. Most medical researchers believe that a number of both genetic and environmental factors working in combination cause Hashimotos disease. […] Hashimotos disease also tends to run in families, which suggests that heredity may be important. […] Diagnosis of Hashimotos disease may include: Medical and family history, Physical examination, Blood tests to check levels of T4, T3 and TSH, Blood test to check antibody levels. […] With treatment, the outlook for most people with Hashimotos disease is excellent.

• #59 Epidemiology of thyroid disorders in the Lifelines Cohort Study (the Netherlands) | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0242795

  Thyroid hormone plays a pivotal role in human metabolism. In epidemiologic studies, adequate registration of thyroid disorders is warranted. We examined the prevalence of thyroid disorders, reported thyroid medication use, thyroid hormone levels, and validity of thyroid data obtained from questionnaires in the Lifelines Cohort Study. […] The overall prevalence of diagnosed and treated thyroid disorders (hypothyroidism plus thyrotoxicosis), assessed by medication use, is 3.1%. […] The large group of individuals with subclinical hypothyroidism offers an excellent possibility to prospectively follow the natural course of this disorder. Both structured questions as well as linking to G.P.s and pharmacists data are necessary to improve the completeness and reliability of Lifelines data on thyroid disorders.

• #60 Epidemiology of thyroid disorders in the Lifelines Cohort Study (the Netherlands) | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0242795

  Thyroid hormone plays a pivotal role in human metabolism. In epidemiologic studies, adequate registration of thyroid disorders is warranted. We examined the prevalence of thyroid disorders, reported thyroid medication use, thyroid hormone levels, and validity of thyroid data obtained from questionnaires in the Lifelines Cohort Study. […] The overall prevalence of diagnosed and treated thyroid disorders (hypothyroidism plus thyrotoxicosis), assessed by medication use, is 3.1%. […] The large group of individuals with subclinical hypothyroidism offers an excellent possibility to prospectively follow the natural course of this disorder. Both structured questions as well as linking to G.P.s and pharmacists data are necessary to improve the completeness and reliability of Lifelines data on thyroid disorders.

• #61 Thyroid Disorders, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2008–2017 | Health.mil

  https://health.mil/News/Articles/2018/12/01/Thyroid-Disorders?page=9

  Between 2008 and 2017, the most common incident thyroid disorder among male and female service members was primary/NOS hypothyroidism and the least common were thyroiditis and other disorders of thyroid. […] Overall incidence rates of thyroid disorders among females ranged from 4.3 (primary hypothyroidism) to 6.5 (other disorders of thyroid) times the rates of the respective conditions among males. […] Among both males and females, overall incidence rates of primary/NOS hypothyroidism and thyroiditis were higher among non-Hispanic white service members compared with service members in other race/ethnicity groups. […] Across all thyroid disorder types, overall incidence rates were higher among service members in the Air Force compared with members of other service branches. […] A significant limitation to this report is that the incidence rates of thyroid disorders were based on diagnoses recorded on standardized medical records.

• #62 Epidemiology of thyroid disorders in the Lifelines Cohort Study (the Netherlands) | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0242795

  Thyroid hormone plays a pivotal role in human metabolism. In epidemiologic studies, adequate registration of thyroid disorders is warranted. We examined the prevalence of thyroid disorders, reported thyroid medication use, thyroid hormone levels, and validity of thyroid data obtained from questionnaires in the Lifelines Cohort Study. […] The overall prevalence of diagnosed and treated thyroid disorders (hypothyroidism plus thyrotoxicosis), assessed by medication use, is 3.1%. […] The large group of individuals with subclinical hypothyroidism offers an excellent possibility to prospectively follow the natural course of this disorder. Both structured questions as well as linking to G.P.s and pharmacists data are necessary to improve the completeness and reliability of Lifelines data on thyroid disorders.

• #63 Painful Hashimoto Thyroiditis in a 7-Year-Old Girl: Differential Diagnosis and Medical Treatment

  https://www.ijthyroid.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.11106/ijt.2021.14.1.50

  Because of its rarity, painful HT can be under-recognized in children with neck pain. Thus, investigations regarding clinical manifestations and laboratory tests of HT should be considered in children with neck pain without a definite diagnosis. […] Although a literature review reported statistical analysis for disease characteristics of painful HT in adults, a case report of the clinical course of painful HT in children is very limited. […] Significant numbers of patients underwent surgery due to poor response to medical treatment and high frequency of relapse in a literature review of adult painful HT. […] Although studies involving the surgical treatment of painful HT in youth have been reported, a very limited number of elaborate studies involved an investigation into dosing strategies for the medication in children with painful HT.

• #64 Painful Hashimoto Thyroiditis in a 7-Year-Old Girl: Differential Diagnosis and Medical Treatment

  https://www.ijthyroid.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.11106/ijt.2021.14.1.50

  Because of its rarity, painful HT can be under-recognized in children with neck pain. Thus, investigations regarding clinical manifestations and laboratory tests of HT should be considered in children with neck pain without a definite diagnosis. […] Although a literature review reported statistical analysis for disease characteristics of painful HT in adults, a case report of the clinical course of painful HT in children is very limited. […] Significant numbers of patients underwent surgery due to poor response to medical treatment and high frequency of relapse in a literature review of adult painful HT. […] Although studies involving the surgical treatment of painful HT in youth have been reported, a very limited number of elaborate studies involved an investigation into dosing strategies for the medication in children with painful HT.

• #65 Thyroiditis: An Integrated Approach | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0915/p389.html/1000

  Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto thyroiditis) is the most common form. It is characterized by varying degrees of lymphocytic infiltration and fibrotic transformation of the thyroid gland. Patients typically present with a nontender goiter, hypothyroidism, and an elevated TPO antibody level. It can, however, present without a goiter (atrophic form). The atrophic form represents extensive thyroid fibrosis and is more likely to result in overt hypothyroidism. […] The annual incidence of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis is estimated to be 0.3 to 1.5 cases per 1,000 persons. […] In the United States, the prevalence of postpartum thyroiditis ranges from 1.1% to 9%. […] There are few large epidemiologic studies on subacute thyroiditis; however, one large community-based study performed in Olmstead County, Minn., between 1960 and 1997 reported an incidence of 4.9 cases per 100,000 persons per year. […] An increased association of subacute thyroiditis in persons with HLA-B35 is well established.

• #66 Thyroiditis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/925249-overview

  Acute suppurative thyroiditis is rare in Western nations. Subacute thyroiditis is rare in childhood. […] International […] The prevalence of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis varies depending on screening procedures. A Greek study showed a prevalence of thyroid antibodies as high as 12.5% in some areas. Few data are available regarding the incidence of the various forms of thyroiditis in the non-Western world. Acute thyroiditis is more common in geographic areas where antibiotic use is less prevalent. […] Mortality/Morbidity […] Long-term morbidity or mortality from thyroiditis is uncommon. Patients with autoimmune thyroiditis frequently develop hypothyroidism and require lifelong treatment. Patients with subacute thyroiditis may briefly have hyperthyroidism but usually regain normal thyroid function. Patients with acute thyroiditis generally maintain normal thyroid function.

• #67 Thyroiditis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/925249-overview

  Acute suppurative thyroiditis is rare in Western nations. Subacute thyroiditis is rare in childhood. […] International […] The prevalence of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis varies depending on screening procedures. A Greek study showed a prevalence of thyroid antibodies as high as 12.5% in some areas. Few data are available regarding the incidence of the various forms of thyroiditis in the non-Western world. Acute thyroiditis is more common in geographic areas where antibiotic use is less prevalent. […] Mortality/Morbidity […] Long-term morbidity or mortality from thyroiditis is uncommon. Patients with autoimmune thyroiditis frequently develop hypothyroidism and require lifelong treatment. Patients with subacute thyroiditis may briefly have hyperthyroidism but usually regain normal thyroid function. Patients with acute thyroiditis generally maintain normal thyroid function.

• #68 Thyroiditis: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1200/p609.html

  HT (i.e., chronic autoimmune thyroiditis or chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis) is the most commonly encountered autoimmune disease worldwide. The estimated incidence of HT is 0.3 to 1.5 cases per 1,000 people per year. […] HT occurs due to the formation of autoantibodies and direct injury to the thyroid from an environmental trigger (e.g., infection, stress, iodine intake) in patients with genetic susceptibility. The degree of injury can differ among individuals but is often progressive over time and can result in fibrotic transformation of the gland. […] In patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and elevated TPO antibodies, especially those with a serum TSH level of at least 10 mIU per L or with symptoms, treatment with low-dose levothyroxine should be considered. An initial dosage of 25 to 50 mcg per day can be established and titrated in these patients similarly to patients who have overt hypothyroidism. If therapy with levothyroxine is not initiated, patients should be monitored annually for the development of overt hypothyroidism.

• #69 Thyroiditis: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1200/p609.html

  HT (i.e., chronic autoimmune thyroiditis or chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis) is the most commonly encountered autoimmune disease worldwide. The estimated incidence of HT is 0.3 to 1.5 cases per 1,000 people per year. […] HT occurs due to the formation of autoantibodies and direct injury to the thyroid from an environmental trigger (e.g., infection, stress, iodine intake) in patients with genetic susceptibility. The degree of injury can differ among individuals but is often progressive over time and can result in fibrotic transformation of the gland. […] In patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and elevated TPO antibodies, especially those with a serum TSH level of at least 10 mIU per L or with symptoms, treatment with low-dose levothyroxine should be considered. An initial dosage of 25 to 50 mcg per day can be established and titrated in these patients similarly to patients who have overt hypothyroidism. If therapy with levothyroxine is not initiated, patients should be monitored annually for the development of overt hypothyroidism.

• #70 Symptoms of Too Much Levothyroxine (Thyroid Medication)

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/too-much-thyroid-medication-3233271

  Hashimoto’s disease can lead you to have too much levothyroxine in your body. With Hashimoto’s disease, your thyroid hormone levels can fluctuate rapidly. Hashitoxicosis occurs when your thyroid is over-functioning and producing more thyroid hormone. […] Taking your thyroid hormone replacement medication when your thyroid is in hashitoxicosis can temporarily cause symptoms of hyperthyroidism.

• #71 Thyroiditis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/925249-overview

  A prospective study by Zhao et al indicated that in patients with subacute thyroiditis, the early maximum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) value (cutoff 7.83 mIU/L within 3 months of onset of subacute thyroiditis) predicts the development of hypothyroidism 2 years after the diseases onset. […] Sex […] The pediatric male-to-female ratio for autoimmune thyroiditis ranges from 1:2 to 1:6. This is low when compared with the 90% female predominance in adults.

• #72 Thyroid – Hashimoto’s disease | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/thyroid-hashimotos-disease

  Hashimotos disease is a common cause of hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). […] Hashimotos disease is considered to be an autoimmune disease. […] The cause of the immune system attack against the thyroid gland is unknown. Most medical researchers believe that a number of both genetic and environmental factors working in combination cause Hashimotos disease. […] Hashimotos disease also tends to run in families, which suggests that heredity may be important. […] Diagnosis of Hashimotos disease may include: Medical and family history, Physical examination, Blood tests to check levels of T4, T3 and TSH, Blood test to check antibody levels. […] With treatment, the outlook for most people with Hashimotos disease is excellent.

• #73 Hashimoto thyroiditis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/hashimoto-thyroiditis?embed_domain=hackmd.io%252F%2540yipuafecsl2jsu8smr5njq%252Fbnjhjgjghjghjghfavicon.icofavicon.ico&lang=us

  Hashimoto thyroiditis affects ~2% of all women (F:M = 10-15:1), most commonly in the 30-50 year range 17,22. […] The diagnosis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is usually based on the combination of clinical features, serology results, and ultrasound findings 17,22. […] There is autoimmunity to the thyroid gland which bears both humoral- and cell-mediated features. […] This may affect the thyroid gland in either a diffuse or focal manner. […] Patients can present with a painless goiter +/- symptoms of hypothyroidism 17,22. […] A small proportion of cases (~5%) can present with hyperthyroidism (also known as Hashitoxicosis), which usually only lasts 1-2 months 16. […] The clinical presentation is variable and some may be asymptomatic 17,22. […] Life-long oral administration of L-thyroxine (T4) is often required ref. […] association with increased risk of the following thyroid cancers 21. […] papillary thyroid cancer (1.7x increased risk) 21. […] medullary thyroid cancer (2.7x increased risk) 21. […] thyroid lymphoma (13x increase risk) 6,21.

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