Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/non-hodgkins-lymphoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20375680

  Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system. […] The cause of non-Hodgkin lymphoma often isn’t known. This cancer starts when germ-fighting white blood cells called lymphocytes develop changes in their DNA. […] Factors that may raise the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma include: […] Infection with certain viruses and bacteria. Certain infections seem to raise the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Viruses linked to this type of cancer include HIV and Epstein-Barr virus. […] There’s no way to prevent non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #2 What Causes Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Researchers have found that non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is linked with a number of risk factors, but the cause of most lymphomas is not known. […] Some genes normally help control when our cells grow, divide to make new cells, or repair mistakes in DNA, or they cause cells to die when theyre supposed to. If these genes arent working properly, it can lead to cells growing out of control. […] Some people inherit DNA mutations from a parent that increase their risk for some types of cancer. Having a family history of lymphoma does seem to increase your risk of lymphoma. Still, most people with lymphoma dont have a strong family history of it. […] Gene changes related to NHL are usually acquired (picked up) during life, rather than being inherited. Acquired gene changes can result from exposure to radiation, cancer-causing chemicals, or infections, but often these changes occur for no clear reason.

• #2 What Causes Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Some of the gene changes that lead to certain types of lymphoma are now known. For example, in follicular lymphoma, the cells often have an exchange of DNA (known as a translocation) between chromosomes 14 and 18, which turns on the BCL-2 oncogene. […] While researchers are beginning to understand some of the gene changes that can lead to NHL, they still do not know why many of these gene changes develop, especially in people with no clear risk factors. […] People with weakened immune systems (due to inherited conditions, treatment with certain drugs, organ transplants, or HIV infection) have a much higher chance of developing lymphoma than people without a weakened immune system. […] People with certain autoimmune diseases (where the immune system constantly attacks a certain part of the body) have an increased risk of lymphoma. […] People with certain chronic infections are also at increased risk, probably because the immune system is constantly making new lymphocytes to fight the infection, which increases the chances for mistakes in their DNA.

• #3 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559328/

  Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a group of malignant neoplasms originating from lymphoid tissues, mainly the lymph nodes. These tumors may result from chromosomal translocation, various toxins, infections, and chronic inflammation. […] NHL may be associated with various factors, including infections, environmental factors, immunodeficiency states, and chronic inflammation. Various infectious agents have been attributed to different types of NHL. […] Epstein-Barr virus, a DNA virus, is associated with the causation of certain types of NHL, including an endemic variant of Burkitt lymphoma. […] Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) causes adult T-cell lymphoma. It induces chronic antigenic stimulation and cytokine dysregulation, resulting in uncontrolled B- or T-cell stimulation and proliferation.

• #3 Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: Symptoms, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/non-hodgkins-lymphoma

  Researchers have linked NHL to several risk factors, but the exact cause of these cancers is still unknown. […] NHL is a blood cancer that develops and originates in the lymphatic system. It develops from different types of white blood cells (lymphocytes) called B cells, T cells, or natural killer cells. […] NHL has been linked to changes in parts of your DNA called chromosomes. When chromosomal changes known as translocations, mutations, or deletions occur, the body begins to make unusual lymphocytes. These atypical lymphocytes continue to grow and divide, enlarging the lymph nodes and causing cancerous tumors. […] These chromosomal changes are sometimes the result of DNA mutations inherited from a parent or from gene changes that are acquired throughout your life. Gene changes may occur because of exposure to radiation, certain cancer-causing chemicals, or infections.

• #4 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/203399-overview

  Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) are tumors originating from lymphoid tissues, mainly of lymph nodes. These tumors may result from chromosomal translocations, infections, environmental factors, immunodeficiency states, and chronic inflammation. […] NHLs may result from chromosomal translocations, infections, environmental factors, immunodeficiency states, and chronic inflammation. […] Chromosomal translocations and molecular rearrangements play an important role in the pathogenesis of many lymphomas and correlate with histology and immunophenotype. […] Some viruses are implicated in the pathogenesis of NHL, probably because of their ability to induce chronic antigenic stimulation and cytokine dysregulation, which leads to uncontrolled B- or T-cell stimulation, proliferation, and lymphomagenesis.

• #5 What Causes Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Some of the gene changes that lead to certain types of lymphoma are now known. For example, in follicular lymphoma, the cells often have an exchange of DNA (known as a translocation) between chromosomes 14 and 18, which turns on the BCL-2 oncogene. […] While researchers are beginning to understand some of the gene changes that can lead to NHL, they still do not know why many of these gene changes develop, especially in people with no clear risk factors. […] People with weakened immune systems (due to inherited conditions, treatment with certain drugs, organ transplants, or HIV infection) have a much higher chance of developing lymphoma than people without a weakened immune system. […] People with certain autoimmune diseases (where the immune system constantly attacks a certain part of the body) have an increased risk of lymphoma. […] People with certain chronic infections are also at increased risk, probably because the immune system is constantly making new lymphocytes to fight the infection, which increases the chances for mistakes in their DNA.

• #6 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

  https://www.health.ny.gov/statistics/cancer/registry/abouts/nhl.htm

  Lymphoma is a type of cancer that starts in cells called lymphocytes. […] At this time, the causes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma are not well understood. However, scientists agree that certain factors increase a person’s risk of developing this disease. These risk factors include: […] People with depressed immune systems, such as those who have organ transplants or individuals with HIV/AIDS, have an increased risk of getting non-Hodgkin lymphoma. […] People with certain types of inflammatory autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, Sjogren’s syndrome and celiac disease, are at greater risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. […] People with close relatives (parents, brothers/sisters, children) who have had non-Hodgkin lymphoma or other blood cancers (e.g., leukemia, Hodgkin lymphoma) are at increased risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #7 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15662-non-hodgkin-lymphoma

  Other factors that may increase your risk of NHL include: Immune system deficiencies. Having HIV weakens your immune system and may increase your risk of HNL. Taking medications that suppress your immune system after an organ transplant is also a risk factor. Autoimmune diseases. People with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis or other rheumatologic conditions may have an increased risk of developing NHL. Infections. Bacterial and viral infections that have been linked to NHL include H. pylori infection, human T-lymphotropic virus Type I, Hepatitis C and Epstein-Barr virus. Exposure to pesticides. Some research shows that people exposed to high levels of weed killers and insecticides may have a slightly increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Family history. Your risk may be greater if you have a parent, sibling or child with lymphoma or other blood cancer.

• #7 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15662-non-hodgkin-lymphoma

  With non-Hodgkin lymphoma, genes inside B lymphocytes (B cells) or T lymphocytes (T cells) mutate, or change, at some point in your lifetime. The abnormal lymphoma cells usually form in your lymph nodes and form tumors. But they can also be in other lymph system organs, like your thymus or spleen, or lymph tissue in other places. Without treatment, non-Hodgkin lymphoma can spread. […] Non-Hodgkin lymphomas form when your body produces too many lymphocytes. These include B cells, T cells or (rarely) natural killer (NK) cells. Acquired genetic mutations that affect lymphocyte growth play a part in the process. Acquired means you develop them during your lifetime instead of being born with them. […] There are several risk factors linked to non-Hodgkin lymphoma. A risk factor is a trait, activity or condition that increases your risk of developing a disease. For example, people more likely to get diagnosed with NHL are: Over 60 (NHL risk increases with age), Male, White.

• #8 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Hodgkin_lymphoma

  Autoimmune diseases, like Sjögren syndrome, celiac disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. […] Bone trauma and microfractures associated with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma originating in bone marrow. […] Implants, made from hard metals or silicone, associated with anaplastic large cell lymphoma. […] Familial lymphoid cancer is rare. The familial risk of lymphoma is elevated for multiple lymphoma subtypes, suggesting a shared genetic cause. However, a family history of a specific subtype is most strongly associated with risk for that subtype, indicating that these genetic factors are subtype specific. […] Immune suppression rather than HIV itself is implicated in the pathogenesis of this malignancy, with a clear correlation between the degree of immune suppression and the risk of developing NHL.

• #8 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Hodgkin_lymphoma

  Lymphomas are types of cancer that develop from lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Risk factors include poor immune function, autoimmune diseases, Helicobacter pylori infection, hepatitis C, obesity, and Epstein-Barr virus infection. […] The many different forms of lymphoma probably have different causes. These possible causes and associations with at least some forms of NHL include: […] Infectious agents: Epstein-Barr virus: associated with Burkitt’s lymphoma, follicular dendritic cell sarcoma, extranodal NK-T-cell lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. […] Some chemicals, like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), diphenylhydantoin, dioxins, and phenoxy herbicides. […] Medical treatments, like radiation therapy and chemotherapy. […] Genetic diseases, like Klinefelter syndrome, Chdiak-Higashi syndrome, ataxiatelangiectasia syndrome.

• #9 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559328/

  Hepatitis C virus (HCV) results in clonal B-cell expansions. Splenic marginal zone lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma are some subtypes of NHL caused by HCV. […] Human herpesvirus 8 is associated with primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and is a rare high-grade B-cell NHL associated with Kaposi sarcoma. […] Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with an increased risk of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas, a primary gastrointestinal lymphoma. […] Drugs like phenytoin, digoxin, and TNF antagonists are also associated with NHL. Moreover, organic chemicals, pesticides, phenoxy-herbicides, wood preservatives, dust, hair dye, solvents, chemotherapy, and radiation exposure are also associated with the development of NHL. […] Congenital immunodeficiency states associated with increased risk of NHL are Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, severe combined immunodeficiency disease, and induced immunodeficiency states like immunosuppressant medications. Patients with AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) can have primary CNS lymphoma. […] Autoimmune disorders like Sjgren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and Hashimoto thyroiditis are associated with an increased risk of NHL. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is associated with primary thyroid lymphomas. […] Celiac disease is also associated with an increased risk of NHL.

• #10 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/203399-overview

  Environmental factors linked to the development of NHL include chemicals (eg, pesticides, herbicides, solvents, organic chemicals, wood preservatives, dusts, hair dye), chemotherapy, and radiation exposure. […] Congenital immunodeficiency states (eg, severe combined immunodeficiency disease [SCID], Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome), acquired immunodeficiency states (eg, AIDS), and induced immunodeficiency states (eg, immunosuppression) are associated with increased incidence of NHL and are characterized by a relatively high incidence of extranodal involvement, particularly of the GI tract, and with aggressive histology. […] The chronic inflammation observed in patients with autoimmune disorders, such as Sjgren syndrome and Hashimoto thyroiditis, promotes the development of MALT and predisposes patients to subsequent lymphoid malignancies.

• #11 Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: Symptoms & Causes| NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/cancer/blood-cancer/non-hodgkins-lymphoma/symptoms

  Autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus), Sjogren (Sjgren) disease, celiac disease (gluten-sensitive enteropathy) […] Weakened immune systems such as HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), genetic or inherited syndromes (especially in children) such as ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) or Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, or people who have received an organ transplant are at higher risk for developing certain types of NHL […] Infections and viruses can directly affect the DNA of lymphocytes which help them transform into cancer cells and include: Human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) increases the risk of certain types of T-cell lymphoma. HTLV-1 spreads through sex and contaminated blood and can be passed to children through breast milk from an infected mother

• #11 Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: Symptoms & Causes| NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/cancer/blood-cancer/non-hodgkins-lymphoma/symptoms

  What Causes Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma? The exact cause of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is unknown, although it has been linked to DNA or genetic mutations. These changes can occur as people age or in children if a genetic mutation or defect in the immune system. […] Risk Factors for Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma While certain risk factors may be present, they alone do not indicate that someone will develop non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The risk factors that have been linked to non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma include: Age could be a factor for people over the age of 60 […] Gender as non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is more common in men; however, women are at risk for certain types of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma […] Genetics or a family history of a parent, child, or sibling having NHL […] Radiation exposure can increase the risk of developing several types of cancer, including NHL, leukemia, and thyroid cancer. This exposure could have come from nuclear reactor accidents or radiation therapy from some other types of cancer treatment.

• #12

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/

  Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer that develops in the lymphatic system, a network of vessels and glands spread throughout your body. […] The exact cause of non-Hodgkin lymphoma is unknown. […] But your risk of developing the condition is increased if: you have a medical condition that weakens your immune system, you take immunosuppressant medicine, you have previously been exposed to a common virus called the Epstein-Barr virus, which causes glandular fever. […] You also have a slightly increased risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma if a close relative (such as a parent or sibling) has had the condition.

• #13 Lymphoma Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-causes-lymphoma-2252583

  The immune system plays a central role in the development of lymphoma, in part by suppressing mutations in the two main types of lymphocytes (called B-cells and T-cells) that can lead to cancer. […] Advanced HIV infection, characterized by the severe depletion of T-cells, is known to increase the risk of a rare form of lymphoma known as lymphocyte-depleted Hodgkin lymphoma (LHDL). […] Certain autoimmune diseases are also linked to increased rates of lymphoma, although it is not entirely clear why. According to a 2008 study published in the journal Blood, people with lupus and Sjgren’s disease have as much as a seven-fold increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma compared to the general population. […] Although there is no single gene that „causes” lymphoma, there are some that may predispose you to the disease. In recent years, scientists have begun to link specific genetic mutations to specific types of lymphoma. […] The inheritance pattern in families with non-Hodgkin lymphoma is far less clear.

• #14 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma – Causes & Risk Factors

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/lymphoma/understanding-non-hodgkins-lymphoma-basics

  Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is much more common than Hodgkin lymphoma. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is the seventh most common cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. The risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma increases with age and it is more common in males than in females and in Caucasians. North America has one of the highest incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. […] The exact cause of non-Hodgkin lymphoma is unknown. However, there are multiple medical conditions that are associated with an increased risk of developing the disease: […] Inherited immune deficiencies […] Genetic syndromes: Down syndrome, Klinefelter’s syndrome (a genetic condition in men caused by an extra X chromosome) […] Immune disorders, and their treatments: Sjgren’s syndrome (an immune disorder characterized by unusual dryness of mucous membranes), rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus

• #15 What Causes Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/lymphoma/what-causes-non-hodgkins-lymphoma

  The link between autoimmune conditions and NHL is complex. […] Celiac disease, in particular, has been shown to increase the risk of NHL significantly. […] Certain chronic infections are linked to an increased risk of lymphoma. […] Treating another cancer with chemotherapy drugs or radiation therapy may increase your risk of developing NHL in the years after treatment. […] In rare cases, NHL can develop in the scar tissue that forms around a breast implant. […] Having obesity might also increase your risk of NHL and other cancers. […] Studies show that exposure to certain chemicals, including benzene, may increase your risk of developing NHL. […] Having a family history of NHL may increase your risk of developing NHL, but experts dont consider NHL to be hereditary. […] The exact cause of NHL isnt known, but research has linked NHL to several risk factors. Risk factors include conditions that over-activate or weaken the immune system, like autoimmune conditions, chronic infections, and immunosuppressive therapy.

• #16 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma – Causes & Risk Factors

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/lymphoma/understanding-non-hodgkins-lymphoma-basics

  Celiac disease, a disease involving the processing of certain components of gluten, a protein in grains […] Inflammatory bowel disease, particularly Crohns disease, and its treatment […] Psoriasis […] Family history of lymphoma […] Bacteria: Helicobacter pylori, associated with gastritis and gastric ulcers; Borrelia burgdorferi, associated with Lyme disease; Campylobacter jejuni; Chlamydia psittaci […] Viruses: HIV, HTLV-1, SV-40, HHV-8, Epstein Barr virus, hepatitis virus […] Non-random chromosomal translocations and molecular rearrangements […] Regular exposure to certain chemicals, including insect and weed killers, and a number of chemicals used in industries such as farming, welding, and lumber […] Exposure to nuclear accidents, nuclear testing, or underground radiation leaks

• #17 Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: Symptoms & Causes| NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/cancer/blood-cancer/non-hodgkins-lymphoma/symptoms

  Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is linked with lymphomas in people also infected with HIV and other less common types of lymphoma […] Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) can also infect lymphocytes, leading to a rare type of lymphoma called primary effusion lymphoma, which is most often seen in patients who are infected with HIV […] Long-term infections can force the immune system to be constantly active, causing an increase in lymphocyte production. The more lymphocytes, the greater the chance for gene mutations that can lead to lymphoma. These infections have been linked to certain types of lymphomas: Helicobacter pylori is a type of bacteria known to cause stomach ulcers […] Chlamydophila psittaci (formerly known as Chlamydia psittaci) is a type of bacteria that can cause a lung infection called psittacosis […] Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a virus that causes an infection in the liver.

• #18 Causes and risk factors for lymphoma | Lymphoma Action

  https://lymphoma-action.org.uk/about-lymphoma-what-lymphoma/causes-and-risk-factors-lymphoma

  Some infections make your immune system too active. This means your body is constantly making new lymphocytes, which increases the chance of changes developing in their DNA. […] Some infections weaken your immune system. This makes it harder for your body to fight off other infections, including infections that might be linked to lymphoma. […] People who have been infected with EBV have a higher chance of developing several types of lymphoma, including Hodgkin lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, HIV-associated lymphoma, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) and some T-cell lymphomas. […] HCV is a virus that infects the liver. It can increase your chance of developing several types of lymphoma. […] HIV weakens your immune system, making it harder for your body to fight infections.

• #18 Causes and risk factors for lymphoma | Lymphoma Action

  https://lymphoma-action.org.uk/about-lymphoma-what-lymphoma/causes-and-risk-factors-lymphoma

  Lymphoma can develop at any age, but most types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma are more common in older people. […] Lymphoma is slightly more common in males than females. […] Lymphoma is not passed on from parent to child (inherited). […] However, your risk of developing lymphoma is slightly higher if you have a close relative (parent, brother or sister, or child) who has had lymphoma or another type of blood cancer. […] Lymphoma is not infectious. You cannot catch lymphoma and you cannot pass it on to someone else. […] However, there are some infections that can increase your chance of developing lymphoma. […] Some viruses infect lymphocytes (the type of cell that grows out of control if you have lymphoma). Occasionally, these viruses can cause changes to the DNA of the cells so they become cancerous.

• #18 Causes and risk factors for lymphoma | Lymphoma Action

  https://lymphoma-action.org.uk/about-lymphoma-what-lymphoma/causes-and-risk-factors-lymphoma

  In most cases of lymphoma there is no known cause. There are, however, several risk factors which are associated with developing lymphoma. […] If you have lymphoma, its not because of anything you did or didnt do. You cant catch lymphoma and you cant give it to anybody else. […] Most people who develop lymphoma have none of these risk factors and the cause is unknown. […] In most cases, there is no known cause for lymphoma. However, for a few types of lymphoma, scientists have identified a cause: […] There are several risk factors linked to lymphoma. Some of these increase your chance of developing lymphoma, or particular types of lymphoma. […] Having one or more risk factors for lymphoma does not mean you will develop it. It means you are a bit more likely to develop lymphoma than someone with no risk factors. Even if you have risk factors, your chance of developing lymphoma is usually still very small.

• #19 Lymphoma Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-causes-lymphoma-2252583

  A number of infections, environmental toxins, and medical treatments have been linked to lymphoma. Scientists believe that they either trigger the disease in people genetically predisposed to lymphoma or cause the mutations themselves. […] A number of bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections are known to increase the risk of lymphoma. Among them: Campylobacter jejuni, Cellulitis, Chlamydophila psittaci, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), Human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1). […] Some studies have suggested that chemicals like benzene and certain insecticides are linked with an increased risk of both Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. […] A Canadian study published in the International Journal of Cancer similarly found that people with non-Hodgkin lymphoma had higher levels of pesticide chemicals in their blood than people without.

• #20 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

  https://www.health.ny.gov/statistics/cancer/registry/abouts/nhl.htm

  Many studies have been done of farmers and others exposed to different types of pesticides. Some studies found associations between non-Hodgkin lymphoma and specific types of pesticides, but some did not find associations. […] Studies have also been done of people in other occupations. Many of these studies suggest that exposure to certain chemicals, such as some chlorinated solvents, may be associated with getting non-Hodgkin lymphoma. […] Viral and bacterial infections may have a role in many cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (a very common virus that causes infectious mononucleosis, also called „mono”), human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1 and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) have each been linked with different rare types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. […] Additional research is needed to determine the role, if any, these factors may have in the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #21 Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: Symptoms, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/non-hodgkins-lymphoma

  Radiation exposure. Survivors of atomic bombs and nuclear reactor accidents are at an increased risk of developing NHL and several other types of cancer. […] Conditions that weaken the immune system. Some autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren’s disease, and celiac disease, have been linked with an increased risk of NHL. Having HIV also increases the risk of certain types of NHL, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. […] Infections that cause chronic immune stimulation. Examples of these infections include hepatitis C, Chlamydophila psittaci, and Helicobacter pylori. They may increase a person’s lymphoma risk by forcing the immune system to be constantly active. […] Infections that affect lymphocyte DNA. Epstein-Barr virus and Helicobacter pylori infection are two of the infections that help transform lymphocytes into cancer cells.

• #22 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma – Causes & Risk Factors

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/lymphoma/understanding-non-hodgkins-lymphoma-basics

  Treatment with immunosuppressant drugs, for prevention of organ transplantation rejection, or for treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders […] Tumor necrosis factor agents used to treat psoriatic and rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease […] Prior exposure to chemotherapy and/or radiation used to treat a prior diagnosis of cancer […] Treatment with a medication called Dilantin (phenytoin), commonly used to treat seizure disorders […] Use of hair dyes, especially dark and permanent colors, used before 1980 (research is inconclusive) […] High levels of nitrates found in drinking water […] Diets high in fat and meat products […] Ultraviolet light exposure […] Alcohol intake.

• #23 Risk factors for non-Hodgkin lymphoma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/risks

  People who have a weakened immune system have a higher risk of developing NHL. […] People who take immunosuppressant drugs after a solid organ transplant (such as a kidney, heart or liver transplant) have a higher risk for NHL. […] People with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) or AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) have a greater risk of developing some types of NHL. […] An autoimmune disorder causes the immune system to attack the bodys own tissue. Some autoimmune disorders have been linked to a higher risk for NHL. […] The following viral and bacterial infections can increase the risk of developing NHL. […] People who have received chemotherapy, with or without radiation therapy, for another type of cancer have a higher risk of developing NHL. […] Studies show that exposure to lindane increases the risk of developing NHL.

• #24 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma – Types, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Medanta

  https://www.medanta.org/hospitals-near-me/gurugram-hospital/speciality/medical-oncology/disease/non-hodgkin-lymphoma-types-symptoms-causes-treatment

  According to studies, certain chemicals and pesticides have been linked to an increased risk of developing NHL. For instance, individuals who were exposed to herbicides like Agent Orange during the Vietnam War showed higher chances of developing NHL. […] Certain autoimmune disorders, like rheumatoid arthritis, Sjgren’s syndrome, and systemic lupus erythematosus have been linked to an increased risk of developing NHL. This association is believed to stem from chronic inflammation and abnormal immune responses observed in these conditions, which can potentially contribute to the development of lymphoma. […] Certain cancer treatments, like radiation therapy and chemotherapy drugs, have been linked to an increased risk of developing NHL as a late complication.

• #25 Lymphoma Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-causes-lymphoma-2252583

  Both chemotherapy and radiation therapy used to treat cancer can increase a person’s risk of lymphoma. […] The risk of lymphoma is seen to increase with the aggressiveness of the therapy. […] Certain lifestyle factors can increase your risk of lymphoma. Although there are things you can do to modify these factors, it is not entirely clear how much the changes will impact your risk. […] A number of studies have found a link between Hodgkin lymphoma and a higher body mass index (BMI). […] Despite early claims that certain fats are linked to gastrointestinal lymphoma, most scientists agree that the type of fat consumed is less important than the impact of body weight on lymphoma. […] Another less common risk factor involves breast implants. Although rare, some women with implants have been known to develop anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) in their breast.

• #26 Etiology of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: A review from epidemiologic studies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11256700/

  Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) contributes to significant cancer burden and mortality globally. […] NHL comprises different subtypes that are known to behave differently, exhibit different prognoses, and start in distinct cell types (B-cell, T-cell, and NK-cell, predominantly), and there is increasing evidence that NHL subtypes have different etiologies. […] Contributors to NHL risk include genetic determinants, infection and immunosuppression, lifestyle and environmental factors, and occupational exposures. […] The literature shows that the risk for NHL increases with age, with highest incidence among those over the age of 80 and an increasing percentage in incident number among most age groups since 1990. […] Studies have observed clustered NHL incidences in families with shared genetic susceptibility and environmental exposures.

• #27 Causes and risk factors for lymphoma | Lymphoma Action

  https://lymphoma-action.org.uk/about-lymphoma-what-lymphoma/causes-and-risk-factors-lymphoma

  If you have a lowered immune system, you are less able to fight infections. […] Most people with autoimmune conditions do not develop lymphoma. However, some autoimmune conditions are linked to a higher chance of developing certain types of lymphoma. […] Several autoimmune disorders might increase your chance of developing lymphoma. […] Monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (known as MGUS) is a non-cancerous condition where the body makes an abnormal antibody, called a monoclonal protein or paraprotein. […] Some treatments, such as chemotherapy drugs or CAR-T cell therapy, used to treat other types of cancer, including other blood cancers, might increase your chance of developing lymphoma in the future. […] Having a body mass index of over 30 (obesity) increases your risk of developing many types of cancer, including Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). […] Being around high levels of industrial chemicals, solvents, weedkillers and insecticides are possible risk factors for developing lymphoma.

• #28 Environmental Public Health Tracking: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Data | Wisconsin Department of Health Services

  https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/epht/lymphoma.htm

  Non-Hodgkin lymphomas are a group of cancers that start in lymphoid tissue. […] The causes of Non-Hodgkin lymphomas are mostly unknown. Specific viruses, immune deficiency, and specific autoimmune conditions can increase risk for non-Hodgkin lymphoma. […] Some studies have suggested that chemicals such as benzene and certain herbicides and insecticides may be linked with an increased risk for Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. […] Some chemotherapy drugs used to treat cancers can increase the risk for Non-Hodgkin lymphomas many years later. […] People with weakened immune systems are at increased risk for Non-Hodgkin lymphomas. […] Some autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have been linked to an increased risk for Non-Hodgkin lymphomas. […] HIV infection (also known as the AIDS virus), HTLV-1 (a virus in the same family as HIV), Epstein-Barr virus (mainly in patients infected with HIV), and Helicobacter pylori (a type of bacteria that causes stomach ulcers) may increase risk for non-Hodgkin lymphoma. […] Being very overweight or obese might increase the risk for Non-Hodgkin lymphomas. […] The best way to minimize risk for non-Hodgkin lymphoma is to reduce exposure to known risk factors, such as reducing the spread of HIV.

• #29 About Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma | Cancer Council NSW

  https://www.cancercouncil.com.au/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/about-non-hodgkin-lymphoma/

  Breast implant-associated cancer –Having a textured breast implant is linked with a rare type of lymphoma called breast implant associated-anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA–ALCL). This includes having an implant for a breast enlargement or to reconstruct the breast after surgery for breast cancer. […] Although it develops in the breast, BIA–ALCL is a type of lymphoma, not a type of breast cancer. The risk of developing an anaplastic large cell lymphoma following an implant is small. This can happen many years after having the implant.

• #30 Etiology of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: A review from epidemiologic studies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11256700/

  Some autoimmune disorders are recognized as risk factors for NHL, with variation by subtype. […] There is strong evidence for the association between infections and NHL, as it has been consistently reported that defects in immunity or immune stimulation can result in viral mediated B-cell transformation and/or replication. […] Smoking is of particular interest for NHL risk as it may alter immunity and has been shown to induce t(14; 18) translocation that results in overproduction of the anti-apoptosis protein bcl-2. […] Epidemiologic investigation of NHL etiology has had significant support in recent decades. […] It is increasingly clear that established risk factors such as age, immune modulation from autoimmune disease, and infections account for a small percentage of the overall disease burden.

• #31 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/non-hodgkin-lymphoma

  Most lymphomas are not associated with any known risk factors. Some factors that can increase your risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma include: […] In the vast majority of individual cases, however, no specific cause can be identified. Lymphoma is not infectious to partners or anyone else, and does not run in families.

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