Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Bursitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513340/

  Bursitis is a swelling or inflammation of a bursa, which is a synovium-lined, sac-like structure found throughout the body near bony prominences and between bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments. There are many causes of bursitis, including overuse injury, infectious disease, trauma, and inflammatory disorders. […] The bursa itself is a synovial lining that represents a potential space insofar as it is collapsed upon itself until a resulting trigger causes the bursa to become irritated and fill with synovial fluid. The patient experiences pain when the inflamed bursa is then compressed against bone, muscle, tendon, ligaments, or skin. Despite the moniker, not all bursitis is associated with an overt inflammatory process. That said, the examination of the subacromial bursa in patients with subacromial bursitis has revealed increased inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, cyclooxygenases, and specific interleukins.

• #2 Patient education: Bursitis (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bursitis-beyond-the-basics

  A bursa is a sac filled with lubricating fluid located in and around joints. Bursae (the plural of „bursa”) act like „cushions” or „shock absorbers”; they reduce friction between moving parts in the body, such as bones, joints, tendons, and skin. […] When a bursa becomes irritated or inflamed, this is called „bursitis.” Bursitis may cause pain, redness, and swelling. It can be mistaken as pain coming from the joint itself. […] Bursitis is most commonly caused by a variety of mechanical stresses on the bursa and nearby structures. Examples include the following: Injury, Strenuous activity or overuse (ie, repeatedly doing the same movement or activity), Prolonged pressure over the bursa (eg, spending a lot of time kneeling or leaning on an elbow), Mechanical imbalance (eg, favoring one side of the body over the other due to pain or weakness).

• #3 Bursitis pathophysiology – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Bursitis_pathophysiology

  Bursitis is characterized by acute or chronic inflammation of a bursa and buildup of fluid in the bursal sac. A bursa is a small, fluid-filled sac that acts as a cushion between a bone and other moving parts: muscles, tendons, or skin. Over 160 bursae are found throughout the body, though relatively few of them can cause bursitis. […] Aseptic bursitis can be caused by overuse and repetitive injuries to the joint, abnormal bony structure, and crystal deposit in the bursa. […] Aseptic bursitis can be caused by the following factors: Injuries, overuse, and repetitive stress to the joint; Abnormal bony structures or soft-tissue changes that affect the movement of the joint; Crystal deposit in the bursa in patients with gout and pseudogout. […] Septic bursitis can be caused by bacterial infection of the bursa via the following routes: Through a skin injury following repetitive trauma; Via fistula (vascular access) in chronic hemodialysis patients. […] Bursa close to the surface of the skin are the most likely to become infected with bacteria.

• #4 Bursitis: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2145588-overview

  Bursitis occurs when the synovial lining becomes thickened and produces excessive fluid, leading to localized swelling and pain. […] Inflammation of the bursa causes synovial cells to multiply and thereby increases collagen formation and fluid production. A more permeable capillary membrane allows entrance of high protein fluid. The bursal lining may be replaced by granulation tissue followed by fibrous tissue. The bursa becomes filled with fluid, which is often rich in fibrin, and the fluid can become hemorrhagic. […] In septic arthritis, local trauma can inoculate bacteria into the bursa, which triggers the inflammatory process. Hematogenous seeding is less common due to the relatively poor blood supply to the bursae. […] There are three phases of bursitis: acute, recurrent, and chronic. During the acute phase of bursitis, local inflammation occurs and the synovial fluid is thickened, and movement becomes painful as a result. Chronic bursitis leads to persistent inflammation with continual pain and can lead to weakening of the overlying ligaments and tendons and, ultimately, rupture of the tendons.

• #5 Bursitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursitis

  Bursitis is the inflammation of one or more bursae (synovial sacs) of synovial fluid in the body. They are lined with a synovial membrane that secretes a lubricating synovial fluid. […] When bursitis occurs, however, movement relying on the inflamed bursa becomes difficult and painful. Moreover, movement of tendons and muscles over the inflamed bursa aggravates its inflammation, perpetuating the problem. […] There can be several concurrent causes. Trauma, auto-immune disorders, infection and iatrogenic (medicine-related) factors can all cause bursitis. Bursitis is commonly caused by repetitive movement and excessive pressure. […] Inflammation of the bursae may also be caused by other inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, and gout. Immune deficiencies, including HIV and diabetes, can also cause bursitis. […] Traumatic injury is another cause of bursitis. The inflammation irritates because the bursa no longer fits in the original small area between the bone and the functionary muscle or tendon. When the bone increases pressure upon the bursa, bursitis results.

• #6 Bursitis – Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/bursa-muscle-and-tendon-disorders/bursitis

  Bursitis is acute or chronic inflammation of a bursa. The cause is usually unknown, but trauma, repetitive or acute, may contribute, as may infection and crystal-induced disease. […] Chronic bursitis may develop after previous attacks of bursitis or from repeated trauma or gout. The bursal wall is thickened, with proliferation of its synovial lining; bursal adhesions, villus formation, tags, and milky deposits may develop. […] Acute crystal- or bacterial-induced bursitis is usually accompanied by erythema, pitting edema, pain, and warmth in the area around the bursa. […] If bursal swelling is particularly painful, erythematous, or warm or if the olecranon or prepatellar bursa is affected, infection and crystal-induced disease should be excluded by bursal aspiration. […] For suspected infection, empiric antibiotics effective against S. aureus should be given initially, after the bursa is aspirated and cultures are obtained. […] Infectious bursitis requires drainage or occasionally excision in addition to antibiotics.

• #7 Prepatellar Bursitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/27676

  Bursae’s thin walls make them susceptible to inflammation once triggered by acute direct trauma or repetitive trauma from frequent kneeling. […] Additionally, prepatellar bursitis may arise from underlying factors such as gout, rheumatoid arthritis, or infections. […] Trauma to the bursa increases blood flow, migration of leukocytes into the bursa, and fluid production from within the synovial cells of the bursa, providing the foundation of the inflammatory response seen in bursitis. […] Trauma, direct inoculation, overlying skin, soft tissue infections, or hematogenous spread can lead to septic bursitis. […] Direct microscopy examination of the bursa’s synovial fluid may reveal a source of inflammation, including gout, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals, or bacteria. […] Molecular fluid analysis will likely show elevated inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukins, and cyclooxygenases.

• #8 Bursitis: Types, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10918-bursitis

  Bursitis happens when a bursa becomes irritated and swells. The most common causes of bursitis are overuse and putting too much pressure on a bursa. […] Repetitive motions like a pitcher throwing a baseball or lifting heavy boxes at work commonly cause bursitis. Spending time in positions that put pressure on a specific part of your body (such as kneeling) can cause it, too. […] Its less common, but injuries and infections can cause bursitis, as well.

• #9 Bursitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bursitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353242

  Bursitis occurs when bursae become inflamed. […] The most common causes of bursitis are repetitive motions or positions that put pressure on the bursae around a joint. […] Other causes include injury or trauma to the affected area, inflammatory arthritis such as rheumatoid arthritis, gout and infection.

• #10 Trochanteric Bursitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/309286-overview

  Acute or repetitive (cumulative) trauma may give rise to inflammation of the affected bursa. Acute trauma includes contusions from falls, contact sports, and other sources of impact. […] Other factors that may predispose to trochanteric bursitis include a leg-length discrepancy and lateral hip surgery. Even if no true anatomic leg-length discrepancy is present, running on banked surfaces essentially produces a functional leg-length discrepancy because the contact surface of the downhill foot is lower. In addition, individuals with a broader greater trochanteric width in relation to their iliac crest width appear to be more likely to develop trochanteric bursitis. […] The term greater trochanteric pain syndrome (GTPS) is now frequently substituted for the term trochanteric bursitis. Ongoing research using ultrasonography, MRI, and histologic analysis suggests that GTPS may be a better label for this condition, in that the regional pain and reproducible tenderness may be associated with myriad causes besides bursitis, such as tendinitis, tendinosis, tendinopathy, muscle tears, trigger points, ITB disorders, and general or localized pathology in surrounding tissues. Abuctor tendinopathy is among the conditions that have been implicated.

• #11 Common Superficial Bursitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0215/p224.html

  Superficial bursitis most often occurs in the olecranon and prepatellar bursae. […] Chronic microtrauma (e.g., kneeling on the prepatellar bursa) is the most common cause of superficial bursitis. […] Olecranon bursitis, also known as miner’s elbow, student’s elbow, and draftsman’s elbow, is the most common superficial bursitis. […] Although the pathophysiology is not clearly understood, as many as 7% of those undergoing hemodialysis develop olecranon bursitis in the arm containing the arteriovenous fistula. […] Repetitive microtrauma to the elbow from leaning on the arm of the chair during dialysis procedures may be the primary cause. […] Prepatellar bursitis, also known as housemaid’s knee, coal miner’s knee, or carpet layer’s knee, is the second most common superficial bursitis.

• #12 Elbow Bursitis – SportsMD

  https://www.sportsmd.com/sports-injuries/elbow-arm-injuries/elbow-bursitis/

  Bursitis is inflammation of a bursa. The injury can be either acute (one-time mechanism) or chronic (gradual inflammation caused by repetitive injury). […] An olecranon bursitis can be caused by a number of injury mechanisms including: A fall on a flexed elbow (acute) Repetitive pressure and friction (chronic) Repetitive flexion and extension (chronic). […] Repetitive mechanisms would cause chronic bursitis injuries whereas a fall onto the tip of the elbow would cause an acute bursitis. According to Anderson, M.K., Parr, G.P., and Hall, S.J. (2009), there is an equal distribution of those that sustain injuries through one acute mechanism versus those that develop bursitis over time.

• #13 Patient education: Bursitis (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bursitis-beyond-the-basics

  Bacterial infections can cause „septic” bursitis. This usually happens when bacteria spread to the bursa from a nearby infection, such as the skin (ie, cellulitis), or if there is direct trauma to the bursa that introduces bacteria. […] Bursitis can also be caused by some medical conditions, including forms of inflammatory arthritis (eg, rheumatoid arthritis) or gout. Other conditions also increase the risk of developing bursitis, including diabetes and thyroid disease.

• #14 Septic Bursitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470331/

  Bursitis is the result of inflammation that leads to increased fluid production from the synovial cells that line the bursa. Increased fluid production leads to increasing pressure of the bursa and in the result, increased pain. […] Trauma or puncture of skin at the site of a bursa can lead to the direct introduction of bacteria and subsequent inflammation and infection. Overlying skin and soft tissue infections such as cellulitis can also lead to secondary infectious bursitis. In deep bursa, an infectious spread is more likely related to spread from blood or joint infections such as septic arthritis.

• #15 Bursitis causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Bursitis_causes

  Aseptic bursitis is commonly caused by prolonged pressure, overuse, or strenuous activity. […] Inflammation of bursae can also be caused by other inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and Spondyloarthritis. […] Common causes of septic bursitis include Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Streptococcus spp. […] Common causes of aseptic bursitis include direct injury or trauma, prolonged pressure, overuse or excessive strenuous activity, systemic inflammatory disease, and a crystal-depositing condition such as gout or pseudogout. […] Common causes of septic bursitis include Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Streptococcus spp. […] Less commonly, septic bursitis is caused by Mcobacteria, Haemophilus influenzae, and Sporothrix schenckii.

• #16 Common Superficial Bursitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0215/p224.html

  Repetitive compressive and sheer forces between the skin and the patella as a result of frequent kneeling are the main etiologic factors, and the condition is more common among persons with occupations that involve frequent kneeling. […] Although rare, inflammatory arthritic disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis can also cause superficial bursitis. […] Septic superficial bursitis is also uncommon. […] It usually arises from infection in nearby tissues, such as cellulitis, because of direct inoculation from trauma, or iatrogenically as a result of an attempt to aspirate an enlarged bursa. […] Up to one-half of septic bursitis cases occur in patients with chronic systemic conditions such as diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. […] Patients with alcoholism and those who are immunocompromised are also at risk.

• #17 Patient education: Bursitis (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bursitis-beyond-the-basics/print

  Bursitis is most commonly caused by a variety of mechanical stresses on the bursa and nearby structures. […] Bacterial infections can cause „septic” bursitis. […] Bursitis can also be caused by some medical conditions, including forms of inflammatory arthritis (eg, rheumatoid arthritis) or gout. […] Most cases of bursitis are acute, meaning symptoms are temporary and resolve over several days or weeks with proper treatment. […] People with bursitis due to an underlying condition (eg, gout, rheumatoid arthritis) require targeted therapy for their related condition.

• #18 Bursitis Causes, Symptoms, Treatments, Prevention

  https://www.medicinenet.com/acute_and_chronic_bursitis/article.htm

  Bursitis is inflammation of a bursa. A bursa is a fluid-filled sac found in the joints that cushions them. Bursitis is an inflammation of the bursa, most commonly caused by repetitive motion. Bursitis can be caused by a bacterial infection and should be treated with antibiotics, ice, and rest. […] The three most common causes of bursitis are trauma, Infection, and rheumatoid conditions. […] Trauma causes inflammatory bursitis from repetitive injury or direct impact. […] Bursae close to the surface of the skin are the most likely to get infected with bacteria, a condition that is called septic bursitis. […] People with certain rheumatoid diseases such as gout and pseudogout can develop bursitis from crystal deposits. When these crystals form in a bursa, they cause inflammation leading to bursitis.

• #19 Hip Bursitis – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/hip-bursitis/

  Repetitive stress (overuse) injury. This can occur when running, stair climbing, bicycling, or standing for long periods of time. […] Hip injury. An injury to the point of your hip can occur when you fall onto your hip, bump your hip, or lie on one side of your body for an extended period of time. […] Spine disease. This includes scoliosis, arthritis of the lumbar (lower) spine, and other spine problems that may affect the way you walk. […] Leg-length inequality. When one leg is significantly shorter than the other, it affects the way you walk and can lead to irritation of a hip bursa. […] Rheumatoid arthritis. This makes the bursa more likely to become inflamed. […] Previous surgery. Surgery around the hip or prosthetic implants in the hip can irritate the bursa and cause bursitis.

• #20 Hip Bursitis – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/hip-bursitis/

  Bone spurs or calcium deposits. These can develop within the tendons that attach muscles to the trochanter. They can irritate the bursa and cause inflammation. […] To diagnose hip bursitis, the doctor will perform a comprehensive physical examination, looking for tenderness in the area of the point of the hip. […] The initial treatment for hip bursitis does not involve surgery. Many people with hip bursitis can experience relief with simple lifestyle changes, including: […] Injection of a corticosteroid along with a local anesthetic may also help to relieve symptoms of hip bursitis. This is a simple and effective treatment that can be done in the doctor’s office. It involves a single injection into the bursa. […] If the bursa remains inflamed and painful after you have tried all nonsurgical treatments, your doctor may recommend surgical removal of the bursa. Removal of the bursa does not hurt the hip, and the hip can function normally without it.

• #21 Understanding Knee Bursitis: Causes, Physiology, Mechanism, and the Role of the Physiotherapist at Wimbledon Clinic Physio

  https://www.wimbledonclinicphysio.co.uk/blog/40-understanding-knee-bursitis

  The bursae contain synovial fluid, lubricating the joint and facilitating smooth movement. In knee bursitis, an overproduction of synovial fluid occurs as a response to irritation, leading to swelling and discomfort. […] The inflammatory response triggered by overuse or trauma can disrupt the normal healing process. Chronic inflammation may hinder the body’s ability to repair the affected bursae, perpetuating the cycle of pain and swelling. […] Weakness or imbalance in the muscles surrounding the knee can contribute to abnormal stress on the bursae. Physiological imbalances may alter the mechanics of the joint, making it more prone to inflammation. […] Factors such as poor posture, improper body mechanics, or structural abnormalities in the knee joint can contribute to the development of knee bursitis.

• #22 Bursitis: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2145588-overview

  The subacromial bursa facilitates movement of the supraspinatus tendon and becomes inflamed secondary to repetitive overuse injury of this tendon. Subacromial bursitis is often coexistent with supraspinatus tendinitis and partial- or complete-thickness tears of the supraspinatus tendon. […] Subscapular bursae become inflamed as a result of abnormal bony structures or soft-tissue changes that affect the movement of the scapula over the posterior chest wall. […] The more superficial of the 2 olecranon bursae commonly involved in bursitis is predisposed to direct trauma or cumulative microtrauma from activities requiring frequent elbow motion.

• #23 Subacromial Bursa: A Neglected Tissue Is Gaining More and More Attention in Clinical and Experimental Research

  https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/11/4/663

  The subacromial bursa has long been demolded as friction-reducing tissue, which is often linked to shoulder pain and, therefore, partially removed during shoulder surgery. […] Specifically, the subacromial bursitis, an inflammation of the subacromial bursa, is a common cause for shoulder pain. […] There are manifold reasons for the development of a subacromial bursitis including recurrent overuse, acute trauma, subacromial impingement, calcific deposits, infection, autoimmune diseases, and inappropriate vaccination agent application. […] However, it still must be elucidated if subacromial bursitis is the cause or consequence of an SSP tear, as both pathologies often occur simultaneously. […] Next to its role in the pathogenesis of shoulder pain, recent studies claim the bursa as a healing-promoting structure due to the presence of high proportions of stem cells, vascularization, and growth factors.

• #24 Subacromial Bursa: A Neglected Tissue Is Gaining More and More Attention in Clinical and Experimental Research

  https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/11/4/663

  The presence of the neuropeptide substance P was rated as the reason for shoulder pain in patients with rotator cuff disease. […] In addition, the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the subacromial bursa was found to be associated with motion pain in patients with rotator cuff tear or subacromial bursitis. […] The presence of nerves and pain mediators in the subacromial bursa provokes most authors to conclude that a partial bursectomy helps to eliminate pain from the shoulder. […] The properties of the subacromial bursa and its scientific interpretation let the subacromial bursa appear either as a friend or a foe for the development of tendon pathologies or its regeneration. […] The presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cells in the bursa tissue often lays the basis for a negative association of the subacromial bursa in rotator cuff repair.

• #25 Olecranon bursitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olecranon_bursitis

  Olecranon bursitis is associated with certain types of work including plumbing, mining, gardening, and mechanics. […] The underlying mechanism is inflammation of the fluid filled sac between the olecranon and skin. […] As a reaction to injury, the lining of the bursa becomes inflamed. It then secretes a much greater than normal amount of fluid into the closed cavity of the bursa, from where it has nowhere to go. The bursa therefore inflates, producing a swelling over the proximal end of the ulna which is usually inflamed and tender. […] Another possible cause of inflammation of the bursa is infection, which can usually (but not always) be traced to a crack or other lesion in the skin which allowed for bacteria of the normal skin flora to invade deeper layers of tissue.

• #26 Trochanteric Bursitis Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/orthopaedics/conditions/trochanteric-bursitis

  Doctors define trochanteric bursitis as an inflammation in the sac of fluid (bursa) that surrounds the outside bone, or trochanter, of your hip. […] You can also get trochanteric bursitis if you have a tight iliotibial band (IT band). This thick band of tissue on the outside of your leg starts at your hip and runs down to your knee. When your IT band is tight, it can rub against the trochanteric bursa and cause inflammation and pain. […] Common causes of trochanteric bursitis include: A fall on your hip. Bad posture. Previous hip injury or surgery. Continued friction and rapid movement in the hip joint from running and biking. […] Other risk factors for trochanteric bursitis include: Overuse. Doing the same activity over and over can cause repetitive stress. This stress can lead to inflammation of the bursa.

• #27 Bursitis: Symptoms, Causes, Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, Healing Cycle & Treatment – ASTR Institute

  https://advancedsofttissuerelease.com/bursitis-symptoms-causes-risk-factors-pathophysiology-healing-cycle-treatment/

  Excessive pressure or movement can cause the synovial membrane of the bursa to become irritated due to micro-injuries and get inflamed. When such an inflamed bursa comes in contact with bones or tendons and gets compressed against their surfaces, it can lead to shooting pain in the region of the joint. (5) […] An injury to the tissue, such as that occurs in bursitis potentiates the wound healing mechanism of our body. In general, the bodys normal response to injury involves the following phases: […] As a result of injury to the tissue, our immune system invites a number of inflammatory cells to the site of damage. This initial phase causes the release of cytokines and other mediators of inflammation that lead to the development of pain, redness, and swelling in the area, as well as cause a localized rise in temperature of the tissue. (6)

• #28 MOVABILITY — Understanding Bursitis: Root Causes, Pathophysiology, and Holistic Healing

  https://www.movability.ca/blog/2025/2/15/understanding-bursitis-causes-pathophysiology-and-why-bursae-can-hypertrophy

  Bursitis refers to the inflammation of a bursa, a small synovial-lined sac that normally contains a thin film of lubricating fluid. […] The pathophysiology of bursitis varies depending on the underlying cause. The three primary types are: […] Each of these types follows a distinct mechanism, but they all lead to a final common pathway: excess fluid accumulation, synovial inflammation, pain, and restricted movement. […] Septic bursitis occurs when bacteria invade a bursa, leading to an infectious response. […] Once bacteria enter the bursal sac, they trigger a strong immune response: […] The bursa becomes swollen, red, warm, and painful due to inflammation. […] If untreated, the infection may spread to adjacent tissues, causing abscess formation or septic arthritis. […] Bursitis is more than just inflammationits a signal that your movement patterns, posture, or systemic health need attention.

• #29 Bursitis: Symptoms, Causes, Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, Healing Cycle & Treatment – ASTR Institute

  https://advancedsofttissuerelease.com/bursitis-symptoms-causes-risk-factors-pathophysiology-healing-cycle-treatment/

  However, if the injurious stimulus is not removed, the body produces an excessive amount of scar tissue without it reaching the stage of remodeling. This results in fibrosis and the formation of adhesions between the various layers of the fascia. […] In acute bursitis, it is the inflammation and accumulation of excess synovial fluid that leads to pain. However, when bursitis becomes chronic, pain is often absent, but the limitation of movement exists. Fibrosis causes restriction of the stretching ability of the bursa between the surfaces it is compressed against. Additionally, the muscles, tendons, and ligaments related to the affected bursa get weakened and lose functionality. (9).Therefore, too much scar tissue limits the range of motion and causes pain in the movement of the affected joint.

• #30 Bursitis – Pathophysiology

  https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/pathophysiology/chapter/bursitis/

  Irritation of the bursa often by repetitive movements or stresses can lead to microtrauma of bursa inducing inflammation. […] Acute trauma, infection, or autoimmune dysfunction (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and gout) can also cause bursitis. […] If bursitis does not resolve, it may lead to irritation and inflammation of surrounding tissues (e.g., tendons, muscles, ligaments, skin) which may increase pain, swelling and deterioration of tissues. […] Obesity, smoking, fibromyalgia, hypothyroidism, alcoholism, diabetes mellitus, arthritis, and emotional stress correlate with slower and reduced healing and recovery. […] Complications can involve an increased risk of deterioration of surrounding tissues, that are slow to heal and may not be able to fully regenerate (e.g., ligaments, tendons, muscles). Potential complications include scarring that can impede range of motion.

• #31 Risk Factors for the Development of Olecranon Bursitis—A Large-Scale Population-Based Study

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/24/7801

  The precise etiology of OB remains nebulous, likely being multifactorial in nature. […] Our population-based study encompassing over 10,000 patients has found a strong and significant effect of hyperlipidemia on olecranon bursitis. The odds of OB occurrence in patients with hyperlipidemia were 1.23 times higher than the odds of OB occurrence in patients without hyperlipidemia. […] Recent studies found hyperlipidemia to have a significant impact on tendon disorders. Several pathophysiological pathways have been identified linking hyperlipidemia to certain tendon pathologies, such as rotator cuff tears and adhesive capsulitis. […] In hyperlipidemic states, cholesterol byproducts accumulate, compromising blood flow to tendons and potentially impairing their physiological function, leading to fatigue and injury.

• #32 Risk Factors for the Development of Olecranon Bursitis—A Large-Scale Population-Based Study

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/24/7801

  Cholesterol deposition also alters collagen synthesis, causing structural and biomechanical changes in the tendon matrix. […] Hyperlipidemia, linked to systemic inflammation, activates the NF-κB pathway, increasing pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6. […] It also impairs tendon progenitor cells by suppressing tendon-related genes and inducing apoptosis and autophagy via ROS-activated NF-κB and AKT/FOXO1 pathways, leading to tendon degeneration and tendinopathy. […] Our findings also indicate that statin therapy (Hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors) increases the risk of OB diagnosis. […] One proposed mechanism is that statins increase matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) production, such as MMP-1 and MMP-13, which weakens the tendon matrix.

• #33 Bursitis – causes, symptoms and natural solutions

  https://www.avogel.ca/en/health/muscles-joints/bursitis/

  Bursitis often involves tendinitis (inflammation of the tendons) as well. […] Acidity is an important factor in the development of bursitis. Acid forming foods tend to bind to the alkaline minerals essential for the bones (such as calcium and magnesium), rendering them unusable by the body. […] Furthermore, the acids from food have a tendency to accumulate in the joints, exacerbating inflammation. […] It is crucial to learn to manage your stress: stress slows down the immune system, which, in turn, impedes the healing process. […] Stinging Nettle is a cleansing plant. It is especially effective when there is a tendency for acid accumulation like in most cases of arthritis and osteoarthritis. […] Stinging nettle can even help prevent calcium deposit and the formation of spurs thanks to its high silica content.

• #34 Bursitis – causes, symptoms and natural solutions

  https://www.avogel.ca/en/health/muscles-joints/bursitis/

  Calcium Absorber allows a redistribution of calcium where it is needed. […] Magnesium will make sure the calcium does not deposit in the joints and can even dissolve most deposits. […] Absolt Arnica is a phytotherapeutic gel, not a homeopathic one; it thus contains a high concentration of Arnica. […] Supplements help heal the body, but the right diet and putting an end to repetitive movements are essential.

• #35 Bursitis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/bursitis/

  Bursitis is the inflammation of a bursa and is typically triggered by acute trauma, overuse, or an underlying inflammatory joint disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis or gout. […] Bursitis that is complicated by infection is referred to as septic bursitis and should be ruled out in patients with significant tenderness, erythema, and/or warmth of the inflamed bursa. […] Although bursitis is primarily a clinical diagnosis, imaging modalities such as x-ray, ultrasound, and MRI may be used to evaluate for alternative diagnoses or underlying joint disease. […] In patients with signs of acute inflammation, bursal aspiration with fluid analysis is indicated to rule out septic bursitis and gout. […] Nonseptic bursitis: inflammation of a bursa without infection […] Septic bursitis: inflammation of a bursa due to infection.

• #36 Bursitis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/bursitis/

  Local trauma (e.g., fall on the joint) […] Overuse injury: prolonged and/or repetitive pressure and friction lead to microtrauma of bursal tissue (e.g., due to excessive kneeling, leaning on the elbows) […] Inflammatory joint disease (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, gout). […] Infection of superficial bursae often due to trauma of the skin; infection of deep bursae often due to iatrogenic trauma (e.g., injection or aspiration). […] General joint swelling and significant pain with passive range of motion of the elbow or knee should raise concern for arthritis rather than bursitis. […] Fever, signs of acute inflammation, and/or overlying cellulitis suggest septic bursitis. […] Bursitis is primarily a clinical diagnosis. […] Identification of monosodium urate crystals in bursal fluid indicates gout but does not rule out concurrent septic bursitis.

• #37 Bursitis: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | UPMC

  https://www.upmc.com/services/orthopaedics/conditions/bursitis

  Bursitis occurs when the bursa lining becomes thick and produces too much fluid. This causes swelling and pain. […] Bursitis risk factors: Repetitive motion. […] Other health issues that may increase your risk of bursitis include: Rheumatoid arthritis. […] Bursitis is very common. […] Lab tests to check your blood or the fluid in your bursa, which can help find the cause of the inflammation and pain. […] Surgery may be necessary if other bursitis treatments don’t work.

• #38 Imaging of the Bursae – Journal of Clinical Imaging Science

  https://clinicalimagingscience.org/imaging-of-the-bursae/

  When assessing joints with various imaging modalities, it is important to focus on the extraarticular soft tissues that may clinically mimic joint pathology. […] Pathological processes are often a result of inflammation that is secondary to excessive local friction, infection, arthritides or direct trauma. […] In pathological conditions such as excessive local friction, infection, arthritides or direct trauma, fluid and debris collect within the bursa or fluid extends into the bursa from the adjacent joint. The walls of the bursa thicken as the bursal inflammation becomes longstanding. The term bursitis refers to pathological enlargement of the bursa. […] Clinically, bursitis mimics several peripheral joint and muscle abnormalities. Therefore, it is important for the radiologist to identify bursal pathology and direct management geared toward bursitis.

• #39 Socioeconomic Impact and Role of Bursitis in Joint Health

  https://www.longdom.org/open-access/socioeconomic-impact-and-role-of-bursitis-in-joint-health-109497.html

  Bursitis is an inflammatory condition affecting the bursae, small fluid-filled sacs that cushion and reduce friction between bones, tendons, and muscles around joints. […] Advancements in medical research and technology have expanded our understanding of bursitis pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment modalities. Novel imaging techniques, such as ultrasound, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Computed Tomography (CT), offer enhanced visualization of bursae and surrounding structures, aiding in accurate diagnosis and treatment planning. […] Additionally, ongoing research endeavors analyze the role of genetic predisposition, immune dysregulation, and microbiome interactions in bursitis pathophysiology, paving the way for personalized medicine approaches and targeted interventions.

• #40 Bursitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/bursitis?lang=us

  Bursitis is denoted as inflammation of a bursa, a synovial membrane-lined space present overlying a number of joints. Bursitis may be acute or chronic, in the latter, calcifications at the bursal sites may be apparent on plain radiographs. MRI best illustrates the bursa and related pathology. […] Specific pathological types include calcific bursitis.

• #41 Bursitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/18728

  Bursitis is a swelling or inflammation of a bursa, which is a synovium-lined, sac-like structure found throughout the body near bony prominences and between bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments. […] When bursitis occurs, the bursa enlarges with fluid, and any movement against or direct pressure upon the bursa will precipitate pain for the patient. […] The name bursitis itself is often a misnomer, as not all forms of bursitis are due to a primary inflammatory process but are rather a swelling of the bursa due to a noxious stimulus. […] The bursa itself is a synovial lining that represents a potential space insofar as it is collapsed upon itself until a resulting trigger causes the bursa to become irritated and fill with synovial fluid. […] Despite the moniker, not all bursitis is associated with an overt inflammatory process. […] That said, the examination of the subacromial bursa in patients with subacromial bursitis has revealed increased inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, cyclooxygenases, and specific interleukins.

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