Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Factsheet about tick-borne encephalitis (TBE)

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/tick-borne-encephalitis/facts/factsheet

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a human viral infectious disease involving the central nervous system, and occurring in many parts of Europe and Asia. […] TBE is most often manifested as a two-phased illness. […] Like other tick-borne infectious diseases, the risk from TBE can be reduced by using insect repellents and protective clothing to prevent tick bites. A vaccine is available in some disease endemic areas. […] The diagnosis of TBE is based on the detection of specific IgM antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid (intrathecal production) and/or serum, mainly by ELISA. […] There is no specific antiviral therapy for TBE. Treatment relies on supportive management. Meningitis, encephalitis or meningomyelitis require hospitalisation and supportive care based on syndrome severity.

• #2 Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tick-borne-encephalitis/

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral infection spread by tick bites. […] The risk of getting tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is very low. […] TBE can also be spread through raw (unpasteurised) milk or dairy foods. […] There are things you can do to reduce your risk of getting tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in the UK and abroad. […] A vaccine for TBE is recommended if you’re visiting a country where the infection is common and you’re planning to do outdoor activities when you get there. […] Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) can be life-threatening if it spreads to your brain. You’ll need to be treated in hospital if you’re seriously unwell.

• #3 Tick-borne encephalitis

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/tick-borne-encephalitis

  Infections with no symptoms are also common. […] Meningitis, encephalitis or meningomyelitis (inflammation of the spinal cord and enveloping membranes) require hospitalisation and supportive care depending on the severity of the syndrome. […] Vaccination is one of the most effective means of preventing TBE.

• #4 Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/tbe

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral illness spread by ticks. Most people have no symptoms or flu-like symptoms, but some develop neurological conditions that can cause severe complications, like weakness and paralysis. A vaccine is available for people at higher risk. […] Theres no specific treatment for tick-borne encephalitis. Drinking plenty of fluids, resting and taking over-the-counter pain relievers might help your symptoms. If youre severely ill, healthcare providers will monitor you in the hospital. Some people need mechanical ventilation to help them breathe. […] Getting vaccinated against tick-borne encephalitis is the best way to prevent infection. People at higher risk for infection, like those taking part in outdoor activities in areas with ticks that carry TBEV, are eligible for the vaccine.

• #5 Factsheet about tick-borne encephalitis (TBE)

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/tick-borne-encephalitis/facts/factsheet

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a human viral infectious disease involving the central nervous system, and occurring in many parts of Europe and Asia. […] TBE is most often manifested as a two-phased illness. […] Like other tick-borne infectious diseases, the risk from TBE can be reduced by using insect repellents and protective clothing to prevent tick bites. A vaccine is available in some disease endemic areas. […] The diagnosis of TBE is based on the detection of specific IgM antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid (intrathecal production) and/or serum, mainly by ELISA. […] There is no specific antiviral therapy for TBE. Treatment relies on supportive management. Meningitis, encephalitis or meningomyelitis require hospitalisation and supportive care based on syndrome severity.

• #6 Schedule Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccine | Walgreens

  https://www.walgreens.com/topic/pharmacy/scheduler/tick-borne-encephalitis-vaccine.jsp

  Schedule your vaccine today. […] Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a virus that spreads through the bite of an infected tick. […] TBE virus can be found in parts of the region stretching from western and northern Europe through northern and eastern Asia. People who travel to these areas might be at risk for infection. […] Not all individuals with TBE develop symptoms; however, when symptoms do occur, typically 7-14 days after a tick bite, these may include fever, headache, vomiting and weakness. […] More severe symptoms can also develop such as confusion, loss of coordination, difficulty speaking, weakness of the arms or legs and seizures. […] Severe diseases can also occur as a result of TBE, including infection of the brain or membranes around the brain and spinal cord (meningitis).

• #7 Preventing tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) – Bavarian NordicStep 1Step 2Step 3Step 4

  https://loweringtherisk.com/preventing-tick-borne-encephalitis/

  TBE is a viral infectious disease which affects the central nervous system. […] TBE is transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected tick and normally occurs during outdoor activities in forested areas. […] The time between the exposure to the TBE virus and first signs of symptoms typically range between 7 to 14 days. […] Approximately 20-30% of infected people subsequently experience a second phase which can include neurological conditions, ranging from mild meningitis to severe encephalitis. The encephalitis developed in the second phase may cause paralysis, permanent sequelae or death. […] TBE is a vaccine-preventable disease. […] The vaccination requires a course of 3 injections for full protection. […] The first booster is often recommended to be administered within 3 years.

• #8 Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): A European Multicentre Study from 2010 to 2017

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8306415/

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus is a major cause of central nervous system infections in endemic countries. Here, we present clinical and laboratory characteristics of a large international cohort of patients with confirmed TBE using a uniform clinical protocol. Patients were recruited in eight centers from six European countries between 2010 and 2017. A detailed description of clinical signs and symptoms was recorded. The obtained information enabled a reliable classification in 553 of 555 patients: 207 (37.3%) had meningitis, 273 (49.2%) meningoencephalitis, 15 (2.7%) meningomyelitis, and 58 (10.5%) meningoencephalomyelitis; 41 (7.4%) patients had a peripheral paresis of extremities, 13 (2.3%) a central paresis of extremities, and 25 (4.5%) had single or multiple cranial nerve palsies. Five (0.9%) patients died during acute illness. Outcome at discharge was recorded in 298 patients. Of 176 (59.1%) patients with incomplete recovery, 80 (27%) displayed persisting symptoms or signs without recovery expectation. This study provides further evidence that TBE is a severe disease with a large proportion of patients with incomplete recovery. We suggest monitoring TBE in endemic European countries using a uniform protocol to record the full clinical spectrum of the disease.

• #9 Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): A European Multicentre Study from 2010 to 2017

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8306415/

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus is a major cause of central nervous system infections in endemic countries. Here, we present clinical and laboratory characteristics of a large international cohort of patients with confirmed TBE using a uniform clinical protocol. Patients were recruited in eight centers from six European countries between 2010 and 2017. A detailed description of clinical signs and symptoms was recorded. The obtained information enabled a reliable classification in 553 of 555 patients: 207 (37.3%) had meningitis, 273 (49.2%) meningoencephalitis, 15 (2.7%) meningomyelitis, and 58 (10.5%) meningoencephalomyelitis; 41 (7.4%) patients had a peripheral paresis of extremities, 13 (2.3%) a central paresis of extremities, and 25 (4.5%) had single or multiple cranial nerve palsies. Five (0.9%) patients died during acute illness. Outcome at discharge was recorded in 298 patients. Of 176 (59.1%) patients with incomplete recovery, 80 (27%) displayed persisting symptoms or signs without recovery expectation. This study provides further evidence that TBE is a severe disease with a large proportion of patients with incomplete recovery. We suggest monitoring TBE in endemic European countries using a uniform protocol to record the full clinical spectrum of the disease.

• #10 Schedule Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccine | Walgreens

  https://www.walgreens.com/topic/pharmacy/scheduler/tick-borne-encephalitis-vaccine.jsp

  Schedule your vaccine today. […] Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a virus that spreads through the bite of an infected tick. […] TBE virus can be found in parts of the region stretching from western and northern Europe through northern and eastern Asia. People who travel to these areas might be at risk for infection. […] Not all individuals with TBE develop symptoms; however, when symptoms do occur, typically 7-14 days after a tick bite, these may include fever, headache, vomiting and weakness. […] More severe symptoms can also develop such as confusion, loss of coordination, difficulty speaking, weakness of the arms or legs and seizures. […] Severe diseases can also occur as a result of TBE, including infection of the brain or membranes around the brain and spinal cord (meningitis).

• #11 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20250210/Tick-borne-encephalitis-emerges-in-Britain-Experts-urge-vigilance.aspx

  For the first time, scientists have confirmed tick-borne encephalitis in British patients with no travel history, proving that the virus is now spreading locally. […] Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), a virus spread through tick bites, has been confirmed in British patients. […] Most infections with TBEV cause no symptoms, but in some cases, the disease progresses to encephalitis, leading to brain inflammation, neurological damage, and, in rare cases, death. […] The study confirmed the incidence of TBEV in the U.K. and reported that the virus had caused locally acquired human infections. […] Both confirmed patients developed initial flu-like symptoms followed by neurological symptoms, including ataxia and confusion, but recovered with supportive care. […] The researchers emphasized the need for increased clinician awareness, as many cases may go undiagnosed.

• #12 Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): A European Multicentre Study from 2010 to 2017

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8306415/

  Most patients develop meningitis or meningoencephalitis, some present with additional spinal involvement. At hospital discharge, many patients suffer persisting signs like ataxia and tremor; symptoms such as headache or decreased concentration are also described. […] A significant proportion of patients (10.1%) developed paresis of extremities, which was consistent with previous publications suggesting a rate from 0.7% to 15.1%. Upper extremities were predominantly affected, as shown before. Interestingly, a differentiation between peripheral and central paresis was rarely described, and paresis was often summarized as limb paresis. Cranial nerve palsies were seen in 25 (4.5%) patients, which was consistent with previous publications suggesting a rate of 1% to 11.3%. A fatal course of disease was seen in 5 (1%) patients.

• #13 Factsheet about tick-borne encephalitis (TBE)

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/tick-borne-encephalitis/facts/factsheet

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a human viral infectious disease involving the central nervous system, and occurring in many parts of Europe and Asia. […] TBE is most often manifested as a two-phased illness. […] Like other tick-borne infectious diseases, the risk from TBE can be reduced by using insect repellents and protective clothing to prevent tick bites. A vaccine is available in some disease endemic areas. […] The diagnosis of TBE is based on the detection of specific IgM antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid (intrathecal production) and/or serum, mainly by ELISA. […] There is no specific antiviral therapy for TBE. Treatment relies on supportive management. Meningitis, encephalitis or meningomyelitis require hospitalisation and supportive care based on syndrome severity.

• #14 Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) Serology and PCR– Referred Out | Public Health Ontario

  https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/Laboratory-Services/Test-Information-Index/Tick-Borne-Encephalitis-Virus

  This page provides information on the testing available for Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), caused by the Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). Testing for TBE and the TBEV is not performed at PHOs laboratory and requests for serology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests are referred to the National Microbiology Laboratory (NML) in Winnipeg. […] The diagnosis of TBE is based on the detection of specific IgM antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid (intrathecal production) and/or serum. TBE antibodies appear within 6 days after symptom onset and can be detected when neurological symptoms are present. Specific IgM antibodies can persist for up to 10 months in individuals who acquired the infection naturally. […] Testing for TBEV requires prior approval by PHOs laboratory. Contact PHOs Laboratory Customer Service Centre at 416-235-6556/1-877-604-4567 or the After-Hours Emergency Duty Officer at 416-605-3113 prior to sample collection and submission.

• #15 Treatment and Prevention of Tick-borne Encephalitis | Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tick-borne-encephalitis/hcp/treatment-prevention/index.html

  There is no specific treatment for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE); clinical management is supportive. […] Monitor patients closely for severe complications. […] Patients with TBE should not donate blood for 4 months after their illness. […] Patients with severe meningeal symptoms often require pain control for headaches and antiemetic therapy and rehydration for associated nausea and vomiting. […] Patients with encephalitis require close monitoring for the development of elevated intracranial pressure, seizures, and inability to protect their airway. […] In August 2021, the FDA approved a TBE vaccine, TICOVAC (manufactured by Pfizer), for individuals aged 1 year or older. […] TBE vaccines are also available in many countries overseas where TBE virus is present. […] Travelers should be counseled on how to prevent tick bites. […] TBE virus can rarely be transmitted through blood transfusion or solid organ transplantation.

• #16 Tick-borne Encephalitis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment | Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tick-borne-encephalitis/symptoms-diagnosis-treatment/index.html

  Tick-borne encephalitis can result in febrile illness or neurologic disease, including meningitis or encephalitis. […] There is no specific treatment for tick-borne encephalitis. […] Rest, fluids, and pain medications may relieve symptoms. […] People with severe disease often need to be hospitalized to receive support for breathing, staying hydrated, or reducing swelling in the brain.

• #17 Tick-borne Encephalitis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment | Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tick-borne-encephalitis/symptoms-diagnosis-treatment/index.html

  Tick-borne encephalitis can result in febrile illness or neurologic disease, including meningitis or encephalitis. […] There is no specific treatment for tick-borne encephalitis. […] Rest, fluids, and pain medications may relieve symptoms. […] People with severe disease often need to be hospitalized to receive support for breathing, staying hydrated, or reducing swelling in the brain.

• #18 Tick-Borne Encephalitis: Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention, Outlook

  https://www.healthline.com/health/tick-borne-encephalitis

  Tick-borne encephalitis is a viral infection spread primarily through tick bites. […] TBE is a viral infection involving the central nervous system. […] If you experience any of these symptoms, speak with a doctor or call your local emergency number right away. These symptoms can indicate serious disease that requires immediate medical attention. […] The best way to protect yourself is to get the TBE vaccine. […] Therapy involves supportive care to manage symptoms and complications. […] People experiencing flu-like symptoms may find relief by: getting plenty of rest, drinking fluids and staying hydrated, taking over-the-counter (OTC) pain and cold medications. […] People who develop serious infection involving the central nervous system often require treatment in a hospital. […] Most people with TBE will recover. But, up to one-third of people with TBE may experience long-term complications. […] Speak with a doctor about TBE vaccination if you plan to travel to high-risk areas.

• #19 Treatment and Prevention of Tick-borne Encephalitis | Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tick-borne-encephalitis/hcp/treatment-prevention/index.html

  There is no specific treatment for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE); clinical management is supportive. […] Monitor patients closely for severe complications. […] Patients with TBE should not donate blood for 4 months after their illness. […] Patients with severe meningeal symptoms often require pain control for headaches and antiemetic therapy and rehydration for associated nausea and vomiting. […] Patients with encephalitis require close monitoring for the development of elevated intracranial pressure, seizures, and inability to protect their airway. […] In August 2021, the FDA approved a TBE vaccine, TICOVAC (manufactured by Pfizer), for individuals aged 1 year or older. […] TBE vaccines are also available in many countries overseas where TBE virus is present. […] Travelers should be counseled on how to prevent tick bites. […] TBE virus can rarely be transmitted through blood transfusion or solid organ transplantation.

• #20 Tick-borne encephalitis: A review of epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4419106/

  Tick-borne encephalitis is an infection of central nervous system caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus transmitted to humans predominantly by tick bites. […] A post-encephalitic syndrome, causing long-lasting morbidity that often affects the quality of life develops in up to 50% of patients after acute tick-borne encephalitis. […] There is no specific antiviral treatment for tick-borne encephalitis. Vaccination can effectively prevent the disease and is indicated for persons living in or visiting tick-borne encephalitis endemic areas. […] Treatment is based on the symptomatic measures. However, TBE can be successfully prevented by safe and highly effective vaccine. […] There is no specific antiviral treatment for TBE. Patients as a rule need hospitalization and supportive care based on the severity of signs/symptoms, and usually encompasses administration of antipyretics, analgesics, antiemetics, maintenance of water and electrolyte balance, and if necessary administration of anticonvulsive agents.

• #21 Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): From Tick to Pathology

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/21/6859

  Current management of TBE is supportive and involves the use of antipyretics, analgesia, intravenous fluid, and anticonvulsive agents. […] Alongside this the measurement and control of intracranial pressure (ICP) is required to prevent disability and death and includes head-up positioning, hyperventilation, hypertonic saline, and intravenous mannitol. […] The use of dexamethasone and other glucocorticoids is currently not advocated in TBE, given the lack of efficacy and the observation that their use prolongs hospitalisation. […] While the use of IVIg to treat and attenuate TBE disease has been limited in Europe due to the concerns of ADE, in Russia, it remains standard practice. […] Monoclonal antibody therapy represents an exciting and viable management option in TBE and is an ideal candidate for human trials.

• #22 About TBE | Bavarian Nordic

  https://bnvaccines.com/en-EE/disease-area/about-tbe

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) represents a growing public health problem that could be substantially reduced with vaccination. […] TBE is transmitted within minutes from infected tick’s saliva and there is no cure for TBE. […] Vaccination offers the most effective protection against TBE infection. Vaccination can be started any time of the year. […] There is no specific antiviral treatment available for TBE. […] Patients typically need hospitalisation and supportive care based on the severity of signs/symptoms, and usually encompasses maintenance of water and electrolyte balance and administration of: Antipyretics, Analgesics, Antiemetics. […] Patients with neuromuscular paralysis leading to respiratory failure require intubation and ventilatory support, while those with cerebral edema and who have significantly raised intracranial pressure are often treated with intravenous mannitol and/or steroids.

• #23 About TBE | Bavarian Nordic

  https://bnvaccines.com/en-EE/disease-area/about-tbe

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) represents a growing public health problem that could be substantially reduced with vaccination. […] TBE is transmitted within minutes from infected tick’s saliva and there is no cure for TBE. […] Vaccination offers the most effective protection against TBE infection. Vaccination can be started any time of the year. […] There is no specific antiviral treatment available for TBE. […] Patients typically need hospitalisation and supportive care based on the severity of signs/symptoms, and usually encompasses maintenance of water and electrolyte balance and administration of: Antipyretics, Analgesics, Antiemetics. […] Patients with neuromuscular paralysis leading to respiratory failure require intubation and ventilatory support, while those with cerebral edema and who have significantly raised intracranial pressure are often treated with intravenous mannitol and/or steroids.

• #24 Tick-borne encephalitis: A review of epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4419106/

  Cerebral edema is a potential complication of acute viral encephalitis that aggravates the clinical picture and portends poor neurologic outcome. […] It has been demonstrated that the use of dexamethasone results in a reduction of brain edema in acute viral encephalitis. […] The use of steroids is based on the impression that they produce a good and rapid clinical response in patients with TBE, but the validation of the impression in controlled studies has been limited. […] A case report on a patient with severe TBE who substantially improved after application of high dose intravenous immunoglobulins late in the disease course, and reports on the successful treatment of encephalitis due to other arboviruses with high doses of intravenous immunoglobulins, prompted Rek et al to propose the implementation of randomized controlled treatment study on the efficacy of high dose intravenous immunoglobulins in patients with severe TBE.

• #25 Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): From Tick to Pathology

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/21/6859

  Current management of TBE is supportive and involves the use of antipyretics, analgesia, intravenous fluid, and anticonvulsive agents. […] Alongside this the measurement and control of intracranial pressure (ICP) is required to prevent disability and death and includes head-up positioning, hyperventilation, hypertonic saline, and intravenous mannitol. […] The use of dexamethasone and other glucocorticoids is currently not advocated in TBE, given the lack of efficacy and the observation that their use prolongs hospitalisation. […] While the use of IVIg to treat and attenuate TBE disease has been limited in Europe due to the concerns of ADE, in Russia, it remains standard practice. […] Monoclonal antibody therapy represents an exciting and viable management option in TBE and is an ideal candidate for human trials.

• #26 Tick-borne encephalitis: A review of epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4419106/

  Cerebral edema is a potential complication of acute viral encephalitis that aggravates the clinical picture and portends poor neurologic outcome. […] It has been demonstrated that the use of dexamethasone results in a reduction of brain edema in acute viral encephalitis. […] The use of steroids is based on the impression that they produce a good and rapid clinical response in patients with TBE, but the validation of the impression in controlled studies has been limited. […] A case report on a patient with severe TBE who substantially improved after application of high dose intravenous immunoglobulins late in the disease course, and reports on the successful treatment of encephalitis due to other arboviruses with high doses of intravenous immunoglobulins, prompted Rek et al to propose the implementation of randomized controlled treatment study on the efficacy of high dose intravenous immunoglobulins in patients with severe TBE.

• #27

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10875-024-01718-5

  A patient with X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) and severe tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) was treated with TBE virus (TBEV) IgG positive plasma. The patients clinical response, humoral and cellular immune responses were characterized pre- and post-infection. […] The patient was admitted to the hospital with headache and fever. He was not vaccinated against TBE but receiving subcutaneous IgG-replacement therapy (IGRT). TBEV IgG antibodies were low-level positive (due to scIGRT), but the TBEV IgM and TBEV neutralisation tests were negative. […] TBEV IgG-positive plasma given to an XLA patient with TBE without evident adverse reactions may have contributed to a positive clinical outcome. […] The patient was treated in the ICU and received external ventricular drainage. Notably, the clinical course of the patient started to improve after treatment was initiated with plasma from healthy donors containing antibodies against TBEV.

• #28

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10875-024-01718-5

  The patient started to show signs of neurological improvement and was extubated after four days in the ICU. He displayed no adverse effects to the treatment with plasma, such as inflammation or allergic reaction. […] This implies that even treatment with monoclonal antibodies might be a future therapeutic option both as prophylaxis and during infection, while considering the addition of corticosteroids to avoid adverse effects.

• #29 Treatment and Prevention of Tick-borne Encephalitis | Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tick-borne-encephalitis/hcp/treatment-prevention/index.html

  There is no specific treatment for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE); clinical management is supportive. […] Monitor patients closely for severe complications. […] Patients with TBE should not donate blood for 4 months after their illness. […] Patients with severe meningeal symptoms often require pain control for headaches and antiemetic therapy and rehydration for associated nausea and vomiting. […] Patients with encephalitis require close monitoring for the development of elevated intracranial pressure, seizures, and inability to protect their airway. […] In August 2021, the FDA approved a TBE vaccine, TICOVAC (manufactured by Pfizer), for individuals aged 1 year or older. […] TBE vaccines are also available in many countries overseas where TBE virus is present. […] Travelers should be counseled on how to prevent tick bites. […] TBE virus can rarely be transmitted through blood transfusion or solid organ transplantation.

• #30 Tick-Borne Encephalitis | Health.mil

  https://www.health.mil/Military-Health-Topics/Health-Readiness/Immunization-Healthcare/Vaccine-Preventable-Diseases/Tick-Borne-Encephalitis

  Since 2001, 20 TBE cases have been diagnosed among U.S. adult and pediatric civilian and military persons who traveled to parts of Europe, Russia and China. Clinical manifestations of TBE virus infection can include febrile illness or neurologic disease, including meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain), encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), or meningoencephalomyelitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain, the brain and the spinal cord). No specific treatment is available and management is supportive. Mortality and sequelae (consequences of the disease) rates vary with different subtypes of TBE virus, with mortality rates of 120%, and sequelae rates of 1050%, reported from different areas. TBE vaccines have been available internationally for about 40 years, but until recently no TBE vaccine had been licensed in the United States and prevention has focused on personal protective measures to prevent tick bites.

• #31 Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE) – Viral Diseases – Infectious Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.18.5.2.

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral central nervous system (CNS) infection that usually follows a biphasic course. […] Antiviral treatment is not available. General recommendations and symptomatic treatment are the same as in other viral CNS infections. […] In the majority of patients the recovery is complete. In patients with encephalitis and myelitis, sensory disturbances, paresis, and impairment of memory and concentration may persist for several months. Paresis is usually accompanied by muscle atrophy. The mortality rate is ~1% in the European type and it is higher in the Siberian and especially Far Eastern types (5%-10%; the disease is fatal predominantly in patients with paralysis of limbs and respiratory compromise). […] Vaccination (see Vaccines: Tick-Borne Encephalitis).

• #32 Tick-borne encephalitis: A review of epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4419106/

  Tick-borne encephalitis is an infection of central nervous system caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus transmitted to humans predominantly by tick bites. […] A post-encephalitic syndrome, causing long-lasting morbidity that often affects the quality of life develops in up to 50% of patients after acute tick-borne encephalitis. […] There is no specific antiviral treatment for tick-borne encephalitis. Vaccination can effectively prevent the disease and is indicated for persons living in or visiting tick-borne encephalitis endemic areas. […] Treatment is based on the symptomatic measures. However, TBE can be successfully prevented by safe and highly effective vaccine. […] There is no specific antiviral treatment for TBE. Patients as a rule need hospitalization and supportive care based on the severity of signs/symptoms, and usually encompasses administration of antipyretics, analgesics, antiemetics, maintenance of water and electrolyte balance, and if necessary administration of anticonvulsive agents.

• #33 Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): A European Multicentre Study from 2010 to 2017

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8306415/

  More than half of the patients were discharged with incomplete recovery (176/298 patients, 59%). This included a high proportion (80/298 patients, 27%) with no expectation of complete recovery at discharge according to the clinicians assessment. Previous publications also describe high numbers of patients with sequelae after TBE infection. Most impressively, TBE causes pareses of extremities in 10.1% of patients, with incomplete recovery of paresis at discharge. This impairment is a major factor for loss of function and loss of life quality and attributes to the high burden of TBE disease. […] In summary, TBE causes severe sequelae and quantifiable long-lasting limitations in daily life.

• #34 Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): A European Multicentre Study from 2010 to 2017

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8306415/

  More than half of the patients were discharged with incomplete recovery (176/298 patients, 59%). This included a high proportion (80/298 patients, 27%) with no expectation of complete recovery at discharge according to the clinicians assessment. Previous publications also describe high numbers of patients with sequelae after TBE infection. Most impressively, TBE causes pareses of extremities in 10.1% of patients, with incomplete recovery of paresis at discharge. This impairment is a major factor for loss of function and loss of life quality and attributes to the high burden of TBE disease. […] In summary, TBE causes severe sequelae and quantifiable long-lasting limitations in daily life.

• #35

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s15010-023-02023-w

  Despite being vaccine-preventable, tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) continues to cause considerable morbidity in Germany. […] Recovery was defined as score 0 on the modified RANKIN scale. […] Full recovery was reported by 67.3% (children: 94.9%, adults: 63.8%). Sequelae included fatigue (17.0%), weakness (13.4%), concentration deficit (13.0%), and impaired balance (12.0%). […] Half the adult and 5% of paediatric patients reported persisting sequelae after 18 months. Improved prevention could alleviate both individual (morbidity) and societal TBE burden (health-care costs, productivity losses). […] By comprehensively characterising TBE sequelae alongside wider consequences on patients lives, this work aims to raise awareness of the possible severity of TBE virus infection and, thus, contributes to the public health goal of more effective prevention. […] Recovery continued throughout the entire observation time, but was fastest during the first 24 months after symptom onset. […] The high and sometimes long-lasting level of morbidity and health-care utilisation underlines the urgent need for improved TBE prevention.

• #36 Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE virus infections) – NIPH

  https://www.fhi.no/en/in/smittevernhandboka/sykdommer-a-a/tick-borne-encephalitis–tbe-virus-infections/

  Tick-borne encephalitis should not be confused with Lyme borreliosis, which is caused by a spirochete that is also transmitted by tick bites. […] The vaccine has been available since 1976. […] The disease usually has a milder course among young children. […] Many people experience prolonged convalescence with headaches, difficulty concentrating and difficulty sleeping. Sequelae in the form of neuropsychiatric symptoms, headaches, balance and movement problems are common and occur among about 10 % of those with encephalitis. […] There is no specific treatment for infection. […] The tick-borne encephalitis vaccine (TBE vaccine) has a protective effect of approximately 95 % against tick-borne encephalitis after completing the basic vaccination (3 doses). […] In Norway, TBE vaccination should be considered for children and adults who often experience tick bites in coastal areas where TBE cases among humans have been reported. […] TBE vaccines are usually not recommended for regular tourist trips to endemic areas abroad, but to travellers who are going to stay in forest areas (e.g. in connection with orienteering, forestry work, hiking or camping) in areas where diseases are endemic.

• #37 Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE) – Viral Diseases – Infectious Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.18.5.2.

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral central nervous system (CNS) infection that usually follows a biphasic course. […] Antiviral treatment is not available. General recommendations and symptomatic treatment are the same as in other viral CNS infections. […] In the majority of patients the recovery is complete. In patients with encephalitis and myelitis, sensory disturbances, paresis, and impairment of memory and concentration may persist for several months. Paresis is usually accompanied by muscle atrophy. The mortality rate is ~1% in the European type and it is higher in the Siberian and especially Far Eastern types (5%-10%; the disease is fatal predominantly in patients with paralysis of limbs and respiratory compromise). […] Vaccination (see Vaccines: Tick-Borne Encephalitis).

• #38

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s15010-023-02023-w

  Despite being vaccine-preventable, tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) continues to cause considerable morbidity in Germany. […] Recovery was defined as score 0 on the modified RANKIN scale. […] Full recovery was reported by 67.3% (children: 94.9%, adults: 63.8%). Sequelae included fatigue (17.0%), weakness (13.4%), concentration deficit (13.0%), and impaired balance (12.0%). […] Half the adult and 5% of paediatric patients reported persisting sequelae after 18 months. Improved prevention could alleviate both individual (morbidity) and societal TBE burden (health-care costs, productivity losses). […] By comprehensively characterising TBE sequelae alongside wider consequences on patients lives, this work aims to raise awareness of the possible severity of TBE virus infection and, thus, contributes to the public health goal of more effective prevention. […] Recovery continued throughout the entire observation time, but was fastest during the first 24 months after symptom onset. […] The high and sometimes long-lasting level of morbidity and health-care utilisation underlines the urgent need for improved TBE prevention.

• #39

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s15010-023-02023-w

  Despite being vaccine-preventable, tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) continues to cause considerable morbidity in Germany. […] Recovery was defined as score 0 on the modified RANKIN scale. […] Full recovery was reported by 67.3% (children: 94.9%, adults: 63.8%). Sequelae included fatigue (17.0%), weakness (13.4%), concentration deficit (13.0%), and impaired balance (12.0%). […] Half the adult and 5% of paediatric patients reported persisting sequelae after 18 months. Improved prevention could alleviate both individual (morbidity) and societal TBE burden (health-care costs, productivity losses). […] By comprehensively characterising TBE sequelae alongside wider consequences on patients lives, this work aims to raise awareness of the possible severity of TBE virus infection and, thus, contributes to the public health goal of more effective prevention. […] Recovery continued throughout the entire observation time, but was fastest during the first 24 months after symptom onset. […] The high and sometimes long-lasting level of morbidity and health-care utilisation underlines the urgent need for improved TBE prevention.

• #40 Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE virus infections) – NIPH

  https://www.fhi.no/en/in/smittevernhandboka/sykdommer-a-a/tick-borne-encephalitis–tbe-virus-infections/

  Tick-borne encephalitis should not be confused with Lyme borreliosis, which is caused by a spirochete that is also transmitted by tick bites. […] The vaccine has been available since 1976. […] The disease usually has a milder course among young children. […] Many people experience prolonged convalescence with headaches, difficulty concentrating and difficulty sleeping. Sequelae in the form of neuropsychiatric symptoms, headaches, balance and movement problems are common and occur among about 10 % of those with encephalitis. […] There is no specific treatment for infection. […] The tick-borne encephalitis vaccine (TBE vaccine) has a protective effect of approximately 95 % against tick-borne encephalitis after completing the basic vaccination (3 doses). […] In Norway, TBE vaccination should be considered for children and adults who often experience tick bites in coastal areas where TBE cases among humans have been reported. […] TBE vaccines are usually not recommended for regular tourist trips to endemic areas abroad, but to travellers who are going to stay in forest areas (e.g. in connection with orienteering, forestry work, hiking or camping) in areas where diseases are endemic.

• #41 Tick-borne encephalitis: A review of epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4419106/

  Tick-borne encephalitis is an infection of central nervous system caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus transmitted to humans predominantly by tick bites. […] A post-encephalitic syndrome, causing long-lasting morbidity that often affects the quality of life develops in up to 50% of patients after acute tick-borne encephalitis. […] There is no specific antiviral treatment for tick-borne encephalitis. Vaccination can effectively prevent the disease and is indicated for persons living in or visiting tick-borne encephalitis endemic areas. […] Treatment is based on the symptomatic measures. However, TBE can be successfully prevented by safe and highly effective vaccine. […] There is no specific antiviral treatment for TBE. Patients as a rule need hospitalization and supportive care based on the severity of signs/symptoms, and usually encompasses administration of antipyretics, analgesics, antiemetics, maintenance of water and electrolyte balance, and if necessary administration of anticonvulsive agents.

• #42

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/tick-borne-encephalitis

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an important cause of viral infections of the central nervous system in eastern, central, northern and increasingly western European countries, and in northern China, Mongolia, and the Russian Federation. […] There is no specific treatment for tick-borne encephalitis. […] Immunization offers the most effective protection. Currently, there are 4 widely used vaccines of assured quality: FSME-Immun and Encepur, manufactured in Austria and Germany respectively, and based on European strains of the virus; and TBE-Moscow and EnceVir, manufactured in the Russian Federation and based on Far-Eastern strains. […] In areas where the disease is highly endemic, WHO recommends that vaccination be offered to all age groups, including children. […] Immunization is the best protection against tick-borne encephalitis.

• #43 Treatment and Prevention of Tick-borne Encephalitis | Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tick-borne-encephalitis/hcp/treatment-prevention/index.html

  There is no specific treatment for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE); clinical management is supportive. […] Monitor patients closely for severe complications. […] Patients with TBE should not donate blood for 4 months after their illness. […] Patients with severe meningeal symptoms often require pain control for headaches and antiemetic therapy and rehydration for associated nausea and vomiting. […] Patients with encephalitis require close monitoring for the development of elevated intracranial pressure, seizures, and inability to protect their airway. […] In August 2021, the FDA approved a TBE vaccine, TICOVAC (manufactured by Pfizer), for individuals aged 1 year or older. […] TBE vaccines are also available in many countries overseas where TBE virus is present. […] Travelers should be counseled on how to prevent tick bites. […] TBE virus can rarely be transmitted through blood transfusion or solid organ transplantation.

• #44 Tick-Borne Encephalitis | Health.mil

  https://www.health.mil/Military-Health-Topics/Health-Readiness/Immunization-Healthcare/Vaccine-Preventable-Diseases/Tick-Borne-Encephalitis

  On Aug. 13, 2021, the Food and Drug Administration approved a TBE vaccine (manufactured by Pfizer as TICOVAC) for use in persons aged 1 year. The vaccine is inactivated with a vaccination schedule of three primary doses, and one booster dose administered at 3 years after the primary series if there is ongoing risk of exposure. There is an adult formulation for individuals aged 16 years and a pediatric formulation for children and adolescents aged 115 years with the differences being the volume and the interval between doses one and two, which for adults is 14 days3 months and for children and adolescents is 13 months. The TBE vaccine currently is marketed in about 30 countries, primarily in Europe. The current formulation of the vaccine has been available since 2001, and 75 million doses have been administered in Europe, about two-thirds of those to adults and one third to children.

• #45 Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine (intramuscular route) – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/tick-borne-encephalitis-vaccine-intramuscular-route/description/drg-20520307

  Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine is used to prevent infection caused by the tick-borne encephalitis virus. It works by causing your body to produce its own protection (antibodies) against the virus. […] This vaccine is to be given only by or under the direct supervision of your doctor. […] A nurse or other trained health professional will give you this vaccine. It is given as a shot into one of your muscles. […] This vaccine is usually given in 3 doses. After the first dose, 2 more doses are given within 1 to 12 months. It is very important that you receive all 3 doses of the vaccine at least 1 week before possible exposure. […] Be sure to notify your doctor of any side effects that occur after you receive this vaccine. […] This vaccine may cause serious allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, which can be life-threatening and require immediate medical attention. […] This vaccine may not protect everyone who receives it. It will also not treat an active infection.

• #46 Tick-borne Encephalitis Vaccine: Side Effects, Uses, Dosage, Interactions, Warnings

  https://www.rxlist.com/tick-borne_encephalitis_vaccine/generic-drug.htm

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccine is indicated for active immunization to prevent tick-borne encephalitis administered as a 3-dose primary immunization series. […] Common side effects of Tick-borne Encephalitis Vaccine include: injection site reactions (tenderness, pain, redness, swelling, itching, bruising, hard lump), headache, fever, restlessness, fatigue, muscle pain, feeling unwell (malaise). […] Serious side effects of Tick-borne Encephalitis Vaccine include: not available. […] Seek medical care or call 911 at once if you have the following serious side effects: Severe headache, confusion, slurred speech, arm or leg weakness, trouble walking, coordination loss, unsteady, very stiff muscles, high fever, profuse sweating, or tremors. […] Complete primary immunization series at least 1 week before potential exposure to TBE virus.

• #47 Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): From Tick to Pathology

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/21/6859

  Given the spread of TBEV to UK shores, the evaluation of suitable public health measures is required. […] Currently, there are two inactivated European vaccines utilised, namely Encepur (German) and FSME-Immun (Austrian). […] The vaccination schedule for both vaccines includes three primary doses within the first year, with booster doses at 3 years, and additional doses advised in those <5 years and >60 years to protect against waning immunity. […] Given this, the need for a TBE vaccination within the UK is uncertain, given the limited understanding of its epidemiology and distribution to make sound economic evaluations.

• #48 TBE: www.infektionsschutz.de

  https://www.infektionsschutz.de/en/erregersteckbriefe/tbe/

  Vaccination against TBE is recommended in the following cases: People who live in TBE risk areas and spend a lot of time outdoors. Travelers in regions with a specific TBE risk in Germany and abroad, if they are likely to come into contact with ticks. Professions such as forest wardens/workers or hunters in TBE risk areas. […] Three vaccinations are required to establish vaccine protection. A booster vaccination should be given after 3 years. Subsequent booster vaccinations are then required every 5 years. Depending on the vaccine used, a booster vaccination should be given every 3 years from the age of 50 or 60. If a virus has already been transmitted, a subsequent vaccination can no longer prevent the infection.

• #49 Tick-borne Encephalitis Vaccine: Side Effects, Uses, Dosage, Interactions, Warnings

  https://www.rxlist.com/tick-borne_encephalitis_vaccine/generic-drug.htm

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccine is indicated for active immunization to prevent tick-borne encephalitis administered as a 3-dose primary immunization series. […] Common side effects of Tick-borne Encephalitis Vaccine include: injection site reactions (tenderness, pain, redness, swelling, itching, bruising, hard lump), headache, fever, restlessness, fatigue, muscle pain, feeling unwell (malaise). […] Serious side effects of Tick-borne Encephalitis Vaccine include: not available. […] Seek medical care or call 911 at once if you have the following serious side effects: Severe headache, confusion, slurred speech, arm or leg weakness, trouble walking, coordination loss, unsteady, very stiff muscles, high fever, profuse sweating, or tremors. […] Complete primary immunization series at least 1 week before potential exposure to TBE virus.

• #50 What Is TBE | TicoVac™ (Tick-Borne Encephalitis Vaccine) | Safety Info

  https://www.ticovac.com/travelers/whatistbe

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a rare viral infection of the brain and spine. Transmission of the TBE virus to humans most commonly occurs from the bite of an infected tick. Encephalitis means inflammation of the brain. […] There is no cure for TBE, and it cannot be treated with antibiotics or any other medication. […] For those suffering from severe disease, 30-60% may develop long-term consequences. […] The most common adverse reactions in subjects 1 through 15 years of age who received TicoVac were local tenderness, local pain, headache, fever, and restlessness. […] The most common adverse reactions in subjects 16 through 65 years of age who received TicoVac were local tenderness, local pain, fatigue, headache, and muscle pain. […] TicoVac is a vaccine indicated for active immunization to prevent tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and is approved for use in individuals 1 year of age and older.

• #51 Schedule Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccine | Walgreens

  https://www.walgreens.com/topic/pharmacy/scheduler/tick-borne-encephalitis-vaccine.jsp

  The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved a TBE vaccine for use in the United States, called TICOVAC, which is approved for use in individuals age 1 and older. […] People who move or travel abroad to regions where TBE is widespread. […] In those ages 115, the most common side effects include injection site pain and tenderness, fever and restlessness. […] In those age 16 and older, the most common side effects include injection site pain and tenderness, tiredness, headache and muscle pain.

• #52 Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE)

  https://www.bag.admin.ch/bag/en/home/krankheiten/krankheiten-im-ueberblick/fsme.html

  TBE vaccination is recommended for all persons aged six or over who live in a risk area. […] A safe and effective TBE vaccine is available. Vaccination is recommended for anyone (generally aged six or over) who lives in a tick risk region (i.e. the whole of Switzerland except Cantons Geneva and Ticino). […] If you develop a fever or other symptoms following a tick bite, see a doctor.

• #53 Tick-borne encephalitis surveillance in U.S. military service members and beneficiaries, 2006–2018 | Health.mil

  https://www.health.mil/News/Articles/2019/11/01/Tickborne-encephalitis-surveillance

  The findings of this study support the current recommendations to vaccinate only those U.S. military service members and beneficiaries at higher risk for TBE acquisition because of residence in an area of high endemicity or participation in extensive outdoor activities. […] Commanders and U.S. military public health personnel in Europe should be familiar with and anticipate high-risk areas and activities U.S. personnel are likely to encounter. […] Furthermore, they should ensure that TBE control measures include accurate and timely surveillance, proper personal protective measures (PPMs), tick avoidance, and risk-based vaccination. […] Service members and dependents at risk for TBE should be counseled to avoid consuming unpasteurized dairy products, which can transmit TBE. […] Service members and dependents should also be counseled to use PPMs, particularly during field exercises and other outdoor activities and when stationed or visiting focal areas of increased TBE risk.

• #54 Tickborne Encephalitis Vaccine for Europe and Asia | Passport Health

  https://www.passporthealthusa.com/vaccinations/tickborne-encephalitis/

  Tickborne encephalitis or TBE is an infection spread by tick bites. It primarily affects the central nervous system and can lead to meningitis and/or encephalitis. […] Vaccination against TBE is the most effective prevention measure. […] The tickborne encephalitis vaccine is considered the best way to prevent TBE while in an effected area. […] TBE vaccination is recommended for travelers spending long periods of time in forested or rural areas of countries where the virus is present. This includes popular travel activities like camping, hiking, mountaineering, walking, running or cycling. […] Travelers to affected regions are at risk from April to November at altitudes at or above 1,500 metres. […] Travelers to regions where these ticks are present are advised to receive the TBE vaccine and follow measures to avoid tick bites, such as using repellents.

• #55 Tick-borne encephalitis: A review of epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4419106/

  Nonspecific preventive measures comprise pasteurization of milk, reduction of tick population, and personal protective procedures. […] Active immunization is the most effective way to prevent TBE. […] World Health Organization (WHO) recommends vaccination to people of all age groups, including children, in highly endemic areas ( 5 cases/100000 per year). […] Central European Vaccination Awareness Group strongly recommends the introduction of universal TBE vaccination for persons 1 year old for all countries at very high risk of TBE infections. […] Both European vaccines are safe and effective; particularly voluminous data exist for FSME-IMMUN vaccine of which more than 100 million doses were used. […] Vaccination is contraindicated in the case of: (1) A severe allergic reaction after previous dose of TBE vaccine; (2) Information on severe allergic reactions to vaccine components; and (3) Anaphylactic hypersensitivity to eggs.

• #56

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/tick-borne-encephalitis

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an important cause of viral infections of the central nervous system in eastern, central, northern and increasingly western European countries, and in northern China, Mongolia, and the Russian Federation. […] There is no specific treatment for tick-borne encephalitis. […] Immunization offers the most effective protection. Currently, there are 4 widely used vaccines of assured quality: FSME-Immun and Encepur, manufactured in Austria and Germany respectively, and based on European strains of the virus; and TBE-Moscow and EnceVir, manufactured in the Russian Federation and based on Far-Eastern strains. […] In areas where the disease is highly endemic, WHO recommends that vaccination be offered to all age groups, including children. […] Immunization is the best protection against tick-borne encephalitis.

• #57 Tick-borne encephalitis: A review of epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4419106/

  Nonspecific preventive measures comprise pasteurization of milk, reduction of tick population, and personal protective procedures. […] Active immunization is the most effective way to prevent TBE. […] World Health Organization (WHO) recommends vaccination to people of all age groups, including children, in highly endemic areas ( 5 cases/100000 per year). […] Central European Vaccination Awareness Group strongly recommends the introduction of universal TBE vaccination for persons 1 year old for all countries at very high risk of TBE infections. […] Both European vaccines are safe and effective; particularly voluminous data exist for FSME-IMMUN vaccine of which more than 100 million doses were used. […] Vaccination is contraindicated in the case of: (1) A severe allergic reaction after previous dose of TBE vaccine; (2) Information on severe allergic reactions to vaccine components; and (3) Anaphylactic hypersensitivity to eggs.

• #58 Prevention of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/tick-borne-encephalitis/prevention-tick-borne-encephalitis.html

  Consult a health care provider or visit a travel health clinic 6 weeks before you travel. […] The following precautions will help prevent illness. […] Protect yourself from tick bites in high-risk regions when doing activities in forests or overgrown areas. […] A vaccine against TBE does exist but is only available in countries where the disease is present. Travellers at high risk can consult a health care provider at their destination to discuss the benefits of getting vaccinated.

• #59 Tick-borne encephalitis: A review of epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4419106/

  TBE is an important tick-borne central nervous system infection in Europe and Asia. Due to relatively severe clinical course combined with the absence of etiologic treatment, considerable proportion of patients with incomplete recovery after acute illness and increasing incidence, it represents a growing (public) health problem that could be substantially reduced with vaccination.

• #60 About TBE | Bavarian Nordic

  https://bnvaccines.com/en-EE/disease-area/about-tbe

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) represents a growing public health problem that could be substantially reduced with vaccination. […] TBE is transmitted within minutes from infected tick’s saliva and there is no cure for TBE. […] Vaccination offers the most effective protection against TBE infection. Vaccination can be started any time of the year. […] There is no specific antiviral treatment available for TBE. […] Patients typically need hospitalisation and supportive care based on the severity of signs/symptoms, and usually encompasses maintenance of water and electrolyte balance and administration of: Antipyretics, Analgesics, Antiemetics. […] Patients with neuromuscular paralysis leading to respiratory failure require intubation and ventilatory support, while those with cerebral edema and who have significantly raised intracranial pressure are often treated with intravenous mannitol and/or steroids.

• #61 Tick-Borne Encephalitis | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/54912

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an important central nervous system infection in Europe and Asia. […] Due to relatively severe clinical course combined with the absence of etiologic treatment, considerable proportion of patients with incomplete recovery after acute illness, and increasing incidence, TBE represents a growing (public) health problem that could be substantially reduced with vaccination. […] The clinical course of acute illness is highly variable. […] The disease represents high costs for healthcare system and society. […] Herein we present an overview of TBE, including a short historical outline, basic information on TBEV, and of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of TBE, as well as on the course and outcome of the disease and its prevention.

• #62 Tick-Borne Encephalitis | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/54912

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an important central nervous system infection in Europe and Asia. […] Due to relatively severe clinical course combined with the absence of etiologic treatment, considerable proportion of patients with incomplete recovery after acute illness, and increasing incidence, TBE represents a growing (public) health problem that could be substantially reduced with vaccination. […] The clinical course of acute illness is highly variable. […] The disease represents high costs for healthcare system and society. […] Herein we present an overview of TBE, including a short historical outline, basic information on TBEV, and of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of TBE, as well as on the course and outcome of the disease and its prevention.

• #63

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s15010-023-02023-w

  Despite being vaccine-preventable, tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) continues to cause considerable morbidity in Germany. […] Recovery was defined as score 0 on the modified RANKIN scale. […] Full recovery was reported by 67.3% (children: 94.9%, adults: 63.8%). Sequelae included fatigue (17.0%), weakness (13.4%), concentration deficit (13.0%), and impaired balance (12.0%). […] Half the adult and 5% of paediatric patients reported persisting sequelae after 18 months. Improved prevention could alleviate both individual (morbidity) and societal TBE burden (health-care costs, productivity losses). […] By comprehensively characterising TBE sequelae alongside wider consequences on patients lives, this work aims to raise awareness of the possible severity of TBE virus infection and, thus, contributes to the public health goal of more effective prevention. […] Recovery continued throughout the entire observation time, but was fastest during the first 24 months after symptom onset. […] The high and sometimes long-lasting level of morbidity and health-care utilisation underlines the urgent need for improved TBE prevention.

• #64

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s15010-023-02023-w

  Despite being vaccine-preventable, tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) continues to cause considerable morbidity in Germany. […] Recovery was defined as score 0 on the modified RANKIN scale. […] Full recovery was reported by 67.3% (children: 94.9%, adults: 63.8%). Sequelae included fatigue (17.0%), weakness (13.4%), concentration deficit (13.0%), and impaired balance (12.0%). […] Half the adult and 5% of paediatric patients reported persisting sequelae after 18 months. Improved prevention could alleviate both individual (morbidity) and societal TBE burden (health-care costs, productivity losses). […] By comprehensively characterising TBE sequelae alongside wider consequences on patients lives, this work aims to raise awareness of the possible severity of TBE virus infection and, thus, contributes to the public health goal of more effective prevention. […] Recovery continued throughout the entire observation time, but was fastest during the first 24 months after symptom onset. […] The high and sometimes long-lasting level of morbidity and health-care utilisation underlines the urgent need for improved TBE prevention.

• #65 Evaluation of under-testing and under-diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis in Germany | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-023-08101-6

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), a viral infectious disease affecting the central nervous system, potentially resulting in prolonged neurological symptoms and other long-term sequelae. […] This study assessed real-world TBE laboratory testing rates across Germany. […] The findings of this study suggest that patients with typical TBE symptoms are likely under-tested, thus likely leading to under-diagnosis in Germany. To ensure appropriate case identification, TBE testing should be consistently integrated into routine practice for all patients who present with relevant symptoms or exposure to common risk factors. […] Inadequate TBE testing and diagnosis impacts TBE surveillance, which is interlinked with low awareness and under-testing, leading to a vicious cycle of continued under-ascertainment of TBE cases.

• #66 Tick-borne encephalitis virus seroprevalence and infection incidence in Switzerland, 2020–2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-92560-1

  Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection can manifest as disease of variable severity, ranging from subclinical infection to severe disease with neurological involvement and potentially fatal outcome. […] Although TBE is recognized as a major public health problem in Europe, the true burden of disease is potentially underestimated. […] Currently, there is no specific treatment available for TBE. The most important protective measures against TBEV infections are active immunization and prevention of tick bites through personal protection methods. […] In conclusion, undetected TBEV infections are common, and infection incidence is much higher than reported clinical cases. Individuals with abortive infections have high antibody decline and seroreversion rates. […] This study contributes to our understanding of the burden of TBE in Switzerland. Undiagnosed infections are common, and the incidence of TBEV infection is substantially higher than the number of reported clinical cases of TBE. Seroreversion rates in individuals with abortive infections are high; whether protection after such infections is lifelong and by which immune subsets it is mediated remain to be defined.

• #67 Tick-borne encephalitis virus seroprevalence and infection incidence in Switzerland, 2020–2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-92560-1

  Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection can manifest as disease of variable severity, ranging from subclinical infection to severe disease with neurological involvement and potentially fatal outcome. […] Although TBE is recognized as a major public health problem in Europe, the true burden of disease is potentially underestimated. […] Currently, there is no specific treatment available for TBE. The most important protective measures against TBEV infections are active immunization and prevention of tick bites through personal protection methods. […] In conclusion, undetected TBEV infections are common, and infection incidence is much higher than reported clinical cases. Individuals with abortive infections have high antibody decline and seroreversion rates. […] This study contributes to our understanding of the burden of TBE in Switzerland. Undiagnosed infections are common, and the incidence of TBEV infection is substantially higher than the number of reported clinical cases of TBE. Seroreversion rates in individuals with abortive infections are high; whether protection after such infections is lifelong and by which immune subsets it is mediated remain to be defined.

• #68 Evaluation of under-testing and under-diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis in Germany | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-023-08101-6

  A better understanding of the proportion of cases with TBE-consistent symptoms that are not tested for TBE is vital to inform clinical decision-making, as well as to raise greater awareness about TBE disease and risks among physicians and the general public, alike. […] Our findings suggest that critical gaps remain in the routine testing and diagnosis of TBE, despite growing awareness of TBE as a public health concern. […] The accurate diagnosis of TBE is nevertheless necessary for several reasons, primarily to allow appropriate follow-up of patients for complete/incomplete recovery, to identify individuals and populations for future vaccination, and for surveillance of cases in which similar clinical findings are observed. […] As active immunization is the most effective way to protect against this possibly life-threatening disease, raising TBE awareness and vaccination uptake is urgently needed to decrease the burden of disease across Germany.

• #69 Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine uptake, effectiveness, and impact in Sweden from 2018 to 2022 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-86968-y

  TBE vaccination has had a substantial impact on the burden of TBE in Sweden, with high vaccine effectiveness after three doses for all age groups. […] These results highlight that TBE vaccine uptake in Sweden is suboptimal, even in TBE endemic areas, and suggest that low uptake is an important contributing factor to the high TBE incidence in the country. Further efforts are needed to increase TBE vaccine uptake in Sweden to prevent TBE, a potentially disabling and life-threatening disease. […] This first published study of TBE VE in Sweden showed that TBE vaccination was effective for the prevention of TBE cases which predominately resulted in hospitalization. […] Vaccination averted hundreds of TBE cases despite the relatively low TBE vaccine uptake and compliance. To prevent additional TBE cases in Sweden, enhanced efforts to increase TBE vaccine uptake are needed.

• #70 Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) | Hôpital de La Tour

  https://www.la-tour.ch/en/tick-borne-encephalitis-tbe

  Tick-borne encephalitis is a viral disease transmitted by the bite of an infected tick. […] As TBE is a viral infection, there is currently no specific medication available. Treatments available are symptomatic, aimed at relieving pain and fever. In severe cases, hospitalization may be required for supportive care, such as management of neurological symptoms and prevention of secondary complications. […] Hpital de La Tour offers comprehensive care for TBE patients, and has a neurology department for the diagnosis and treatment of neurological complications.

• #71 Tick-borne Encephalitis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment | Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tick-borne-encephalitis/symptoms-diagnosis-treatment/index.html

  Tick-borne encephalitis can result in febrile illness or neurologic disease, including meningitis or encephalitis. […] There is no specific treatment for tick-borne encephalitis. […] Rest, fluids, and pain medications may relieve symptoms. […] People with severe disease often need to be hospitalized to receive support for breathing, staying hydrated, or reducing swelling in the brain.

• #72 Tick-Borne Encephalitis: Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention, Outlook

  https://www.healthline.com/health/tick-borne-encephalitis

  Tick-borne encephalitis is a viral infection spread primarily through tick bites. […] TBE is a viral infection involving the central nervous system. […] If you experience any of these symptoms, speak with a doctor or call your local emergency number right away. These symptoms can indicate serious disease that requires immediate medical attention. […] The best way to protect yourself is to get the TBE vaccine. […] Therapy involves supportive care to manage symptoms and complications. […] People experiencing flu-like symptoms may find relief by: getting plenty of rest, drinking fluids and staying hydrated, taking over-the-counter (OTC) pain and cold medications. […] People who develop serious infection involving the central nervous system often require treatment in a hospital. […] Most people with TBE will recover. But, up to one-third of people with TBE may experience long-term complications. […] Speak with a doctor about TBE vaccination if you plan to travel to high-risk areas.

• #73 Treatment and Prevention of Tick-borne Encephalitis | Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tick-borne-encephalitis/hcp/treatment-prevention/index.html

  There is no specific treatment for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE); clinical management is supportive. […] Monitor patients closely for severe complications. […] Patients with TBE should not donate blood for 4 months after their illness. […] Patients with severe meningeal symptoms often require pain control for headaches and antiemetic therapy and rehydration for associated nausea and vomiting. […] Patients with encephalitis require close monitoring for the development of elevated intracranial pressure, seizures, and inability to protect their airway. […] In August 2021, the FDA approved a TBE vaccine, TICOVAC (manufactured by Pfizer), for individuals aged 1 year or older. […] TBE vaccines are also available in many countries overseas where TBE virus is present. […] Travelers should be counseled on how to prevent tick bites. […] TBE virus can rarely be transmitted through blood transfusion or solid organ transplantation.

• #74 Tick-borne encephalitis

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/tick-borne-encephalitis

  Infections with no symptoms are also common. […] Meningitis, encephalitis or meningomyelitis (inflammation of the spinal cord and enveloping membranes) require hospitalisation and supportive care depending on the severity of the syndrome. […] Vaccination is one of the most effective means of preventing TBE.

• #75 Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) | gesund.bund.de

  https://gesund.bund.de/en/tick-borne-encephalitis-tbe

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral infection transmitted by ticks. It causes inflammation of the brain and the meninges. People in high-risk areas are advised to get vaccinated. […] The Robert Koch Institutes Standing Committee on Vaccination (Stndige Impfkommission STIKO) recommends vaccination for people who live in or regularly frequent high-risk areas for TBE and are susceptible to tick bites. […] There is no special treatment for TBE, i.e. there are no drugs that can directly combat the virus. […] People who suffer from severe TBE often require medical rehabilitation (rehab) after their treatment.

• #76 Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE) – Viral Diseases – Infectious Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.18.5.2.

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral central nervous system (CNS) infection that usually follows a biphasic course. […] Antiviral treatment is not available. General recommendations and symptomatic treatment are the same as in other viral CNS infections. […] In the majority of patients the recovery is complete. In patients with encephalitis and myelitis, sensory disturbances, paresis, and impairment of memory and concentration may persist for several months. Paresis is usually accompanied by muscle atrophy. The mortality rate is ~1% in the European type and it is higher in the Siberian and especially Far Eastern types (5%-10%; the disease is fatal predominantly in patients with paralysis of limbs and respiratory compromise). […] Vaccination (see Vaccines: Tick-Borne Encephalitis).

• #77 What nurses need to know about tick-borne encephalitis virus

  https://rcni.com/nursing-standard/newsroom/podcast/what-nurses-need-to-know-about-tick-borne-encephalitis-virus-196336

  What do nurses need to know about tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), which recently arrived in the UK? […] Spread by the bite of an infected tick, TBEV can lead to a spectrum of illness including meningitis and encephalitis (swelling of the brain). […] The importance of public health advice from nurses to protect people from being bitten by ticks and the availability of a vaccine is also covered. […] Be aware of the importance of advice on avoiding tick bites, as this can protect from TBEV and other tick-borne illness. […] Be vigilant and consider the possibility of TBEV if seeing a patient with relevant symptoms. Ask them if they have been outside in grassy areas working or enjoying the countryside. […] Refer on and seek specialist advice when a patient has possible symptoms that cause concern, especially neurological ones. Patients with neurological signs should be referred to hospital as an emergency.

• #78 What nurses need to know about tick-borne encephalitis virus

  https://rcni.com/nursing-standard/newsroom/podcast/what-nurses-need-to-know-about-tick-borne-encephalitis-virus-196336

  What do nurses need to know about tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), which recently arrived in the UK? […] Spread by the bite of an infected tick, TBEV can lead to a spectrum of illness including meningitis and encephalitis (swelling of the brain). […] The importance of public health advice from nurses to protect people from being bitten by ticks and the availability of a vaccine is also covered. […] Be aware of the importance of advice on avoiding tick bites, as this can protect from TBEV and other tick-borne illness. […] Be vigilant and consider the possibility of TBEV if seeing a patient with relevant symptoms. Ask them if they have been outside in grassy areas working or enjoying the countryside. […] Refer on and seek specialist advice when a patient has possible symptoms that cause concern, especially neurological ones. Patients with neurological signs should be referred to hospital as an emergency.

• #79 Treatment and Prevention of Tick-borne Encephalitis | Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tick-borne-encephalitis/hcp/treatment-prevention/index.html

  There is no specific treatment for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE); clinical management is supportive. […] Monitor patients closely for severe complications. […] Patients with TBE should not donate blood for 4 months after their illness. […] Patients with severe meningeal symptoms often require pain control for headaches and antiemetic therapy and rehydration for associated nausea and vomiting. […] Patients with encephalitis require close monitoring for the development of elevated intracranial pressure, seizures, and inability to protect their airway. […] In August 2021, the FDA approved a TBE vaccine, TICOVAC (manufactured by Pfizer), for individuals aged 1 year or older. […] TBE vaccines are also available in many countries overseas where TBE virus is present. […] Travelers should be counseled on how to prevent tick bites. […] TBE virus can rarely be transmitted through blood transfusion or solid organ transplantation.

• #80 Tick-borne encephalitis

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/tick-borne-encephalitis

  Infections with no symptoms are also common. […] Meningitis, encephalitis or meningomyelitis (inflammation of the spinal cord and enveloping membranes) require hospitalisation and supportive care depending on the severity of the syndrome. […] Vaccination is one of the most effective means of preventing TBE.

• #81 What nurses need to know about tick-borne encephalitis virus

  https://rcni.com/nursing-standard/newsroom/podcast/what-nurses-need-to-know-about-tick-borne-encephalitis-virus-196336

  What do nurses need to know about tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), which recently arrived in the UK? […] Spread by the bite of an infected tick, TBEV can lead to a spectrum of illness including meningitis and encephalitis (swelling of the brain). […] The importance of public health advice from nurses to protect people from being bitten by ticks and the availability of a vaccine is also covered. […] Be aware of the importance of advice on avoiding tick bites, as this can protect from TBEV and other tick-borne illness. […] Be vigilant and consider the possibility of TBEV if seeing a patient with relevant symptoms. Ask them if they have been outside in grassy areas working or enjoying the countryside. […] Refer on and seek specialist advice when a patient has possible symptoms that cause concern, especially neurological ones. Patients with neurological signs should be referred to hospital as an emergency.

• #82 Practice Nursing – Tick-borne diseases: an update for general practice

  https://www.practicenursing.com/content/clinical/tick-borne-diseases-an-update-for-general-practice/

  Practice nurses offering pre-travel consultations should be aware of tick-borne diseases. Sharon Graham outlines how to help prevent these diseases in travellers […] With limited space to discuss all tick-borne diseases, this article will focus briefly on the those that ECDC (2020a) provide factsheets for: Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF), Lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). The preventive vaccinations available in the UK will be discussed, and bite prevention measures which are applicable to any tick-borne disease.

• #83 What nurses need to know about tick-borne encephalitis virus

  https://rcni.com/nursing-standard/newsroom/podcast/what-nurses-need-to-know-about-tick-borne-encephalitis-virus-196336

  What do nurses need to know about tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), which recently arrived in the UK? […] Spread by the bite of an infected tick, TBEV can lead to a spectrum of illness including meningitis and encephalitis (swelling of the brain). […] The importance of public health advice from nurses to protect people from being bitten by ticks and the availability of a vaccine is also covered. […] Be aware of the importance of advice on avoiding tick bites, as this can protect from TBEV and other tick-borne illness. […] Be vigilant and consider the possibility of TBEV if seeing a patient with relevant symptoms. Ask them if they have been outside in grassy areas working or enjoying the countryside. […] Refer on and seek specialist advice when a patient has possible symptoms that cause concern, especially neurological ones. Patients with neurological signs should be referred to hospital as an emergency.

• #84 British Journal of Nursing – Tick-borne encephalitis

  https://www.britishjournalofnursing.com/content/comment/tick-borne-encephalitis/

  A press release from Public Health England (PHE) recently confirmed that the tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus has been detected for the first time in two parts of England (PHE, 2019a). […] Health professionals need to have the knowledge to put public health stories such as this into perspective and an awareness of patients presenting with possible TBE symptoms. […] TBE is an infection spread by tick bites, but it can also be acquired from consumption of raw (unpasteurised) milk or dairy products (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2020). […] Most TBE virus infections resulting from tick bites are acquired through activities in forest areas, such as camping, hiking, fishing and bicycling, and from occupations such as forestry or military training (CDC, 2020).

• #85 What nurses need to know about tick-borne encephalitis virus

  https://rcni.com/nursing-standard/newsroom/podcast/what-nurses-need-to-know-about-tick-borne-encephalitis-virus-196336

  What do nurses need to know about tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), which recently arrived in the UK? […] Spread by the bite of an infected tick, TBEV can lead to a spectrum of illness including meningitis and encephalitis (swelling of the brain). […] The importance of public health advice from nurses to protect people from being bitten by ticks and the availability of a vaccine is also covered. […] Be aware of the importance of advice on avoiding tick bites, as this can protect from TBEV and other tick-borne illness. […] Be vigilant and consider the possibility of TBEV if seeing a patient with relevant symptoms. Ask them if they have been outside in grassy areas working or enjoying the countryside. […] Refer on and seek specialist advice when a patient has possible symptoms that cause concern, especially neurological ones. Patients with neurological signs should be referred to hospital as an emergency.

• #86 Tick-borne encephalitis: A review of epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4419106/

  Tick-borne encephalitis is an infection of central nervous system caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus transmitted to humans predominantly by tick bites. […] A post-encephalitic syndrome, causing long-lasting morbidity that often affects the quality of life develops in up to 50% of patients after acute tick-borne encephalitis. […] There is no specific antiviral treatment for tick-borne encephalitis. Vaccination can effectively prevent the disease and is indicated for persons living in or visiting tick-borne encephalitis endemic areas. […] Treatment is based on the symptomatic measures. However, TBE can be successfully prevented by safe and highly effective vaccine. […] There is no specific antiviral treatment for TBE. Patients as a rule need hospitalization and supportive care based on the severity of signs/symptoms, and usually encompasses administration of antipyretics, analgesics, antiemetics, maintenance of water and electrolyte balance, and if necessary administration of anticonvulsive agents.

• #87 What nurses need to know about tick-borne encephalitis virus

  https://rcni.com/nursing-standard/newsroom/podcast/what-nurses-need-to-know-about-tick-borne-encephalitis-virus-196336

  What do nurses need to know about tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), which recently arrived in the UK? […] Spread by the bite of an infected tick, TBEV can lead to a spectrum of illness including meningitis and encephalitis (swelling of the brain). […] The importance of public health advice from nurses to protect people from being bitten by ticks and the availability of a vaccine is also covered. […] Be aware of the importance of advice on avoiding tick bites, as this can protect from TBEV and other tick-borne illness. […] Be vigilant and consider the possibility of TBEV if seeing a patient with relevant symptoms. Ask them if they have been outside in grassy areas working or enjoying the countryside. […] Refer on and seek specialist advice when a patient has possible symptoms that cause concern, especially neurological ones. Patients with neurological signs should be referred to hospital as an emergency.

• #88 Evaluation of under-testing and under-diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis in Germany | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-023-08101-6

  It will therefore be important to develop clear decision trees for TBE diagnostic testing, which can help to align testing processes across Germany. […] Findings suggest that patients with typical TBE symptoms are likely under-tested, indicating a potential under-diagnosis of TBE in Germany. To ensure appropriate case identification, TBE testing should be more consistently integrated into routine practice for all patients who present with relevant symptoms and those exposed to common risk factors, especially tick bite.

• #89 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20250210/Tick-borne-encephalitis-emerges-in-Britain-Experts-urge-vigilance.aspx

  Overall, the study provided the first definitive evidence of locally acquired TBE in the U.K., highlighting the need for increased surveillance and public awareness. […] The researchers believe that while the overall risk remains low, TBE should now be considered in cases of unexplained encephalitis, even in patients without recent travel. […] Furthermore, public health efforts should include tick bite prevention education, with campaigns previously focused on Lyme disease now incorporating awareness of TBEV.

• #90 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20250210/Tick-borne-encephalitis-emerges-in-Britain-Experts-urge-vigilance.aspx

  Overall, the study provided the first definitive evidence of locally acquired TBE in the U.K., highlighting the need for increased surveillance and public awareness. […] The researchers believe that while the overall risk remains low, TBE should now be considered in cases of unexplained encephalitis, even in patients without recent travel. […] Furthermore, public health efforts should include tick bite prevention education, with campaigns previously focused on Lyme disease now incorporating awareness of TBEV.

• #91 Tick-Borne Encephalitis | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/54912

  There is no specific antiviral treatment for TBE. Patients as a rule need hospitalization, supportive care, symptomatic treatment based on the presence and severity of signs/symptoms and therapy of neurologic and systemic complications. […] The symptomatic treatment usually includes antipyretics, analgesics, antiemetics, maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance, and if necessary administration of anticonvulsive agents and treatment of cerebral edema. […] Active immunization is the most effective and reliable way to prevent TBE. […] Vaccination strategies need to incorporate risk assessments for a particular region. […] In highly endemic TBE regions (5 cases/100,000/year) vaccination should be offered to whole population, including children, whereas in regions with a moderate or low TBE incidence (5 cases/100,000/year), immunization has to target individuals at risk, i.e., those having outdoor activities or working under high-risk conditions.

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