Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Treatment and Prevention of Tick-borne Encephalitis | Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tick-borne-encephalitis/hcp/treatment-prevention/index.html

  There is no specific treatment for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE); clinical management is supportive. […] There is no specific treatment for TBE. Clinical management is supportive. Patients with severe meningeal symptoms often require pain control for headaches and antiemetic therapy and rehydration for associated nausea and vomiting. Patients with encephalitis require close monitoring for the development of elevated intracranial pressure, seizures, and inability to protect their airway. […] Patients with TBE should not donate blood for 4 months after their illness.

• #1 Tick-borne Encephalitis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment | Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tick-borne-encephalitis/symptoms-diagnosis-treatment/index.html

  There is no specific treatment for tick-borne encephalitis. […] Rest, fluids, and pain medications may relieve symptoms. […] There is no medication to treat tick-borne encephalitis virus infection. However, a vaccine is available to prevent infection; visit our tick-borne encephalitis vaccine page for more information about who the vaccine is recommended for. […] Rest, fluids, and over-the-counter pain medications may relieve some symptoms. […] People with severe disease often need to be hospitalized to receive support for breathing, staying hydrated, or reducing swelling in the brain.

• #1 Tick-Borne Encephalitis: Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention, Outlook

  https://www.healthline.com/health/tick-borne-encephalitis

  Theres no effective antiviral treatment for TBE infection. Therapy involves supportive care to manage symptoms and complications. […] People who develop serious infection involving the central nervous system often require treatment in a hospital. […] Treatments for people with severe encephalitis can include: pain relief medication to reduce discomfort or fever, medication to reduce inflammation, medication to manage seizures or fits, fluids given by intravenous (IV) injection to prevent dehydration, oxygen to support breathing. […] Treatments for people with severe meningitis can include: pain relief medication for severe headaches, medication and rehydration therapy to relieve nausea and vomiting.

• #1 About TBE | Bavarian Nordic

  https://bnvaccines.com/en-FI/disease-area/about-tbe

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) represents a growing public health problem that could be substantially reduced with vaccination. […] TBE is transmitted within minutes from infected tick’s saliva and there is no cure for TBE. […] There is no specific antiviral treatment available for TBE. […] Patients typically need hospitalisation and supportive care based on the severity of signs/symptoms, and usually encompasses maintenance of water and electrolyte balance and administration of: Antipyretics, Analgesics, Antiemetics. […] Patients with neuromuscular paralysis leading to respiratory failure require intubation and ventilatory support, while those with cerebral edema and who have significantly raised intracranial pressure are often treated with intravenous mannitol and/or steroids.

• #1 Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): From Tick to Pathology

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/21/6859

  Current management of TBE is supportive and involves the use of antipyretics, analgesia, intravenous fluid, and anticonvulsive agents. Alongside this the measurement and control of intracranial pressure (ICP) is required to prevent disability and death and includes head-up positioning, hyperventilation, hypertonic saline, and intravenous mannitol. Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic that reduces sodium and water reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule and loop of Henle, thereby reducing cerebral oedema. However, mannitol use is not without controversy, given the lack of robust evidence that it improves neurological outcomes and its inherent risks, i.e., severe hypernatraemia and kidney failure. In a study looking at the biochemical effects of a single dose of 0.25 g/kg 15% mannitol in TBE patients, high rates of hypokalaemia and hypernatremia were observed in older men and persisted for 7 days post-use. Moreover, in those with meningoencephalitis and meningoencephalomyelitis, the development of syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone (SIADH) was observed. While the authors suggested that mannitol could be utilised up to four times a day, they did not assess clinical status as a primary outcome, making this suggestion contentious. The European Academy of Neurology (EAN) suggests that, if utilised, mannitol should be administered as bolus therapy for a maximum of 1–2 days rather than continuously. Indeed, the use of osmotherapy agents in TBE has been identified as a key area for further research in an attempt to improve TBE neurological outcomes.

• #1 Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): From Tick to Pathology

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/21/6859

  The use of dexamethasone and other glucocorticoids is currently not advocated in TBE, given the lack of efficacy and the observation that their use prolongs hospitalisation. In a Polish review of 687 TBE patients presenting during 1993–2008, 407 patients received dexamethasone as part of their treatment. Overall, patients received between 6 and 32 mg of dexamethasone for a median of 9 days (range 1–64 days), with patients with meningoencephalomyelitis more likely to receive higher dosages. While, anecdotally, this was linked with clinical improvements, including the resolution of fever, it did not lead to quicker resolution of CSF/serum biochemical abnormalities and often necessitated repeat lumbar puncture examinations due to prolonged hospitalisation. As such, steroids should not be empirically given in the setting of TBE.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13365-020-00856-x

  The aim of our study was to compare the course of TBE in children and adults. […] TBE symptoms in children were milder compared with adults, with meningitis in 97% of cases. […] In adults, meningoencephalitis and meningoencephalomyelitis made up 49.26% of cases. […] Children treated with corticosteroids over 7 days had higher checkup pleocytosis than pleocytosis at the onset of disease compared with adults. […] Corticosteroid use prolongs the disease duration but does not influence the development of TBE sequelae. […] The treatment of TBE is symptomatic, but when the disease takes a severe course, dexamethasone may be used. […] In our study, some adults as well as children received dexamethasone. […] We observed that treatment with dexamethasone correlated positively with pleocytosis in the checkup CSF in children. […] There were no significant differences in sequelae development between children treated and not treated with dexamethasone. […] Dexamethasone usage prolongs the disease but does not influence sequelae development.

• #1 New directions in the experimental therapy of tick-borne encephalitis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36574904/

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a potentially fatal disease common in much of Europe and Asia. There is no specific therapy for the treatment of TBE patients. However, several efforts are being made to develop small molecules that specifically interfere with the life cycle of TBE virus. […] In addition, human or chimeric (i.e., structural chimeras that combine mouse variable domains with human constant domains) monoclonal antibodies with promising potential for post-exposure prophylaxis or early therapy have been developed. This review summarizes the latest directions and experimental approaches that may be used to combat TBE in humans.

• #1 Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): From Tick to Pathology

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/21/6859

  While the use of IVIg to treat and attenuate TBE disease has been limited in Europe due to the concerns of ADE, in Russia, it remains standard practice. In this setting, IVIg is given within the first four days post-tick bite as a method of post-exposure prophylaxis, with encouraging safety and efficacy data from animal studies. The use of IVIg, however, may cause several important side effects, including anaphylaxis and thromboembolic events, although slow intravenous administration and preliminary screening for IgA deficiency may significantly reduce these risks. Within WNV and JE, IVIg has exhibited disease-modifying properties when administered over a five-day period and is an area of ongoing study. However, given that IVIg is a non-specific pooled preparation from thousands of healthy donors, it is important that donors who have previously been vaccinated or infected be used to ensure that high levels of neutralising anti-TBEV IgG antibodies are present. The use of human neutralising monoclonal antibodies circumvents this issue, with two preparations, T025 and T028, that target domain III of the E protein, able to prevent TBE disease in mice when used within 4 days of experimental infection while also demonstrating activity against other orthoflavivirus infection. While TBEV escape has been documented with the individual use of T025 and T028, these escape mutants are far less pathogenic, which is encouraging. Importantly, such escape mutations are prevented when a combination of T025 and T028 monoclonal antibodies is used. As such, monoclonal antibody therapy represents an exciting and viable management option in TBE and is an ideal candidate for human trials.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10875-024-01718-5

  A patient with X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) and severe tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) was treated with TBE virus (TBEV) IgG positive plasma. The patients clinical response, humoral and cellular immune responses were characterized pre- and post-infection. […] The patient was treated in the ICU and received external ventricular drainage. Notably, the clinical course of the patient started to improve after treatment was initiated with plasma from healthy donors containing antibodies against TBEV. Moreover, following this plasma administration, neutralising antibodies with a titer of 10 IU/ml were detected in the patients serum, indicating the presence of a protective level of antibodies. […] In conclusion, this case has several clinical implications. While demonstrating that patients with hypogammaglobulinemia can suffer from a severe TBEV-infection, it shows that treatment with plasma with detectable levels of TBEV-specific IgG can provide a patient with neutralising titers and potentially facilitate viral clearance. Most importantly, such treatment was not associated with any adverse events in this particular case. This implies that even treatment with monoclonal antibodies might be a future therapeutic option both as prophylaxis and during infection, while considering the addition of corticosteroids to avoid adverse effects.

• #1 Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus (TBEV): Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Therapeutic Approaches and Some Molecular Aspects—An Updated Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7481/15/4/174

  Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a significant public health concern, particularly in rural regions, like the Caucasus, where tick-borne diseases are prevalent. […] This review provides an updated overview of TBEV, encompassing its status, subtypes, life cycle and circulation in nature, epidemiology, new approaches to TBE treatment and diagnostics, and recent insights into molecular aspects. […] The treatment of TBE focuses on symptomatic and supportive measures since no specific antiviral therapy is available. The development of specific therapeutic agents and strategies for the treatment of TBE is currently being pursued in two main directions: immunotherapy and screening of small-molecule antivirals. Specific and non-specific immunoglobulins, recombinant anti-TBEV immunoglobulins, and vaccines are used for the therapy.

• #1 Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): From Tick to Pathology

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/21/6859

  At this time, there are no antiviral treatments recommended for use in TBE, with novel drug discovery complicated by the paucity of established drug targets and the needs to be cost-effective and achieve adequate CSF penetration. In general, the majority of antivirals work to inhibit viral polymerase and thus genome replication. Previous work by Eyer et al. (2015) highlighted several promising nucleoside agents, including 7-deaza-2′-C-methyladenosine (CMA), which had in vitro activity against TBEV. Importantly, they also found that intraperitoneal 7-deaza-2′-CMA administration showed efficacy in BALB/c mice infected with a lethal dose of the European TBEV strain, Hypr. Here, it demonstrated an impressive survival benefit of 35%, 50%, and 60%, at doses of 5 and 15 mg/kg once daily and 25 mg/kg twice daily, respectively, versus controls. Moreover, while an S603T escape mutation affecting the NS5 protein was found to markedly decrease 7-deaza-2′-CMA efficacy, increasing the 50% effective concentration (EC50) by 50-fold versus wild type virus, this mutation was associated with a drastically attenuated virus that was significantly less neurovirulent and associated with decreased mortality. While 7-deaza-2′-CMA has been investigated in other orthoflavivirus infections, such as Zika virus, no human trials yet exist in TBEV, which should be encouraged.

• #1 Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): From Tick to Pathology

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/21/6859

  When testing antiviral compounds, it is important that the in vitro model reflects the anatomy of the infection in vivo. Given that different cell lines may provide different results, a novel rat organotypic cerebellum slice (OCS) model, serving as a more complex in vitro model, was developed, utilising several potent nucleoside analogue compounds, including 7-deaza-2′-CMA. Of these, 2′-CMA and 7-deaza-2′-CMA at a concentration of 50 µM demonstrated the greatest activity, reducing TBEV viral replication by 75–80 fold by quantitative PCR and by 10^3 by plaque reduction assay. Importantly, both agents demonstrated no observable cytotoxicity up to 500 µM. While this suggests that the OCS model may represent a faithful in vitro model, it is important to recognise that they cannot replace suitable in vivo models, where pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are important considerations. Other antiviral approaches include fluorinated nucleoside analogues, which, due to their strong negative electrical charge, induce conformational change within the pentose sugar ring, making them unusable by viral DNA/RNA polymerase and resistant to intracellular degradation. Of studied agents, 3′-deoxy-3′-fluoroadenosine in particular has shown efficacy against multiple orthoflaviviruses and TBEV strains. At low concentrations (1.6 µM), it can lead to sustained inhibition of viral replication and cytopathic effects for at least 72 h in porcine kidney stable (PS) cells. Importantly, this effect was most pronounced when PS cells were pre-treated 24 h prior to TBEV infection, raising the possibility of its use as a post-exposure prophylaxis in the clinical setting. Within a BALB/c mouse model infected with TBEV, intraperitoneal treatment with 25 mg/kg of 3′-deoxy-3′-fluoroadenosine for 6 days increased the mean survival of mice by 10.5 ± 1.9 days, but it did not reduce mortality, making this an important area of future research.

• #1 Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): From Tick to Pathology

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/21/6859

  Repurposing existing antimicrobial compounds to treat TBE is advantageous given its inherent cost saving and pre-existing safety data. Novobiocin, for example, an anti-staphylococcal antibiotic, can inhibit Zika protease activity and improve survival in a mouse model; however, its use is precluded by its poor safety profile in humans. Other agents include the anticancer drug Sunitinib, which has shown some efficacy in Dengue animal models, but is limited in TBE due to its poor CNS penetration. In contrast, Niclosamide, an anthelminthic agent, can block E protein fusion with the host cell membrane and so could have broad potent anti-orthoflaviviral activity. Specifically in TBEV, in vitro data exist for the use of Teicoplanin and Ivermectin, which inhibit the TBEV helicase and the E protein, respectively, at the possible expense of selecting for resistance in their traditional uses as an antibiotic and anti-helminth agent. Galidesivir is an adenosine analogue originally used in Hepatitis C and is being trialed in Ebola and Zika, given its broad spectrum of RNA viral inhibition and lack of cytotoxicity. Importantly, in the setting of a TBE BALB/c mouse model, Galidesivir not only proved to have disease-modifying properties, but also encouragingly, with the emergence of resistance, a loss of TBEV viral fitness and neurovirulence was found. This property, therefore, is highly desirable, and as such, Galidesivir is currently the subject of phase 1 trials in TBE.

• #1 Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus (TBEV): Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Therapeutic Approaches and Some Molecular Aspects—An Updated Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7481/15/4/174

  Among small-molecule antivirals, analogues of nucleosides and nucleotides are the most numerous. Several approaches used for the design of such compounds included nucleobase substitution (introduction of side chains into different positions), nucleobase modification by the use of different heterocycles, sugar substitution, and modification of the furanose ring. […] The first synthesized nucleoside with anti-TBEV activity was ribavirin, a triazole nucleoside with anticancer and antiviral properties. […] The pronounced activity of rigid amphipathic fusion inhibitors (RAFIs) preventing membrane fusion of enveloped viruses was also discovered. Among these compounds, 5-(perylen-3-yl)-2-thiophenecarboxylic acid showed the highest antiviral activity against TBEV with a 50% effective concentration of 1.6 nM.

• #1 Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBE) – Regent Street Clinic

  https://www.regentstreetclinic.co.uk/tick-borne-encephalitis/

  There is no specific drug therapy for tick encephalitis, but there is a very effective vaccine. […] If bitten by a tick, medical advice should be sought locally, as specific treatment may be available and advised within 48 hours. […] Meningitis, encephalitis or meningoencephalitis require hospital supportive care based on syndrome severity and all these conditions are potentially fatal. […] Anti-inflammatory drugs may be considered under specific circumstances, for symptomatic relief. […] Effective inactivated vaccines are available in the UK for the protection of those individuals at high risk of exposure to the virus, through travel or employment. […] Vaccination is recommended for those travelling to warm, forested parts of the endemic areas, particularly in the spring and summer, where ticks are most prevalent.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/tick-borne-encephalitis

  Encephalitis developing during this second phase may result in paralysis, permanent sequelae or death. About 1% of cases with neurological pathologies may die; higher fatality rates have been reported from the Russian federation, which may be related to a different virus subtype. Severity of illness increases with age of the patient, but fatalities have been reported from all age groups. There is no specific treatment for tick-borne encephalitis. […] Immunization offers the most effective protection. Currently, there are 4 widely used vaccines of assured quality: FSME-Immun and Encepur, manufactured in Austria and Germany respectively, and based on European strains of the virus; and TBE-Moscow and EnceVir, manufactured in the Russian Federation and based on Far-Eastern strains. The 4 vaccines are considered to be safe and effective. […] In areas where the disease is highly endemic, WHO recommends that vaccination be offered to all age groups, including children.

• #1 Tick-Borne Encephalitis | Health.mil

  https://www.health.mil/Military-Health-Topics/Health-Readiness/Immunization-Healthcare/Vaccine-Preventable-Diseases/Tick-Borne-Encephalitis

  Tick-Borne Encephalitis, as its name implies, is a viral disease associated with tick bites that causes inflammation of the brain and other nervous system structures, such as the lining of the brain (meningitis) and the spinal cord (myelitis). […] No specific treatment is available and management is supportive. […] On Aug. 13, 2021, the Food and Drug Administration approved a TBE vaccine (manufactured by Pfizer as TICOVAC) for use in persons aged 1 year. The vaccine is inactivated with a vaccination schedule of three primary doses, and one booster dose administered at 3 years after the primary series if there is ongoing risk of exposure. […] The TBE vaccine currently is marketed in about 30 countries, primarily in Europe.

• #1 Tick-Borne Encephalitis in NYC | Travel Vaccinations NYC

  https://www.travelsurenyc.com/vaccinations-and-prescriptions-2/tick-borne-encephalitis/

  If youre traveling to Europe or Asia, especially between April and November, you may need to receive the TicoVac vaccine to prevent contracting tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). […] Theres no cure for TBE, so, for certain trips, the TicoVac vaccine may be very important. […] There is no cure or treatment for TBE. […] TBE cannot be treated with antibiotics. […] TicoVac is an extremely effective vaccination for individuals with a high risk of tick-borne encephalitis. […] TicoVac is an extremely effective vaccine for the prevention of tick-borne encephalitis. It has a demonstrated effectiveness of 96% to 99%. […] You should complete the primary TicoVac Immunization Series at least one week before you travel to Europe or Asia. […] The most common side effects of the TicoVac vaccine include injection site tenderness, local pain, headache, fever, fatigue, muscle pain, and restlessness. […] We highly recommend the TicoVac vaccine to prevent the dangerous tick-borne encephalitis virus.

• #1 Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine uptake, effectiveness, and impact in Sweden from 2018 to 2022 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-86968-y

  TBE vaccination offers the most effective protection against TBE. […] In Sweden, the recommended vaccine schedule includes a three-dose primary series (at months 0, 13, and 5) in persons 50 years-of-age and a four-dose primary series (at months 0, 1, 3, and 5) in persons 50 years-of-age. […] A three-dose vaccination regimen had a VE against TBE of 89.0% (95% CI 84.3-92.4). […] During the five-year study period, receipt of three doses of a TBE vaccine may have averted approximately one thousand, predominately hospitalized, TBE cases. […] Despite the effectiveness of TBE vaccines, during the study period there were 2,015 reported TBE cases (3.9/100,000 PPY) in Sweden, predominately in the unvaccinated population. […] To prevent additional TBE cases in Sweden, enhanced efforts to increase TBE vaccine uptake are needed.

• #1 Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBE) – Regent Street Clinic

  https://www.regentstreetclinic.co.uk/tick-borne-encephalitis/

  Ideally, immunisation should be completed at least a month before travel. […] For rapid short-term protection of children and adults, the second dose may be given two weeks after the first dose and gives at least 90% protection. […] A booster dose should be given every three years if there is a continued risk.

• #1 Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE virus infections) – NIPH

  https://www.fhi.no/en/in/smittevernhandboka/sykdommer-a-a/tick-borne-encephalitis–tbe-virus-infections/

  There is no specific treatment for infection. […] The tick-borne encephalitis vaccine (TBE vaccine) has a protective effect of approximately 95 % against tick-borne encephalitis after completing the basic vaccination (3 doses). […] In Norway, TBE vaccination should be considered for children and adults who often experience tick bites in coastal areas where TBE cases among humans have been reported. […] TBE vaccines are usually not recommended for regular tourist trips to endemic areas abroad, but to travellers who are going to stay in forest areas (e.g. in connection with orienteering, forestry work, hiking or camping) in areas where diseases are endemic.

• #1 Tick-Borne Encephalitis Vaccination Oxford I Book Vaccination Today

  https://www.oxfordtravelvaccination.com/tick-borne-encephalitis

  There is no specific antiviral treatment for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). The treatment primarily focuses on managing the symptoms and providing supportive care. This may include: […] Severe cases of TBE may require hospitalisation for close monitoring and supportive treatment. […] Medications can be prescribed to relieve fever, pain, and other symptoms. Bed rest, proper hydration, and a balanced diet are also important. […] In cases where there are neurological complications or symptoms, additional care may be needed. This can involve measures such as physical therapy, speech therapy, or occupational therapy to help manage and improve any resulting movement or cognitive issues. […] Vaccination is available in some regions where TBE is prevalent and is recommended for individuals at risk of exposure. It’s important to take precautions to avoid tick bites, such as using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, and performing regular tick checks after spending time in areas where ticks are prevalent.

• #1 Tick-borne encephalitis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1613?locale=en_GB&

  Treatment consists of supportive care and management of complications. Aciclovir is given empirically until herpes simplex/varicella zoster infection is ruled out. […] Most patients recover fully without long-term sequelae, but some patients may experience long-term neurological symptoms or even death.

• #1 Tick-borne encephalitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/tick-borne-encephalitis-3?lang=us

  There is no treatment for tick-borne encephalitis and vaccination is encouraged. […] Although the risk of death is small, long term neurological sequelae – mainly gait disturbance – occur in approximately half of patients and may persist for several years.

• #1 Tick-borne encephalitis in children | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening

  https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2023/09/clinical-review/tick-borne-encephalitis-children

  Treatment is symptomatic, for example antipyretics, analgesics, fluid therapy, antiemetics, anticonvulsants and, in the most severe cases, organ support. The proportion of children requiring intensive care varies considerably across studies (022 %) (6). Any empiric therapy initiated with acyclovir should be discontinued when the diagnosis is confirmed and herpes encephalitis has been ruled out (12). […] Child deaths caused by the European subtype of the TBE virus are extremely rare, and severe neurological sequelae are less common in children than in adults (6). However, the risk of long-term cognitive dysfunction is a concern. In a Swedish follow-up study, half of the children experienced residual problems, including headaches, cognitive problems, irritability and fatigue four years after the illness (14). A German study observed persistent decreased background activity in EEG in children examined three years after they had encephalitis (13).

• #2 Tick-borne Encephalitis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment | Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tick-borne-encephalitis/symptoms-diagnosis-treatment/index.html

  There is no specific treatment for tick-borne encephalitis. […] Rest, fluids, and pain medications may relieve symptoms. […] There is no medication to treat tick-borne encephalitis virus infection. However, a vaccine is available to prevent infection; visit our tick-borne encephalitis vaccine page for more information about who the vaccine is recommended for. […] Rest, fluids, and over-the-counter pain medications may relieve some symptoms. […] People with severe disease often need to be hospitalized to receive support for breathing, staying hydrated, or reducing swelling in the brain.

• #2 Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/tbe

  Theres no specific treatment for tick-borne encephalitis. Drinking plenty of fluids, resting and taking over-the-counter pain relievers might help your symptoms. If youre severely ill, healthcare providers will monitor you in the hospital. Some people need mechanical ventilation to help them breathe. […] Theres a vaccine for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) that can protect you from serious illness. Talk to your provider if you think you should get vaccinated, or if you have any concerns about TBE.

• #2 Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE)

  https://vaccination-info.europa.eu/en/tick-borne-encephalitis-tbe

  There is no specific way to treat TBE. Treatment relies on supportive management. If a person develops meningitis, encephalitis, or meningomyelitis they will require hospitalisation and supportive care e.g. support for breathing, staying hydrated, or reducing swelling in the brain.

• #2 Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tick-borne-encephalitis/

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) can be life-threatening if it spreads to your brain. You’ll need to be treated in hospital if you’re seriously unwell. […] Treatment may include: medicine, fluids, given through a vein, ventilation, where a machine is used to breathe for you, surgery to drain fluid from the brain (this is rare).

• #2 Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): From Tick to Pathology

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/21/6859

  Current management of TBE is supportive and involves the use of antipyretics, analgesia, intravenous fluid, and anticonvulsive agents. Alongside this the measurement and control of intracranial pressure (ICP) is required to prevent disability and death and includes head-up positioning, hyperventilation, hypertonic saline, and intravenous mannitol. Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic that reduces sodium and water reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule and loop of Henle, thereby reducing cerebral oedema. However, mannitol use is not without controversy, given the lack of robust evidence that it improves neurological outcomes and its inherent risks, i.e., severe hypernatraemia and kidney failure. In a study looking at the biochemical effects of a single dose of 0.25 g/kg 15% mannitol in TBE patients, high rates of hypokalaemia and hypernatremia were observed in older men and persisted for 7 days post-use. Moreover, in those with meningoencephalitis and meningoencephalomyelitis, the development of syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone (SIADH) was observed. While the authors suggested that mannitol could be utilised up to four times a day, they did not assess clinical status as a primary outcome, making this suggestion contentious. The European Academy of Neurology (EAN) suggests that, if utilised, mannitol should be administered as bolus therapy for a maximum of 1–2 days rather than continuously. Indeed, the use of osmotherapy agents in TBE has been identified as a key area for further research in an attempt to improve TBE neurological outcomes.

• #2 Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) | gesund.bund.de

  https://gesund.bund.de/en/tick-borne-encephalitis-tbe

  There is no special treatment for TBE, i.e. there are no drugs that can directly combat the virus. […] Doctors can solely treat the symptoms of the infection to alleviate these and help the body recover. […] TBE treatment options include: painkillers, especially to alleviate headaches; antipyretic (fever-reducing) medication; anti-epileptic drugs if seizures occur. […] Drugs containing cortisone should be avoided as they can weaken the body’s natural immune defenses. […] Important: Anyone with a suspected TBE infection should be hospitalized and clinically monitored. This is because their condition can rapidly deteriorate, resulting in a need for intensive care treatment.

• #2 Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus (TBEV): Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Therapeutic Approaches and Some Molecular Aspects—An Updated Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7481/15/4/174

  Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a significant public health concern, particularly in rural regions, like the Caucasus, where tick-borne diseases are prevalent. […] This review provides an updated overview of TBEV, encompassing its status, subtypes, life cycle and circulation in nature, epidemiology, new approaches to TBE treatment and diagnostics, and recent insights into molecular aspects. […] The treatment of TBE focuses on symptomatic and supportive measures since no specific antiviral therapy is available. The development of specific therapeutic agents and strategies for the treatment of TBE is currently being pursued in two main directions: immunotherapy and screening of small-molecule antivirals. Specific and non-specific immunoglobulins, recombinant anti-TBEV immunoglobulins, and vaccines are used for the therapy.

• #2 May early intervention with high dose intravenous immunoglobulin pose a potentially successful treatment for severe cases of tick-borne encephalitis? | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2334-13-306

  To our knowledge, high dose intravenous immunoglobulin has not been tested systematically for treating severe cases of tick-borne encephalitis. […] Analogous to the increasing number of case reports on the successful treatment of other arboviral encephalitides with high dose intravenous immunoglobulins, we postulate whether it may be possible to also treat severe cases of tick-borne encephalitis with high dose intravenous immunoglobulins as early in the course of the disease as possible. […] There is no specific treatment currently available for TBEV disease. Since immune modulation by tetracycline was helpful, immunomodulatory therapy may be the way to go. […] Ideal therapy will (i) enhance protective immune reactions, (ii) normalize immune regulation, and (iii) suppress the damaging mechanisms by the immune response. A well-proven option of immune modulation is to administrate a generic high dose (1 to 2 grams per kilogram body weight) of intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) over a time course of 2 to 5 days.

• #2 Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus (TBEV): Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Therapeutic Approaches and Some Molecular Aspects—An Updated Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7481/15/4/174

  Among small-molecule antivirals, analogues of nucleosides and nucleotides are the most numerous. Several approaches used for the design of such compounds included nucleobase substitution (introduction of side chains into different positions), nucleobase modification by the use of different heterocycles, sugar substitution, and modification of the furanose ring. […] The first synthesized nucleoside with anti-TBEV activity was ribavirin, a triazole nucleoside with anticancer and antiviral properties. […] The pronounced activity of rigid amphipathic fusion inhibitors (RAFIs) preventing membrane fusion of enveloped viruses was also discovered. Among these compounds, 5-(perylen-3-yl)-2-thiophenecarboxylic acid showed the highest antiviral activity against TBEV with a 50% effective concentration of 1.6 nM.

• #2 Tick-Borne Encephalitis in NYC | Travel Vaccinations NYC

  https://www.travelsurenyc.com/vaccinations-and-prescriptions-2/tick-borne-encephalitis/

  If youre traveling to Europe or Asia, especially between April and November, you may need to receive the TicoVac vaccine to prevent contracting tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). […] Theres no cure for TBE, so, for certain trips, the TicoVac vaccine may be very important. […] There is no cure or treatment for TBE. […] TBE cannot be treated with antibiotics. […] TicoVac is an extremely effective vaccination for individuals with a high risk of tick-borne encephalitis. […] TicoVac is an extremely effective vaccine for the prevention of tick-borne encephalitis. It has a demonstrated effectiveness of 96% to 99%. […] You should complete the primary TicoVac Immunization Series at least one week before you travel to Europe or Asia. […] The most common side effects of the TicoVac vaccine include injection site tenderness, local pain, headache, fever, fatigue, muscle pain, and restlessness. […] We highly recommend the TicoVac vaccine to prevent the dangerous tick-borne encephalitis virus.

• #2 Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine uptake, effectiveness, and impact in Sweden from 2018 to 2022 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-86968-y

  TBE vaccination offers the most effective protection against TBE. […] In Sweden, the recommended vaccine schedule includes a three-dose primary series (at months 0, 13, and 5) in persons 50 years-of-age and a four-dose primary series (at months 0, 1, 3, and 5) in persons 50 years-of-age. […] A three-dose vaccination regimen had a VE against TBE of 89.0% (95% CI 84.3-92.4). […] During the five-year study period, receipt of three doses of a TBE vaccine may have averted approximately one thousand, predominately hospitalized, TBE cases. […] Despite the effectiveness of TBE vaccines, during the study period there were 2,015 reported TBE cases (3.9/100,000 PPY) in Sweden, predominately in the unvaccinated population. […] To prevent additional TBE cases in Sweden, enhanced efforts to increase TBE vaccine uptake are needed.

• #2 What is TBE?

  https://ticovac.pfizerpro.com/clinical-information/what-is-tbe

  There is no cure or treatment for TBE. Patients infected are only able to manage their symptoms through various treatment methods. […] TicoVac is a vaccine indicated for active immunization to prevent tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and is approved for use in individuals 1 year of age and older.

• #2 Tick-borne encephalitis virus – Swissticks

  https://swissticks.ch/en/pathogens/tick-borne-encephalitis-virus/

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral infection, which may affect the central nervous system. The disease may be fatal in some cases. A vaccine is available for protection against the disease. […] There is no specific treatment against TBE, treatment is symptomatic. The potential of some antiviral substances, immunoglobulins and other protective substances is being evaluated. […] There exists an efficient and safe vaccination against TBE. Vaccination is recommended to all individuals (generally from the age of 6), who get exposed to tick bites in a risk area. Basic immunization comprises 3 vaccine doses. Booster vaccination is required every 10 years when the risk of exposure persists.

• #2 Tick-borne Encephalitis – Cheshire Travel Clinic

  https://www.cheshiretravelclinic.co.uk/tick-borne-encephalitis.html

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral infection that can affect the central nervous system/brain and is transmitted to humans by a bite from an infected tick. […] No specific treatment is available for TBE. […] The most effective way to prevent TBE is through vaccination; this should be considered if you will be spending long periods of time in forested/rural areas of countries with TBE e.g. you are travelling to go hiking, camping, orienteering, walking, running, cycling etc. The vaccine available in the UK is called TicoVac and TicoVac Junior for children. A vaccination course consists of 3 doses of vaccine, at least 2 doses of which are required before travel.

• #2 Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE) – Viral Diseases – Infectious Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.18.5.2.

  Antiviral treatment is not available. General recommendations and symptomatic treatment are the same as in other viral CNS infections. […] In the majority of patients the recovery is complete. In patients with encephalitis and myelitis, sensory disturbances, paresis, and impairment of memory and concentration may persist for several months.

• #2 Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE) Vaccine | London | Fleet Street Clinic

  https://fleetstreetclinic.com/services/travel-clinic/travel-vaccinations/tick-borne-encephalitis/

  Tick-borne encephalitis requires 3-doses for full protection. […] There is no specific treatment available for TBE and the best way to protect yourself is through vaccination. […] Vaccines can provide protection, and as there is currently no known cure for tick-borne encephalitis virus, those individuals who would be considered at higher risk are advised to be vaccinated as a precaution. […] There is no specific treatment for TBE which is why the emphasis is placed upon prevention of the illness. Fatality occurs in up to 3% of European / Siberian strains, and up to 30% in Asian strains. People who survive severe infections are often left with lasting disability.

• #3 Factsheet about tick-borne encephalitis (TBE)

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/tick-borne-encephalitis/facts/factsheet

  There is no specific antiviral therapy for TBE. Treatment relies on supportive management. Meningitis, encephalitis or meningomyelitis require hospitalisation and supportive care based on syndrome severity.

• #3

  https://www.mehilainen.fi/en/tick-bite/tick-borne-encephalitis-tbe

  Treatment of tick-borne encephalitis is mainly symptomatic, as there is no cure for the virus. The aim of the treatment is to alleviate symptoms and prevent the development of complications. […] Mild symptoms can be treated at home with painkillers, fever-lowering medication, rest and hydration. In severe cases, the patient may require hospital and supportive care, such as hydration or breathing assistance. […] Treatment options for tick-borne encephalitis include: Painkillers, Fever-lowering medication, Rest, Hydration, In severe cases, hospital and supportive care.

• #3 About TBE | Bavarian Nordic

  https://bnvaccines.com/en-FI/disease-area/about-tbe

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) represents a growing public health problem that could be substantially reduced with vaccination. […] TBE is transmitted within minutes from infected tick’s saliva and there is no cure for TBE. […] There is no specific antiviral treatment available for TBE. […] Patients typically need hospitalisation and supportive care based on the severity of signs/symptoms, and usually encompasses maintenance of water and electrolyte balance and administration of: Antipyretics, Analgesics, Antiemetics. […] Patients with neuromuscular paralysis leading to respiratory failure require intubation and ventilatory support, while those with cerebral edema and who have significantly raised intracranial pressure are often treated with intravenous mannitol and/or steroids.

• #3 About TBE | Bavarian Nordic

  https://bnvaccines.com/en-EE/disease-area/about-tbe

  There is no specific antiviral treatment available for TBE. […] Patients typically need hospitalisation and supportive care based on the severity of signs/symptoms, and usually encompasses maintenance of water and electrolyte balance and administration of: […] Anti-convulsive agents, where necessary. […] Patients with neuromuscular paralysis leading to respiratory failure require intubation and ventilatory support, while those with cerebral edema and who have significantly raised intracranial pressure are often treated with intravenous mannitol and/or steroids.

• #3

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13365-020-00856-x

  The aim of our study was to compare the course of TBE in children and adults. […] TBE symptoms in children were milder compared with adults, with meningitis in 97% of cases. […] In adults, meningoencephalitis and meningoencephalomyelitis made up 49.26% of cases. […] Children treated with corticosteroids over 7 days had higher checkup pleocytosis than pleocytosis at the onset of disease compared with adults. […] Corticosteroid use prolongs the disease duration but does not influence the development of TBE sequelae. […] The treatment of TBE is symptomatic, but when the disease takes a severe course, dexamethasone may be used. […] In our study, some adults as well as children received dexamethasone. […] We observed that treatment with dexamethasone correlated positively with pleocytosis in the checkup CSF in children. […] There were no significant differences in sequelae development between children treated and not treated with dexamethasone. […] Dexamethasone usage prolongs the disease but does not influence sequelae development.

• #3 Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): From Tick to Pathology

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/21/6859

  At this time, there are no antiviral treatments recommended for use in TBE, with novel drug discovery complicated by the paucity of established drug targets and the needs to be cost-effective and achieve adequate CSF penetration. In general, the majority of antivirals work to inhibit viral polymerase and thus genome replication. Previous work by Eyer et al. (2015) highlighted several promising nucleoside agents, including 7-deaza-2′-C-methyladenosine (CMA), which had in vitro activity against TBEV. Importantly, they also found that intraperitoneal 7-deaza-2′-CMA administration showed efficacy in BALB/c mice infected with a lethal dose of the European TBEV strain, Hypr. Here, it demonstrated an impressive survival benefit of 35%, 50%, and 60%, at doses of 5 and 15 mg/kg once daily and 25 mg/kg twice daily, respectively, versus controls. Moreover, while an S603T escape mutation affecting the NS5 protein was found to markedly decrease 7-deaza-2′-CMA efficacy, increasing the 50% effective concentration (EC50) by 50-fold versus wild type virus, this mutation was associated with a drastically attenuated virus that was significantly less neurovirulent and associated with decreased mortality. While 7-deaza-2′-CMA has been investigated in other orthoflavivirus infections, such as Zika virus, no human trials yet exist in TBEV, which should be encouraged.

• #3 Tick-borne encephalitis in children | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening

  https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2023/09/clinical-review/tick-borne-encephalitis-children

  Treatment is symptomatic, for example antipyretics, analgesics, fluid therapy, antiemetics, anticonvulsants and, in the most severe cases, organ support. The proportion of children requiring intensive care varies considerably across studies (022 %) (6). Any empiric therapy initiated with acyclovir should be discontinued when the diagnosis is confirmed and herpes encephalitis has been ruled out (12). […] Child deaths caused by the European subtype of the TBE virus are extremely rare, and severe neurological sequelae are less common in children than in adults (6). However, the risk of long-term cognitive dysfunction is a concern. In a Swedish follow-up study, half of the children experienced residual problems, including headaches, cognitive problems, irritability and fatigue four years after the illness (14). A German study observed persistent decreased background activity in EEG in children examined three years after they had encephalitis (13).

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