Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Tick-borne Encephalitis: Causes and How It Spreads | Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tick-borne-encephalitis/causes-and-spread/index.html

  Tick-borne encephalitis is caused by a virus primarily spread to people through the bite of an infected tick. […] Tick-borne encephalitis is caused by a virus that is found in parts of the region stretching from western and northern Europe to northern and eastern Asia. […] There are three different subtypes of tick-borne encephalitis virus, namely European, Far Eastern, and Siberian. […] TBE virus is spread to people primarily through the bite of an infected Ixodes tick. […] Ticks become infected when they feed on small rodents that have the virus in their blood. […] People do not develop high enough levels of the virus in their blood to infect biting ticks. […] The virus is not transmitted from person-to-person, except rarely by blood transfusion, organ transplantation, or breastfeeding. […] Tick-borne encephalitis virus is primarily spread by ticks.

• #2 Factsheet about tick-borne encephalitis (TBE)

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/tick-borne-encephalitis/facts/factsheet

  Tickborne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral infectious disease that attacks the central nervous system and can result in long-term neurological symptoms, and even death. Tickborne encephalitis is caused by a virus (Flavivirus genus, family Flaviviridae) which includes three subtypes: […] TBE has become a growing public health challenge in Europe and other parts of the world. The number of human cases of TBE in all endemic regions of Europe has increased by almost 400% in the last 30 years; the risk areas have spread and new foci have been discovered. […] The TBE virus is transmitted by the bite of infected ticks. Humans may acquire infection by consumption of infected unpasteurised dairy products. […] In endemic areas, people with recreational or occupational outdoor activities (e.g. hunting, fishing, camping, collecting mushrooms and berries, forestry, farming, military training) are potentially at risk of infection by contact with infected ticks.

• #3 Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): From Tick to Pathology

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/21/6859

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral arthropod infection, endemic to large parts of Europe and Asia, and is characterised by neurological involvement, which can range from mild to severe, and in 33–60% of cases, it leads to a post-encephalitis syndrome and long-term morbidity. While TBE virus, now identified as Orthoflavivirus encephalitidis, was originally isolated in 1937, the pathogenesis of TBE is not fully appreciated with the mode of transmission (blood, tick, alimentary), viral strain, host immune response, and age, likely helping to shape the disease phenotype that we explore in this review. […] TBEV is transmitted primarily by infected hard ticks, such as Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus, although other tick species may also act as a host, with transmission occurring within minutes of a tick bite. TBEV is an orthoflavivirus, and as such, it is related to Orthoflavivirus japonicum (Japanese encephalitis, JE), Orthoflavivirus nilense (West Nile Virus, WNV), and Orthoflavivirus louisense (St. Louis encephalitis, SLE) and thus possesses a single-stranded positive-sense RNA (ssRNA) genome.

• #4 Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): From Tick to Pathology

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10650904/

  The control of orthoflaviviruses such as TBEV is challenging due to the presence of multiple animal reservoir hosts, which help to sustain the disease in areas of endemicity. […] While, traditionally, only three subtypes of TBEV were recognised, namely the European, Siberian, and Far-Eastern subtypes, recent phylogenetic studies have identified two further subtypes, Himalayan and Baikalian. […] Overall, the European subtype of TBEV is the most widespread, having been reported as far as Tunisia and South Korea, and uniquely, it may present in a biphasic manner. […] Therefore, TBE is a growing concern given the multiple transmission route, the ubiquity of the tick vector, and the increase in TBE incidence over the last 30 years despite the presence of an effective vaccine. […] While rodents were considered the chief mechanism by which tick population infection is maintained, it is clear that non-viraemic routes of transmission, including tick transovarial/transstadial transmission and transmission amongst co-feeding infected and non-infected ticks, are important contributors to TBEV persistence at these natural focuses given the fluctuations in reservoir host populations.

• #5

  https://www.gov.uk/guidance/tick-borne-encephalitis-epidemiology-diagnosis-and-prevention

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral infection that causes minimal or no symptoms in the majority of people. In rare cases, the virus can attack the central nervous system and can result in long-term neurological symptoms or (very rarely) death. TBE virus (TBEV) is a member of the genus Flavivirus. […] TBEV has 5 main subtypes, which are closely related: European, transmitted by Ixodes ricinus ticks, and endemic in rural and forested areas of central, eastern and northern Europe; Far-Eastern, transmitted mainly by Ixodes persulcatus, and endemic in far-eastern Russia and in forested regions of China and Japan; Siberian, transmitted by Ixodes persulcatus, and endemic in Urals region, Siberia and far-eastern Russia, and some areas in north-eastern Europe; the recently recognised Baikalian subtype, transmitted by Ixodes persulcatus, and found in East Siberia; the recently recognised Himalayan subtype, for which Marmota himalayana is the primary host, and found in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China.

• #6 Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE) – Viral Diseases – Infectious Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.18.5.2.

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral central nervous system (CNS) infection that usually follows a biphasic course. […] Etiology: Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), a neurotropic virus that is a member of the Flaviviridae family. TBEV is divided into European, Siberian, and Far Eastern (also known as Russian spring-summer) subtypes. Two additional subtypes Himalayan and Baikalian are less well reported and described. […] The virus is usually transmitted via a bite of an infected tick, and rarely via oral route by consumption of unpasteurized milk from infected animals (this may cause small-scale epidemics). […] The disease is found in endemic areas across large regions of Europe (central and eastern) and Asia (southern Russia, northern Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and Japan). […] Epidemiology is changing with climate changes, with TBE being reported, for example, in Scandinavia.

• #7 Orphanet: Tick-borne encephalitis

  https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/297

  An infectious disease characterized by central nervous system (CNS) involvement caused by the TBE virus (TBEV) and transmitted to humans principally by the bite of ticks from the Ixodes genus. The symptomatology is often biphasic, with the initial phase being associated with a nonspecific febrile illness and the second phase with meningitis, meningoencephalitis or meningoencephalomyelitis. […] TBE is caused by three main subtypes of TBEV (a member of the genus Flavivirus in the family Flaviviridae): European, Siberian and Far Eastern; recently, Baikal and Himalayan TBEV subtypes have also been reported.

• #8 Tick-borne encephalitis: A review of epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4419106/

  Tick-borne encephalitis is an infection of central nervous system caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus transmitted to humans predominantly by tick bites. […] The genetic analysis shows the existence of three TBEV subtypes named as European, Siberian, and Far-Eastern subtype. […] The primary reservoirs and hosts of TBEV in nature are small rodents; humans do not play any role in the maintenance of TBEV in nature and they are only accidental hosts. […] TBEV is transmitted to humans mainly by hard tick bites; in Europe the principal vector is Ixodes ricinus (I. ricinus), in parts of Eastern Europe, Russia and in far-east Asia the vector is Ixodes persulcatus (I. persulcatus) whereas in Japan Far-Eastern TBEV subtype has been demonstrated in Ixodes ovatus ticks. […] The disease caused by the European TBEV subtype usually has a biphasic course, with a severe neurologic deficit in approximately 10% of patients, and a case-fatality rate of less than 2%.

• #9 Tick-borne encephalitis: A review of epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4419106/

  The abortive form of TBE is rare-the initial phase most of the time move on to the second phase of the disease. […] Long-lasting sequelae are identified in up to 50% of adult patients. […] Infections with Far Eastern TBEV subtype often cause an illness with a gradual onset, more severe course, higher rates of severe neurologic sequelae, and a fatality rate of 20%-40%. […] The outcome of TBE is associated with clinical presentation. The risk of incomplete recovery is higher for patients who have more severe clinical illness during acute phase of TBE. […] TBE is an important tick-borne central nervous system infection in Europe and Asia. Due to relatively severe clinical course combined with the absence of etiologic treatment, considerable proportion of patients with incomplete recovery after acute illness and increasing incidence, it represents a growing (public) health problem that could be substantially reduced with vaccination.

• #10 Tick-borne encephalitis

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/tick-borne-encephalitis

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an infectious disease that affects the central nervous system and is transmitted by the bite of infected ticks. […] The severity of the disease depends largely on the type of virus. There are three virus subtypes: European subtype: its mortality rate is between 0.5% and 2%, and up to 10% of people infected suffer long-term or permanent neurological problems. […] The disease is transmitted by the bite of an infected tick or through consumption of infected unpasteurised dairy products. […] There is a vaccine against the disease, but no specific antiviral treatment.

• #11 Tick-Borne Encephalitis

  https://www.encephalitis.info/types-of-encephalitis/infectious-encephalitis/tick-borne-encephalitis/

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a type of viral encephalitis caused by a virus that is spread by ticks. Ticks are the main carriers of the virus. The virus is also found in small rodents and some larger animals such as deer, sheep and goats. TBE virus can be transmitted to humans through the bite of the infected tick. […] There are three different main types of TBE virus: the European (Western), the Siberian and the Far-Eastern (spring-and-summer encephalitis) types. […] Not all ticks carry the virus, but it can be present in up to 10% of ticks in some areas. […] Tick-borne encephalitis virus is endemic in many parts of Europe (Estonia, Slovenia, Latvia, Lithuania, Czech Republic, Austria, Sweden, Switzerland, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, Finland, Germany, France, Croatia and Norway), Siberia, Far-Eastern Russia, northern China and Japan. […] It is predicted that the areas affected will grow due to global warming.

• #12 Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): From Tick to Pathology

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10650904/

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral arthropod infection, endemic to large parts of Europe and Asia, and is characterised by neurological involvement, which can range from mild to severe, and in 3360% of cases, it leads to a post-encephalitis syndrome and long-term morbidity. While TBE virus, now identified as Orthoflavivirus encephalitidis, was originally isolated in 1937, the pathogenesis of TBE is not fully appreciated with the mode of transmission (blood, tick, alimentary), viral strain, host immune response, and age, likely helping to shape the disease phenotype that we explore in this review. […] Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) was first clinically described in the 18th century, with its causative agent tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) now identified as Orthoflavivirus encephalitidis, first isolated in 1937. TBEV is transmitted primarily by infected hard ticks, such as Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus, although other tick species may also act as a host, with transmission occurring within minutes of a tick bite.

• #13

  https://www.gov.uk/guidance/tick-borne-encephalitis-epidemiology-diagnosis-and-prevention

  Competent reservoir hosts of TBEV are mainly small rodents (voles, mice) and insectivores (shrews). Other animals support virus circulation indirectly by enabling tick multiplication. These include wild and domestic mammals, especially hares, deer, wild boar, sheep, cattle and goats. […] TBEV is normally transmitted by the bite of an infected tick. […] TBEV is not directly transmitted from person to person. There have been case reports of transmission through organ transplants, blood transfusion, via the transplacental route and breastfeeding. Infection has also followed laboratory sharps injuries. […] TBEV is a notifiable organism, and you should notify your local health protection team if detected. […] In 2019, TBEV (European subtype) was detected in a small number of ticks in Thetford Forest and an area on the border between Hampshire and Dorset. Subsequently, TBEV-positive ticks have been found in North Yorkshire. Further work is under way to identify the distribution of TBEV-infected tick populations in England. […] To date, all other cases of TBEV infection reported in the UK have been acquired through travel to high-risk areas abroad.

• #14

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/tick-borne-encephalitis

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an important cause of viral infections of the central nervous system in eastern, central, northern and increasingly western European countries, and in northern China, Mongolia, and the Russian Federation. Tick-borne encephalitis virus is a member of the family Flaviviridae. […] The vast majority of infections with the virus result from infected ticks, which often remain firmly attached to the skin for days. On rare occasions, infection can result from consumption of unpasteurized milk from infect goats, sheep or cows. […] There is no direct person-to-person transmission. […] About 1% of cases with neurological pathologies may die; higher fatality rates have been reported from the Russian federation, which may be related to a different virus subtype. […] There is no specific treatment for tick-borne encephalitis.

• #15 Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) | Hôpital de La Tour

  https://www.la-tour.ch/en/tick-borne-encephalitis-tbe

  Tick-borne encephalitis is a viral disease transmitted by the bite of an infected tick. […] TBE is caused by the tick-borne meningoencephalitis virus, transmitted mainly by the Ixodes ricinus tick, widely present in forests and grassy areas up to 2000 meters altitude. […] Ticks become infected by feeding on hosts, such as rodents, which carry the virus. […] The virus is transmitted through the bite of an infected tick, during the first few minutes after it has latched on to feed on blood. […] Contamination through consumption of unpasteurized dairy products, particularly goat’s milk, has also been documented. […] Tick-borne encephalitis is transmitted mainly through the bite of infected ticks, but also through the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products in certain regions. […] There is no specific treatment for tick-borne encephalitis; care focuses on symptom relief and prevention.

• #16 Tick-Borne Encephalitis | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/54912

  TBE arises in an endemic pattern of socalled natural foci over a large geographical area extending from Central Europe and Scandinavia through the Eurasian continent to NorthEastern China and Northern Japan. […] The main hosts and reservoirs of TBEV in nature are wild vertebrate, in particular small rodents. […] Most human infections occur through an infected hard tick bites. […] In Europe, the TBEV prevalence in unfed I. ricinus ticks ranges from 0.1 to 5.0% (depending on the geographical location and time of the year) and increases with development stage, whereas in Siberia, the reported proportion of infected adult I. persulcatus ticks is up to 40%. […] TBE is a seasonal disease; most cases occur in the warm period of the year (usually between April and November) which correlates with the period of the highest tick activity and with increased exposure during this time period.

• #17 About TBE | Bavarian Nordic

  https://bnvaccines.com/en-FI/disease-area/about-tbe

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral infection affecting the brain and spinal cord, that is mainly spread by tick bites; although, in rare cases, can also be found in unpasteurised dairy products from infected animals. […] The disease is caused by the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), which is a member of the Flaviviridae family of viruses. […] The primary reservoirs and hosts of TBE virus (TBEV) in nature are small rodents (e.g. voles, mice), and transmission to humans via hard tick bites within minutes.

• #18 Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): From Tick to Pathology

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/21/6859

  The control of orthoflaviviruses such as TBEV is challenging due to the presence of multiple animal reservoir hosts, which help to sustain the disease in areas of endemicity. […] Overall, the European subtype of TBEV is the most widespread, having been reported as far as Tunisia and South Korea, and uniquely, it may present in a biphasic manner. […] While TBE has similarities to other tick-borne diseases, it has some important differences. […] Therefore, TBE is a growing concern given the multiple transmission route, the ubiquity of the tick vector, and the increase in TBE incidence over the last 30 years despite the presence of an effective vaccine. […] The increase in TBE cases is likely multifactorial but almost certainly reflects the effects of climate change and land usage by humans (i.e., urbanization), which has helped create and sustain environments outside of endemic areas for tick populations e.g., I.persulcatus to thrive and remain active outside the typical months of March–July.

• #19 Tick-Borne Encephalitis | Health.mil

  https://www.health.mil/Military-Health-Topics/Health-Readiness/Immunization-Healthcare/Vaccine-Preventable-Diseases/Tick-Borne-Encephalitis

  Tick-Borne Encephalitis, as its name implies, is a viral disease associated with tick bites that causes inflammation of the brain and other nervous system structures, such as the lining of the brain (meningitis) and the spinal cord (myelitis). This disease is focally endemic, found in the geographic region extending from western and northern Europe through to eastern and northern Asia. TBE virus is primarily transmitted to humans by infected ticks. The main TBE virus transmission season is during the warmer months from April through November. Ticks are typically found in woodland habitats, including in and on the edges of deciduous forests. The highest risk for TBE is for persons undertaking recreational outdoor activities (e.g., hiking, camping, hunting, foraging, fishing, bird-watching) or who might be occupationally exposed (e.g., forestry workers, farmers, and military personnel).

• #20 Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): From Tick to Pathology

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10650904/

  The increase in TBE cases is likely multifactorial but almost certainly reflects the effects of climate change and land usage by humans (i.e., urbanization), which has helped create and sustain environments outside of endemic areas for tick populations e.g., I.persulcatus to thrive and remain active outside the typical months of March-July. […] Overall, while the mortality rate of European TBE is low, the associated morbidity is significant.

• #21 (PDF) Prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus inIxodes ricinus ticks in Finland

  https://www.academia.edu/100839267/Prevalence_of_tick_borne_encephalitis_virus_inIxodes_ricinus_ticks_in_Finland

  Assessing the TBEV prevalence in ticks through detection of genomic RNA is a broadly accepted approach to estimate the transmission risk from a tick bite. […] TBE virus was detected in 11 pools, 9 times in flagged adults D. reticulatus (n = 1534; MIR: 0.59%, CI: 0.29-11.3%) and only twice in I. ricinus nymphs (n = 349; MIR: 0.57%, CI: 0.02-2.2%). […] TBEV is the causative agent of one of the most important viral diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). […] The castor bean tick, Ixodes ricinus, is the TBEV vector with the highest importance in Central Europe, including Germany. […] TBEV is endemic in twenty-seven European countries, transmitted via the bite of an infected tick. […] TBEV is known to be transmitted mainly by Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus ticks. […] TBEV was detected in ticks from all the investigated altitudes.

• #22 (PDF) Prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus inIxodes ricinus ticks in Finland

  https://www.academia.edu/100839267/Prevalence_of_tick_borne_encephalitis_virus_inIxodes_ricinus_ticks_in_Finland

  The TBEV strain from D. nuttalli was isolated from the territory inhabited only by Dermacentor ticks. […] TBEV was detected in tick populations at six of the 45 sites. […] TBEV is a potentially life-threatening disease in humans and is caused by a flavivirus spread by infected ticks (Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus). […] The reasons for this increase are multi-faceted and may involve improvements in diagnosis and reporting of TBE cases, increases in recreational activities in areas inhabited by infected ticks and changes in climatic conditions affecting tick habitats. […] TBEV has been found to cause serious diseases in humans. […] Distribution of TBEV has a focal character.

• #23 Tick-borne encephalitis virus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tick-borne_encephalitis_virus

  Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a positive-strand RNA virus associated with tick-borne encephalitis in the genus Flavivirus. […] TBEV is a member of the genus Flavivirus. Other close relatives, members of the TBEV serocomplex, include Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, Kyasanur Forest disease virus, Alkhurma virus, Louping ill virus and Langat virus. […] TBEV has three subtypes: Western European subtype (formerly Central European encephalitis virus, CEEV; principal tick vector: Ixodes ricinus); Siberian subtype (formerly West Siberian virus; principal tick vector: Ixodes persulcatus); Far Eastern subtype (formerly Russian Spring Summer encephalitis virus, RSSEV; principal tick vector: Ixodes persulcatus). […] The envelope protein is involved in receptor-binding and neurovirulence, where increased glycosaminoglycan-binding affinity attenuates neuroinvasiveness.

• #24 Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE) Vaccine | London | Fleet Street Clinic

  https://fleetstreetclinic.com/services/travel-clinic/travel-vaccinations/tick-borne-encephalitis/

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral infection that is on the rise. […] The disease causes a severe infection of the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord, which can lead to complications and lasting neurological damage and disability. Although rare, it is potentially life-threatening. There is no specific treatment available for TBE and the best way to protect yourself is through vaccination. […] TBE is a virus infection transmitted through the bite of an infected Ixodes tick. […] The virus belongs to the same family of viruses that relate to Yellow Fever, Japanese Encephalitis, Dengue Fever and Zika virus- known as flaviviruses. […] TBE affects the central nervous system, can lead to neurological complications and can even be fatal in severe cases. […] There is no specific treatment for TBE which is why the emphasis is placed upon prevention of the illness. Fatality occurs in up to 3% of European / Siberian strains, and up to 30% in Asian strains. People who survive severe infections are often left with lasting disability.

• #25 Tick-Borne Encephalitis | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/54912

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an important central nervous system infection in Europe and Asia. It is caused by three subtypes of TBE virus (TBEV): European, Siberian and Far-Eastern, belonging to the genus Flavivirus. […] TBE is caused by TBEV, a small, neurotropic, lipidenveloped spherical RNA virus, the member of genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae. […] TBEV occurs in three subtypes named as European, Siberian, and FarEastern subtype. […] In spite of the pronounced genetic similarity of the subtypes the illness caused by individual subtype is not completely equivalent to those due to the other subtypes. […] An important characteristic of the TBEV, which allows them alimentary route of infection, is their ability to maintain at least residual infectivity at acidic pH (above pH 1.42).

• #26 Tick-borne encephalitis virus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tick-borne_encephalitis_virus

  The immunogenicity of TBEV NS1 has been demonstrated, showcasing its ability to trigger oxidative stress and elicit the expression of immunoproteasome subunits. […] Additionally, it has been observed to stimulate the production of cytokines. […] The NS5 protein has interferon antagonist activity as it downregulates the expression of IFN receptor subunit. […] Non structural protein 5 (NS5) affects neuropathogenesis by attenuation of neurite outgrowth. […] Untranslated region 3 (UTR3) and UTR 5 affect genomic RNA cyclization and replication, and viral RNA transport in dendrites, which impacts neurogenesis and synaptic communication. […] TBEV has a strong preference for neuronal tissue, and is neuroinvasive. […] The initial viremic stage allows access to a number of the preferential tissues. However, the exact mechanism by which TBEV crosses into the central nervous system (CNS) is unclear.

• #27 Tick-borne encephalitis virus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tick-borne_encephalitis_virus

  CNS infection brings on the second phase in the classic biphasic infection pattern associated with the European subtype. CNS disease is immunopathological; release of inflammatory cytokines coupled with the action of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and possibly NK cells results in inflammation and apoptosis of infected cells that is responsible for many of the CNS symptoms. […] TBEV specific IgM and IgG antibodies are produced in response to infection. […] IgG levels peak at about 6 weeks after the appearance of CNS symptoms, then decline slightly but do not dissipate, likely conferring life long immunity to the patient.

• #28 Tick-Borne Encephalitis | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/54912

  The outcome of TBE is associated with clinical presentation. The risk of incomplete recovery is higher for patients who have more severe clinical illness during acute phase of TBE. […] Hostrelated factors, particularly genetically determined variability of the inflammatory/immune response, very likely have an important impact on the course and longterm outcome of TBE.

• #29 Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE virus infections) – NIPH

  https://www.fhi.no/en/in/smittevernhandboka/sykdommer-a-a/tick-borne-encephalitis–tbe-virus-infections/

  TBE is caused by infection of the central nervous system with the tick-borne encephalitis virus. The virus is transmitted by tick bites. […] The disease was confirmed to be caused by a virus in the 1930s. […] Mice are a reservoir for the virus, and the virus is transmitted to humans through the tick species Ixodes ricinus. […] The Siberian type of infection can lead to permanent paralysis and meningitis. […] In 1937, the disease was shown to be caused by a virus. […] The mortality rate (lethality) in Western Europe is 1%, while approximately 3% of those infected get permanent paresis. […] Oriental encephalitis (Eastern European type) usually gives the same symptoms as tick-borne encephalitis, but more often a more severe disease course with higher lethality. […] The TBE virus occurs in many places in Europe, and in recent years has established itself in the coastal districts of southern Norway.

• #30 Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): From Tick to Pathology

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/21/6859

  The diagnosis of TBE is dependent on the stage of the disease in which the patient presents. In the first phase of the disease, characterised by viraemia, serum, and very rarely CSF TBEV reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is positive, in the absence of serology. […] With the development of the second phase of disease, the viraemia disappears with serum, and on occasion, CSF TBEV IgM and IgG now detectable. […] The outcome of TBE infection is variable, but it seems heavily dependent on the viral strain, disease phenotype, and host immune response. […] Overall, while the mortality rate of European TBE is low, the associated morbidity is significant.

• #31 Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) Serology and PCR– Referred Out | Public Health Ontario

  https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/Laboratory-Services/Test-Information-Index/Tick-Borne-Encephalitis-Virus

  This page provides information on the testing available for Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), caused by the Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). […] The TBEV is a single-stranded RNA virus that is a member of the Flaviviridae family and is known to affect the central nervous system. The primary route of transmission for this virus is through a tick bite, but can also occur by other means (e.g. ingestion of contaminated unpasteurized milk products). There are three main subtypes of TBEV that occur in Europe and parts of Asia: European, Far Eastern (Russian Spring-Summer), and Siberian subtypes. […] The diagnosis of TBE is based on the detection of specific IgM antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid (intrathecal production) and/or serum. TBE antibodies appear within 6 days after symptom onset and can be detected when neurological symptoms are present. Specific IgM antibodies can persist for up to 10 months in individuals who acquired the infection naturally.

• #32 Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) Serology and PCR– Referred Out | Public Health Ontario

  https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/Laboratory-Services/Test-Information-Index/Tick-Borne-Encephalitis-Virus

  Detection by PCR methods may be valuable for an early differential diagnosis of TBE. […] TBEV serology (IgG and IgM) is performed at the National Microbiology Laboratory using an Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) assay. […] Molecular detection of TBEV is performed at the National Microbiology Laboratory by PCR.

• #33 Case Report: Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus Infection in Beneficiaries of the U.S. Military Healthcare System in Southern Germany | Health.mil

  https://www.health.mil/News/Articles/2019/11/01/Tick-borne-Encephalitis-Virus-Infection

  TBEV infection can cause a spectrum of illness ranging from subclinical (about one-third of cases) to death (0-1.4%). Differences in clinical severity are believed to be due to varying virulence of the pathogen and individual factors, most prominently age (older age is associated with increased severity of disease) and comorbidities (especially immunosuppression). […] The current report describes 3 cases of TBE that occurred among U.S. Military Health System beneficiaries living in Germany in 2017 and 2018. […] The patient was diagnosed with TBE on the basis of the compatible clinical presentation and positive serum TBE IgG and IgM antibodies. […] None of the cases reported here had been immunized against TBEV. Vaccination is safe and effective in preventing TBE. Unfortunately, no TBE vaccines are U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved, so purchase or administration by the U.S. government, including U.S. military medical facilities, is legally restricted.

• #34 (PDF) Prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus inIxodes ricinus ticks in Finland

  https://www.academia.edu/100839267/Prevalence_of_tick_borne_encephalitis_virus_inIxodes_ricinus_ticks_in_Finland

  The Baltic States are the region in Europe where tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is most endemic, with one-third of the European TBE cases detected in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. […] Ticks from the Ixodidae family are the main vectors of the TBE virus (TBEV) in Europe. […] TBEV was detected in the three developmental stages (adults, nymphs and larvae) of I. ricinus and in D. reticulatus adults. […] The MIR of TBEV in the total sample of I. ricinus was 0.4 % (28/7170) and for D. reticulatus was also estimated to be 0.4 % (6/ 1676). […] TBEV-infected ticks were found in 16 locations in seven counties, with MIR ranging from 0.1 % to 1.0 %. […] The TBEV strains detected belong to the European subtype. […] Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is an arthropod-borne viral pathogen causing infections in Europe and is responsible for most arbovirus central nervous system infections in Hungary.

• #35 Tick-Borne Encephalitis | LifeMD

  https://lifemd.com/learn/tick-borne-encephalitis

  According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), up to 10,000 cases of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) occur globally each year. […] Like other tick-borne diseases, tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a virus caused by tick bites. The infected tick transmits the TBE virus to a human through its bite. […] While ticks are the primary carriers of this virus, other animals, including rodents, deer, sheep, and goats, may also carry TBE. […] In rare cases, humans have been infected with the TBE virus by drinking unpasteurized milk from goats, sheep, and cows. […] The risk of contracting tick-borne encephalitis virus is highest in spring, summer, and early fall, which is when the ticks that spread the disease are most active. […] The TBE virus is usually diagnosed by testing a sample of your blood. This will help your healthcare provider detect the first phase of the illness.

• #36 Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): A European Multicentre Study from 2010 to 2017

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/7/1420

  Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an infection of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) being transmitted by ticks in several central, eastern, and northern European countries. The severity of the disease is broad, ranging from fever and headache to death, with a relatively high proportion of patients needing intensive care unit (ICU) treatment. Most patients develop meningitis or meningoencephalitis, some present with additional spinal involvement. At hospital discharge, many patients suffer persisting signs like ataxia and tremor; symptoms such as headache or decreased concentration are also described. In addition, follow-up studies have shown that 16–50% of patients suffer from long-lasting sequelae. Since the 1970s, a highly effective vaccine against TBE has been available and has led to a significant decrease in cases in countries with high vaccination rates. Nevertheless, TBE remains an important issue caused by climate change and residual low vaccination rates in several endemic countries. Therefore, continuous monitoring and detailed clinical analysis are needed to inform health care professionals and public authorities. […] This study provides further evidence that TBE is a severe disease with a large proportion of patients with incomplete recovery. We suggest monitoring TBE in endemic European countries using a uniform protocol to record the full clinical spectrum of the disease.

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