Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Dysentery – Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/digestive-health/dysentery

  Dysentery broadly refers to infectious gastrointestinal disorders characterized by inflammation of the intestines, chiefly the colon. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines dysentery as any episode of diarrhea in which blood is present in loose, watery stools. […] Dysentery is spread among humans through contaminated food and water. Once a person is infected, the infectious organism lives in the intestines and is passed in the stool of the infected person. With some infections, animals can also be infected and spread the disease to humans. […] Common bacterial causes of dysentery in the United States include infections with the bacteria Shigella and some types of Escherichia coli (E coli). Other less common bacterial causes of bloody diarrhea include Salmonella and Campylobacter infections. Dysentery is associated with environmental conditions where poor sanitation is prevalent. For example, childcare institutions and developing countries have higher rates of Shigella. Amebic dysentery, caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica, is most commonly found in tropical areas with crowded living conditions and poor sanitation.

• #2 Dysentery | Definition, Types, Spread, & Prevention | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/dysentery

  dysentery, infectious disease characterized by inflammation of the intestine, abdominal pain, and diarrhea with stools that often contain blood and mucus. Dysentery is a significant cause of illness and death in young children, particularly those who live in less-developed countries. […] There are two major types: bacillary dysentery, caused by bacteria, and amebic dysentery, caused by amoebas. […] Bacillary dysentery, or shigellosis, is caused by bacilli of the genus Shigella. […] Amebic dysentery, or intestinal amebiasis, is caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. […] Dysentery is transmitted through the ingestion of food or water that has been contaminated by the feces of a human carrier of the infective organism.

• #3 Dysentery: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, And Home Remedies

  https://www.stylecraze.com/articles/effective-home-remedies-to-treat-dysentery/

  Dysentery is one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal problems. According to studies, an estimated 165 million individuals worldwide are infected with bacillary dysentery, and 1.1 million people die each year due to the condition. […] Dysentery may result in death if not treated promptly and adequately. So, it is critical to intervene as early as possible. […] Dysentery is caused by Shigella bacteria or an ameba called Entamoeba histolytica. The most common cause of dysentery is poor sanitary conditions. Stale food, contaminated water, and exposure to human excreta are other causes of dysentery. […] People living in overcrowded areas with poor standards of sanitation and regions of tropical climate are susceptible to contaminated food and water. This forms an easy channel for one to catch an infection that can cause dysentery. This infection can also be transferred through carriers, such as house flies, water, or food, and, in some cases, physical contact with another person carrying the infection.

• #4 Dysentery: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23567-dysentery

  Dysentery is a gastrointestinal disease. Its causes include bacterial or parasitic infections. […] Dysentery is characterized by diarrhea, high fever, weight loss, an upset stomach and nausea and vomiting. […] There are two main types of dysentery: Amoebic dysentery (amoebiasis) and Bacillary dysentery. […] The parasite Entamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica) is one of the main causes of amoebic dysentery. Other parasites that cause amoebic dysentery include Balantidium coli (B. coli) and strongyloidiasis. […] A bacterial infection causes bacillary dysentery. Some of the most common bacteria that cause bacillary dysentery include Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Bacillary dysentery is the most common type of dysentery. […] The parasitic and bacterial infections that cause dysentery are very contagious. […] Bacillary dysentery occurs when foreign bacteria enter your body and the infection becomes severe. […] Amoebiasis occurs when a particular parasite enters your body. […] Dysentery is very contagious. Amoebic dysentery usually spreads from contaminated food or water.

• #5 Dysentery: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/what-is-dysentery

  Dysentery is an infection in your intestines that causes bloody diarrhea. It can be caused by a parasite or bacteria. […] Bacillary dysentery is the most common type of dysentery. It results from bacteria called Shigella. The disease is called shigellosis. […] Amoebic dysentery comes from a parasite called Entamoeba histolytica. […] You can get dysentery if you eat food that’s been prepared by someone who has it. […] Swimming in contaminated water, such as lakes or pools, is another way you might catch dysentery. […] You can sometimes carry the bug that causes dysentery for weeks or years without knowing it.

• #6 Amoebic dysentery

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2943803/

  Amoebic dysentery is caused by the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. It is transmitted in areas where poor sanitation allows contamination of drinking water and food with faeces. In these areas, up to 40% of people with diarrhoea may have amoebic dysentery. […] Ingestion of cysts from food or water contaminated with faeces is the main route of E histolytica transmission. Low standards of hygiene and sanitation, particularly those related to crowding, tropical climate, contamination of food and water with faeces, and inadequate disposal of faeces, all account for the high rates of infection seen in developing countries. […] Amoebic dysentery may progress to amoeboma, fulminant colitis, toxic megacolon and colonic ulcers, and may lead to perforation. […] Fulminant amoebic dysentery is reported to have 55-88% mortality. It is estimated that more than 500 million people are infected with E histolytica worldwide. Between 40 000 and 100 000 will die each year, placing this infection second to malaria in mortality caused by protozoan parasites.

• #7 Dysentery – Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/digestive-health/dysentery

  The bacteria Shigella and E coli and the amoeba Entamoeba histolytica are the most common causes of dysentery. These organisms are present in the stool (feces) of infected people and animals. The Entamoeba histolytica may uneventfully reside in the colon, but if it attacks the colon wall, it can cause dysentery. People with weakened immune systems are also more likely to develop amebic dysentery. […] Most commonly, dysentery is caused by drinking water or eating food from sources contaminated with feces containing the pathogens. Swimming in contaminated water may also result in dysentery. For this reason, dysentery occurs most frequently in people traveling to developing countries and in children who touch infected human or animal feces without proper hand washing. […] Several organisms are known to cause dysentery, most commonly: Campylobacter, Certain types of E coli, Entamoeba histolytica, Salmonella, Shigella.

• #8 Bacillary Dysentery: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22617-bacillary-dysentery

  Bacillary dysentery is a gastrointestinal disease caused by bacterial infection. […] Bacillary dysentery occurs when foreign bacteria enter a persons body and the infection becomes severe. […] Some of the most common bacteria that lead to bacillary dysentery are: Shigella, which leads to shigellosis; Salmonella, which causes salmonella poisoning (salmonellosis); Campylobacter, which causes campylobacteriosis; Escherichia coli, leading to E. coli infection. […] The bacterial infections that can lead to bacillary dysentery are very contagious. […] Bacillary dysentery is caused by bacteria, but amoebic dysentery (amoebiasis) is caused by an amoeba (single-cell parasite).

• #9 Bacillary dysentery – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillary_dysentery

  Bacillary dysentery is a type of dysentery, and is a severe form of shigellosis. It is associated with species of bacteria from the family Enterobacteriaceae. The term is usually restricted to Shigella infections. […] Shigellosis is caused by one of several types of Shigella bacteria. Three species are associated with bacillary dysentery: Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri and Shigella dysenteriae. […] Salmonellosis caused by Salmonella enterica (serovar Typhimurium) has also been described as a cause of bacillary dysentery, though this definition is less common. […] One characteristic of bacillary dysentery is blood in stool, which is the result of invasion of the mucosa by the pathogen. […] Dysentery is caused when the bacteria escape the epithelial cell phagolysosome, multiply within the cytoplasm, and destroy host cells. Shiga toxin causes hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome by damaging endothelial cells in the microvasculature of the colon and the glomeruli, respectively. […] Bacillary dysentery should not be confused with diarrhea caused by other bacterial infections.

• #10 WHO EMRO | Shigella dysentery and shigella infections | Volume 2, issue 1 | EMHJ volume 2, 1996

  https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-2-1996/volume-2-issue-1/article14.html

  In the Eastern Mediterranean Region, dysentery is recognized as one of the major causes of persistent diarrhoea and malnutrition. […] Bacillary dysentery is becoming one of the leading causes of diarrhoea morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age. […] In addition, dysentery is recognized as one of the major causes of persistent diarrhoea and malnutrition in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. […] High case fatality rates (5% and above) may be associated with any of the four species of shigella (S. dysenteriae type 1, S. flexneri, S. boydii and S. sonnei) present in the Region, but very high case fatality rates (over 10%) have been observed only in Sd1 epidemics. […] Shigella infection is spread usually by contaminated food and, less frequently, by water. […] The availability of large volumes of safe water is important for the prevention and control of shigella infection.

• #11 Related conditions – Dysentery – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com

  https://medbroadcast.com/channel/infection/related-conditions/dysentery

  Many people have spent a tropical vacation with a bad stomach bug. They might have had dysentery, a painful intestinal infection that is usually caused by bacteria or parasites. Dysentery is defined as diarrhea in which there is blood, pus, and mucous, usually accompanied by abdominal pain. It usually lasts for 3 to 7 days. […] Dysentery can have a number of causes. Bacterial infections are by far the most common causes of dysentery. These infections include Shigella, Campylobacter, E. coli, and Salmonella species of bacteria. The frequency of each pathogen varies considerably in different regions of the world. Dysentery is rarely caused by chemical irritants or by intestinal worms. […] The Shigella and Campylobacter bacteria that cause bacillary dysentery are found all over the world. They penetrate the lining of the intestine, causing swelling, ulcerations, and severe diarrhea containing blood and pus. Both infections are spread by ingestion of food or water contaminated with infected feces.

• #12 Dysentery causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Dysentery_causes

  Dysentery causes On the Web […] Causes […] Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) […] Campylobacter […] Salmonellaspp. […] Shigella […] Entamoeba histolytica […] Medications – Rifaximin, Sulfasalazine […] Cancer […] Yersinia.

• #13 What Is Dysentery | Symptoms and Causes.

  https://www.findatopdoc.com/Healthy-Living/What-Is-Dysentery

  Dysentery occurs when the microflora of bowels is disturbed. Microflora is usually disturbed when the number of certain organisms, domestic or foreign, increases extremely. These organisms, called microbes and parasites, can cause dysentery. There are 5 of them: Campylobacter, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, and Entamoeba histolytica. […] Two most common types of dysentery are amoebic dysentery and bacillary dysentery. These are caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica and the bacteria Shigella. […] The main source of Salmonella is the gut of the many animal species. Salmonella is also groups of bacteria that cause food poisoning, and the symptoms that these bacteria cause are the same. Therefore, consuming any kind of product that comes from infected animals, meat, eggs, milk, and other dairy products, can cause infection.

• #14 Dysentery: A Dangerous Digestive Disease You Need to Know About

  https://www.parashospitals.com/blogs/what-is-dysentery-disease

  Salmonella: Certain strains of Salmonella bacteria can lead to dysentery, often transmitted through contaminated food or water. […] Campylobacter: This bacterium is a frequent culprit in cases of dysentery, commonly associated with the consumption of undercooked poultry or unpasteurized milk. […] Viral Dysentery: […] Rotavirus: A highly contagious virus that primarily affects young children, rotavirus can cause severe diarrhea, including dysentery. […] Norovirus: This virus is a leading cause of viral gastroenteritis and can sometimes result in dysentery, especially in immunocompromised individuals. […] Parasitic Dysentery: […] Entamoeba histolytica: This parasitic amoeba is responsible for amoebiasis, a form of dysentery that can lead to life-threatening complications if left untreated. […] Giardia lamblia: Also known as beaver fever, giardiasis is caused by this intestinal parasite and can sometimes manifest as dysentery.

• #15 What Is Dysentery | Symptoms and Causes.

  https://www.findatopdoc.com/Healthy-Living/What-Is-Dysentery

  Other bacteria that cause dysentery are famous Escherichia coli. All of us have some type of Escherichia in our bowels, and they are harmless. However, some of the types aren’t so benevolent and they are accountable for a number of diseases and infections, including dysentery. […] Campylobacter primarily comes from food. This is the most common group of germs which is responsible for food poisoning.

• #16 Related conditions – Dysentery – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com

  https://medbroadcast.com/channel/infection/related-conditions/dysentery

  Intestinal amoebiasis is caused by a protozoan parasite, Entamoeba histolytica. The amoeba can exist for long periods of time in the large bowel (colon). In the vast majority of cases, amoebiasis causes no symptoms only 10% of infected individuals become ill. […] Having sex that involves anal contact may spread amoebic and bacillary dysentery. This is especially true if the sex included direct anal-oral contact, or oral contact with an object (e.g., fingers) that touched or was in the anus of an infected person.

• #17 Amoebiasis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/travel-and-vaccinations/travellers-diarrhoea-leaflet/amoebiasis

  The E. histolytica parasite can cause inflammation of the lining of the intestines. This condition is known as amoebic colitis. […] More severe inflammation with ulceration of the intestinal lining can occur in some people and this is called amoebic dysentery. […] The E. histolytica parasite can invade right through the gut wall, get into the bloodstream, and pass from the bloodstream into the liver. […] An amoebic liver abscess contains pus and liquified, dying liver tissue. […] Symptoms of such a complication include: […] Very rarely, in someone with an amoebic liver abscess, amoebiasis infection can spread to the brain and central nervous system. […] Someone with E. histolytica in a stool (faeces) specimen, even without symptoms, is usually advised to be treated with medication to kill the parasite.

• #18 Parasitic causes of prolonged diarrhoea in travellers Diagnosis and management

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2012/october/parasitic-causes-of-prolonged-diarrhoea-in-travell

  Persistent diarrhoea in the traveller is most commonly caused by protozoan parasites. […] Giardia is the most common organism, followed by Cryptosporidium and E. histolytica. […] Infection with E. histolytica and Strongyloides can cause systemic disease such as liver abscess and hyperinfection syndrome respectively. […] HIV/AIDs patients are at a greater risk of prolonged infections with potentially debilitating symptoms.

• #19 Dysentery: View Causes, Symptoms and Treatments | 1mg

  https://www.1mg.com/diseases/dysentery-721?srsltid=AfmBOor8CV62G7hOeoTuSRGYLx9S9kuwUBmdLcUtOSMqOvboOauXSKsN

  Dysentery is a highly infectious disease that spreads via human-to-human transmission and most commonly via the hand-to-mouth route. It is usually caused by drinking water or eating food from sources contaminated with the organisms that cause the dysentery. […] Dysentery is a painful intestinal infection that causes loose and watery stools along with blood and mucus. It is a highly infectious disease that is caused by bacteria or parasites. […] Poor sanitation, poor hand hygiene, consuming food and water contaminated with fecal matter and various other factors increase the chances of contracting the disease. […] Dysentery is also a common factor of mortality in children below 5 years, but it can affect people of all ages. […] Patients having dysentery have germs in their stools while they have diarrhea and for up to a week or two after the diarrhea has gone away. Dysentery is very contagious as just a small amount of germs can make someone contract the disease.

• #19 Dysentery: View Causes, Symptoms and Treatments | 1mg

  https://www.1mg.com/diseases/dysentery-721?srsltid=AfmBOor8CV62G7hOeoTuSRGYLx9S9kuwUBmdLcUtOSMqOvboOauXSKsN

  Eating foods that are raw, uncooked or prepared by someone who is sick with dysentery. Fruits and vegetables can also get contaminated if they are washed with dirty water or grown in soil polluted by human excreta. […] Drinking water that is contaminated with stool containing the germs. There is a high risk if the water for household use isn’t properly separated from waste water. […] Swallowing infected water while swimming in a river, lake or public swimming pool. […] Any sexual activity that involves direct anal-oral contact with an infected or recently recovered patient.

• #20 What is Dysentery: Exploring its Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention

  https://www.maxhealthcare.in/blogs/dysentery-types-symptoms-and-causes

  Dysentery can be caused by various factors, including bacterial, parasitic, or viral infections. Here are the main causes: […] The most common cause of dysentery is bacterial infections. Bacteria such as Shigella species (which cause shigellosis), Campylobacter species, and certain strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli) can lead to dysentery. […] Dysentery can also be caused by parasitic infections, particularly by the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. […] While extreme and rare certain viral infections can also cause dysentery. […] Dysentery can occur through various routes of transmission. These include: […] Inadequately cooked food or water contaminated with faecal matter containing infectious agents is a common route of transmission for dysentery-causing pathogens. […] Poor personal hygiene practices, such as inadequate handwashing after using the toilet or before handling food, can contribute to the spread of dysentery. […] Close contact with infected individuals, particularly in crowded or unsanitary conditions, increases the risk of transmission of dysentery-causing pathogens.

• #21 What Is Dysentery: Dysentery Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://flebo.in/health/dysentery-disease-causes-symptoms-prevention-treatment/

  Dysentery can either be caused by bacteria or a parasite. Therefore, it is of two types, bacillus dysentery caused by Shigella and amoebic dysentery caused by amoeba. […] The most common cause of dysentery is poor sanitary conditions. It is more frequent in slum areas where people can easily get in contact with animal or human feces. You can also get dysentery if you swim in infected water. […] You can also get dysentery if you have food and water contaminated with shigella bacteria. If you have leftover food or drink water from a bottle already used by a person with dysentery, you can also get a bacterial infection. […] Dysentery can be passed on from one person to another if the pathogens in the feces get transferred. If you touch the belongings of another person that has dysentery bacteria, you can also get infected.

• #22

  https://111.wales.nhs.uk/dysentery/

  Dysentery is an infection of the intestines that causes diarrhoea containing blood or mucus. […] Bacillary and amoebic dysentery are both highly infectious and can be passed on if the poo (faeces) of an infected person gets into another person’s mouth. […] This can happen if someone with the infection does not wash their hands after going to the toilet and then touches food, surfaces or another person. […] In developing countries with poor sanitation, infected poo may contaminate the water supply or food, particularly cold uncooked food.

• #23 Shigella infection – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/shigella/symptoms-causes/syc-20377529

  Shigella infection is caused by swallowing shigella bacteria. This can happen when you: […] Touch your mouth. This poses a risk because there are many ways for shigella germs to get on your hands. You might change the diaper of a child who has shigella infection. Or you might touch an object that has germs on it, such as a toy or changing table. The germs also can spread from hand to mouth during sexual contact with someone who has the infection. […] Eat tainted food. A person with a shigella infection who handles food can spread the germs to people who eat the food. Food also can become tainted if it grows in a field that contains sewage. […] Swallow tainted water. Water can become tainted with shigella germs from sewage. Water also can become tainted if a person with shigella infection swims in it.

• #24 Dysentery: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Preventions

  https://www.felixhospital.com/blogs/dysentery

  Consuming food or water that is contaminated with infectious organisms is a significant risk factor for developing dysentery. […] Inadequate hand hygiene, especially after using the toilet or before handling food, can contribute to the spread of dysentery-causing organisms. […] Traveling to regions with inadequate sanitation and hygiene practices, especially in developing countries, can increase the risk of acquiring dysentery. […] Proper identification of the causative organism is crucial for effective treatment and prevention of dysentery.

• #24 Dysentery: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Preventions

  https://www.felixhospital.com/blogs/dysentery

  Dysentery is primarily caused by the ingestion of contaminated food or water containing pathogenic bacteria, viruses, or parasites. […] Poor sanitation, unhygienic food handling practices, and inadequate water treatment contribute to the spread of dysentery. […] Dysentery is primarily caused by infection with certain types of bacteria, parasites, or viruses. […] Bacterial infections are a leading cause of dysentery. The bacteria Shigella, Campylobacter, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) are among the most common culprits. […] Certain parasites can also cause dysentery. The most notable parasite is Entamoeba histolytica, which is responsible for amoebic dysentery. […] While less common, some viral infections can cause dysentery. Viruses such as rotavirus and norovirus can lead to inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in symptoms of dysentery.

• #25 Dysentery

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/dysentery/

  Dysentery is when an infection gives you diarrhoea with blood in it. […] You may need antibiotics to treat dysentery, depending on what’s causing it. […] Dysentery spreads through infected poo. […] You can get it from: eating food or drink that’s been handled by a person with dysentery, drinking unclean water, especially when travelling abroad, having oral or anal sex with a person with dysentery.

• #26 Centre for Health Protection – Bacillary Dysentery

  https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/healthtopics/content/24/14.html

  Bacillary dysentery, also known as shigellosis, is an intestinal infection caused by Shigella bacteria (including S. sonnei, S. flexneri, S. boydii and S. dysenteriae). […] Bacillary dysentery is transmitted mainly through the faecal-oral route, such as physical contact with the faecal material of a patient or carrier (including diaper-changing and oral-anal sex), or indirectly through consumption of contaminated food and water. […] Young children, travellers to developing countries, homeless people and men who have sex with men are more likely to acquire bacillary dysentery. […] The incubation period is usually 1 – 3 days, but can be up to 7 days.

• #27 Dysentery: Symptoms, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/digestive-health/dysentery

  Dysentery is usually spread as a result of poor hygiene. For example, if someone who has dysentery doesnt wash their hands after using the toilet, anything they touch is at risk. […] The infection is also spread through contact with food or water that has been contaminated with fecal matter. Careful hand washing and proper sanitation can help prevent dysentery and keep it from spreading. […] Shigellosis and amebic dysentery typically result from poor sanitation. This refers to environments where people who dont have dysentery come into contact with fecal matter from people who do have dysentery. […] Amebic dysentery is primarily spread by eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water in tropical areas that have poor sanitation.

• #28

  https://www.abpischools.org.uk/topics/infectious-diseases-diseases/dysentery/

  Houseflies spread more diseases than almost any other vector. […] One of diseases carried by flies is the form of dysentery caused by the Shigella bacteria. […] Dysentery is transmitted directly from one person to another through poor hygiene not washing hands after using the toilet. […] Worldwide it is also widely carried by flies which have access to human faeces.

• #29 What Is Dysentery?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/gastro-health/dysentery

  Dysentery is the inflammation of the intestines accompanied by diarrhea with blood or mucous. […] Bacteria or parasites can cause it. […] Dysentery usually occurs due to the lack of proper hygiene. The condition can spread due to the intake of food or water that has been contaminated. […] Based on the causative factors, dysentery is divided into two categories: Bacillary Dysentery and Amoebic Dysentery. […] Bacillary Dysentery: This is the most common type of dysentery caused by a bacteria called Shigella. […] Amoebic Dysentery: It is caused by a parasite called Entamoeba histolytica. […] Dysentery can be spread by someone already suffering from dysentery who has prepared food without properly washing his hands. […] Moreover, it can spread by contacting a surface (like a washbasin, sink, toilet seat, etc.) that the causative agents have contaminated. […] Swimming in contaminated water, like swimming pools, lakes, etc., can cause dysentery. […] The infection can be passed through a passive carrier (an infected person who does not show any symptoms). […] Sexual contact with a person suffering or recovering from the condition.

• #30

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diarrhoeal-disease

  Diarrhoea is usually a symptom of an infection in the intestinal tract, which can be caused by a variety of bacterial, viral and parasitic organisms. […] Diarrhoea is a symptom of infections caused by a host of bacterial, viral and parasitic organisms, most of which are spread by faeces-contaminated water. […] Among children under 5 years of age, the most common viral pathogens are rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus and astrovirus. Bacterial pathogens include Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., and Campylobacter spp., while parasitic pathogens include Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Entamoeba spp. […] Children who die from diarrhoea often suffer from underlying malnutrition, which makes them more vulnerable to diarrhoea. […] Diarrhoea is a leading cause of malnutrition in children under 5 years old. […] Water contaminated with human faeces, for example from sewage, septic tanks and latrines, is of particular concern. […] Diarrhoeal disease can also spread from person-to-person, aggravated by poor personal hygiene. […] Unsafe domestic water storage and handling is also an important risk factor.

• #31 Dysentery: Causes, Symptoms & Effective Treatments

  https://www.bajajallianz.com/blog/wellness/dysentery-causes-symptoms-and-treatment.html

  Dysentery is an intestinal infection that leads to inflammation and severe diarrhoea. It primarily occurs due to bacterial or parasitic infections and is most commonly spread through contaminated food or water. […] Understanding the reason for dysentery is essential for preventing its spread. Below are the leading causes and symptoms associated with this condition: […] In severe cases, dysentery can lead to complications like dehydration, liver abscesses, or kidney issues if left untreated. […] Dysentery is more common in tropical climates and areas with poor sanitation, where access to clean water and proper hygiene is limited.

• #32 Dysentery: Causes Symptoms and Treatment in Nepal

  https://clinicone.com.np/dysentery-treatment/

  Dysentery is caused by the consumption of the contaminated foods and drinking water with infected fecal matter containing different causative agents(microorganisms). The disease is more prevalent in the rainy season of Nepal. Locals and travelers to Nepal can get travel diarrhea. […] In accordance with the causative agents dysentery can be divided into two types: Amoebic dysentery: It is caused by the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica (E.histoltyca). Bacillary dysentery: It is caused by bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E.coli) or four other species of Shigella. It is the most common type of dysentery. […] In both types of dysentery, the infection spreads due to: Lack of hand hygiene after using toilets and before and after eating foods. Drinking water without any purification measures. Eating infected foods. Eating foods cooked in an unhygienic environment (street foods).

• #33 Commentary on Dysentery amoebiasis’s Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment – DYM_CLINIC

  https://dymmedicalclinic.id/en/opd/disease/dysentery-amoebiasis/

  Dysentery amoebiasis or amoebic dysentery or amebiasis is described as a gastrointestinal infection caused by a parasite called Entamoeba histolytica, with or without clinical signs. […] This disease is commonly caused by consuming food or water contaminated by feces containing E. histolytica cyst, the infectious form of the parasite, but it can also be spread sexually by oral-anal contact. […] Infection occurs worldwide but it is more common in low-income countries with inadequate public health. […] Amebiasis generally affects individuals of all ages and there is no gender difference in amebiasis in children. […] However, invasive disease is more common in males than females in the adult population. […] Dysentery is potentially fatal and extremely dangerous if not treated properly especially to young children, people over the age of 50, pregnant women, and those who have dehydration or malnutrition.

• #34 How a bacterial pathogen that causes dysentery manipulates molecular activity to assure its survival

  https://phys.org/news/2024-09-bacterial-pathogen-dysentery-molecular-survival.html

  Virginia Tech researchers have learned how bacteria manipulate molecules to infect the host organism. Daniel Capelluto and his research team have discovered the mechanism by which the bacterial pathogen Shigella flexneri, the causative agent of dysentery, manipulates molecular activity to assure its survival against its host’s natural defenses. […] According to Capelluto, dysentery is prevalent in low- and middle-income countries, especially among children under 5 years old, and is responsible for 160,000 deaths worldwide each year. […] „Pathogens such as bacteria infect cells and they change the metabolism or the behavior of the cell they are infecting to prepare for their invasion,” said Capelluto, an affiliate with the Fralin Life Sciences Institute. „The bacteria release a bunch of different proteins, and those proteins begin to mess up the host to make sure the bacteria can survive under the hostile environment.”

• #35 How a bacterial pathogen that causes dysentery manipulates molecular activity to assure its survival

  https://phys.org/news/2024-09-bacterial-pathogen-dysentery-molecular-survival.html

  Bacterial proteins disrupt the homeostasis, or balance, of the metabolism in the host, which causes an acidic environment and produces a large amount of lipids that is usually present in traces in the host cell. […] In a healthy organism, certain proteins, TOM1 and TOLLIP, serve the function of delivering no longer needed membrane proteins for degradation. However, when disrupted by a bacterial infection and under acidic conditions, TOM1 and possibly TOLLIP are intracellularly sequestered by binding to the bacterially produced lipid, promoting the survival of the infected cell so the bacterium can progress its infection cycle. […] Locating the site where the critical binding occurs is fundamental to understanding this bacterial infection pathway, and it has the potential to provide insight to unravel other bacterial infection pathways.

• #36 Shigellosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/182767-overview

  Shigellosis is a diarrheal infection caused by Shigella speciesgram-negative, non-spore forming, facultative anaerobes that infect the intestinal liningand spread by fecal-oral transmission. Shigellosis is a major public health problem in both developed and underdeveloped countries, especially with increasing resistance to first- and second-line antimicrobial agents. […] Shigellosis occurs when Shigella species invade the epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal tract, causing diarrhea and bacillary dysentery that ranges from mild to severe disease. It is a major public health problem in developing countries where sanitation is poor but also exists in industrialized nations among the homeless and those with low and middle income. […] Shigella species (eg, S dysenteriae, S flexneri, S sonnei, S boydii) are aerobic, nonmotile, glucose-fermenting, gram-negative rods that are highly contagious, causing diarrhea after ingestion of as few as 180 organisms.

• #37 Shigellosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/182767-overview

  These pathogens cause damage by two mechanisms, (1) invasion of the colonic epithelium, which is dependent on a plasmid-mediated virulence factor, and (2) production of an enterotoxin, which is not essential for colitis but enhances the virulence. […] The organism is spread by fecal-oral contact via infected food or water, during travel, or in long-term care facilities, daycare centers, or nursing homes.

• #38 Dysentery: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, & Treatment

  https://www.health.com/dysentery-7970836

  Dysentery is a gastrointestinal infection that causes bloody diarrhea. It is caused by bacteria or parasites in contaminated food or water or by touching contaminated surfaces and then touching your mouth. […] Dysentery is most common in developing countries with poor sanitation but still occurs in the United States, affecting approximately 450,000 people in the U.S. each year. […] Bacillary dysentery is caused by bacteria, most commonly Shigella bacteria species. Shigella bacteria spread through ingesting contaminated food, water, or coming into contact with the stool of someone who has dysentery. […] Amoebic dysentery is caused by a single-celled parasite called E. histolytica. […] Dysentery is a gastrointestinal infection that causes inflammation in the lining of the intestines, leading to symptoms like bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain. The two main types of dysentery have different causes. […] The parasite or its eggs can enter the body through contaminated food, water, or contact with the stool of someone who has it.

• #39 WHO EMRO | Shigella dysentery and shigella infections | Volume 2, issue 1 | EMHJ volume 2, 1996

  https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-2-1996/volume-2-issue-1/article14.html

  Although most patients recover spontaneously from shigella infections, applying antimicrobial therapy reduces the severity and risk of serious complications and death from the disease. […] Because of the growing proportion of shigella strains resistant to standard low-cost antibiotics (ampicillin, nalidixic acid, co-trimoxazole, tetracycline, chloramphenicol), effective treatment is becoming increasingly difficult. […] Each country aiming to ensure preparedness for an Sd1 epidemic should have effective disease surveillance systems, trained health professionals, reliably supplied health facilities and ongoing health education activities.

• #40 Dysentery in Children

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8542808/

  Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Shigella species, which are resistant to more than two first-line antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole, and ampicillin, are becoming a major global concern. […] The selection of drugs should be in accordance with the communitys resistance patterns, as some bacteria become resistant to antibiotics. […] There has been a 99% reduction in the mortality rate of diarrhea due to treatment with ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, or pivmecillinam for bacterial pathogens; it may be even essential to conduct antibiotic susceptibility tests before treatment. […] Therefore, prompt treatment through rehydration with antibiotics is essential for children with dysentery.

• #41 Dysentery: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments And More

  https://www.lybrate.com/topic/dysentery

  Dysentery is a medical condition which is characterized by an intestinal inflammation inside the colon which can result to chronic diarrhea with blood or mucus in the feces. […] Dysentery can be fatal and can also cause death due to dehydration if the lost fluids from the body is not replaced quickly. […] There are two types of dysentery that are approved by the World Health Organization. […] Bacillary dysentery is usually spread by infected food or beverage. Whereas, the amoeba which causes amoebic dysentery comes out in the form of cysts while passing stool. […] Poor or bad hygiene is the leading cause of dysentery. […] Failure of development of any effective vaccine as well as increased resistance of the causing bacteria to the antibiotics are the reasons that it still is a risk for the health today. […] Dysentery is an intestinal infection that usually causes diarrhoea along with mucus and blood. […] Dysentery is the infection of the intestines that causes diarrhea containing mucus or blood.

• #42 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/preppers/comments/tgsrql/dysentery_one_of_the_leading_causes_of_death_in/

  Dysentery was one of the leading causes of death in the 1800s and early 1900s before we had plumbing and a better understanding of clean water. […] If a SHTF ever happens the odds of getting Dysentery grows a-lot even with todays filter systems due to lack of knowledge and understanding of the product they have.

• #43 The Nosema Problem: Part 7b – The Causes of Dysentery in Honey Bees:  Part 2 – Scientific Beekeeping

  https://scientificbeekeeping.com/the-causes-of-dysentery-in-honey-bees-part-2/

  Finally its time to get to what actually does cause dysentery in a hive, and (in my next article) what the colony (or the beekeeper) can do to minimize its occurrence. […] Dysentery, a winter disease of honeybees, has been known since Aristotles time. Normal defecation in the honeybee takes place on the wing during the flight season. The wintering bee, confined to the hive, is deprived of this opportunity, and the fecal material accumulates in the rectum. An over-accumulation of feces may lead to a forcible discharge in the hive or on the alighting board; this occurrence is called dysentery. […] The only factor showing any relation to the amount of accumulated feces was the moisture content. […] Dysentery of honeybees is caused by excess moisture in the feces. […] This excess moisture is due to the consumption of dilute food or water.

• #44 AMPATH Lab: Dysentery 101 Unraveling The Causes Recognizing The Symptoms And Effective Treatment Options

  https://ampath.com/blogs/dysentery-101-unraveling-the-causes-recognizing-the-symptoms-and-effective-treatment-options?srsltid=AfmBOoo7nuu_0kVxWFrMcFTj7UE8XofPpTOz_cuCBw8I5iGz_7EmP6DC

  Dysentery is a term used to describe severe diarrhea with blood, mucus, or pus in the stool, often accompanied by abdominal pain and can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. It’s commonly caused by bacteria such as Shigella but can also result from parasites like Entamoeba histolytica. […] Understanding the root of dysentery is critical in both its prevention and treatment. The disease can be caused by a variety of microorganisms, and identifying the causative agent is essential in providing appropriate care. […] Bacterial dysentery usually stems from the ingestion of food or water contaminated with pathogenic bacteria. The most common culprit is the genus Shigella, particularly S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii, and S. sonnei. Once ingested, these bacteria cause infection in the colon, leading to the characteristic symptoms of dysentery.

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