Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Diarrhea treatment center (DTC) based diarrheal disease surveillance in settlements in the wake of the mass influx of forcibly displaced Myanmar national (FDMN) in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh, 2018 | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0254473

  In August 2017, after a large influx of forcibly displaced Myanmar nationals (FDMN) in Coxs Bazar, Bangladesh diarrhea treatment centers (DTCs) were deployed. This study aims to report the clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory characteristics of the hospitalized patients. […] The study followed a cross-sectional facility-based surveillance design that monitored patients hospitalized most often due to dehydrating diarrheas in icddr,b operated DTCs. […] The study population was FDMN living in the largely scattered settlements as well as Bangladesh nationals residing in the neighborhood who sought care as admissions from the icddr,b run DTCs. […] Diarrhea has been defined as loose, watery stools, three or more times a day. Dysentery is an inflammatory disease of the intestine, especially of the colon resulting in diarrhea with the presence of blood and mucus in the stools.

• #2 Epidemiology of Acute Diarrheal Diseases | PSM Made Easy

  https://ihatepsm.com/blog/epidemiology-acute-diarrheal-diseases

  Dysentery: Presence of blood and/or mucus in stools Main danger is injury to intestinal mucosa and sepsis […] Causes of Acute diarrhea […] Important cause among under 5 […] Most common in children esp. b/w 6months 2 years age […] This may be due to: Declining maternal antibodies Introduction of complimentary feed Crawling More common in the bottle fed malnourished […] diarrhea and malnutrition-vicious cycle […] Seasonal patterns differ in geographical areas […] Most of the diarrheal agents are transmitted by the fecal-oral route.

• #3 Diarrhea Case Surveillance in the Enterics for Global Health Shigella Surveillance Study: Epidemiologic Methods

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10962728/

  Shigella is a leading cause of acute watery diarrhea, dysentery, and diarrhea-attributed linear growth faltering, a precursor to stunting and lifelong morbidity. […] This multicountry surveillance network will provide key incidence data needed to design Shigella vaccine trials and strengthen readiness for potential trial implementation. […] Diarrheal diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children 5 years of age with an estimated 500 000 deaths annually, ranking third in the global disability-adjusted life-year burden. […] Shigella, a gram-negative bacillus, is a leading cause of acute watery diarrhea and the leading cause of dysentery, responsible for an estimated 90 000 deaths each year in children 5 years of age. […] Shigella-associated linear growth faltering further accounts for an estimated 28% additional deaths beyond those directly attributed to Shigella and more than 2 million cases of moderate to severe stunting each year.

• #4 Dysentery epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Dysentery_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Insufficient data exists, but conservative estimates from the WHO suggest that 90 million cases of Shigellosis are contracted annually, with at least 100,000 of these resulting in death.[1] […] Amebiasis is infecting over 50 million people each year, killing about 50,000.[2]

• #5 Dysentery – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysentery

  Insufficient data exists, but Shigella is estimated to have caused the death of 34,000 children under the age of five in 2013, and 40,000 deaths in people over five years of age. […] Amoebiasis infects over 50 million people each year, of whom 50,000 die (one per thousand).

• #6 Diarrheal diseases remain a leading killer for children under 5, adults 70+ | Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

  https://www.healthdata.org/news-events/newsroom/news-releases/diarrheal-diseases-remain-leading-killer-children-under-5-adults

  Despite substantial declines in mortality and morbidity in the last three decades, diarrheal diseases remain one of the leading causes of death globally. […] In 2021, diarrheal diseases caused 1.2 million deaths worldwide, which is a substantial drop from 2.9 million deaths recorded in 1990. […] Regional disparities in diarrheal disease deaths remain stark. […] The new granular-level analysis by our study can further help decision-makers better target and prioritize the evidence-based strategies to fight diarrheal diseases. […] Major risk factors for diarrheal DALYs include poor neonatal conditions such as low birthweight and preterm birth, child growth failure, unsafe water, and poor sanitation. […] In addition to increasing immunizations globally, we need to expand vaccine development to target specific pathogens that cause diarrheal diseases. […] For the first time, this research incorporates pathogen-specific data from WHOs Global Pediatric Diarrhea Surveillance network from many high-burden countries.

• #7 Prevalence of E. histolytica Associated Dysentery in Children in Satellite Town, Quetta

  https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/prevalence-of-e-histolytica-associated-dysentery-in-children-in-satellite-town-quetta-2161-1165-1000290.php?aid=85886

  Amoebic dysentery is an infection of the gastrointestinal tract caused by the parasitic Entamoeba histolytica, the most invasive type of Entamoeba species. Tropical and sub-tropical developing countries like South Africa, West Africa, Central America, South America, India, Pakistan and Mexico have high rate of incidence where it is a serious health threat. […] The results obtained from this analytical study revealed that the incidence of childhood dysentery is relatively high in this area indicating that the parasite is more prevalent in male (77%) children within the age group of 2-5 as compared to in females. […] The high rate of incidence of this parasite could be due to low immunity level of the hosts caused as a result of malnourished status, poor personal hygiene and inadequate sanitary conditions. Contaminated water supply also contributes to this high rate.

• #8 Etiology and Epidemiology of Travelers’ Diarrhea among US Military and Adult Travelers, 2018–2023 – Volume 30, Supplement—October 2024 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/30/14/24-0308_article

  Travelers diarrhea has a high incidence rate among deployed US military personnel and can hinder operational readiness. The Global Travelers Diarrhea study is a US Department of Defense-funded multisite surveillance effort to investigate the etiology and epidemiology of travelers diarrhea. […] In March 2023, the United States Military Infectious Disease Research Panels Threat Prioritization Panel determined that bacterial diarrhea was the number 1 infectious disease threat to US military operations. […] This article describes the epidemiology of TD cases among US military populations and adult travelers during 2018-2023. […] Our investigation also identified Campylobacter, Salmonella, and norovirus as TD etiologies, although with lower proportions than observed for E. coli. […] Our study data suggest E. coli, specifically pathotypes ETEC, EAEC, and EPEC, are the leading causes of TD in Southern and Central Asia, Northern Africa, the Middle East, sub-Saharan Africa, and Central and South America.

• #9 The changing epidemiology of bacillary dysentery and characteristics of antimicrobial resistance of Shigella isolated in China from 2004–2014

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5116132/

  The resistance rates of Shigella during the study period are shown in Table 1. Isolates had highest resistance against nalidixic acid (89.13% of tested isolates resistant), followed by ampicillin (88.90%), tetracycline (88.43%), and sulfamethoxazole (82.92%). […] Effective antimicrobial therapy of bacillary dysentery can significantly relieve symptoms and shorten both the duration of infection and the excretion time of bacteria. […] Our study shows that Shigella isolated in China tend to have a higher resistance to nalidixic acid, ampicillin, tetracycline, and sulfamethoxazole than that found in many other countries. […] The fact that patterns of antimicrobial resistance of Shigella bacteria are continuously changing underscores the importance of continuous monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility of Shigella bacteria and emphasizes how antimicrobial treatment of bacillary dysentery should be carried out according to antimicrobial susceptibility data.

• #10 The changing epidemiology of bacillary dysentery and characteristics of antimicrobial resistance of Shigella isolated in China from 2004–2014

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5116132/

  Bacillary dysentery caused by bacteria of the genus Shigella is a significant public health problem in developing countries such as China. The objective of this study was to analyze the epidemiological pattern of bacillary dysentery, the diversity of the causative agent, and the antimicrobial resistance patterns of Shigella spp. for the purpose of determining the most effective allocation of resources and prioritization of interventions. […] Surveillance data were acquired from the National Infectious Disease Information Reporting System (20042014) and from the sentinel hospital-based surveillance system (20052014). We analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution of bacillary dysentery, age and sex distribution, species diversity, and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Shigella spp. […] The surveillance registry included over 3 million probable cases of bacillary dysentery during the period 20042014. The annual incidence rate of bacillary dysentery decreased from 38.03 cases per 100,000 person-years in 2004 to 11.24 cases per 100,000 person-years in 2014.

• #11 SciELO – Public Health – Trend and disease burden of bacillary dysentery in China (1991-2000) Trend and disease burden of bacillary dysentery in China (1991-2000)

  https://www.scielosp.org/article/bwho/2006.v84n7/561-568/

  Trend and disease burden of bacillary dysentery in China (1991-2000) […] We aimed to determine the burden of bacillary dysentery in China, its cross-regional variations, trends in morbidity and mortality, the causative bacterial species and antimicrobial resistance patterns. […] In 2000, 0.81-1.7 million episodes of bacillary dysentery occurred of which 0.5 to 0.7 million were treated at health-care facilities and 0.15-0.20 million patients were hospitalized. […] The highest morbidity and mortality rates were among the youngest and oldest age groups. Bacillary dysentery peaked during the summer months. […] We conclude that while morbidity and mortality due to bacillary dysentery has decreased considerably in China in the past decade due to increasing access to affordable health care and antibiotics, a considerable burden exists among the youngest and oldest age groups and in regions with low economic development.

• #12 Aetiology and incidence of diarrhoea requiring hospitalisation in children under 5 years of age in 28 low-income and middle-income countries: findings from the Global Pediatric Diarrhea Surveillance network | BMJ Global Health

  https://gh.bmj.com/content/7/9/e009548

  Diarrhoea remains a leading cause of child morbidity and mortality. Systematically collected and analysed data on the aetiology of hospitalised diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries are needed to prioritise interventions. […] We established the Global Pediatric Diarrhea Surveillance network, in which children under 5 years hospitalised with diarrhoea were enrolled at 33 sentinel surveillance hospitals in 28 low-income and middle-income countries. […] During 2017-2018, 29 502 diarrhoea hospitalisations were enrolled, of which 5465 were randomly selected and tested. Rotavirus was the leading cause of diarrhoea requiring hospitalisation (attributable fraction (AF) 33.3%; 95% CI 27.7 to 40.3), followed by Shigella (9.7%; 95% CI 7.7 to 11.6), norovirus (6.5%; 95% CI 5.4 to 7.6) and adenovirus 40/41 (5.5%; 95% CI 4.4 to 6.7).

• #13 Aetiology and incidence of diarrhoea requiring hospitalisation in children under 5 years of age in 28 low-income and middle-income countries: findings from the Global Pediatric Diarrhea Surveillance network | BMJ Global Health

  https://gh.bmj.com/content/7/9/e009548

  The leading aetiology of diarrhoea was rotavirus at 22 of 33 sites (66.7%), norovirus at 6 (18.2%) and Shigella at 5 (15.2%). […] Overall, the leading aetiologies of hospitalised diarrhoea were rotavirus (AF 33.3%; 95% CI 27.7 to 40.3), Shigella (9.7%; 95% CI 7.7 to 11.6), norovirus (6.5%; 95% CI 5.4 to 7.6) and adenovirus 40/41 (5.5%; 95% CI 4.4 to 6.7). […] The top causes of diarrhoeal deaths were rotavirus (208 009 annual deaths; 95% CI 169 561 to 259 216), Shigella (62 853; 95% CI 48 656 to 78 805), adenovirus 40/41 (36 922; 95% CI 28 469 to 46 672) and norovirus (35 914; 95% CI 27 258 to 46 516). […] By leveraging existing sentinel surveillance in a globally representative range of LMICs and applying the best-available diagnostic and analytical methods, we provide a novel picture of the aetiology of hospitalised diarrhoea in children under 5 and substantially increase the available data for estimating aetiology-specific diarrhoeal deaths.

• #14 Incidence and etiology of infectious diarrhea from a facility-based surveillance system in Guatemala, 2008–2012 | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-019-7720-2

  Diarrhea is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, yet incidence and etiology data are limited. We conducted laboratory-based diarrhea surveillance in Guatemala. […] The adjusted incidence averaged 659 diarrhea cases per 10,000 persons per year, and was highest among children aged 5 years, averaging 1584 cases per 10,000 children per year. […] There was a substantial burden of viral and bacterial diarrheal diseases in Guatemala, highlighting the importance of strengthening laboratory capacity for rapid detection and control and for evaluation of public health interventions. […] The incidence of diarrhea among persons attending the government health care facilities from the catchment areas was 134/10,000 patients/year. However, the average estimated community incidence across both sites adjusted for health care utilization was 659 diarrhea cases per 10,000/persons per year (range: 587-783 diarrhea cases per 10,000 persons per year).

• #15 Incidence and etiology of infectious diarrhea from a facility-based surveillance system in Guatemala, 2008–2012 | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-019-7720-2

  The adjusted incidence was highest among children 5 years old, averaging 1584 cases per 10,000 children per year (range: 1401-1767 cases per 10,000 children per year). […] Our findings show the national rotavirus sentinel surveillance in Guatemala may be capturing about half of cases of diarrhea among children 5 years of age. […] This investigation highlights the importance of strengthening laboratory capacity in Guatemala for rapid detection and control of health threats, and the evaluation of public health interventions to inform adequate control and prevention strategies that could reduce the burden of diarrheal diseases.

• #16

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diarrhoeal-disease

  Diarrhoea is usually a symptom of an infection in the intestinal tract, which can be caused by a variety of bacterial, viral and parasitic organisms. […] Diarrhoea is a leading cause of malnutrition in children under 5 years old. […] Diarrhoea due to infection is widespread throughout developing countries. […] Diarrhoea is a leading cause of child mortality and morbidity in the world, and mostly results from contaminated food and water sources. […] Infection is more common when there is a shortage of adequate sanitation and hygiene and safe water for drinking, cooking and cleaning. […] Diarrhoea is a symptom of infections caused by a host of bacterial, viral and parasitic organisms, most of which are spread by faeces-contaminated water. […] Diarrhoea is a leading cause of malnutrition in children under 5 years old.

• #17

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diarrhoeal-disease

  Diarrhoeal disease can also spread from person-to-person, aggravated by poor personal hygiene. […] Key measures to prevent diarrhoea include: access to safe drinking-water, use of improved sanitation, hand washing with soap, exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life, good personal and food hygiene, health education about how infections spread, rotavirus vaccination. […] WHO works with Member States and other partners to promote national policies and investments that support case management of diarrhoea and its complications as well as increasing access to safe drinking-water and sanitation in developing countries.

• #18 Prevalence of E. histolytica Associated Dysentery in Children in Satellite Town, Quetta

  https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/prevalence-of-e-histolytica-associated-dysentery-in-children-in-satellite-town-quetta-2161-1165-1000290.php?aid=85886

  The primary reservoir for E. histolytica is Humans and the major route of transmission is through contaminated fresh food or water. […] The diagnosis of invasive amoebiasis can be achieved by a combination of methods, such as stool examination, serological testing, and colonoscopy and biopsy of intestinal lesions. […] Poor sanitation and low standard of personal hygiene as well as drinking contaminated water accounts for this high prevalence rate as indicated by our survey conducted in this area in which out of the 50 (for each transmission mode) dysenteric patients that were interviewed 43 of them agreed that poor sanitation and hygiene increases the risk of amoebic infection and 48 stated contaminated water as the prime cause of E. histolytica transmission. […] Low immunity of hosts as a result of malnourished status, poor level of hygiene, improper sanitary conditions and contaminated water supply contributes to prevalence of Amoebic dysentery in satellite town thus a serious health threat spreading instantaneously in this area affecting young ones and infants.

• #19 Travelers’ diarrhea: Epidemiology, microbiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/travelers-diarrhea-epidemiology-microbiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis/print

  Travelers’ diarrhea is the most common illness among individuals traveling to settings where sanitation and hygienic practices are poor and there is limited access to safe drinking water. The attack rate for travelers’ diarrhea ranges between 10 and 70 percent; estimates vary greatly between studies. […] The epidemiology, microbiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of travelers’ diarrhea are discussed here.

• #20 Traveler’s diarrhea: epidemiology and impact on visitors to Fortaleza, Brazil. — Department of Paediatrics

  https://www.paediatrics.ox.ac.uk/publications/1532645

  OBJECTIVE: To assess the epidemiology and impact of traveler’s diarrhea (TD) among visitors to the city of Fortaleza, Cear, Brazil, as part of a global study on TD carried out in four countries. […] The total diarrhea attack rate was 13.4%. […] Younger people ( 36 years) had significantly higher TD attack rates than did older persons. […] According to that analysis, characteristics that are slightly predictive of TD are gender, length of stay, and visiting as a tourist rather than for some other purpose. […] TD affected the travel plans and activities of many of the visitors to Fortaleza.

• #21 SciELO – Public Health – Trend and disease burden of bacillary dysentery in China (1991-2000) Trend and disease burden of bacillary dysentery in China (1991-2000)

  https://www.scielosp.org/article/bwho/2006.v84n7/561-568/

  A continuing analysis of the disease burden of bacillary dysentery would be required for effective treatment and prevention policies, health prioritization debates, and cost-benefit assessments to enable rational decisions on research, prevention and control activities. […] China has two national surveillance systems for infectious diseases the National Noticeable Infectious Disease Reporting system (NIDR) and the National Sentinel Disease Surveillance Points system (DSP). […] The NIDR system involves all health-care facilities at the village, township, county, and city levels. […] The Law on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases (SCSNPC, 1989) requires health-care staff to report any of the 24 infectious diseases, including bacillary dysentery, to the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) where data are collected and analysed every month.

• #22 Diarrhea Case Surveillance in the Enterics for Global Health Shigella Surveillance Study: Epidemiologic Methods

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10962728/

  There are several promising Shigella vaccine candidates under development, including a quadrivalent biconjugate vaccine (Shigella 4V), which is in a phase 1/2 trial among adult and pediatric populations in Kenya. […] Establishing incidence rates of Shigella diarrhea traditionally requires a closed population, such as in a cohort study, with prospective capture of incident diarrheal episodes and fecal testing for Shigella spp. […] Utilizing a hybrid surveillance approach, the Enterics for Global Health (EFGH) Shigella surveillance study will estimate serotype- and disease severity-specific incidence rates of Shigella diarrhea and document the health and economic consequences of Shigella diarrhea in 7 country sites in Africa, Asia, and South America. […] A key aim of EFGH is to estimate the incidence of Shigella diarrhea by various severity definitions, which include clinical measures such as dehydration and clinician decision to hospitalize.

• #23 LSHTM LSHTM Research Online

  https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/10250/

  To estimate the proportion of cases missed in a passive surveillance study of diarrhoea and dysentery at health centres and hospitals in Kaengkhoi district, Saraburi province, Thailand, a community-based cluster survey of treatment-seeking behaviours was conducted during 21-23 June 2002. […] The community survey suggests that passive surveillance estimates of disease incidence will need to be interpreted with caution, since this method will miss nearly a quarter of dysentery cases in children and nearly two-thirds of diarrhoea cases in adults.

• #24 Setting up a Hospital Based Diarrhoea Surveillance System in a Low- and Middle-Income Country: Lessons Learned | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.07.24303953v1.full-text

  We established a hospital-based diarrhoea surveillance system at ADCH in Ndola, Zambia. […] The establishment of a hospital-based diarrhoea surveillance system in Zambia, a low-to middle-income country presented a valuable opportunity to gain insights into the challenges, lessons learned, and recommendations for enhancing the effectiveness of such systems. […] Delays in reporting laboratory results can have a significant impact on patient diagnosis and treatment decisions as factors related to microbe stability, such as time and temperature, are major contributors to false results especially for fastidious organisms such as Shigella. […] Delayed sample collection and processing can have significant implications for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

• #25 Setting up a Hospital Based Diarrhoea Surveillance System in a Low- and Middle-Income Country: Lessons Learned | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.07.24303953v1.full-text

  The second area of delay was transferring the samples by courier from the clinical area to the laboratory. […] The third area of delay was the handling and processing of stool samples within the laboratory. […] To establish successful hospital-based diarrhea surveillance, it is crucial to address delays at various stages of the surveillance cascade. […] The adequacy of health systems infrastructure played a pivotal role in determining the functionality of our surveillance system. […] Effective data management emerged as a cornerstone of our surveillance system. […] The hospital-based surveillance system was successfully rolled out and various key stakeholders were engaged and trained on the data collection tools. […] Diarrhoea is still a problem in Zambia and there is need to extend the current established surveillance system at ADCH to other facilities in order to understand the burden and the circulating pathogens comprehensively. […] Setting up a hospital-based diarrhoea surveillance system in a low-to middle-income country is a complex endeavor, but one that can yield substantial public health benefits.

• #26 Epidemiology, aetiology and seasonality of infectious diarrhoea in adult outpatients through active surveillance in Shanghai, China, 2012–2016: a cross-sectional study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/8/9/e019699

  This study is the first study in Shanghai to identify the aetiology and epidemiology of adult infectious diarrhoea in sporadic outpatients from a continuous active diarrhoea surveillance enhanced with comprehensive laboratory testing for common enteric bacteria and virus. […] A seasonal distribution of adult infectious diarrhoea was observed with a large peak in winter and a small peak in summer. […] Our findings highlight the necessity for conducting an active, comprehensive surveillance for both bacterial and viral enteric pathogens in adults, to monitor the changing dynamics in the epidemiology and aetiology of infectious diarrhoea.

• #27 Diarrheal Diseases – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/diarrheal-diseases

  Deaths from diarrheal diseases have declined over time, but they still carry a substantial death toll today. […] This is because people in many countries still lack access to clean water and sanitation, adequate treatment and healthcare, and have low vaccination rates against pathogens that cause diarrheal disease. […] There are significant differences in diarrheal death rates across the world. […] Deaths from diarrheal disease are more common in poorer countries. […] Death rates in low-income countries are almost fifty times higher than in high-income countries. […] Diarrheal deaths remain a large problem in much of the world even today but they can be significantly reduced with greater public health efforts. […] Researchers now know that diarrheal disease deaths in children are primarily caused by pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and protists.

• #28 The changing epidemiology of bacillary dysentery and characteristics of antimicrobial resistance of Shigella isolated in China from 2004–2014

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5116132/

  The incidence rate of bacillary dysentery has undergone an obvious decrease from 2004 to 2014. […] Antimicrobial resistance of Shigella is a serious public health problem and it is important to consider the susceptibility profile of isolates before determining treatment. […] Knowledge of the disease burden and epidemiological characteristics of bacillary dysentery is helpful for allocating resources and prioritizing interventions. […] Bacillary dysentery was added to the list of notifiable diseases in China in 1956. […] The individual data includes gender, date of birth, address, case classification (probable or confirmed), date of onset, and date of death (if applicable). […] Sentinel hospital-based bacillary dysentery surveillance was established in 2005 to monitor the predominant circulating species and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Shigella in China.

• #29 Global population structure and genotyping framework for genomic surveillance of the major dysentery pathogen, Shigella sonnei | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-22700-4

  Shigella sonnei is the most common agent of shigellosis in high-income countries, and causes a significant disease burden in low- and middle-income countries. […] Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is increasingly utilised for S. sonnei outbreak investigation and surveillance, but comparison of data between studies and labs is challenging. […] In many countries, S. sonnei is a notifiable infection and subject to public health surveillance and outbreak investigations, which are increasingly conducted using WGS. […] However, the lack of a defined global genomic framework and accompanying genotype nomenclature hampers both local reporting, outbreak detection, and patterns of spread within regions. […] WGS-based genotyping frameworks based on single nucleotide variants (SNVs) have been widely adopted for the bacterial pathogens Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, which display similarly low levels of genomic diversity to S. sonnei.

• #30 Global population structure and genotyping framework for genomic surveillance of the major dysentery pathogen, Shigella sonnei | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-22700-4

  Here, we describe the global population structure for S. sonnei and propose a hierarchical SNV-based genotyping scheme, which we define using 1935 globally distributed genomes. […] By applying this novel genotyping framework to S. sonnei WGS data generated in public health laboratories on three continents, we demonstrate the utility of the new scheme for tracking and reporting emerging AMR clones both within and between jurisdictions. […] The global population of S. sonnei is divided into five major lineages. […] Several WGS studies have investigated regional S. sonnei epidemiology and population structure, including in Asia, Australia, the Middle East, South America, and the United Kingdom. […] The majority of clades were represented by isolates from just one or two continents.

• #31

  https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/01.ede.0000276519.80345.19

  This study aims to project the morbidity burden of bacillary dysentery due to climate change, measured in terms of years lost due to disability (YLDs), in a temperate city of China, to provide scientific evidence for policy makers to reduce the impact of climate change on food-borne diseases in the future. […] The total YLDs of bacillary dysentery in 2000 in the temperate city were more than 600 and the YLDs were slightly higher in men than women. Considering the temperature scenarios alone, the YLDs of bacillary dysentery may increase up to 80% by 2020 and 174% by 2050, compared with 2000. With the consideration of both climate scenarios and demographic change, the YLDs of bacillary dysentery may double by 2020 and triple by 2050, compared with 2000, if other influencing factors remain unchanged.

• #32

  https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/01.ede.0000276519.80345.19

  Despite the uncertainties and limitations in the burden of diseases study, our results suggest that global warming may cause a serious increase in the morbidity burden of bacillary dysentery in the temperate city of China. Sustainable policies should be developed and implemented at an early stage for better mitigation and adaptation to the future risk of climate change.

• #33 Diarrhea Case Surveillance in the Enterics for Global Health Shigella Surveillance Study: Epidemiologic Methods

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10962728/

  Ensuring the success of eventual Shigella vaccine field efficacy trials and promoting uptake and adoption of newly licensed Shigella vaccines by policy makers will require recent, country-specific data on the burden of Shigella diarrhea as well as the health and economic consequences of this important disease.

• #34 Etiology and Epidemiology of Travelers’ Diarrhea among US Military and Adult Travelers, 2018–2023 – Volume 30, Supplement—October 2024 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/30/14/24-0308_article

  The highest rates of Campylobacter and Salmonella associated with TD are found in Southeast and East Asia, and high rates are also found in Southern and Central Asia. […] Vaccines used prophylactically to prevent TD have the potential to reduce disease incidence and severity; however, no vaccines for E. coli, Campylobacter, or Shigella are currently licensed by the US Food and Drug Administration. […] Moving forward, we recommend the GTD study expand to include antimicrobial resistance (AMR) characterization of bacterial pathogens identified from TD cases by using antimicrobial susceptibility testing and next-generation sequencing technologies to identify genetic markers of AMR and virulence factors of enteric bacterial pathogens.

• #35 Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases

  https://www.gatesfoundation.org/our-work/programs/global-health/enteric-and-diarrheal-diseases

  Typhoid fever and its cousin, paratyphoid fever, are significant public health problems in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and many parts of sub-Saharan Africa. […] Research, funding, and political commitment to address these diseases are lacking in many places, which results in a dearth of critical information about the pathogens and the environmental factors that increase their occurrence. […] The past 20 years have seen a significant decline in the number of children under age 5 dying from diarrheal diseases, in part due to socioeconomic development, improved water and sanitation systems, and better access to vaccines, diagnostics, and treatments.

• #36 Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases

  https://www.gatesfoundation.org/our-work/programs/global-health/enteric-and-diarrheal-diseases

  Diarrheal infections kill more than 500,000 children under age 5 each year, primarily in lower-income countries. […] We support several surveillance networks, including for global pediatric diarrheal disease surveillance through WHO and its regional offices, typhoid surveillance in South Asia and Africa, and the Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS) network, a global network of foundation-funded study sites. […] We work to generate evidence that can help us understand enteric and diarrheal disease burden, evaluate the impact of interventions (including assessing the effects of vaccine introductions), and plan future investment priorities. […] Enteric and diarrheal diseases are the second leading infectious causes of death for young children in lower-income countries, killing more than 500,000 children under age 5 each year.

• #37 Etiological, epidemiological, and clinical features of acute diarrhea in China | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-22551-z

  National-based prospective surveillance of all-age patients with acute diarrhea was conducted in China between 2009-2018. […] Our findings fill crucial gaps of how the distributions of enteropathogens change across China in patients with diarrhea. This allows enhanced identification of the predominant diarrheal pathogen candidates for diagnosis in clinical practice and more targeted application of prevention and control measures. […] A better understanding of the epidemiology, etiology, and seasonality of acute diarrhea would be valuable for planning and adopting targeted preventive measures, as well as antimicrobial therapy. […] In this study of longitudinal surveillance spanning ten years in China, we provided updated results on the viral, bacterial, and parasitical etiologies in patients with acute diarrhea which differed in terms of patients demography, epidemic season, and socioeconomic level.

• #38 Etiological, epidemiological, and clinical features of acute diarrhea in China | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-22551-z

  The simultaneous detection of a wide range of pathogens offered the opportunity of implementing a discrimination analysis between bacterial and viral diarrhea cases, which according to our data, could be attained by using age, presence of vomiting, and mucous stool. […] Continuous longitudinal surveillance is encouraged in order to maintain the insights to date and form a baseline for future epidemiological studies on diarrheal pathogens in China.

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