Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Dysentery: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23567-dysentery

  The best way to prevent dysentery is to practice good hygiene. Thoroughly wash your hands with soap and running water after going to the bathroom and before handling or eating food. Other ways to prevent dysentery include: […] If you’re traveling to an area where dysentery is common, it’s also a good idea to avoid ice cubes, fountain drinks, water or soft drinks that aren’t in a sealed container and unpasteurized dairy and juice products. Pasteurization is a process that kills bacteria. […] If you have dysentery, the following tips can help prevent you from spreading the infection: Avoid other people. Don’t have sexual contact with anyone else. Don’t prepare food for other people. Don’t swim. Regularly clean toilets, sinks and door handles with disinfecting products. Wash your laundry in hot water at temperatures at least 130F (60C).

• #2 Dysentery

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/dysentery/

  Dysentery spreads through infected poo. […] You can help reduce your chance of catching or spreading dysentery by: washing your hands with soap and water regularly, especially after using the toilet and before preparing food or eating. […] If you’re travelling in places without a clean water supply, there are ways to reduce your risk of getting dysentery. […] only drink bottled water or tap water that’s been boiled. […] wash your hands with soap and water after going to the toilet and before eating or preparing food.

• #3 Travelers’ Diarrhea | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/preparing/travelers-diarrhea

  Healthcare professionals should advise on food safety and options for medications to prevent and treat travelers diarrhea. […] Traveler adherence to recommended approaches can, however, help reducealthough never fully eliminatethe risk for illness. These recommendations include making careful food and beverage choices, using agents other than antimicrobial medications for prophylaxis, and carefully washing hands with soap whenever available. […] Where provided, effective food-handling courses have been shown to decrease the risk for TD. […] The primary agent studied for prevention of TD, other than antibiotics, is bismuth subsalicylate (BSS). Studies from Mexico have shown that this agent reduces the incidence of TD by approximately 50%. […] Probiotics (e.g., Lactobacillus GG, Saccharomyces boulardii) have been studied in small numbers of people as TD prevention, but results are inconclusive, partly because standardized preparations of these bacteria are not reliably available.

• #4 What Is Dysentery: Dysentery Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://flebo.in/health/dysentery-disease-causes-symptoms-prevention-treatment/

  Maintaining proper sanitary conditions is essential for the prevention of dysentery. Here are a few things you can follow to prevent dysentery and avoid spreading it to other people: […] Wash your hands every time with soap and water for at least 30 seconds after using the washroom and before having food. […] Carry your own water bottle and food if you are traveling to slum areas and use a sanitizer before having anything. […] Avoid brushing teeth with tap water and use clean drinking water. […] Avoid using dirty swimming pools. […] Wash fruits and vegetables properly. […] To prevent spreading dysentery to other people, use a different washroom, avoid cooking food for others, and do not mix your clothes with others until the infection is treated. […] Do not have food or water left uncovered and always heat leftover food before having it.

• #5 What is Dysentery: Exploring its Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention

  https://www.maxhealthcare.in/blogs/dysentery-types-symptoms-and-causes

  Preventing dysentery involves practising good hygiene and taking precautions to avoid exposure to the pathogens that cause the condition. Here are some effective preventive measures: […] Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water, especially after using the toilet, changing diapers, and before handling food or eating. Proper handwashing is one of the most effective ways to prevent the spread of dysentery-causing pathogens. […] Ensure that food is cooked thoroughly, especially meat, poultry, and seafood. Avoid consuming raw or undercooked foods, unpasteurized dairy products, and untreated water from potentially contaminated sources. Drink safe and clean water, including bottled water or water that has been boiled or treated with chlorine or iodine tablets. […] Maintain clean and sanitary living conditions, including properly disposing of human waste and sewage, and ensuring that toilets and sanitation facilities are properly constructed and maintained.

• #6 Dysentery: Symptoms, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/digestive-health/dysentery

  Dysentery is usually spread as a result of poor hygiene. For example, if someone who has dysentery doesnt wash their hands after using the toilet, anything they touch is at risk. […] Careful hand washing and proper sanitation can help prevent dysentery and keep it from spreading. […] Shigellosis can be prevented through good sanitation practices, such as frequent hand washing, being careful when changing a sick babys diaper, and not swallowing water when swimming. […] The best way to prevent amebic dysentery is to be careful about what you eat and drink while visiting an area where its common. […] Safe sources of water include bottled water, if the seal is unbroken; carbonated water in cans or bottles, if the seal is unbroken; soda in cans or bottles, if the seal is unbroken; tap water that has been boiled for at least one minute; tap water that has been filtered through a 1-micron filter with chlorine or iodine tablets added.

• #7 Dysentery: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Preventions

  https://www.felixhospital.com/blogs/dysentery

  To prevent dysentery, it’s important to follow good hygiene practices and take preventive measures to avoid infection. Here are some steps you can take to reduce the risk of dysentery: […] Cleanliness and Hygiene: Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and clean water before handling food, after using the toilet, and after any contact with potentially contaminated surfaces. Encourage regular handwashing among family members, especially children. […] Safe Food and Water: Ensure that you consume safe and clean food and water. Avoid eating raw or undercooked foods, particularly seafood, and only consume properly cooked meals. Drink water from safe and reliable sources, such as bottled water or properly treated and filtered water. Avoid drinking untreated water from lakes, rivers, or wells unless it has been properly purified.

• #8 Acute Diarrhea in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0700/acute-diarrhea.html

  Hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, and food and water safety measures are integral to preventing infectious diarrheal illnesses. […] Adequate handwashing, proper use of personal protective equipment, and food and water safety practices are mainstays for preventing the transmission of diarrheal illness. Proper handwashing with soap and water for at least 20 seconds before rinsing shows the most benefit in reducing transmission of the more contagious pathogens (e.g., Norovirus, Shigella) and should be promoted in settings of community or institutional outbreaks. Patients who are hospitalized, including those with C. difficile colitis, may require contact precautions with appropriate personal protective equipment, including gloves and a gown. […] Implementation of guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration on food and water safety decreases the risk of foodborne diarrheal illness in the United States; however, the risk increases with travel. Pretravel counseling about high-risk food and beverages can be used to help prevent TD. […] Typhoid and cholera vaccines are recommended for people traveling to endemic areas or with known personal or occupational exposures.

• #9 Dysentery: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/what-is-dysentery

  If you visit a tropical or less developed country where dysentery spreads, follow these tips: […] Drink and brush your teeth with bottled or canned water only, not tap water. […] Order your drinks without ice. […] Only eat raw fruits and vegetables that have a peel. […] Cook any produce that you can’t peel. […] Don’t eat food from street vendors. […] When someone close to you has dysentery: […] Wash your hands often with soap and warm water or use hand sanitizer. […] Don’t share towels, cups, or other personal items with the person who has dysentery. […] Wash your hands before you cook or eat.

• #10 Prevention of Bacillary Dysentery

  https://www.cfs.gov.hk/english/whatsnew/whatsnew_fsf/whatsnew_fsf_dysentery.html

  Purchase food from hygienic and reputable sources. Do not patronise illegal hawkers. […] Wash hands properly with soap and water before eating or handling food, and after using the toilet. […] Cook food thoroughly before consumption. […] Avoid cross-contamination by preparing and storing cooked and raw food separately, using separate utensils for handling raw and cooked food and placing cooked food in the upper compartment of a refrigerator. […] Keep cooked food at 4oC or below or at 60oC or above if they are not consumed at once. […] Discard leftovers or otherwise store them properly in the refrigerator. Reheat leftovers thoroughly before consumption. […] Restrict anybody, who is suffering from diarrhoea or vomiting, from handling any food so as to avoid contamination.

• #11 Dysentery: Symptoms, Treatment, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-dysentery-causes-and-treatments-for-dysentery-5087810

  There are two schools of thought for preventing dysentery. The first to be aware of is reducing risk for contracting the disease in the first place. This is particularly important for people who are traveling to areas that have a higher rate of dysentery. […] To reduce your risk for contracting dysentery while traveling to tropical, developing countries, you must be aware of what you’re eating and drinking. The CDC has the following recommendations: Drink only sealed beverages or water that has been boiled for one minute. Avoid unsealed beverages, including ice cubes. Don’t eat fresh fruit or vegetables unless you have washed and peeled them yourself. Avoid unpasteurized milk or dairy. Skip the food from street vendors, who may not have access to proper sanitation equipment. […] In order to prevent the person-to-person transmission of dysentery when someone has been diagnosed with the condition, take the following precautions: Frequently wash hands, especially after using the bathroom and before cooking. Avoid all sex, including oral, vaginal and anal, until diarrhea has stopped for at least one week. Avoid swimming until diarrhea has been resolved for at least one week.

• #12 Traveler’s diarrhea diet – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/travelers-diarrhea-diet

  You can lower your risk of getting traveler’s diarrhea by avoiding water, ice, and food that may be contaminated. The goal of the traveler’s diarrhea diet is to make your symptoms better and prevent you from getting dehydrated. […] How to prevent traveler’s diarrhea: […] Do not use tap water to drink or brush your teeth. […] Do not use ice made from tap water. […] Use only boiled water (boiled for at least 5 minutes) for mixing baby formula. […] Drink only pasteurized milk. […] Drink bottled drinks if the seal on the bottle hasn’t been broken. […] Do not eat raw fruits and vegetables unless you peel them. […] Do not eat raw leafy vegetables (e.g., lettuce, spinach, cabbage) because they are hard to clean. […] Do not eat raw or rare meats. […] Avoid uncooked or undercooked shellfish.

• #13 Prevention and Treatment of Traveler’s Diarrhea | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1999/0701/p119.html

  Traveler’s diarrhea is fundamentally a sanitation failure, leading to bacterial contamination of food and water. It is best prevented through proper sewage treatment and water disinfection. In the absence of these amenities, the next best option is for the educated traveler to take precautions to prevent the disease. […] Preventive measures include not drinking tap water, not using ice in beverages (even alcoholic drinks), not eating salads and other forms of raw vegetables, not eating fruits that can’t be peeled on the spot and not eating mayonnaise, pastry icing, unpasteurized dairy products and undercooked shellfish. […] Active intervention involves boiling water for three to five minutes (depending on elevation), filtering water or using chlorine bleach (2 drops per quart) or tincture of iodine (5 drops per quart) in the water.

• #14 Patient education: Acute diarrhea in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-diarrhea-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  DIARRHEA PREVENTION […] Food safety — The following precautions have been recommended for all consumers by the Food Safety and Inspection Services (www.fsis.usda.gov) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. […] Do not drink raw (unpasteurized) milk or foods that contain unpasteurized milk. […] Wash raw fruits and vegetables thoroughly before eating. […] Keep the refrigerator temperature at 40°F (4.4°C) or lower; the freezer at 0°F (-17.8°C) or lower. […] Eat precooked, perishable, or ready-to-eat food as soon as possible. […] Keep raw meat, fish, and poultry separate from other food. […] Wash hands, knives, and cutting boards after handling uncooked food, including produce and raw meat, fish, or poultry. […] Thoroughly cook raw food from animal sources to a safe internal temperature: ground beef 160°F (71°C); chicken 170°F (77°C); turkey 180°F (82°C); pork 145°F (63°C) with a three minute rest time.

• #15 Patient education: Acute diarrhea in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-diarrhea-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  Seafood should be cooked thoroughly to minimize the risk of food poisoning. Eating raw fish (eg, sushi) poses a risk for a variety of parasitic worms (in addition to the risks associated with organisms carried by food handlers). Freezing kills some, although not all, harmful microorganisms. Raw fish that is labeled „sushi-grade” or „sashimi-grade” has been frozen. […] Cook chicken eggs thoroughly, until the yolk is firm. […] Refrigerate foods promptly. Never leave cooked foods at room temperature for more than two hours (one hour if the room temperature is above 90°F/32°C). […] Food safety for pregnant women or those with a weakened immune system — The following additional recommendations apply to pregnant women and those who have a weakened immune system: […] Do not eat hot dogs, pâtés, luncheon meats, bologna, or other delicatessen meats unless they are reheated until steaming hot; avoid the use of microwave ovens since uneven cooking may occur.

• #16 Travelers’ Diarrhea | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/preparing/travelers-diarrhea

  Older controlled studies showed that use of antibiotics reduced diarrhea attack rates by 90%. […] Prophylactic antibiotics are not recommended for most travelers. Prophylactic antibiotics afford no protection against nonbacterial pathogens and can remove normally protective microflora from the bowel, increasing the risk for acquisition of resistant bacterial pathogens. […] Travelers can become colonized with extended-spectrum beta lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE), a risk that is increased by exposure to antibiotics while abroad.

• #17 Prophylaxis for travelers’ diarrhea – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19615305/

  Travelers’ diarrhea affects more than 10 million people per year and is usually contracted through the ingestion of microbially contaminated food or water. […] Prevention encompasses avoidance of ingesting contaminated products and, in certain situations, taking prophylactic medications. […] The available prophylactic antibiotics are very effective in prevention, but are recommended only for specific at-risk individuals and are contraindicated for most travelers.

• #18 Prevention and Self-Treatment of Traveler’s Diarrhea

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1539099/

  The most effective of these is bismuth subsalicylate (BSS; Pepto-Bismol), which has been shown to have mild antimicrobial activity as well as antisecretory and anti-inflammatory properties. […] Several antibiotics have been shown to be highly effective in the prevention of traveler’s diarrhea, with protection levels between 80% and 90% reported. […] When used as prophylaxis, antibiotics should be taken daily as a single dose while in an area of risk and continued for 1 to 2 days after leaving. […] In most cases, travelers to developing countries should bring loperamide and an antibiotic to use for empirical self-treatment should they develop diarrhea. […] If symptoms worsen or do not improve after 24 h, treatment with an antibiotic should be initiated. […] Loperamide, however, should be avoided in cases of dysentery as evidenced by symptoms such as high fever, chills, and/or bloody diarrhea.

• #19 Prevention and Treatment of Traveler’s Diarrhea | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1999/0701/p119.html

  Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol), in a dosage of two 262-mg tablets four times a day (taken with meals and in the evening) can prevent traveler’s diarrhea. It has been shown to provide a 65 percent protection rate. […] Compared with bismuth subsalicylate, antibiotic prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim DS), in a dosage of 160 mg/800 mg daily, or doxycycline (Vibramycin), in a dosage of 100 mg daily, has been found to provide even better results for up to three weeks. […] Antibiotic prophylaxis for traveler’s diarrhea, always a controversial topic, is now recommended only in specific situations, such as in the seriously immunocompromised patient or the seriously ill patient who would not be able to withstand a diarrheal illness. […] In most people, drug prophylaxis engenders a false sense of security. In addition, drug prophylaxis always carries the remote risk of a potentially life-threatening side effect such as pseudomembranous colitis or Stevens-Johnson syndrome. […] Therefore, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends preventive measures only and not drug prophylaxis for most travelers.

• #20 Approach to Treatment and Prevention of Traveler’s Diarrhea

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/approach-to-treatment-and-prevention-of-travelers-diarrhea

  In addition, travelers should be informed that boiled water and foods treated with iodine or chlorine may be safely consumed. Although preventive measures are recommended, travelers may not be able to adhere to the recommendations, since many factors for ensuring food safety, such as restaurant hygiene, are beyond their control. […] Hand washing has been shown to reduce the incidence of diarrhea by up to 30% in community settings. Travelers should routinely wash their hands using soap and water while preparing food, before eating, and after using the toilet. If soap and water are not available, an alcohol-based hand sanitizer containing at least 60% alcohol should be used to sterilize the hands. […] Bismuth subsalicylate (BSS), the active ingredient in Pepto-Bismol, has been shown to be effective in the prevention of TD. […] To date, the safety of BSS use beyond 3 weeks has not been established.

• #21 Approach to Treatment and Prevention of Traveler’s Diarrhea

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/approach-to-treatment-and-prevention-of-travelers-diarrhea

  Although prophylactic antibiotics have been shown to be effective for TD, they are not recommended in most situations because of the risk of adverse reactions and the risk of antibiotic resistance should a serious infection occur. Prophylaxis should be used only in travelers who are immunocompromised and in those with chronic intestinal disorders or a history of disabling bouts of TD. […] Antibiotic prophylaxis should be considered for individuals in whom a single episode of TD would have costly adverse consequences, such as a critically important business or athletics trip.

• #22 Traveler’s diarrhea diet – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/travelers-diarrhea-diet

  Do not buy food from street vendors. […] Eat hot, well-cooked foods. Heat kills the bacteria. But do not eat hot foods that have been sitting around for a long time. […] Wash hands often. […] Your health care provider may recommend medicines to help lower your chances of getting sick. […] Taking 2 tablets of Pepto-Bismol 4 times a day before you travel and while you are traveling can help prevent diarrhea. […] Most people do not need to take antibiotics every day to prevent diarrhea while traveling. […] In some cases, your provider may provide a prescription for an antibiotic to be taken if you develop severe diarrhea, especially if it is accompanied by fevers or if there is blood in the stool. […] If you have diarrhea, follow these tips to help you feel better: […] Drink 8 to 10 glasses of clear fluids every day. Water or an oral rehydration solution is best. […] Get medical help right away if you or your child has symptoms of severe dehydration, or if you have a fever or bloody stools.

• #23 Traveler’s diarrhea diet Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/nutrition/traveler-s-diarrhea-diet

  Do not eat raw leafy vegetables (e.g., lettuce, spinach, cabbage) because they are hard to clean. […] Do not eat raw or rare meats. […] Avoid uncooked or undercooked shellfish. […] Do not buy food from street vendors. […] Eat hot, well-cooked foods. Heat kills the bacteria. But do not eat hot foods that have been sitting around for a long time. […] Wash hands often. […] Your health care provider may recommend medicines to help lower your chances of getting sick. […] Taking 2 tablets of Pepto-Bismol 4 times a day before you travel and while you are traveling can help prevent diarrhea. […] Most people do not need to take antibiotics every day to prevent diarrhea while traveling. […] People who are at risk for more dangerous infections (such as people with chronic bowel diseases, kidney disease, cancer, diabetes, or HIV) should talk to their provider before traveling.

• #24 Dysentery – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysentery

  Efforts to prevent dysentery include hand washing and food safety measures while traveling in areas of high risk. […] Although there is currently no vaccine that protects against Shigella infection, several are in development. […] Vaccination may eventually become a part of the strategy to reduce the incidence and severity of diarrhea, particularly among children in low-resource settings.

• #25 Diarrhea Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Further Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/928598-treatment

  Vaccines are indicated for persons with high risk of exposure to some pathogens. […] In February 2006, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved an oral vaccine for rotavirus (RotaTeq). […] In April 2008, the FDA approved Rotarix, another oral vaccine, for prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis. […] A Cochrane Database review evaluated the results of 43 trials with 190,551 participants comparing rotavirus vaccines, both the monovalent and pentavalent types (RV1 and RV5), with placebo. Both vaccines were found to be effective in preventing rotavirus diarrhea. […] The Salmonella typhi vaccine is recommended for travelers to countries with a high risk of this infection, persons with intimate exposure to a documented typhoid fever carrier, and workers with frequent exposure to this bacteria.

• #26 Diarrhea Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Further Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/928598-treatment

  The Vibrio species vaccine is available but only protects 50% of immunized persons for 3-6 months. […] A study documented a diverse range of pathogens associated with community diarrhea in children in low-income and middle-income countries to make an estimate of pathogen-specific diarrhea burdens in the community.

• #27 Dysentery: Symptoms, Causes, Types & Treatment | Metropolis Healthcare

  https://www.metropolisindia.com/blog/preventive-healthcare/dysentery-symptoms-causes-types-treatment-and-prevention-tips

  If you are diagnosed with dysentery, follow these guidelines to prevent spreading the infection: Avoid close contact with others, refrain from sexual contact, do not prepare meals for anyone else, avoid swimming, disinfect common surfaces like toilets, sinks and door handles regularly, wash your laundry in hot water (at least 60C).

• #28

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/diarrhoea-babies-children/prevention/

  It’s important to clean the bathroom if a member of the household has diarrhoea. […] Always wash and dry your hands properly when you’re finished. […] Keep your child home from school, creche or childcare until at least 48 hours have passed since their last episode of diarrhoea and vomiting. […] The following tips can help to reduce the spread of diarrhoea: do not let sick people prepare food, do not let your sick child share towels with others.

• #28

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/diarrhoea-babies-children/prevention/

  The best way to prevent diarrhoea is to wash and dry your hands well. Always use soap and warm water. Use hand sanitiser if there is no running water available. […] Breastfeeding your baby can reduce their risk of diarrhoea. […] Make sure your childs vaccines are up to date. […] Your child should stay home from school, creche, or childcare until at least 48 hours have passed since their last episode of diarrhoea and vomiting. […] You and your child should wash your hands thoroughly with soap and warm water. […] Always wash your hands in the following situations: after changing a nappy, after helping children use the toilet, after cleaning or touching a potty, before preparing, handling or eating food, after handling rubbish bins and dirty nappies, after handling raw meat, after handling animals or animal waste.

• #29 Diarrhoea: Causes, Treatment, Complications & Prevention

  https://patient.info/digestive-health/diarrhoea

  Diarrhoea can’t always be prevented, but you can reduce your risk greatly with simple hygiene measures. […] If you have acute diarrhoea, the following are also recommended to prevent the spread of infection to others: Wash your hands thoroughly after going to the toilet. […] Don’t serve or prepare food for others. […] Stay off work, college, etc, until at least 48 hours after the last episode of diarrhoea or being sick (vomiting). […] If the cause of acute diarrhoea is known to be (or suspected to be) a germ called Cryptosporidium spp., you should not swim in swimming pools for two weeks after the last episode of diarrhoea.

• #30 Shigellosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/182767-treatment

  A vaccine for shigellosis is not currently available. Until a vaccine is available, the following measures can help prevent the dissemination of shigellosis: […] Use of safe drinking water […] Chlorination of unreliable water sources […] Strict handwashing […] Refrigeration and proper preparation and cooking of food. Food handlers must be treated with antibiotics and should not be involved in food preparation as long as stool cultures are positive for Shigella infection. At least 48 hours of antibiotic treatment are usually required.

• #31 Centre for Health Protection – Bacillary Dysentery

  https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/healthtopics/content/24/14.html

  Infected persons in schools or institutions should be isolated. […] They should observe personal hygiene to avoid infecting other persons. […] Treatment includes fluid replacement and antibiotics. […] Maintain good personal hygiene. […] Perform hand hygiene frequently, especially before handling food or eating, and after using the toilet or handling faecal matter. […] Refrain from work or school, and seek medical advice when suffering from gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhoea. […] Maintain good food hygiene. […] Adopt the 5 Keys to Food Safety in handling food, i.e. Choose (Choose safe raw materials); Clean (Keep hands and utensils clean); Separate (Separate raw and cooked food); Cook (Cook thoroughly); and Safe Temperature (Keep food at safe temperature) to prevent foodborne diseases. […] Drink only boiled water from the mains or bottled drinks from reliable sources. […] Avoid drinks with ice of unknown origin. […] Exclude infected persons and asymptomatic carriers from handling food and from providing care to children, elderly and immunocompromised people.

• #32 Travellers’ diarrhea – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/diarrhea.html

  Consult a health care provider or visit a travel health clinic preferably six weeks before you travel. […] Practise safe food and water precautions. […] Wash your hands frequently. […] Use alcohol-based hand sanitizer if soap and water are not available. It’s a good idea to always keep some with you when you travel. […] Carry oral rehydration solutions. […] Discuss prevention and treatment options of travellers’ diarrhea with your healthcare provider before you travel. […] Seek medical attention if you have bloody diarrhea, high fever, persistent vomiting, severe abdominal pain, profuse sweating, or signs of dehydration. […] Seek medical attention immediately if your infant or young child develops signs of dehydration, bloody diarrhea, fever or persistent vomiting.

• #33 Traveler’s diarrhea diet Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/nutrition/traveler-s-diarrhea-diet

  In some cases, your provider may provide a prescription for an antibiotic to be taken if you develop severe diarrhea, especially if it is accompanied by fevers or if there is blood in the stool. […] Get medical help right away if you or your child has symptoms of severe dehydration, or if you have a fever or bloody stools.

• #34 Scaling Up Diarrhea Prevention and Treatment Interventions: A Lives Saved Tool Analysis | PLOS Medicine

  https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000428

  Diarrhea remains a leading cause of mortality among young children in low- and middle-income countries. Although the evidence for individual diarrhea prevention and treatment interventions is solid, the effect a comprehensive scale-up effort would have on diarrhea mortality has not been estimated. […] We use the Lives Saved Tool (LiST) to estimate the potential lives saved if two scale-up scenarios for key diarrhea interventions (oral rehydration salts [ORS], zinc, antibiotics for dysentery, rotavirus vaccine, vitamin A supplementation, basic water, sanitation, hygiene, and breastfeeding) were implemented in the 68 high child mortality countries. […] Using currently available interventions, we demonstrate that with improved coverage, diarrheal deaths can be drastically reduced. […] Interventions that prevent diarrhea include improvements in water supplies, sanitation and hygiene, the promotion of breastfeeding, vitamin A supplementation, and vaccination against rotavirus (a major cause of diarrhea). Treatments for diarrhea include oral rehydration salts (ORS), which prevent and treat dehydration, and zinc supplementation, which decreases the severity and duration of diarrhea, and antibiotics for dysentery.

• #35 Dehydration and diarrhea in children: Prevention and treatment | Caring for kids

  https://caringforkids.cps.ca/handouts/health-conditions-and-treatments/dehydration_and_diarrhea

  Proper handwashing and safe food handling are the best ways to prevent the spread of germs that cause diarrhea. […] Oral rehydration solutions can be used to keep children well hydrated when they have significant amounts of diarrhea. […] Oral rehydration solutions are available at pharmacies in ready-to-serve preparations. It is best to buy an ORS that has already been mixed. […] Do not give your child sugary drinks like fruit juice or sweetened fruit drinks, carbonated drinks (pop/soda), sweetened tea, broth or rice water. These do not have the right amounts of water, salts and sugar and can make your child’s diarrhea worse.

• #36 Prevention and Treatment for Diarrheal Disease? | Stop The Cycle | Defeat DD

  https://report.defeatdd.org/solutions/

  Proven solutions exist to prevent and treat diarrhea when infants and young children get sick. […] In settings where medical care can be difficult to access, prevention through vaccination is the best way to protect children. […] Using safe water, properly disposing of human waste, and handwashing with soap help prevent diarrhea. […] Breast milk is the ideal nourishment for infants, protecting against infections and enabling them to recover more quickly from illness. Proper infant and young child nutrition fortifies the immune system against infectious diseases and promotes healthy, long-term growth and development. […] Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a simple, lifesaving mixture of sugar, water, and salt that replenishes fluids and electrolytes. Zinc reduces the severity and duration of diarrhea infections. It can also prevent future episodes.

• #37 Diarrhea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diarrhea/symptoms-causes/syc-20352241

  Wash your hands to prevent the spread of infectious diarrhea. To ensure adequate hand-washing: […] You can help protect your infant from rotavirus, the most common cause of viral diarrhea in children, with one of two approved vaccines. Ask your baby’s doctor about having your baby vaccinated. […] Diarrhea commonly affects people who travel to countries with poor sanitation and contaminated food. To reduce your risk:

• #38

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diarrhoeal-disease

  Diarrhoea can be prevented through safe drinking-water and adequate sanitation and hygiene. […] Interventions to prevent diarrhoea, including safe drinking-water, use of improved sanitation and hand washing with soap, can reduce disease risk. […] Key measures to prevent diarrhoea include: access to safe drinking-water, use of improved sanitation, hand washing with soap, exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life, good personal and food hygiene, health education about how infections spread, rotavirus vaccination. […] WHO works with Member States and other partners to promote national policies and investments that support case management of diarrhoea and its complications as well as increasing access to safe drinking-water and sanitation in developing countries.

• #39 Shigellosis: symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/shigellosis

  As with all diarrheal diseases, preventive measures focus on improving hygiene: better education on personal hygiene, latrine construction, fly control, regulations on the use of human fecal matter in agriculture, and a clean drinking water supply. Unfortunately, such improvements do not appear a realistic prospect in many regions of the world that have seen rapid population expansion, particularly in urban areas. Vaccine development is therefore an important and urgent priority. Preventive work on this new sexually transmitted infection is necessary in the male homosexual community.

• #40 Dysentery Prevention in Summer

  https://wjw.beijing.gov.cn/English/HealthServices/HealthIndications/201912/t20191216_1236371.html

  Dysentery Prevention in Summer From: Date:06/24/2009 […] Therefore, creating a good sanitary environment is the best way to prevent dysentery. There are several ways to prevent dysentery, including washing hands before meals and after using the bathroom, washing out raw fruits and vegetables, no drinking of unboiled water, eating less raw cold food, paying attention to the environmental and personal hygiene, eliminating pests that can transmit the dysentery, such as flies. […] Meanwhile, the management authorities shall make efforts to carry out health education to help the public raise the awareness of intestinal infectious diseases, to intensify health monitoring on the food beverage industry, so as to ensure good prevention and control of intestinal infectious diseases such as dysentery.

• #41 Diarrhea: Causes, treatment, and symptoms

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/158634

  The following can help prevent diarrhea: drinking clean and safe water only […] having good sanitation systems, such as wastewater and sewage […] having good hygiene practices, such as regularly washing the hands with soap, especially before preparing food and eating and after using the bathroom […] educating oneself on the spread of infection. There is evidence to suggest that interventions from public health bodies to promote hand-washing can reduce diarrhea rates by about one-third. […] In developing countries, however, the prevention of diarrhea may be more challenging due to dirty water and poor sanitation.

• #42 Findings from a comprehensive diarrhoea prevention and treatment programme in Lusaka, Zambia | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-016-3089-7

  The community prevention campaign communicated the benefits of hand washing with soap, and exclusive breastfeeding for diarrhoea prevention, as well as advocated for the rotavirus vaccine, and improved case management using low-osmolarity ORS and zinc for diarrhoea treatment. […] The results also showed that diarrhoeal prevalence declined by about 20 % over the same period. […] Our findings are consistent with the general trend as reported in the Zambia Demographic and Health surveys from 85 post neonatal under-5 deaths per 1000 live births in 2007 to an estimated 51 deaths per 1000 live births in 2013. […] Nonetheless, these results suggest that diarrhoea preventive interventions may contribute to substantial reduction in deaths among post-neonatal U5 children. […] Even with all the potential gains of the PAED interventions, there remain multiple gaps and challenges.

• #43 Findings from a comprehensive diarrhoea prevention and treatment programme in Lusaka, Zambia | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-016-3089-7

  Nonetheless, our findings are very encouraging as they show a greater than double mortality reduction as planned by PAED (34 % vs. 15 %), acknowledging the downward trend nationwide. […] Well-packaged diarrhoea preventive and treatment interventions delivered at the community and health facility levels may contribute to reductions in neonatal under-five mortality.

• #44 Prevention and Treatment for Diarrheal Disease? | Stop The Cycle | Defeat DD

  https://report.defeatdd.org/solutions/

  Combining both prevention and treatment solutions is the most effective way to defeat diarrhea and break the cycle of poor health and poverty for children, families, and communities. […] Proven solutions include vaccines, WASH (safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene), breastfeeding and proper nutrition, and ORS and zinc treatment. […] Effectively implementing WASH solutions is critical to addressing the connection between malnutrition and diarrhea. […] By integrating prevention and treatment solutions, countries can maximize impact, increase efficiency, and reduce costs. […] The use of one solution can help to mobilize the adoption of others. […] Prevention is critical, especially for children without reliable access to care. […] Recognizing the urgency and potential of an integrated approach, WHO and UNICEF issued the Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Pneumonia and Diarrhea (GAPPD) in 2013.

• #45 Scaling Up Diarrhea Prevention and Treatment Interventions: A Lives Saved Tool Analysis | PLOS Medicine

  https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000428

  The researchers also estimated that the additional costs in 2015 of personal prevention and treatment interventions would be US$0.80 per capita with universal coverage; the additional costs for these interventions and all sanitation and water interventions would be US$3.24 per capita. […] These findings suggest that, with currently available interventions, it should be possible to reduce diarrhea deaths substantially at a reasonable cost. […] Ensuring that these lifesaving diarrhea prevention and treatment interventions reach the poorest and most vulnerable populations will be crucial for achievement of equity and maximum impact when scaling up programs if the predicted mortality reductions are to be achieved. […] To ensure the high coverage rates proposed here are achievable, new resources are needed to strengthen health systems for delivery of services, and to support the introduction and scale-up of recently introduced interventions for diarrhea treatment (low osmolarity ORS and zinc) and prevention (rotavirus vaccine).

• #46 Dysentery: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Preventions

  https://www.felixhospital.com/blogs/dysentery

  Sanitation: Use proper sanitation facilities, especially when it comes to disposing of human waste. Avoid open defecation and use toilets or latrines. If you’re in an area with limited sanitation facilities, take necessary precautions to maintain cleanliness and prevent the contamination of water sources. […] Food Handling and Storage: Practice good food handling and storage techniques. Keep raw and cooked foods separate to avoid cross-contamination. Ensure that perishable foods are stored at appropriate temperatures and consume them before their expiration dates. […] Travel Precautions: When traveling to regions with a higher risk of dysentery, take additional precautions. Drink only bottled or purified water, avoid consuming raw or street foods, and practice meticulous hand hygiene. […] Vaccinations: In some cases, vaccinations can provide protection against specific causes of dysentery, such as certain strains of bacteria or parasites. Consult with a healthcare professional or travel medicine specialist to determine if any vaccines are recommended for your destination.

• #47 Dysentery: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Preventions

  https://www.felixhospital.com/blogs/dysentery

  Community and Environmental Measures: Support and promote community efforts to improve sanitation and hygiene practices. Advocate for clean water sources, proper waste disposal systems, and education on hygiene practices in your community. […] By following these preventive measures, you can reduce the risk of dysentery and protect yourself and others from infection. If you experience symptoms of dysentery or are in an area with an outbreak, seek medical attention promptly for diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

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