Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Bacillary Dysentery: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22617-bacillary-dysentery

  Bacillary dysentery is a gastrointestinal disease caused by bacterial infection. […] Bacillary dysentery is a gastrointestinal disease. Bacillary means related to bacteria, and dysentery is severe diarrhea containing blood or mucus. […] With bacillary dysentery, a bacterial infection becomes more invasive and severe, causing inflammation in the intestines. Symptoms can range from mild to life-threatening. […] Bacillary dysentery occurs when foreign bacteria enter a persons body and the infection becomes severe. […] A healthcare provider can diagnose bacillary dysentery with a stool culture. This type of bacteria culture test takes a sample of your poop and tests it for the presence of certain bacteria. […] Many people with bacillary dysentery dont need medical treatment. The symptoms often get better in a few days to a week.

• #1 Dysentery

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/dysentery/

  Dysentery is when an infection gives you diarrhoea with blood in it. It usually gets better by itself but it’s important to see a GP if you or your child have bloody diarrhoea. […] The main symptom of dysentery is diarrhoea with blood and sometimes mucus (clear slime) in it. […] You may need antibiotics to treat dysentery, depending on what’s causing it. […] You’ll need to give a poo sample to find out the cause. […] Dysentery usually gets better by itself within 7 days. The most important thing is to prevent dehydration. […] Do not use anti-diarrhoea medicine if you have dysentery. […] Dysentery spreads through infected poo. […] You can get it from eating food or drink that’s been handled by a person with dysentery. […] You can help reduce your chance of catching or spreading dysentery by washing your hands with soap and water regularly, especially after using the toilet and before preparing food or eating.

• #1 BACILLARY DYSENTERY diagnosis and treatment.pptx

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/bacillary-dysentery-diagnosis-and-treatmentpptx/266255555

  Dysentery is an infective disease of the large bowels. Characterised by frequent passing of blood and mucus in the stool along with tenesmus and severe abdominal cramps. WHO defines Dysentery as- any diarrheal episode in which the loose or watery stools contain visible red blood is known as dysentery. […] Clinical diagnosis of Bacillary Dysentery.. Bloody Diarrhoea Scanty stool, non offensive odor Tenesmus Diffuse abdominal pain Sudden onset Bacillary Dysentery […] Bacillary dysentery caused by Shigella is also known as SHIGELLOSIS. […] WHO estimates that Shigella species cause at least 50% of the cases of bloody diarrhea in young children in developing countries. Responsible for 80 million cases of bloody diarrhea and 700,000 deaths/year worldwide. […] Lab diagnosis is essential for proper patient management, prevention control.

• #1 Dysentery: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/171193

  A person who experiences severe symptoms of dysentery should see their doctor for a diagnosis and appropriate treatment. […] In order to diagnose dysentery, a doctor may: ask about the persons symptoms and when they started, ask if the person has recently traveled abroad, carry out a physical examination. […] If a person has recently returned from abroad, they may have to provide one or more stool samples. […] If they have suspected amebic dysentery and their stool samples test negative for the parasite, they may need to undergo a colonoscopy to examine the mucosal surface of the intestines. […] A person who has a suspected liver abscess may require aspiration of their liver fluid to help diagnose the abscess. […] If a persons symptoms continue, their doctor may recommend diagnostic imaging of the intestines, such as an ultrasound scan or an endoscopy. […] However, people who develop severe symptoms should see a doctor for a diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Doing so reduces the risk of possible complications.

• #1 Shigella infection – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/shigella/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377533

  Diagnosis of shigella infection involves a physical exam and testing to find out if you have the illness. Many other health conditions can cause diarrhea or bloody diarrhea. […] You or your healthcare professional collects a sample of your stool. Then a lab checks the sample for shigella germs or for harmful substances called toxins that the germs make. […] During the physical exam, your healthcare professional may press on parts of your stomach area. This is done to check for pain or tenderness. Your healthcare professional also may use a cotton swab to get a stool sample. Or you may be given instructions on how to collect and send a sample of your stool to a lab for testing.

• #1 Post-Travel Diarrhea | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/post-travel-evaluation/post-travel-diarrhea.html

  Healthcare professionals should know how to evaluate international travelers with diarrheal illness after travel. […] Diagnosis can be made by stool polymerase chain reaction (PCR), microscopy, enzyme immunoassay, or immunofluorescence. […] Diagnosis can be made by stool PCR, microscopy, or enzyme immunoassay. […] The initial workup of persistent TD should always include C. difficile testing. […] Diagnosis can be made by stool PCR or microscopy of permanently stained stool smears. […] Diagnosis can be made through detection of oocysts by stool microscopy (modified acid-fast stain). […] Diagnosis can be made by stool PCR or microscopy. […] Diagnosis can be made by stool PCR or microscopy (modified acid-fast stain or wet mount confirmed by ultraviolet autofluorescence). […] Diagnosis can be made by stool PCR or microscopy.

• #1 Epidemiology of Shigella infections and diarrhea in the first two years of life using culture-independent diagnostics in 8 low-resource settings | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0008536

  Culture-independent diagnostics have revealed a larger burden of Shigella among children in low-resource settings than previously recognized. […] The sensitivity of culture compared to qPCR was 6.6% and increased to 27.8% in Shigella-attributable dysentery. […] Culture missed most clinically relevant cases of severe diarrhea and dysentery. […] The recent use of quantitative PCR for Shigella detection revealed a more than five times higher burden of Shigella-attributable diarrhea among children in low-resource settings than previously recognized using culture-based diagnostics. […] Shigella is strongly associated with dysentery; correspondingly, the WHO guidelines recommend treatment of all pediatric cases of dysentery with ciprofloxacin or azithromycin for presumed Shigella infection.

• #1 Diagnosis of Diarrhea – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/diarrhea/diagnosis

  If your doctor thinks its important to find the cause of your diarrhea, they may use your medical and family history, a physical exam, or tests. […] Your doctor may use information from your medical and family history, a physical exam, or tests to find the cause of your diarrhea. […] If your doctor decides diagnostic tests would be helpful, they may use one or more of the following tests to help find the cause of diarrhea. […] Doctors may use stool tests to check for blood, bacteria, parasites, or signs of diseases. […] Blood tests can show signs of certain causes of diarrhea or problems such as dehydration. […] A hydrogen breath test can be used to diagnose […] Your doctor may use endoscopy to view the inside of your digestive tract and help find your cause of diarrhea.

• #1 Differential Counts of Neutrophjles in the Diagnosis of Bacillary Dysentery

  https://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?number=20125554098

  Total 553 cases of acute diarrhea who were admitted to pediatric department of Severance Hospital from Jan. 1967 to Dec. 1971, were subjected in this study. […] Among these, 116 dysenteric cases (21%) were analysed as followings: 1)The incidence of dysentery was highest from 6 months after birth to 2 yrs., and relatively rare below the 6 months of age. […] 4)Leukocyte count was variable from marked leukopenia to leukocytosis. But in shigellosis, in the initial period, the stab form neutropniles were more numerous than segmented forms, regardless of the counts of total neutrophiles. This would be a great help in early diagnosis of shigellosis. […] 5)The most common pathogenic group of bacillary dysentery was Shigella flexneri.

• #1 Diagnosis – Primary Care Notebook

  https://primarycarenotebook.com/pages/infectious-disease/amoebic-dysentery/diagnosis

  The amoebic fluorescent antibody titre is raised in about 75% of patients with active colitis and about 90% of patients with amoebic liver abscess. […] Microscopy of faeces or tissue biopsy reveals cysts or trophozoites. […] The presence of trophozoites but not cysts confirms the diagnosis of acute amoebic dysentery. […] Liver involvement must be suspected if the serum alkaline phosphatase is raised. Hepatic ultrasound will confirm the presence of an abscess. The diagnosis can be confirmed by needle aspiration.

• #1 Diarrhea – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diarrhea/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352246

  Your healthcare professional will likely ask about your medical history, review the medicines you take and conduct a physical exam. Your health professional may order tests to determine what’s causing your diarrhea. Possible tests include: […] You may have a stool test to see if a bacterium or parasite is causing your diarrhea. […] Flexible sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy. Using a thin, lighted tube that’s inserted into the rectum, a medical professional can see inside of the colon. […] If your healthcare professional determines that an antibiotic caused your diarrhea, you might be given a lower dose or a different medicine. […] If your diarrhea is caused by a more serious condition, such as inflammatory bowel disease, your healthcare professional works to control that condition.

• #1 For health professionals: Shigellosis (Shigella) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/shigella/health-professionals.html

  Shigellosis can be clinically diagnosed in most patients based on fresh blood in the stool. Patients presenting with watery diarrhea and fever should be suspected of having shigellosis. […] Bloody, mucoid stools are highly indicative of shigellosis, however, the differential diagnosis should include: […] Laboratories can confirm diagnosis by the isolation of Shigella sp. from an appropriate clinical specimen (e.g. sterile site, deep tissue wounds, stool, vomit or urine).

• #1 Shigellosis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-negative-bacilli/shigellosis

  Shigellosis is an acute infection of the intestine caused by the gram-negative Shigella species. Diagnosis is clinical and confirmed by stool culture. […] Diagnosis of shigellosis is facilitated by a high index of suspicion during outbreaks and in endemic areas and by the presence of fecal leukocytes on smears stained with methylene blue or Wright stain. Stool cultures are diagnostic and should be obtained; for severely ill or at-risk patients, antimicrobial sensitivity testing is done. PCR testing using highly sensitive and specific multiplex NAATs is also available. […] In patients with symptoms of dysentery (bloody and mucoid stools), the differential diagnosis should include enterohemorrhagic E. coli, Salmonella, Yersinia, and Campylobacter infections; amebiasis; and Clostridioides difficile infection.

• #1 Dysentery – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com

  https://medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/dysentery

  Many people have spent a tropical vacation with a bad stomach bug. They might have had dysentery, a painful intestinal infection that is usually caused by bacteria or parasites. Dysentery is defined as diarrhea in which there is blood, pus, and mucous, usually accompanied by abdominal pain. It usually lasts for 3 to 7 days. […] Dysentery is a painful intestinal infection causing diarrhea with blood, pus, and mucus. It can be amoebic (parasite) or bacillary (bacteria), often occurring in hot countries with poor sanitation. […] There are 2 main types of dysentery. The first type, amoebic dysentery or intestinal amoebiasis, is caused by a single-celled, microscopic parasite living in the large bowel. The second type, bacillary dysentery, is caused by invasive bacteria. […] If a doctor suspects dysentery, a stool sample usually will be required for analysis. For bacterial infections such as shigella, the diagnosis is made by culture of the stool. […] Amoebiasis is often diagnosed by finding parasites under a microscope. An antibody blood test helps to confirm the diagnosis of amoebic dysentery or liver abscess.

• #1 Approach to the adult with acute diarrhea in resource-abundant settings – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-the-adult-with-acute-diarrhea-in-resource-abundant-settings

  The initial evaluation of patients who present to medical care with acute diarrhea should include a careful history to determine the duration of symptoms, the frequency and characteristics of the stool, and associated symptoms. […] Inflammatory features (eg, fever, or bloody or mucoid stool) suggest infection of the large bowel, which is associated with pathogens distinct from small bowel infection. […] We pursue microbiologic stool testing for patients with acute community-acquired diarrhea and the following features: Severe illness, Other signs or symptoms concerning for inflammatory diarrhea, High-risk host features, Symptoms persisting for more than one week, Public health concerns. […] For patients with bloody diarrhea, at least two potential pathogens, STEC and Entamoeba, warrant additional testing.

• #1 Shigellosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482337/

  Shigellosis is a major cause of bacillary dysentery worldwide. […] The diagnosis of shigellosis is confirmed when the bacteria is identified in the feculent material of a symptomatic person. […] Approximately 70% of stool samples from patients with shigellosis will reveal fecal leukocytes and blood. […] Antimicrobial susceptibility testing is critical to ensure appropriate therapeutic selection. […] The mainstay of shigellosis treatment is supportive care consisting mainly of hydration and electrolyte management. […] Antimicrobial therapy is not usually recommended for mild cases of shigellosis. […] Antimicrobials decrease the symptoms of shigellosis by 2 days and can limit transmission to others. […] The choice of antimicrobial therapy for shigellosis should be made after accounting for local antimicrobial resistance data and the risk profile of each patient. […] The definitive diagnosis of shigellosis will need time to wait for cultures to be obtained and for results to be available. […] Confirmed cases of shigellosis in the United States should be reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention via state or local health departments.

• #1 Amebiasis (amebic dysentery)

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/amebiasis/fact_sheet.htm

  Amebiasis is an intestinal (bowel) illness caused by a microscopic (tiny) parasite called Entamoeba histolytica, which is spread through human feces (poop). […] Examination of stools (poop) under a microscope is the most common way for a doctor to diagnose amebiasis. Sometimes, several stool samples must be collected because the number of amoeba being passed in the stool, which varies from day to day, may be too low to detect from any single sample.

• #1 Infectious Diarrhea: IDSA Updates Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0515/p676.html

  Diagnostic testing is not routinely recommended in patients with uncomplicated traveler’s diarrhea. […] If diarrhea is accompanied by fever, bloody stools, abdominal cramping, or signs of sepsis, stool should be tested for Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Yersinia, Clostridium difficile, and STEC. […] Stool testing is indicated in patients at high risk of severe illness and when identification of a pathogen is important for the patient or public health. […] In patients with diarrhea accompanied by fever, bloody or mucoid stools, severe abdominal cramping or tenderness, or signs of sepsis, stool should be tested for Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Yersinia, Clostridium difficile, and STEC. […] Diagnostic testing is not routinely recommended in patients with uncomplicated traveler’s diarrhea unless treatment is needed.

• #1 Infectious Diarrhea: IDSA Updates Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0515/p676.html

  However, those with diarrhea lasting 14 days or more should be tested for intestinal parasitic infection, and those who were treated with an antimicrobial within the preceding eight to 12 weeks should be tested for C. difficile infection. […] Testing may be considered for C. difficile infection in patients older than two years who have a history of diarrhea following antimicrobial use and in those with health-care-associated diarrhea. […] Colonization is common in hospitalized patients and residents of long-term care facilities, although patients without diarrhea should not be tested or treated.

• #1 Dysentery: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23567-dysentery

  Dysentery is a gastrointestinal disease. Your healthcare provider can diagnose dysentery with a stool culture. […] If your healthcare provider suspects you have dysentery, theyll order a stool culture. […] Your healthcare provider will send your sample to a lab. There, lab workers will test your sample for the presence of bacteria, parasites or ova (parasite egg cells). […] If you have amebiasis, its important to rid your body of the parasite. Your healthcare provider will prescribe metronidazole (Flagyl). This medication treats parasitic infections. Your healthcare provider may also prescribe antibiotics and recommend over-the-counter (OTC) medications to treat nausea, including bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol). […] If you have bacillary dysentery, most people feel better without treatment in a few days to a week. If you require medical attention, treatment may include antibiotics and IV fluids. In rare cases, you may need a blood transfusion.

• #1 Approach to the adult with acute diarrhea in resource-abundant settings – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-the-adult-with-acute-diarrhea-in-resource-abundant-settings

  For patients who are currently taking antibiotics, who have taken antibiotics within the past three months, or who have been hospitalized within the past three months prior to presentation with diarrhea, C. difficile colitis is a primary concern. […] The management of patients with acute diarrhea begins with general measures such as fluid repletion and nutrition maintenance, with adjustments in diet if necessary. […] We generally withhold antibiotic therapy in the following circumstances: For most patients with acute, nonbloody diarrhea, we recommend not administering empiric antibiotic therapy. […] We suggest empiric antibiotic therapy in the following circumstances: Severe illness, Features of inflammatory diarrhea, High-risk host features. […] We assess volume status in all patients. The treatment priority for patients with diarrhea is volume repletion. […] Probiotic use in adults with acute infectious gastroenteritis is unproven.

• #1 IDSA 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Diarrhea

  https://www.idsociety.org/practice-guideline/infectious-diarrhea/

  Follow-up testing is not recommended in most people for case management following resolution of diarrhea (strong, moderate). […] Collection and analysis of serial stool specimens using culture-dependent methods for Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi or Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Paratyphi, STEC, Shigella, nontyphoidal Salmonella, and other bacterial pathogens are recommended in certain situations by local health authorities following cessation of diarrhea to enable return to child care, employment, or group social activities (strong, moderate).

• #1 Dysentery: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.truemeds.in/diseases/digestive/dysentery-81

  If needed, your healthcare provider may perform a sigmoidoscopy. […] The treatment for dysentery depends on whether it is amebic or bacillary in nature. […] Bacillary dysentery, caused by bacterial infections (such as Shigella or Escherichia coli), can often resolve on its own within a week. […] However, in more severe cases, antimicrobials like norfloxacin or cotrimoxazole may be necessary to fight the bacteria. […] Recovery from bacterial dysentery typically occurs within a week. […] Dysentery diagnosis involves physical examination, symptom review, and laboratory tests like stool samples and blood tests. […] Treatment for bacterial dysentery may include antibiotics, while amoebic dysentery requires antiparasitic medications. […] Seek medical attention if dysentery symptoms persist, worsen, or are accompanied by severe pain, high fever, or bloody stools.

• #1 Diarrhea: Causes & Diagnosis | BioFire Diagnostics

  https://www.biofiredx.com/blog/whats-the-deal-with-diarrhea/

  Dysentery is caused by reduced absorption of water by the intestines, or by increased secretion of bodily fluids into the intestine. […] A gastrointestinal diagnostic test is required to pin down the culprit. […] This is why we engineered the BioFire FilmArray Gastrointestinal (GI) Panel. One patient stool sample, one test, and about one hour are all it takes to get results on 22 microorganisms that cause infectious diarrhea including 13 bacteria, 5 viruses, and 4 parasites. […] The BioFire GI Panel positively identifies a pathogen in about 40-50% of stool samples, dramatically increasing the likelihood of determining the causative microorganism.

• #1 Epidemiology of Shigella infections and diarrhea in the first two years of life using culture-independent diagnostics in 8 low-resource settings | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0008536

  The overall incidence of Shigella-attributable diarrhea was 31.8 cases (95% CI: 29.6, 34.2) per 100 child-years. […] Shigella diarrhea episodes were more likely to be severe and less likely to be culture positive in younger children. […] The burden of Shigella varied widely across sites, but uniformly increased through the second year of life and was associated with intestinal inflammation. […] The majority of Shigella burden was associated with watery diarrhea, not dysentery. […] The incidence of Shigella-attributable dysentery was lower (4.85 cases per 100 child-years, 95% CI: 4.02, 5.84), but followed similar patterns by age and site.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/pancreasjournal/fulltext/2020/10000/differential_diagnosis_of_diarrhea_in_patients.1.aspx

  Patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and carcinoid syndrome experience diarrhea that can have a debilitating effect on quality of life. […] Limited guidance on the practical approach to the differential diagnosis of diarrhea in these patients can lead to delays in appropriate treatment. […] This clinical review and commentary underscore the complexity in identifying the etiology of diarrhea in patients with NETs. […] Similar to delays in confirming a NET diagnosis, delays in determining the etiology of diarrhea in this patient population are common. […] Thus, tools supporting more timely and accurate identification of a specific hormonal syndrome or other cause of chronic diarrhea in a patient with NETs may expedite effective treatment and potentially optimize treatment outcomes.

• #1 What is Dysentery: Exploring its Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention

  https://www.maxhealthcare.in/blogs/dysentery-types-symptoms-and-causes

  If dysentery is caused by bacterial infection, antibiotics such as azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole may be prescribed to target the specific bacteria responsible. […] In some cases, especially if complications develop, hospitalisation may be necessary for close monitoring and intravenous fluid administration. […] Therefore, prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential to prevent complications and promote recovery.

• #1 IDSA 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Diarrhea

  https://www.idsociety.org/practice-guideline/infectious-diarrhea/

  A detailed clinical and exposure history should be obtained from people with diarrhea, under any circumstances, including when there is a history of similar illness in others (strong, moderate). […] Stool testing should be performed for Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Yersinia, C. difficile, and STEC in people with diarrhea accompanied by fever, bloody or mucoid stools, severe abdominal cramping or tenderness, or signs of sepsis (strong, moderate). […] A broader set of bacterial, viral, and parasitic agents should be considered regardless of the presence of fever, bloody or mucoid stools, or other markers of more severe illness in the context of a possible outbreak of diarrheal illness (eg, multiple people with diarrhea who shared a common meal or a sudden rise in observed diarrheal cases).

• #1 Post-Travel Diarrhea | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/post-travel-evaluation/post-travel-diarrhea.html

  Diagnosis can be made by stool PCR or microscopy. […] Diagnosis can be made by stool PCR or microscopy. […] Diagnostic tests to determine specific microbial etiologies in cases of post-travel diarrhea have advanced in the past number of years. […] For persistent diarrhea, specific treatment of identified enteropathogens is usually indicated and appropriate management of underlying GI disease is warranted.

• #2 Dysentery: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/171193

  Dysentery is an intestinal infection that causes diarrhea containing blood or mucus. […] This article describes what dysentery is, including its symptoms, causes, treatment options, and possible complications. We also provide information on diagnosis and prevention. […] Dysentery refers to bloody diarrhea, which can sometimes also contain mucus. […] In the U.S., most people who develop dysentery experience only mild symptoms that disappear within a few days. However, dysentery is a notifiable disease, meaning a person must inform the authorities if they have it. Doing so helps to prevent an outbreak of dysentery. […] Laboratory tests will reveal whether dysentery is due to Shigella or Entamoeba infection or another cause. A doctor will use this information when deciding which treatment to prescribe.

• #2 Shigellosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482337/

  Shigellosis is a major cause of bacillary dysentery worldwide. […] The diagnosis of shigellosis is confirmed when the bacteria is identified in the feculent material of a symptomatic person. […] Approximately 70% of stool samples from patients with shigellosis will reveal fecal leukocytes and blood. […] Antimicrobial susceptibility testing is critical to ensure appropriate therapeutic selection. […] The mainstay of shigellosis treatment is supportive care consisting mainly of hydration and electrolyte management. […] Antimicrobial therapy is not usually recommended for mild cases of shigellosis. […] Antimicrobials decrease the symptoms of shigellosis by 2 days and can limit transmission to others. […] The choice of antimicrobial therapy for shigellosis should be made after accounting for local antimicrobial resistance data and the risk profile of each patient. […] The definitive diagnosis of shigellosis will need time to wait for cultures to be obtained and for results to be available. […] Confirmed cases of shigellosis in the United States should be reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention via state or local health departments.

• #2 Related conditions – Dysentery – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com

  https://medbroadcast.com/channel/infection/related-conditions/dysentery

  Dysentery is defined as diarrhea in which there is blood, pus, and mucous, usually accompanied by abdominal pain. It usually lasts for 3 to 7 days. […] Dysentery can have a number of causes. Bacterial infections are by far the most common causes of dysentery. […] If a doctor suspects dysentery, a stool sample usually will be required for analysis. For bacterial infections such as shigella, the diagnosis is made by culture of the stool. […] Antiparasitic medications such as metronidazole and paromomycin, are commonly used to treat dysentery caused by amoebiasis. Sometimes antibiotics like ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, or azithromycin are used to treat the organisms causing bacillary dysentery.

• #2

  https://npistanbul.com/en/what-is-dysentery

  How is dysentery diagnosed? In the process of dysentery diagnosis, the specialist first asks a number of questions to find out the complaints and symptoms experienced by the patient. Afterwards, the patient’s travel and medical history is learned and the patient is physically examined. A stool sample may be requested from people who have recently returned from hot climates and regions with poor hygiene conditions. Depending on the laboratory results of the stool sample, it is determined whether the inflammation is caused by Shigella or Entamoeba histolytica infection. In addition, diagnostic imaging techniques such as ultrasound or endoscopy can be applied in cases where bleeding and severe diarrhea symptoms are observed. As a result of imaging, it can be determined whether there is any perforation in the internal mucosal tissue.

• #2 IDSA 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Diarrhea

  https://www.idsociety.org/practice-guideline/infectious-diarrhea/

  A detailed clinical and exposure history should be obtained from people with diarrhea, under any circumstances, including when there is a history of similar illness in others (strong, moderate). […] Stool testing should be performed for Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Yersinia, C. difficile, and STEC in people with diarrhea accompanied by fever, bloody or mucoid stools, severe abdominal cramping or tenderness, or signs of sepsis (strong, moderate). […] A broader set of bacterial, viral, and parasitic agents should be considered regardless of the presence of fever, bloody or mucoid stools, or other markers of more severe illness in the context of a possible outbreak of diarrheal illness (eg, multiple people with diarrhea who shared a common meal or a sudden rise in observed diarrheal cases).

• #2 Diagnosis of Diarrhea – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/diarrhea/diagnosis

  If your doctor thinks its important to find the cause of your diarrhea, they may use your medical and family history, a physical exam, or tests. […] Your doctor may use information from your medical and family history, a physical exam, or tests to find the cause of your diarrhea. […] If your doctor decides diagnostic tests would be helpful, they may use one or more of the following tests to help find the cause of diarrhea. […] Doctors may use stool tests to check for blood, bacteria, parasites, or signs of diseases. […] Blood tests can show signs of certain causes of diarrhea or problems such as dehydration. […] A hydrogen breath test can be used to diagnose […] Your doctor may use endoscopy to view the inside of your digestive tract and help find your cause of diarrhea.

• #2 Dysentery: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23567-dysentery

  Dysentery is a gastrointestinal disease. Your healthcare provider can diagnose dysentery with a stool culture. […] If your healthcare provider suspects you have dysentery, theyll order a stool culture. […] Your healthcare provider will send your sample to a lab. There, lab workers will test your sample for the presence of bacteria, parasites or ova (parasite egg cells). […] If you have amebiasis, its important to rid your body of the parasite. Your healthcare provider will prescribe metronidazole (Flagyl). This medication treats parasitic infections. Your healthcare provider may also prescribe antibiotics and recommend over-the-counter (OTC) medications to treat nausea, including bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol). […] If you have bacillary dysentery, most people feel better without treatment in a few days to a week. If you require medical attention, treatment may include antibiotics and IV fluids. In rare cases, you may need a blood transfusion.

• #2 Chronic Diarrhea in Adults: Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0415/p472.html

  Chronic diarrhea is defined as a predominantly loose stool lasting longer than four weeks. A patient history and physical examination with a complete blood count, C-reactive protein, anti-tissue transglutaminase immunoglobulin A (IgA), total IgA, and a basic metabolic panel are useful to evaluate for pathologies such as celiac disease or inflammatory bowel disease. […] The differential diagnosis for chronic diarrhea is broad; however, a thorough history and physical examination can narrow the diagnostic evaluation. […] The initial laboratory workup should include a complete blood count, C-reactive protein (CRP) level, anti-tissue transglutaminase immunoglobulin A (IgA) level, total IgA level, and a basic metabolic panel. […] A patient who meets Rome IV diagnostic criteria for IBS, has routine physical examination and initial laboratory results, and has no alarm features may be diagnosed with IBS.

• #2 Diagnosis – Primary Care Notebook

  https://primarycarenotebook.com/pages/infectious-disease/amoebic-dysentery/diagnosis

  The amoebic fluorescent antibody titre is raised in about 75% of patients with active colitis and about 90% of patients with amoebic liver abscess. […] Microscopy of faeces or tissue biopsy reveals cysts or trophozoites. […] The presence of trophozoites but not cysts confirms the diagnosis of acute amoebic dysentery. […] Liver involvement must be suspected if the serum alkaline phosphatase is raised. Hepatic ultrasound will confirm the presence of an abscess. The diagnosis can be confirmed by needle aspiration.

• #2 Dysentery: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/171193

  A person who experiences severe symptoms of dysentery should see their doctor for a diagnosis and appropriate treatment. […] In order to diagnose dysentery, a doctor may: ask about the persons symptoms and when they started, ask if the person has recently traveled abroad, carry out a physical examination. […] If a person has recently returned from abroad, they may have to provide one or more stool samples. […] If they have suspected amebic dysentery and their stool samples test negative for the parasite, they may need to undergo a colonoscopy to examine the mucosal surface of the intestines. […] A person who has a suspected liver abscess may require aspiration of their liver fluid to help diagnose the abscess. […] If a persons symptoms continue, their doctor may recommend diagnostic imaging of the intestines, such as an ultrasound scan or an endoscopy. […] However, people who develop severe symptoms should see a doctor for a diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Doing so reduces the risk of possible complications.

• #2 Bacillary Dysentery: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22617-bacillary-dysentery

  Bacillary dysentery is a gastrointestinal disease caused by bacterial infection. […] Bacillary dysentery is a gastrointestinal disease. Bacillary means related to bacteria, and dysentery is severe diarrhea containing blood or mucus. […] With bacillary dysentery, a bacterial infection becomes more invasive and severe, causing inflammation in the intestines. Symptoms can range from mild to life-threatening. […] Bacillary dysentery occurs when foreign bacteria enter a persons body and the infection becomes severe. […] A healthcare provider can diagnose bacillary dysentery with a stool culture. This type of bacteria culture test takes a sample of your poop and tests it for the presence of certain bacteria. […] Many people with bacillary dysentery dont need medical treatment. The symptoms often get better in a few days to a week.

• #2 Dysentery: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/what-is-dysentery

  Dysentery symptoms look like a lot of other intestinal illnesses, including a common stomach virus. A lab technician will need to look at a sample of your stool under a microscope to see if you have dysentery, and if so, what type.

• #2 Approach to the adult with acute diarrhea in resource-abundant settings – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-the-adult-with-acute-diarrhea-in-resource-abundant-settings

  The initial evaluation of patients who present to medical care with acute diarrhea should include a careful history to determine the duration of symptoms, the frequency and characteristics of the stool, and associated symptoms. […] Inflammatory features (eg, fever, or bloody or mucoid stool) suggest infection of the large bowel, which is associated with pathogens distinct from small bowel infection. […] We pursue microbiologic stool testing for patients with acute community-acquired diarrhea and the following features: Severe illness, Other signs or symptoms concerning for inflammatory diarrhea, High-risk host features, Symptoms persisting for more than one week, Public health concerns. […] For patients with bloody diarrhea, at least two potential pathogens, STEC and Entamoeba, warrant additional testing.

• #2 Shigellosis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-negative-bacilli/shigellosis

  Shigellosis is an acute infection of the intestine caused by the gram-negative Shigella species. Diagnosis is clinical and confirmed by stool culture. […] Diagnosis of shigellosis is facilitated by a high index of suspicion during outbreaks and in endemic areas and by the presence of fecal leukocytes on smears stained with methylene blue or Wright stain. Stool cultures are diagnostic and should be obtained; for severely ill or at-risk patients, antimicrobial sensitivity testing is done. PCR testing using highly sensitive and specific multiplex NAATs is also available. […] In patients with symptoms of dysentery (bloody and mucoid stools), the differential diagnosis should include enterohemorrhagic E. coli, Salmonella, Yersinia, and Campylobacter infections; amebiasis; and Clostridioides difficile infection.

• #2 Amoebiasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoebiasis

  Amoebiasis, or amoebic dysentery, is an infection of the intestines caused by a parasitic amoeba Entamoeba histolytica. […] Diagnosis is made by stool examination using microscopy, but it can be difficult to distinguish E. histolytica from other harmless entamoeba species. […] The most accurate test is finding specific antibodies in the blood, but it may remain positive following treatment. […] Asymptomatic human infections are usually diagnosed by finding cysts shed in the stool. […] In symptomatic infections, the motile form (the trophozoite) is often seen in fresh feces. […] Serological tests exist, and most infected individuals (with symptoms or not) test positive for the presence of antibodies. […] Detection of cysts or trophozoites stools under microscope may require examination of several samples over several days to determine if they are present, because cysts are shed intermittently and may not show up in every sample. […] Stool antigen detection tests have helped to overcome some of the limitations of stool microscopy. […] Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is considered the gold standard for diagnosis but remains underutilized.

• #2 Dysentery: Symptoms, Treatment, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-dysentery-causes-and-treatments-for-dysentery-5087810

  Dysentery is severe diarrhea that may contain visible blood or mucus. Its caused by bacteria and must be treated with an antibiotic. […] The treatment for dysentery will depend on what type you contract. Your healthcare provider will ask you about your symptoms and recent travel, if any. They will usually send a stool sample to the lab to determine whether you have dysentery and what type. […] Dysentery is commonly treated with antibiotics, although it sometimes resolves on its own. Over-the-counter medicines containing bismuth subsalicylate, such as Pepto Bismol or Kaopectate, may help relieve dysentery symptoms. However, medications containing loperamide, such as Imodium, can interfere with movement of the intestines and should be avoided.

• #2 Dysentery – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment | CK Birla Hospital

  https://www.ckbhospital.com/blogs/dysentery-causes-symptoms-treatment/

  If diagnosed on time, dysentery can be easily cured. […] Once you have been diagnosed with dysentery, started taking proper medication and still cannot notice an improvement in your condition, visit the doctor again without any delay. […] It is very important to take proper care while suffering from dysentery. Remember to follow preventive measures to stop the spread of dysentery infection.

• #2 Bacillary Dysentery: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22617-bacillary-dysentery

  The best way to prevent bacillary dysentery is to practice good hygiene. Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and warm water after going to the bathroom and before handling food. […] Some people with bacillary dysentery feel better in a few days without medical treatment. Others develop serious complications, and the condition can be life-threatening. […] You should visit a healthcare provider if the symptoms dont go away in a few days or if they worsen over time.

• #2 Diarrhea: Causes & Diagnosis | BioFire Diagnostics

  https://www.biofiredx.com/blog/whats-the-deal-with-diarrhea/

  Dysentery is caused by reduced absorption of water by the intestines, or by increased secretion of bodily fluids into the intestine. […] A gastrointestinal diagnostic test is required to pin down the culprit. […] This is why we engineered the BioFire FilmArray Gastrointestinal (GI) Panel. One patient stool sample, one test, and about one hour are all it takes to get results on 22 microorganisms that cause infectious diarrhea including 13 bacteria, 5 viruses, and 4 parasites. […] The BioFire GI Panel positively identifies a pathogen in about 40-50% of stool samples, dramatically increasing the likelihood of determining the causative microorganism.

• #2 Post-Travel Diarrhea | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/post-travel-evaluation/post-travel-diarrhea.html

  Diagnosis can be made by stool PCR or microscopy. […] Diagnosis can be made by stool PCR or microscopy. […] Diagnostic tests to determine specific microbial etiologies in cases of post-travel diarrhea have advanced in the past number of years. […] For persistent diarrhea, specific treatment of identified enteropathogens is usually indicated and appropriate management of underlying GI disease is warranted.

• #2 Epidemiology of Shigella infections and diarrhea in the first two years of life using culture-independent diagnostics in 8 low-resource settings | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0008536

  The overall incidence of Shigella-attributable diarrhea was 31.8 cases (95% CI: 29.6, 34.2) per 100 child-years. […] Shigella diarrhea episodes were more likely to be severe and less likely to be culture positive in younger children. […] The burden of Shigella varied widely across sites, but uniformly increased through the second year of life and was associated with intestinal inflammation. […] The majority of Shigella burden was associated with watery diarrhea, not dysentery. […] The incidence of Shigella-attributable dysentery was lower (4.85 cases per 100 child-years, 95% CI: 4.02, 5.84), but followed similar patterns by age and site.

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11894-003-0065-z

  Diarrheal illness caused by bacterial pathogens is a global health problem and remains one of the most common complaints prompting patients to seek medical care. […] Strategies to increase the yield of stool culture and new rapid diagnostic tests can improve diagnostic ability. […] Recent studies of rifaximin, a nonabsorbed antibiotic for the treatment of bacterial diarrhea, have shown favorable results. […] Rifaximin may represent a much-needed addition to the armamentarium against bacterial agents. […] Evaluation and diagnosis of acute infectious diarrhea. […] Laboratory diagnosis of infectious diarrhea. […] Rapid diagnosis of acute Salmonella gastrointestinal infection. […] This study found that a commercially available 2-minute serologic test performed well in clinical specimens from children with Salmonella enteritidis infection compared with negative control subjects. […] This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study compared rifaximin with the standard antibiotic, ciprofloxacin, for the treatment of travelers diarrhea. Rifaximin was shown to have equivalent efficacy and no significant side effects.

• #2 What is Dysentery: Exploring its Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention

  https://www.maxhealthcare.in/blogs/dysentery-types-symptoms-and-causes

  If dysentery is caused by bacterial infection, antibiotics such as azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole may be prescribed to target the specific bacteria responsible. […] In some cases, especially if complications develop, hospitalisation may be necessary for close monitoring and intravenous fluid administration. […] Therefore, prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential to prevent complications and promote recovery.

• #2 IDSA 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Diarrhea

  https://www.idsociety.org/practice-guideline/infectious-diarrhea/

  Diagnostic testing is not recommended in most cases of uncomplicated travelers diarrhea unless treatment is indicated. […] Testing for C. difficile should be performed in travelers treated with antimicrobial agent(s) within the preceding 8-12 weeks. […] Antimicrobial therapy for people with infections attributed to STEC O157 and other STEC that produce Shiga toxin 2 (or if the toxin genotype is unknown) should be avoided (strong, moderate). […] Antimicrobial therapy for people with infections attributed to other STEC that do not produce Shiga toxin 2 (generally non-O157 STEC) is debatable due to insufficient evidence of benefit or the potential harm associated with some classes of antimicrobial agents (strong, low). […] Antimicrobial treatment should be modified or discontinued when a clinically plausible organism is identified (strong, high).

• #3 Dysentery: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23567-dysentery

  Dysentery is a gastrointestinal disease. Your healthcare provider can diagnose dysentery with a stool culture. […] If your healthcare provider suspects you have dysentery, theyll order a stool culture. […] Your healthcare provider will send your sample to a lab. There, lab workers will test your sample for the presence of bacteria, parasites or ova (parasite egg cells). […] If you have amebiasis, its important to rid your body of the parasite. Your healthcare provider will prescribe metronidazole (Flagyl). This medication treats parasitic infections. Your healthcare provider may also prescribe antibiotics and recommend over-the-counter (OTC) medications to treat nausea, including bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol). […] If you have bacillary dysentery, most people feel better without treatment in a few days to a week. If you require medical attention, treatment may include antibiotics and IV fluids. In rare cases, you may need a blood transfusion.

• #3 Dysentery: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.truemeds.in/diseases/digestive/dysentery-81

  The primary causes of this condition are bacterial and parasitic infections, which can be transmitted through consuming contaminated food or water, inadequate hygiene practices, or close contact with infected individuals. […] Diagnosis involves stool samples, and treatment includes antiparasitic medications like metronidazole and supportive care for dehydration. […] Bacillary dysentery (shigellosis): This is caused by Shigella bacteria and is more common, spreading through contaminated food and poor hygiene. […] Diagnosis is made via stool samples, and treatment typically involves antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin or azithromycin, along with supportive care for dehydration. […] To determine if you have dysentery, your healthcare provider will typically order a stool culture. […] The stool sample is sent to a laboratory, where technicians test it for bacteria, parasites, or parasite eggs (ova) that could indicate dysentery.

• #3 Shigellosis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-negative-bacilli/shigellosis

  Shigellosis is an acute infection of the intestine caused by the gram-negative Shigella species. Diagnosis is clinical and confirmed by stool culture. […] Diagnosis of shigellosis is facilitated by a high index of suspicion during outbreaks and in endemic areas and by the presence of fecal leukocytes on smears stained with methylene blue or Wright stain. Stool cultures are diagnostic and should be obtained; for severely ill or at-risk patients, antimicrobial sensitivity testing is done. PCR testing using highly sensitive and specific multiplex NAATs is also available. […] In patients with symptoms of dysentery (bloody and mucoid stools), the differential diagnosis should include enterohemorrhagic E. coli, Salmonella, Yersinia, and Campylobacter infections; amebiasis; and Clostridioides difficile infection.

• #3 Amoebiasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoebiasis

  Amoebiasis, or amoebic dysentery, is an infection of the intestines caused by a parasitic amoeba Entamoeba histolytica. […] Diagnosis is made by stool examination using microscopy, but it can be difficult to distinguish E. histolytica from other harmless entamoeba species. […] The most accurate test is finding specific antibodies in the blood, but it may remain positive following treatment. […] Asymptomatic human infections are usually diagnosed by finding cysts shed in the stool. […] In symptomatic infections, the motile form (the trophozoite) is often seen in fresh feces. […] Serological tests exist, and most infected individuals (with symptoms or not) test positive for the presence of antibodies. […] Detection of cysts or trophozoites stools under microscope may require examination of several samples over several days to determine if they are present, because cysts are shed intermittently and may not show up in every sample. […] Stool antigen detection tests have helped to overcome some of the limitations of stool microscopy. […] Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is considered the gold standard for diagnosis but remains underutilized.

• #3 Diarrheal Diseases – Acute & Chronic | ACG

  https://gi.org/topics/diarrhea-acute-and-chronic/

  Endoscopic examination of the colon with flexible sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy and upper endoscopy are helpful in detecting the etiology of chronic diarrhea, as this allows direct examination of the bowel mucosa and the ability to obtain biopsies for microscopic evaluation. […] Most episodes of acute diarrhea resolve quickly without antibiotic therapy and with simple dietary modifications. […] Your doctor may perform stool tests for bacteria and parasites if your diarrhea is severe or bloody or if you traveled to an area where infections are common. […] If you have severe diarrhea, blood tests will be helpful to guide replacement of fluid and electrolytes and minerals such as magnesium, potassium and zinc that can become depleted.

• #3 Shigellosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482337/

  Shigellosis is a major cause of bacillary dysentery worldwide. […] The diagnosis of shigellosis is confirmed when the bacteria is identified in the feculent material of a symptomatic person. […] Approximately 70% of stool samples from patients with shigellosis will reveal fecal leukocytes and blood. […] Antimicrobial susceptibility testing is critical to ensure appropriate therapeutic selection. […] The mainstay of shigellosis treatment is supportive care consisting mainly of hydration and electrolyte management. […] Antimicrobial therapy is not usually recommended for mild cases of shigellosis. […] Antimicrobials decrease the symptoms of shigellosis by 2 days and can limit transmission to others. […] The choice of antimicrobial therapy for shigellosis should be made after accounting for local antimicrobial resistance data and the risk profile of each patient. […] The definitive diagnosis of shigellosis will need time to wait for cultures to be obtained and for results to be available. […] Confirmed cases of shigellosis in the United States should be reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention via state or local health departments.

• #3 BACILLARY DYSENTERY diagnosis and treatment.pptx

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/bacillary-dysentery-diagnosis-and-treatmentpptx/266255555

  Severe Shigella infections require antimicrobial agents for treatment. Because of the widespread antimicrobial resistance among Shigella strains, all isolates should undergo susceptibility testing. […] Shigellosis is self limiting disease. WHO recommended Ciprofloxacin as Ist line drug. Alternative drug- 3rd generation cephalosporins Antibiotics are essential to, Eliminate the bacteria Reduce course of illness Reduce transmission. […] The identification of Shigella species is important for both clinical and epidemiologic purposes. […] Prevention Isolation of patients. Strict hand washing practices. Improvement of sanitary conditions. Disinfect toys and utensils in day care settings. […] Shigellosis is common in children of tropical countries. Shigella species are non motile, non lactose fermenters, non H2S producers. Disease is self limiting, treated by fluid replacement often do not require antibiotics.

• #3 Dysentery – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com

  https://medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/dysentery

  Many people have spent a tropical vacation with a bad stomach bug. They might have had dysentery, a painful intestinal infection that is usually caused by bacteria or parasites. Dysentery is defined as diarrhea in which there is blood, pus, and mucous, usually accompanied by abdominal pain. It usually lasts for 3 to 7 days. […] Dysentery is a painful intestinal infection causing diarrhea with blood, pus, and mucus. It can be amoebic (parasite) or bacillary (bacteria), often occurring in hot countries with poor sanitation. […] There are 2 main types of dysentery. The first type, amoebic dysentery or intestinal amoebiasis, is caused by a single-celled, microscopic parasite living in the large bowel. The second type, bacillary dysentery, is caused by invasive bacteria. […] If a doctor suspects dysentery, a stool sample usually will be required for analysis. For bacterial infections such as shigella, the diagnosis is made by culture of the stool. […] Amoebiasis is often diagnosed by finding parasites under a microscope. An antibody blood test helps to confirm the diagnosis of amoebic dysentery or liver abscess.

• #3 Approach to the adult with acute diarrhea in resource-abundant settings – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-the-adult-with-acute-diarrhea-in-resource-abundant-settings

  The initial evaluation of patients who present to medical care with acute diarrhea should include a careful history to determine the duration of symptoms, the frequency and characteristics of the stool, and associated symptoms. […] Inflammatory features (eg, fever, or bloody or mucoid stool) suggest infection of the large bowel, which is associated with pathogens distinct from small bowel infection. […] We pursue microbiologic stool testing for patients with acute community-acquired diarrhea and the following features: Severe illness, Other signs or symptoms concerning for inflammatory diarrhea, High-risk host features, Symptoms persisting for more than one week, Public health concerns. […] For patients with bloody diarrhea, at least two potential pathogens, STEC and Entamoeba, warrant additional testing.

• #3 Dysentery – Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/digestive-health/dysentery

  Dysentery broadly refers to infectious gastrointestinal disorders characterized by inflammation of the intestines, chiefly the colon. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines dysentery as any episode of diarrhea in which blood is present in loose, watery stools. […] Dysentery can be treated with antibiotics and antiparasitic medications. […] To determine if you have dysentery, your health care provider may ask you to provide stool samples for laboratory testing. […] Antibiotic therapy is the mainstay of treatment for dysentery due to bacterial organisms and is highly effective. […] Antibiotic medications that are effective in the treatment of dysentery caused by bacterial organisms include: Ceftriaxone (Rocephin), Ciprofloxacin (Cipro), Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra). […] The most common treatment for amebic dysentery caused by Entamoeba histolytica is metronidazole (Flagyl), an antiparasitic medication.

• #3

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11894-003-0065-z

  Diarrheal illness caused by bacterial pathogens is a global health problem and remains one of the most common complaints prompting patients to seek medical care. […] Strategies to increase the yield of stool culture and new rapid diagnostic tests can improve diagnostic ability. […] Recent studies of rifaximin, a nonabsorbed antibiotic for the treatment of bacterial diarrhea, have shown favorable results. […] Rifaximin may represent a much-needed addition to the armamentarium against bacterial agents. […] Evaluation and diagnosis of acute infectious diarrhea. […] Laboratory diagnosis of infectious diarrhea. […] Rapid diagnosis of acute Salmonella gastrointestinal infection. […] This study found that a commercially available 2-minute serologic test performed well in clinical specimens from children with Salmonella enteritidis infection compared with negative control subjects. […] This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study compared rifaximin with the standard antibiotic, ciprofloxacin, for the treatment of travelers diarrhea. Rifaximin was shown to have equivalent efficacy and no significant side effects.

• #3 Approach to the adult with acute diarrhea in resource-abundant settings – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-the-adult-with-acute-diarrhea-in-resource-abundant-settings

  For patients who are currently taking antibiotics, who have taken antibiotics within the past three months, or who have been hospitalized within the past three months prior to presentation with diarrhea, C. difficile colitis is a primary concern. […] The management of patients with acute diarrhea begins with general measures such as fluid repletion and nutrition maintenance, with adjustments in diet if necessary. […] We generally withhold antibiotic therapy in the following circumstances: For most patients with acute, nonbloody diarrhea, we recommend not administering empiric antibiotic therapy. […] We suggest empiric antibiotic therapy in the following circumstances: Severe illness, Features of inflammatory diarrhea, High-risk host features. […] We assess volume status in all patients. The treatment priority for patients with diarrhea is volume repletion. […] Probiotic use in adults with acute infectious gastroenteritis is unproven.

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